<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wWBnMZ4tbLKFCTqcrGgyBFK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000100070</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiotoxicity of Doxorubicin Treatment and Physical Activity: A Systematic Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Tauan Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Bento Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo de Drummond</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia Pedreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gustavo Bento Ribeiro de Araujo</bold>. Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - UFF Rua Prof. Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis s/n. Postal Code 24201-201, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>gbraraujo@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Maia TN, Araujo GBR, Teixeira JAC, Alves Junior ED, Dias KP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jan-Feb</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>70</fpage>
      <lpage>80</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The present study investigated whether the practice of exercise has a protective effect against cardiac toxicity induced by doxorubicin (DOX). A systematic review of randomized clinical trials evaluating the role of exercise in the control or prevention of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity was performed in MEDLINE and LILACS databases. Studies that did not address the main subject of this review, did not mention physical exercise or DOX, studies that evaluated other types of anthracycline-induced toxicities only (muscle, hepatic and renal toxicity) or other effects of exercise on DOX toxicity (fatigue) were excluded. With respect to the variables related to aerobic exercise prescription, there was no direct relationship between the frequency of exercise and the results of the studies. Also, intensity of exercise was not decisive for preservation of cardiac function, although a more intense exercise was associated with improvements in the antioxidant system, which was not observed in studies on lower intensity exercises. No significant differences in exercise effects were observed when it was performed before, during or after the treatment. Therefore, aerobic exercise may exert a protective effect of cardiac functions when performed before, during or after treatment with DOX. However, the mechanisms of this effect are still unknown.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>Anthracyclines</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorubicin</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>Review</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cancer refers to a group of more than 100 diseases that have uncontrolled cell multiplication as the main characteristic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> According to the National Cancer Institute estimates,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> the number of cases has drastically increased in the last decades. Today, neoplasms represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality, accounting for more than 12% of deaths in the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In parallel with the increase in the number of confirmed cases of cancer, new modalities of treatment has increased cancer survival and possibilities of cure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, the treatment may cause several adverse effects,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> including treatment-related cardiotoxicity that may lead to poorer prognosis than cancer itself, and also affect treatment continuation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Depending on the therapy, users of oncology services may have a 15-fold increased chance of suffering heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this regard, it is worth mentioning the cardioprotective properties of exercise in the context of cardiovascular diseases, highlighted by previous studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> as an incentive for studies on exercise and cardiotoxic chemotherapy agents. Doxorubicin (DOX) was selected for this review, since it is a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of a wide range of cancers, with a high evidence level of cardiotoxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Our hypothesis is that the exercise can have a protective effect against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.</p>
      <p>The aim of this article is to review the literature and verify whether the practice of exercises has a protective effect against DOX cardiotoxicity.</p>
      <p>Randomized clinical trials that evaluated the role of exercise in the control or prevention of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, published in Portuguese, English or Spanish from 2003 were included in this review. Only open access articles or those available on CAPES (Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education) web search engine were considered eligible.</p>
      <p>The Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) accessed via Public Medline (PubMed), and the Literature in the Health Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean (LILACS) databases were used for the search.</p>
      <p>The descriptors were selected based on direct representation of the theme and frequency of appearance in studies used for the theoretical foundation of this review. Also, all terms used for the search for articles published in Portuguese, English and Spanish were available at <italic>Health Sciences Descriptors</italic>, and those used for the search for articles published in English at the US Library of Medicine (NLM). The descriptors used were: <italic>exercise</italic> (or the corresponding <italic>physical conditioning</italic> for studies conducted with animals, according to DeCS' recommendations); <italic>Anthracyclines; Doxorubicin; Adriamycin; cardiotoxic agents</italic>. The descriptor <italic>cardiotoxicity</italic> was included in the search. Although it had not been available in the databases as an indexed term, it is widely used in articles published in the field, including the I Brazilian Guideline for Cardio-Oncology from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We used the advanced search tools that limit and specify all terms available at each database. The initial search yielded 145 articles. After analysis of the abstracts, 123 articles did not meet the aim of this review and three did not have an open access or were available at Capes website and were excluded. Exclusion criteria were: studies that were out of the main subject of this review (cardioprotective effect of exercise on the use of DOX), studies that did not mention physical exercise or DOX, studies on other types of anthracycline-induced toxicities (muscle, hepatic and renal toxicity), studies that evaluated other effects of exercise on DOX toxicity (fatigue), studies published before 2003, other study formats (review) and studies published in other languages.</p>
      <p>All articles included were fully examined for a critical evaluation and data collection. Data analysis, presentation and interpretation were conducted subsequently; data were stratified and recorded in a sheet, which was used for the description of final results. Finally, the refinement and update of data was performed by a new search on May 05, 2015.</p>
      <p>According to the inclusion criteria and the search tools, 20 randomized, clinical trials evaluating the effect of aerobic exercise on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity were identified (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Chart 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical trials evaluated (n=19)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Authors</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Population</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Treatment protocol </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Exercise</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Protective effects identified</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Female rats <break/> (n=28)</td>
