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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JZyKPpxyBdPXyg6mTftV5dK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000100091</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Epipericardial Fat Necrosis. An Important Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>N&#250;bia Bernardes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia de Paula Lopes e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morganti</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Volani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sinval Lins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">P&#243;sgradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">P&#243;sgradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais (PGCM - MG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8722; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8722; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: N&#250;bia Bernardes Carvalho</bold>. Avenida do Contorno, 9.530, Barro Preto. Postal Code: 30140-062. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. E-mail: <email>nubia_bc@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Acquisition of data: Silva SL, Rodrigues AS. Writing of the manuscript: Carvalho NB, Lopes e Silva NP. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pereira PPN, Morganti AV, Rodrigues AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jan-Feb</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>91</fpage>
      <lpage>94</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Fat Necrosis / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardium</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Chest Pain</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyspnea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Epipericardial fat necrosis (EPFN) is a rare, benign, and self-limiting condition, first described in 1957 by Jackson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Currently, there are only 33 cases described in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The pathophysiology of the disease remains uncertain. Likely predisposing factors include torsion of the vascular pedicle of adipose tissue, structural alterations that make the tissue more vulnerable and obesity, which, like the Valsalva maneuver, can lead to increased capillary pressure, causing hemorrhage into the adipose tissue. There are also reports of association with chest trauma or infections.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It presents as an acute pleuritic pain, being an important differential diagnosis of chest pain in healthy patients who maintain stable vital data and unaltered laboratory tests.</p>
      <p>EPFN is generally diagnosed by Computed Tomography (CT) and, in some cases, paracardiac opacification is seen on chest radiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 1</title>
        <p>Male individual, neurosurgeon, 62 years old, healthy, was admitted to the emergency room with ventilator-dependent chest pain for 2 days, associated with dyspnea on medium exertion. Physical and laboratory examination showed no alterations. At the chest angiography, there was no vascular filling failure. The remaining assessment showed preserved tomographic aspects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest identified an elongated image with fat signal intensity in the epipericardial fat, showing enhancement by contrast of the surrounding tissues, suggesting fat infarction with adjacent inflammatory alterations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>). The diagnosis of epipericardial fat necrosis was suggested, and the patient was discharged with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). Symptom remission occurred within 2 days.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>T1-weighted image of MRI sagittal section with post-contrast fat saturation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0091-70012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>T1-weighted image of MRI axial section with post-contrast fat saturation. Patient is in the prone position.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0091-70012-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 2</title>
        <p>A 60-year-old man, healthy, sought emergency services for ventilator-dependent chest pain associated with recent-onset dyspnea. Laboratory tests and electrocardiogram showed no alterations. At the CT angiography, there was no vascular filling failure. In the mediastinal evaluation, densification of the epipericardial fat was identified with contrast enhancement, suggesting infarction associated with inflammatory alterations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>). The patient was discharged with NSAIDs.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Axial section of chest computed angiotomography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0091-70012-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Coronal section of chest computed angiotomography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0091-70012-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Necrosis of epipericardial fat is an uncommon or poorly reported cause of chest pain. It generally manifests as pleuritic chest pain and dyspnea, being a differential diagnosis of severe conditions, such as pulmonary thromboembolism and acute myocardial infarction. The pain usually lasts a few days, but may eventually last for months. In cases reported to date, it equally affects both genders and the mean age group is 50 years.</p>
      <p>The EPFN is similar to appendagitis, the necrosis of the epiploic appendix, which presents as localized abdominal pain and is also self-limited.</p>