              <td align="center">10 &#181; DOX for 60 min</td>
              <td align="center">Voluntary 8 weeks before DOX</td>
              <td align="center">Resistance against cardiac dysfunction and oxidative damage, increase in heat shock protein (HSP72)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=40)</td>
              <td align="center">20 mg/kg single dose</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill running 60 min/day, <break/> 5 days/week, <break/> 14 weeks before DOX</td>
              <td align="center">Maintenance of homeostasis, increase in mitochondrial defenses and reduced oxidative damage.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=28)</td>
              <td align="center">2,5 mg/kg 3 x / week for 2 weeks (15mg/kg)</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill 60 min/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks during DOX treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Attenuated left ventricular dysfunction and apoptotic signal activation.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=44)</td>
              <td align="center">20 mg/kg single dose</td>
              <td align="center">Swimming 1h/day, 5 days/week for 14 weeks before treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Increase in cardiac muscle tolerance to DOX, with increased response of antioxidant system.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=42)</td>
              <td align="center">15 mg/kg single dose</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill 1h/day, 5 days/week for 14 weeks before treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Attenuated cardiac dysfunction and lipid peroxidation, and increased HSP72.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Wonders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=not specified)</td>
              <td align="center">15 mg/kg single dose</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill 1 hour on a single day before DOX</td>
              <td align="center">Prevented cardiac dysfunction.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=147)</td>
              <td align="center">10 mg/kg single dose</td>
              <td align="center">Voluntary and treadmill, 1h/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks before treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Protected against cardiotoxicity for up to 10 days, preserving cardiac function and myosin heavy chain expression.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Wonders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Female rats <break/> (n=45)</td>
              <td align="center">DOX 10mg/kg single dose + GW2974</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks before treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved cardiac function and decreased apoptosis signaling and lipid peroxidation.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kavazis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=28)</td>
              <td align="center">20 mg/kg single dose</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill 60 min/day, 5 days/week for one week</td>
              <td align="center">Attenuated mitochondrial damage and preserved the antioxidant metabolism.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=20)</td>
              <td align="center">20 mg/kg single dose</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill, 1hour on a single day before DOX</td>
              <td align="center">Prevented the decrease in mitochondrial function and antioxidant metabolism</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Female rats <break/> (n=49)</td>
              <td align="center">15 mg/kg single dose + goserelin acetate</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill 60 min/day, for 8 weeks during treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Attenuated dysfunction of left ventricle and mitral and aortic valves.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=94)</td>
              <td align="center">1 mg/kg/day for 10 days (10 mg/kg)</td>
              <td align="center">Voluntary and treadmill, 1h/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks before treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Prevented cardiac dysfunction and expression of myosin heavy chain even after 1 month of treatment.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hornsby et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Humans <break/> (n=20)</td>
              <td align="center">60 mg/m<sup>2</sup> + 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup> cyclophosphamide One dose every 3 weeks for 12 weeks.</td>
              <td align="center">Cycle ergometry 60 min/day, <break/> 3 days/week for 12 weeks during treatment.</td>
              <td align="center">Attenuated the increase in <break/> natriuretic peptides.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Rat pups <break/> (n=64)</td>
              <td align="center">2 mg/kg/day during 12 days (14 mg/kg)</td>
              <td align="center">Voluntary for 10 weeks during and after treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Preserved cardiac growth curve and body mass, and attenuated cardiac dysfunction.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ashrafi and Roshan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=48)</td>
              <td align="center">10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill warm up + 39 min/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks before DOX</td>
              <td align="center">Protected against oxidative damage and preserved the balance between production and catabolism of oxidative agents oxidative.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Shirinbayan and Roshan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=48)</td>
              <td align="center">10mg/kg, 20mg/kg</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill warm up + 39 min/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks before DOX</td>
              <td align="center">Decrease the risk of cardiac disturbance and preserved the antioxidant systems.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Martins et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=12)</td>
              <td align="center">15 mg/kg single dose</td>
              <td align="center">Swimming 60 min/day, 5 days/week, for over 21 days of treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Protection to cardiac cell DNA.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smuder et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=24)</td>
              <td align="center">20 mg/kg single dose</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill 60 min/day, 5 days/week for one week before treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Inhibited the increase in lysosomal autophagy signaling.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Jensen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Female rats <break/> (n=77)</td>
              <td align="center">10 mg/kg single dose</td>
              <td align="center">Voluntary and treadmill, 1h/day, 5 days/week for 10 weeks before treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Reduced the time and the level of myocardial DOX accumulation.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marques-Aleixo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Male rats <break/> (n=36)</td>
              <td align="center">2 mg/kg/ week for 7 weeks</td>
              <td align="center">Voluntary and treadmill 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks</td>
              <td align="center">Improved mitochondrial bioenergetic fitness and prevented the damage caused by oxidative stress.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>DOX: doxorubicin; HSP: heat shock protein</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In 20 studies evaluated, 19 were carried out on rats or mice, 14 of them on adult male rats to isolate the cardioprotective effect of estrogen estrog&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. A study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> on male rats aimed to determine whether physical exercise had a cardioprotective effect on juvenile rats treated with DOX. Four studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> were performed on female animals due to protocol particularities and/or to simulate treatment conditions as similar as possible to human conditions. A study by Hornsby et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> was conducted on women with operable breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Treatment protocols</title>
        <p>There were some differences between treatment protocols. In six studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> the DOX dose was 10 mg/kg. Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> found that exercise provides resistance against cardiac dysfunction and oxidative damage associated with DOX. Hydocket et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> using the dose of 10mg/kg (administered at 1mg/day), observed a protection against DOX acute effect for over 10 days, hence preventing cardiac dysfunction and distribution of myosin heavy chain isoforms. Using the same dose, Jensen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> observed a significant reduction of myocardial DOX accumulation in all subgroups. At 10mg/kg and especially at 20mg/kg, a protective effect of exercise was observed on cardiac biological functions related to cardiac system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Four studies used a single dose of 15 mg/kg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In the study by Chicco et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> exercise attenuated cardiac dysfunction and lipid peroxidation induced by DOX, and increased HSP72 levels. This is a heat shock protein (HSP) found in cardiomyocytes in exercise, and increased HSP72 levels are associated with preservation of cardiac functions during oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Wonders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> observed that the acute effect of exercise prevented the decrease of cardiac function at this dose. Martins et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> investigated the protective effect against DNA damage in cardiac cells in male rats receiving DOX, and obtained a positive result.</p>
        <p>Studies by Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> used fractionated doses of 15mg/kg and 14mg/kg, respectively. The first study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> used a fractionated dose of 2.5mg/kg three times a week; the results indicated a protection against left ventricular dysfunction and inhibition of the increase in apoptosis signaling. Also, no effect of exercise was observed on HSP levels or antioxidant metabolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The second study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> used a fractionated dose of 2mg/kg/day for one week. In this study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> the exercise was effective in preventing the decrease in cardiac growth curve, body mass and cardiac functions. The study by Marques-Aleixo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> also used a treatment protocol with a fractionated dose of 2mg/kg (one dose per week) for 7 weeks; exercise improved mitochondrial bioenergetics and prevented oxidative stress-induced damage.</p>
        <p>The maximal dose of DOX in the studies was 20 mg/kg, found in five studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Ascensao et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> observed attenuation of cardiac muscle stress and improvement of antioxidant system. The others<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> demonstrated that exercise was effective in preventing oxidative stress-induced damage, preserving homeostasis and mitochondrial functions, and inhibiting the increase in apoptosis signaling induced by DOX. In addition, Smuder et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> found that exercise inhibited the increase of lysosomal autophagy signaling.</p>
        <p>With respect to the protocols that combined more than one chemotherapy agent, three studies evaluated the effect of DOC combined with other medications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Wonders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> examined the combination of DOX and GW2974, a HER-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) inhibitor. The HER-2 gene is associated with normal growth and development of breasts, and its overexpression occurs in 30% of breast cancers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> GW2974 is a trastuzumab analog, a monoclonal antibody used in breast cancer treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> This treatment protocol is associated with increased incidence of cardiac dysfunction and heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> At the end of the training period, there was a reduction in lipid peroxidation and a possible protection against apoptosis induction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> used a protocol of DOX (15 mg/kg) combined with goserelin acetate. After treatment, cardiac function was analyzed <italic>in vivo</italic> by echocardiography and <italic>ex vivo</italic>. The results indicated that cardiac dysfunction was significantly attenuated in the group subjected to exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The possible cardioprotective mechanisms of aerobic exercise are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Chart 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Chart 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardioprotective mechanisms of aerobic exercise</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="90%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Studies</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Cardioprotective mechanisms</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Maintenance of internal pressure and attenuation of lipid peroxidation in left ventricle. Increased expression of the heat shock protein HSP7. No significant results in mitochondrial expression of superoxide dismutase (or isoforms) in the heart of trained animals.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Completely prevented the effect of DOX on state-3 respiration, respiratory control ratio, and uncoupled respiration. Decreased DOX-induced increase in calcium sensitivity, increase in mitochondrial protein carbonyl groups, malondialdehyde, Bax, Bax/BCLW ratio, tissue caspase-3 activity. Training also increased the expression of mitochondrial HSP-60 and tissue HSP-70.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Low-intensity exercise did not provide a sufficiently intense stimulus to change HSP72 and SOD expression. On the other hand, exercise attenuated left ventricular dysfunction and apoptotic signal activation induced by DOX.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">The levels of oxidative stress markers indicated that exercise decreased acute DOX-induced disturbances. The authors suggested that glutathione and HSP responses may have been essential for the defense against DOX-related free radicals.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Attenuated the decrease in cardiac functions: heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure, left ventricular systolic function, dP/dt max, left ventricular relaxation, minimum DT/DP. Completely prevented DOX-induced MDA+4HAE increase, protecting against lipid peroxidation. No significant changes in SOD or HSP72 in left ventricle.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Wonders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Attenuated the decrease in the end-diastolic pressure/left ventricular diastolic pressure ratio and prevented the DOX-induced increase in MDA + 4 HAE, suggesting that exercise reduced left ventricular lipid peroxidation.