      <p>The difficulty attaining the diagnosis lies in the unspecificity of the signs and symptoms, making imaging tests essential, since the electrocardiogram and the laboratory tests are, in most part, normal. The CT shows an encapsulated, rounded, fat-containing, epipedicardial lesion, associated or not with adjacent pericardial thickening and pleural effusion. The MRI shows an epipericardial lesion with a high T2 sign, typical of adipose tissue edema, with moderate enhancement after administration of gadolinium, suggestive of an active inflammatory process. At the x-ray, which is less specific, paracardiac opacity may be seen, with or without obliteration of the costophrenic sinus. The radiological differential diagnosis includes primary or secondary pericardial neoplasia, pericardial cyst, lung cancer, Morgagni hernia or bronchogenic cyst.</p>
      <p>The definitive diagnosis is attained by anatomopathological analysis of the surgically resected fragment, which has fallen into disuse due to the accuracy of the imaging tests and to the benign and self-limiting characteristic of the disease. When performed, the described pathological findings consist of necrotic adipose cells surrounded by macrophages, neutrophils, or fibrous tissue.</p>
      <p>Treatment is carried out in symptomatic patients with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.</p>
      <p>Since 2005, when the first case of successful conservative treatment was described,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> radiology has played a key role in the diagnosis and follow-up of EPFN.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Necrosis of epipericardial fat is a poorly reported condition due to possible underdiagnosis, and it is important that clinicians, cardiologists and radiologists use it as a differential diagnosis of acute chest pain, after ruling out more severe causes, such as pulmonary thromboembolism or acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>The definitive diagnosis is attained by the anatomopathological analysis, but EPFN has been increasingly diagnosed based on imaging tests associated with a suggestive clinical context. The current facilitation of diagnosis, together with a favorable clinical outcome, reinforces the safety of the conservative conduct.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of postgraduate submitted by N&#250;bia Bernardes Carvalho e Nat&#225;lia de Paula Lopes e Silva , from P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais - PGCM - MG.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Necrose da Gordura Epiperic&#225;rdica. Um Importante Diagn&#243;stico Diferencial na Dor Tor&#225;cica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>N&#250;bia Bernardes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia de Paula Lopes e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morganti</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Volani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sinval Lins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">P&#243;sgradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais (PGCM - MG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8722; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8722; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: N&#250;bia Bernardes Carvalho</bold>. Avenida do Contorno, 9.530, Barro Preto. CEP: 30140-062. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. E-mail: <email>nubia_bc@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva SL, Rodrigues AS. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Carvalho NB, Lopes e Silva NP. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pereira PPN, Morganti AV, Rodrigues AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Necrose Gordurosa / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Peric&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor no Peito</kwd>
        <kwd>Dispn&#233;ia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Necrose da Gordura Epiperic&#225;rdica (EPFN, do ingl&#234;s <italic>epipericardial fat necrosis</italic>) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara, benigna e autolimitada, descrita pela primeira vez em 1957 por Jackson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Atualmente h&#225; somente 33 casos descritos na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a permanece incerta. Prov&#225;veis fatores predisponentes incluem a tor&#231;&#227;o do ped&#237;culo vascular do tecido adiposo, altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais que deixam o tecido mais vulner&#225;vel e a obesidade, que, assim como a manobra de Valsalva, pode levar ao aumento da press&#227;o dos capilares, ocasionando hemorragia dentro do tecido adiposo. H&#225; ainda relatos de associa&#231;&#227;o com trauma tor&#225;cico ou infec&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apresenta-se como uma dor pleur&#237;tica aguda, sendo um diagn&#243;stico diferencial importante de dor tor&#225;cica em pacientes h&#237;gidos que mant&#234;m dados vitais est&#225;veis e exames laboratoriais inalterados.</p>
        <p>A EPFN &#233; diagnosticada em geral pela Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) e, em alguns casos, observa-se opacifica&#231;&#227;o paracard&#237;aca na radiografia de t&#243;rax.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato dos casos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 1</title>