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Attenuated DOX-induced a-MHC upregulation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Wonders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Preserved cardiac functions, decreased MDA+4-HAE, caspase-3 and caspase-8 levels.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kavazis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Protected against deleterious effect of DOX on cardiomyocytes, by increasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes and HSP72 in cardiomyocytes. However, a model of HSP72 isolation, tested by the authors, did not eliminate the exercise-induced cardioprotective effect, suggesting that such effect was caused by the increase in antioxidant enzymes.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Prevented the decease in cardiac mitochondrial functions, preserved mitochondrial phosphorylation capacity, attenuated the decreased tolerance to mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, protected the activity of cardiac mitochondrial chain complexes I and V, and increased caspase 3 and 9 and mitochondrial SOD activities.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Prevented a 22% reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction and depressed aortic and mitral valve blood flow. Preserved MHC, but had no effect on sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2a expression.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Preserved maximal and mean mitral valve blood flow.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hornsby et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Attenuated the increase in natriuretic peptides.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Preserved diastolic and systolic function by preventing the decrease in heart rate, blood flow velocity, and isovolumetric time increase, and decreased the frequency of intrinsic depolarization. There was no significant effect on a- and b-MHC expression.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ashraf e Roshan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Increased Apelin and SOD, and decrased MDA.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Shirinbayan e Roshan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Increased HSP72 and SOD, and decreased MDA.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Martins et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Decreased DNA damage in cardiac cells without a defined mechanism. The authors hypothesized that exercise provided protection against oxidative stress and upregulation of apoptotic pathways.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smuder et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Prevented myofiber ultra-structure damage, inhibited Beclin-1(BCL1) increase and Beclin-2 (BCL-2) decrease, and decreased the BCL1/BCL2 ratio; reduced DOX-induced increase of TAG12, TAG4, TAG7, LC3, Cathepsin-B and Cathepsin-L.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Jensen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Reduced cardiac DOX by unspecified mechanisms.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marques-Aleixo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="left">Increased the percentage of normal mitochondria and mitochondrial density. Improved state 3 respiration, decreased the delay phase of ADP phosphorylation, enhanced electron transport chain activity at complex I and IV.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>ADP: adenosine diphosphate; BAX: apoptosis regulator; BCL:Beclin; BCLW: Beclin W; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; DOX: Doxorubicin; dP/dt max: maximal derivativves of left ventricular pressure HAE: Hydroxy alquenal; HSP: heat shock protein; LC3: autophagy marker LC3; MHC: myosin heavy chain; MDA: malonaldehyde; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAG: triacilglicerol</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise protocols according to the F.I.T.T principle</title>
        <p>As described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Chart 1</xref>, all studies included in this review evaluated the capacity of aerobic exercises to provide cardioprotection against DOX adverse effects. Therefore, the following factors will be discussed: frequency, intensity, duration and type of exercise, following the F.I.T.T. (acronym for frequency, intensity, time and type) principle, used in aerobic exercise prescription.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Frequency</title>
        <p>With respect to how often the animals exercised, two studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> conducted two weeks of acclimation and a single 60-minute exercise bout. In the study by Wonders et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> acute exercise prevented cardiac dysfunction and had no effect on change lipid peroxidation markers. Acensao et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> demonstrated that the same study protocol also prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and increased antioxidant enzymes' levels.</p>
        <p>Three studies evaluated the effect of a training period shorter than one month.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> evaluated whether low-intensity exercise, practiced five days a week at 8-10 m/min-30 m/min, had a protective effect against DOX cardiotoxicity. The results suggested an attenuation of left ventricular dysfunction and inhibition of apoptosis signaling in cardiac cells. In the protocol used in the study by Kavazis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e Smuder et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> the animals exercised on a treadmill five times a week for one week. The results of both studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> indicated that the exercise was effective in attenuating mitochondrial damage by preserving the antioxidant metabolism, and inhibiting lysosomal autophagy signaling, respectively.</p>
        <p>Some studies included voluntary exercise on running wheels and measured the distance run.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Two of these studies used voluntary exercise only: Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> detected resistance against cardiac dysfunction and increased HSP72 levels, whereas Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> found that voluntary exercise preserved cardiac growth curve and body mass, and prevented cardiac dysfunction in rat pups. Four studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> compared voluntary exercise, in which the distance run was not measured, with treadmill training based on a previously established protocol of exercises five times a week for 12 weeks. The results did not show difference between the groups, except for the level of cardiac function damage, which was attenuated only in treadmill training group in the study by Hydoch et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In the other eight studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> the animals exercised five times a week for 12 week. Two were evaluated the effect of swimming<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and six used motorized treadmill.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> All of these studies indicated a cardioprotective effect of exercise independently of the mechanisms or other differences between their protocols.</p>
        <p>Based on these findings, we cannot affirm that there was a direct relationship between exercise frequency and the results, since frequencies varying from acute session to exercise at random times showed evidence to exert protective effects, mainly on DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction. Although the study by Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> suggests a difference in relation to the damage caused by oxygen reactive species, DOX-induced effects were evaluated at 5 and 10 days after treatment, and the intensity of exercise was different between the groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Intensity</title>
        <p>There were some differences in the relationship between the intensity of exercises and the results described. The study by Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> was the only one aimed to evaluate the protective effect of low-intensity exercise on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. In this study, an aggressive exercise protocol, in terms of intensity and duration was used, starting with 5 minutes of daily exercise at 8-10 m/min and 0% inclination, followed by a 10-minute increase per day, until the duration of 60 min/day at 30 m/min was achieved on the last day of the second training week. This study indicated that this exercise modality performed during DOX treatment was capable to inhibit apoptotic signal induction and attenuation of left ventricular dysfunction. However, exercise did not provide a sufficiently intense stimulus to change HSP and superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ascensao et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> studied the effects of moderate exercise on treadmill on reduction of DOX-induced mitochondriopathy and apoptosis signaling. The animals were first subjected to one week of acclimation to the treadmill, followed by 14 weeks of training at 30 m/min and 0% of inclination. This mitigated changes in mitochondrial homeostasis and oxidative stress levels, and increased antioxidant metabolism and mitochondrial defenses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In another study on moderate intensity exercise, Shirinbayan and Roshan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> subjected the animals to eight weeks of treadmill training, with 5-minute warm-up and 39 minute-running at 17 m/min. According to the authors, the results suggest that exercise decreased the risk for cardiac disturbances caused by acute DOX administration, by preservation of SOD and HSP protection systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Two studies were conducted with swimming training programs,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> but the exercise intensity was not reported. Ascensao et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> evaluated whether 1 hour of daily swimming training, performed with a weight (corresponding to 4% of body weight) attached to the tail increased cardiac muscle tolerance to DOX. The results indicated protection against oxidative stress, detected by the decrease in troponin levels and increase of HSP and glutathione (GHS), an antioxidant enzyme commonly found in the mitochondria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Martins et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> evaluated the effect of swimming training performed with a weight (8% of body weight) attached to the tail. The results indicated that the exercise protected cardiac cell DNA against DOX-induced damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Only voluntary exercise on running wheel was used in the study by Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> According to the references cited by the authors, in this protocol, lower exercise intensities are reached, as compared with intensity-controlled treadmill running. Eight weeks after the training period, exercise training attenuated cardiac dysfunction and oxidative damage compared with sedentary animals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> also used voluntary running wheel exercise only; ten weeks of exercise preserved cardiac growth curve, body mass and cardiac functions in trained rats in comparison with the control group.</p>
        <p>Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and Jensen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> compared voluntary running wheel exercise with treadmill training, using the same progressive-intensity protocol, starting with 13 m/min and 5% inclination for 20 minutes, reaching the final velocity of 30 m/min and 18% inclination for 60 minutes within 4 weeks. Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> evaluated the effect of exercise preconditioning on DOX-induced changes, cardiac function and myosin heavy chain isoforms. Cardiac dysfunction was attenuated only in the group subjected to more intensive treadmill training.</p>
        <p>Jensen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> evaluated the effect of both treadmill running and running wheel on cardiac function and myocardial DOX accumulation. The animals were assessed at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days after DOX administration. The results indicated a significant difference in DOX accumulation levels, and a complete elimination of the medication at 5 days, with no significant difference between the exercise modalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Marques-Aleixo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> also used different exercise intensities to compare treadmill and running wheel training. The treadmill intensity was gradually increased from 18 m/min in the week of acclimation of the animals to the treadmill to 27 m/min in the 7<sup>th</sup> week. From this point, the velocity was adjusted at 20 m/min from the 7<sup>th</sup> to 12<sup>th</sup> week in DOX group, whereas in the placebo group (saline solution), the velocity was increased until 30 m/min. Both modalities prevented the oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Also using a progressive intensity protocol, Hornsby et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> evaluated the effect of cycle ergometry for 12 weeks, with intensities varying from 60% to 100% of maximal oxygen uptake, measured before the beginning of the exercise program. No significant differences between the interventions were detected by echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> used motorized treadmill protocols that included progressive exercise intensity and duration, starting with low intensity, and velocities and inclination varying from 25-30 m/min and 5 to 18%, respectively during the training period. It is worth mentioning that in the study by Smuder et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> the animals trained at 70% of maximal oxygen uptake.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Time or Duration</title>
        <p>Exercise duration is an important factor in aerobic exercise prescription to establish the training volume to be periodically performed, due to its direct relationship with intensity and frequency.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In 13 studies <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> the training period was one hour of exercises per day, five times a week (5 hours/week), independently of the total number of weeks in each study.</p>
        <p>In two other studies, animals were also subjected to 60 minutes of daily exercise, in a single session though.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In the study by Ashrafi and Roshan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and Shirinbayan and Roshan,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> a protocol of 39-minute daily exercise for 5 days a week (total of 3 hours and 15 minutes per week) was used. Hornsby et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> used a protocol of 60-minute daily exercise, three times a week, totaling 3 hours a week. Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> used voluntary exercise in a running wheel and, for this reason, the duration and intensity of exercise were not quantified and could not be analysed.</p>
        <p>In general, the studies analyzed here<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> did not aim to specifically evaluate the cardioprotective effects of training-related variables against DOX, but rather investigate the mechanisms involved in this protection. Although many studies have systematically elaborated the exercise protocols, none of them evaluated the cause/effect relationship of each exercise-related variable.</p>
        <p>In this context, exercise duration is important to be considered. In addition to its direct relationship with total training volume,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> one of the major difficulties faced by cancer patients is to perform long-duration exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> due to fatigue and other adverse effects that hamper the desire and possibilities to exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Type</title>