          <p>Homem, neurocirurgi&#227;o, 62 anos, h&#237;gido, admitido em pronto-socorro com dor tor&#225;cica ventilat&#243;rio-dependente h&#225; 2 dias associada &#224; dispneia aos m&#233;dios esfor&#231;os. Exame f&#237;sico e laboratoriais sem altera&#231;&#245;es. Na angiotomografia de t&#243;rax n&#227;o houve falha de enchimento vascular. Restante do exame com aspectos tomogr&#225;ficos preservados. A Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica (RM) do t&#243;rax identificou imagem alongada, com intensidade de sinal de gordura, na gordura epiperic&#225;rdica, apresentando realce pelo contraste dos planos tissulares circunvizinhos, sugerindo infarto da gordura com altera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias adjacentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">2</xref>). Foi sugerido o diagn&#243;stico de necrose da gordura epiperic&#225;rdica, e o paciente recebeu alta com Anti-Inflamat&#243;rios N&#227;o Esteroidais (AINES). Houve remiss&#227;o dos sintomas dentro de 2 dias.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Corte sagital de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica na pondera&#231;&#227;o T1 com satura&#231;&#227;o de gordura p&#243;s contraste.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0091-70012-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Corte axial de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica na pondera&#231;&#227;o T1 satura&#231;&#227;o de gordura p&#243;s contraste. Paciente em dec&#250;bito ventral.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0091-70012-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 2</title>
          <p>Homem, 60 anos, h&#237;gido, procurou servi&#231;o de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia por dor tor&#225;cica ventilat&#243;rio-dependente associada &#224; dispneia de in&#237;cio recente. Exames laboratoriais e eletrocardiograma sem altera&#231;&#245;es. Na angiotomografia n&#227;o houve falha de enchimento vascular. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o mediastinal, identificou-se densifica&#231;&#227;o da gordura epiperic&#225;rdica, com realce pelo contraste, sugerindo infarto associado a altera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">4</xref>). O paciente recebeu alta com AINES.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Corte axial de angio-TC de t&#243;rax.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0091-70012-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Corte coronal de angio-TC de t&#243;rax.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0091-70012-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A necrose da gordura epiperic&#225;rdica &#233; uma causa incomum, ou pouco relatada por subdiagn&#243;stico, de dor tor&#225;cica. Manifesta-se geralmente com dor tor&#225;cica pleur&#237;tica e dispneia, sendo um diagn&#243;stico diferencial de condi&#231;&#245;es graves, como o tromboembolismo pulmonar e o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. A dor dura geralmente alguns dias, mas pode, eventualmente, perdurar por meses. Nos casos relatados at&#233; o momento, acomete igualmente ambos os sexos e a faixa et&#225;ria m&#233;dia &#233; de 50 anos.</p>
        <p>A EPFN assemelha-se &#224; apendagite, necrose do ap&#234;ndice epiploico, que cursa com dor abdominal localizada e tamb&#233;m autolimitada.</p>
        <p>A dificuldade do diagn&#243;stico est&#225; na inespecificidade dos sinais e sintomas, tornando os exames de imagem essenciais, uma vez que o eletrocardiograma e os exames laboratoriais s&#227;o, em sua grande maioria, normais. A TC mostra uma les&#227;o epiperic&#225;rdica, encapsulada, arredondada, que cont&#233;m gordura, associada ou n&#227;o ao espessamento do peric&#225;rdio adjacente e &#224; presen&#231;a de derrame pleural. A RM revela uma les&#227;o epiperic&#225;rdica com alto sinal em T2, t&#237;pico de edema do tecido adiposo, com realce moderado ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o do gadol&#237;neo, sugestivo de um processo inflamat&#243;rio em atividade. No raio X, menos espec&#237;fico, pode ser vista opacidade paracard&#237;aca, com ou sem velamento do seio costofr&#234;nico. Como diagn&#243;stico diferencial radiol&#243;gico, incluem-se neoplasias peric&#225;rdicas prim&#225;rias ou secund&#225;rias, cisto peric&#225;rdico, c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o, h&#233;rnia de Morgagni ou cisto broncog&#234;nico.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico definitivo se d&#225; por an&#225;lise anatomopatol&#243;gica do fragmento ressecado cirurgicamente, o que tem ca&#237;do em desuso devido &#224; acur&#225;cia dos exames de imagem e ao car&#225;ter benigno e autolimitado da doen&#231;a. Quando realizado, os achados patol&#243;gicos descritos s&#227;o de c&#233;lulas adiposas necr&#243;ticas circundadas por macr&#243;fagos, neutr&#243;filos ou tecido fibroso.</p>
        <p>O tratamento &#233; realizado com sintom&#225;ticos, como anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroidais.</p>
        <p>Desde 2005, quando foi descrito o primeiro caso de tratamento conservador bem-sucedido,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> a radiologia t&#234;m desempenhado um papel fundamental no diagn&#243;stico e acompanhamento da EPFN.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A necrose da gordura epiperic&#225;rdica &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o pouco relatada por prov&#225;vel subdiagn&#243;stico, sendo importante que cl&#237;nicos, cardiologistas e radiologistas a tenham como diagn&#243;stico diferencial da dor tor&#225;cica aguda, ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de causas mais graves como tromboembolismo pulmonar ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico definitivo &#233; por an&#225;lise anatomopatol&#243;gica, mas a EPFN tem sido cada vez mais diagnosticada baseada em exames de imagem associados a um contexto cl&#237;nico sugestivo. A facilita&#231;&#227;o atual do diagn&#243;stico, juntamente de um desfecho cl&#237;nico favor&#225;vel, refor&#231;a a seguran&#231;a da conduta conservadora.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o de N&#250;bia Bernardes Carvalho e Nat&#225;lia de Paula Lopes e Silva pela P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais - PGCM - MG.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