        <p>Different types of exercise or sports modalities may exert different effects on individuals, and thereby directly influence the objectives of exercise prescription.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In this review, only aerobic exercise was identified in the studies, with variations of modalities, intensity, frequency and time.</p>
        <p>Fifteen studies were performed with at least one group subjected to treadmill running, and all of them included one week of acclimation of the animals to this procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The results indicated that treadmill training protected against DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction in all eight studies in which this outcome was one of the main objectives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Exercise was also effective in preventing lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage in four studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Regarding the oxidative stress, exercise protected, or even improved antioxidant activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Four studies investigated the effect of exercise on mitochondrial function, defenses and apoptosis. The results indicated that treadmill training had a protective effect against damage and dysfunction, attenuated the increase in DOX-induced apoptosis, and increased mitochondrial defenses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> With respect to programmed cardiomyocyte death, exercise inhibited the increase in DOX-induced apoptosis signaling in three studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Other beneficial factors included the increase in HSP72 levels,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and preservation of HCM isoforms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Voluntary exercises in running wheels were used in four studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> due to their lower intensity as compared with preprogrammed treadmill exercises, and to the possibility for the animals to perform the exercises by their will. These aspects have a connection with oncologic patients, who may have difficulties in adhering to exercise programs at pre-established schedules and high intensities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> suggested that regular voluntary exercise may provide resistance against DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction and oxidative damage in long term, and increase HSP72 levels. Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> concluded that exercise was effective in preventing changes in cardiac growth curve, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and depolarization velocity decrease, and had no effect on body mass loss. This was the only study to evaluate cardiac functions during exercise.</p>
        <p>Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> compared groups of animals subjected to running wheel and treadmill running. In this study, attenuation of cardiac dysfunction was observed only in the group that underwent high-intensity, treadmill testing. Finally, Jensen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> evaluated the effect of pre-treatment exercise in both treadmill and running wheel. Both modalities led to significant reductions in DOX accumulation and significant increase in total elimination of DOX after five days, with no significant difference between them.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Two studies evaluated the possible effect of swimming against cardiotoxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Ascensao et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> after treatment and analysis of data, found a cardiomyocyte protection in exercised animals by reduction of cardiac stress, which may be associated with the reduction in stress markers, and by preservation of antioxidant enzyme levels as compared with sedentary animals. Martins et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> using a pre-treatment swimming program, demonstrated a protective effect against DNA damage in cardiac cells.</p>
        <p>The study by Hornsby et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> was the only study to use cycle ergometry, and the only statistically significant result was the attenuation of the natriuretic peptide increase in the exercised group as compared with the control group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>In humans</title>
        <p>Hornsby et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> evaluated the safety and efficacy of aerobic training in improving chemotherapy adverse effects, and Jones et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> evaluated its cardioprotective effect on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. According to Jones et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> aerobic exercise had no cardioprotective effect in humans. It is worthy of note that this was the only study to use this protocol. Also, cyclophosphamide has a high level of evidence for cardiotoxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The studies by Hornsby et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and Jones et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> evaluated 20 women with stage IIB and IIIC operable breast cancer, receiving neoadjuvant therapy with DOX 60 mg/m<sup>2</sup> and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup> in four cycles (one cycle every 21 days for three months). Patients were randomized to one of the two groups: DOX + cyclophosphamide and cyclophosphamide + aerobic training. Aerobic training was performed by cycle ergometry, 3 times a week for 3 months, following an individualized program with progressive intensity, prescribed based on ergospirometry performed in the beginning of the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Chart 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Chart 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aerobic training performed in the studies analyzed</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="70%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Week </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Duration</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Intensity</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Incremental training from the fifth week onwards </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3 sessions of 15-20 min</td>
                <td align="center">60% VO<sub>2</sub>max.</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2<sup>nd</sup> to 4<sup>th</sup> </td>
                <td align="center">3 sessions of 30 min</td>
                <td align="center">65% VO<sub>2</sub>max</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> </td>
                <td align="center">2 sessions of 30-45 min</td>
                <td align="center">60-65% VO<sub>2</sub>max</td>
                <td align="center">1 session of 20-25 min at ventilator threshold determined by a systematic increase in the VE/VO<sub>2</sub> ratio while VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> remained constant.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7<sup>th</sup> to 9<sup>th</sup> </td>
                <td align="center">2 sessions of 60 min</td>
                <td align="center">65-70% VO<sub>2</sub>max</td>
                <td align="center">1 session of 20-25 min at ventilator threshold determined by a systematic increase in the VE/VO<sub>2</sub> ratio while VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> remained constant.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10<sup>th</sup> to 12<sup>th</sup> </td>
                <td align="center">2 sessions of 60 min</td>
                <td align="center">60-70% VO<sub>2</sub>max</td>
                <td align="center">Interval trainings of 30 seconds at 100% VO<sub>2</sub>max, followed by 60 s of active recovery (total of 10-15 cycles).</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The effects of aerobic training were analyzed by ergospirometric test and transthoracic echocardiography. The results reported in both studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> indicated that there were no significant differences in protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity after training or between the groups. However, Hornsby et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> demonstrated that high intensity interval aerobic training is safe and well tolerated by participants; it reduces therapy adverse effects, and attenuates the increase in natriuretic peptide levels, cardiopulmonary dysfunction and VO<sub>2</sub>max.</p>
        <p>In summary, the results of the studies indicated that aerobic exercise can exert a protective effect on cardiac functions when performed before, during or after training, and may be an adjuvant therapy to DOX. Nevertheless, the mechanisms associated with this protective effect are controversial and have been associated with several hypothetical mechanisms, thus requiring further research. In general, the studies analyzed differed in protocols: intensity, time of training in relation to the treatment, methods and objective of study.</p>
        <p>Concerning the variables related to aerobic exercise prescription, no relevant differences in cardioprotective effects were observed between the time of training - before, during or after treatment. However, some results in relation to the total training time may be pertinent if extended to the oncologic treatment reality, since acute training sessions or only one week of exercises before DOX administration showed effective results. There was no direct relationship between the frequency of exercise and the results of the studies; regardless of frequency variation, there was evidence of protective effect of exercise, especially on DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction. The intensity of exercise was also not decisive for preservation of cardiac function, although a more intense exercise was associated with improvements in the antioxidant system, which was not observed in studies on lower intensity exercises.</p>
        <p>New studies including different populations and types of exercise prescriptions are needed before concluding that the exercise would be effective against cardiotoxicity induced by treatment with DOX.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Instituto Nacional de C&#226;ncer. A&#231;&#245;es de enfermagem para o controle do c&#226;ncer: uma proposta de integra&#231;&#227;o ensino-servi&#231;o. 3a ed. Rio de Janeiro: INCA; 2008.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Instituto Nacional de C&#226;ncer</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>A&#231;&#245;es de enfermagem para o controle do c&#226;ncer: uma proposta de integra&#231;&#227;o ensino-servi&#231;o</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <edition>3a ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>INCA</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Instituto Nacional de C&#226;ncer. ABC do c&#226;ncer: abordagens b&#225;sicas para o controle do c&#226;ncer. 2a ed. Rio de Janeiro: INCA; 2012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Instituto Nacional de C&#226;ncer</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>ABC do c&#226;ncer: abordagens b&#225;sicas para o controle do c&#226;ncer</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <edition>2a ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>INCA</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Sanft T, Irwin ML. Side effects and persistent effects of cancer surgery and treatment. In: American College of Sports Medicine, Irwin ML, eds. ACSM&#8217;s guide to exercise and cancer survivorship. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2012.p.15-25</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sanft</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Irwin</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Side effects and persistent effects of cancer surgery and treatment</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <collab>American College of Sports Medicine</collab>
            <name>
              <surname>Irwin</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>ACSM&#8217;s guide to exercise and cancer survivorship</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <publisher-loc>Champaign(IL)</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Human Kinetics</publisher-name>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Korde LA. Diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In: American College of Sports Medicine, Irwin ML, eds. ACSM&#8217;s guide to exercise and cancer survivorship. Champaign (IL):Human Kinetics; 2012.p.1-12</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Korde</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Diagnosis and treatment of cancer</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <collab>American College of Sports Medicine</collab>
            <name>
              <surname>Irwin</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>ACSM&#8217;s guide to exercise and cancer survivorship</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <publisher-loc>Champaign(IL)</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Human Kinetics</publisher-name>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 ACSM&#8217;s guide to exercise and cancer survivorship /American College of Sports Medicine;Irwin ML (ed). Guide to exercise and cancer survivorship. Champaign (IL):Human Kinetics; 2012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <collab>ACSM's guide to exercise and cancer survivorship /American College of Sports Medicine</collab>
            <name>
              <surname>Irwin</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Guide to exercise and cancer survivorship</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <publisher-loc>Champaign(IL)</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Human Kinetics</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Kalil Filho R, Hajjar LA, Bacal F, Hoff PM, Diz M del P, Galas FR, et al; Grupo de Estudos em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (GEIC/SBC); Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Cl&#237;nica; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. [I Brazilian Guideline for Cardio-Oncology from Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;96(2 Suppl. 1):1-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kalil</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hajjar</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoff</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diz</surname>
              <given-names>M del P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galas</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Grupo de Estudos em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (GEIC/SBC)</collab>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia Cl&#237;nica; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</collab>
            <collab>Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>I Brazilian Guideline for Cardio-Oncology from Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Hayward R, Lyen CY, Jensen BT, Hydock DS, Schneider CM. Exercise training mitigates anthracycline-induced chronic cardiotoxicity in a juvenile rat model. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;59(1):149-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hayward</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lyen</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>BT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hydock</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise training mitigates anthracycline-induced chronic cardiotoxicity in a juvenile rat model</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Blood Cancer</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>149</fpage>
          <lpage>154</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Scott JM, Khakoo A, Mackey JR, Haykowsky MJ, Douglas PS, Jones LW. Modulation of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity by aerobic exercise in breast cancer: current evidence and underlying mechanisms. Circulation. 2011;124(5):642-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scott</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khakoo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mackey</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haykowsky</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douglas</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Modulation of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity by aerobic exercise in breast cancer: current evidence and underlying mechanisms</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>642</fpage>
          <lpage>650</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Ascens&#227;o A, Magalh&#227;es J, Soares JM, Ferreira R, Neuparth MJ, Marques F, et al. Moderate endurance training prevents doxorubicin-induced in vivo mitochondriopathy and reduces development of cardiac apoptosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289(2):H722-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ascens&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neuparth</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marques</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Moderate endurance training prevents doxorubicin-induced in vivo mitochondriopathy and reduces development of cardiac apoptosis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>289</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>H722</fpage>
          <lpage>H731</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Chicco AJ, Hydock DS, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Low-intensity exercise training during doxorubicin treatment protects against cardiotoxicity. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006;100(2):519-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chicco</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hydock</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayward</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low-intensity exercise training during doxorubicin treatment protects against cardiotoxicity</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol (1985)</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>519</fpage>
          <lpage>527</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Ascens&#227;o A, Magalh&#227;es J, Soares J, Ferreira R, Neuparth M, Marques F, et al. Endurance training attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiac oxidative damage in mice. Int J Cardiol. 2005;100(3):451-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ascens&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neuparth</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marques</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endurance training attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiac oxidative damage in mice</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>451</fpage>
          <lpage>460</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Chicco AJ, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Exercise training attenuates acute doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2006;47(2):182-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chicco</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayward</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise training attenuates acute doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>182</fpage>
          <lpage>189</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Wonders KY, Hydock DS, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Acute exercise protects against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Integr Cancer Ther. 2008;7(3):147-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wonders</surname>
              <given-names>KY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hydock</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayward</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute exercise protects against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity</article-title>
          <source>Integr Cancer Ther</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>147</fpage>
          <lpage>154</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Hydock DS, Lien CY, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Exercise preconditioning protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(5):808-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hydock</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lien</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayward</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise preconditioning protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>808</fpage>
          <lpage>817</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Kavazis AN, Smuder AJ, Min K, T&#252;mer N, Powers SK. Short-term exercise training protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiac moticondrial damage independent of HSP72. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010;299(5):H1515-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kavazis</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smuder</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Min</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>T&#252;mer</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powers</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Short-term exercise training protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiac moticondrial damage independent of HSP72</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>299</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>H1515</fpage>
          <lpage>H1524</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Ascens&#227;o A, Lumini-Oliveira J, Machado NG, Ferreira RM, Gon&#231;alves IO, Moreira AC, et al. Acute exercise protects against calcium-induced cardiac mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in doxorubicin-treated rats. Clin Sci (Lond). 2011;120(1):37-49.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ascens&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lumini-Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>NG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>IO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute exercise protects against calcium-induced cardiac mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in doxorubicin-treated rats</article-title>
          <source>Clin Sci (Lond)</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>49</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Hydock DS, Lien CY, Jensen BT, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Exercise preconditioning provides long-term protection against early chronic doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Integr Cancer Ther. 2011;10(1):47-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hydock</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lien</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>BT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayward</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise preconditioning provides long-term protection against early chronic doxorubicin cardiotoxicity</article-title>
          <source>Integr Cancer Ther</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Ashraf J, Roshan VD. Is short-term exercise a therapeutic tool for improvement of cardioprotection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity? An experimental controlled protocol in rats. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(8):4025-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ashraf</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roshan</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Is short-term exercise a therapeutic tool for improvement of cardioprotection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity? An experimental controlled protocol in rats</article-title>
          <source>Asian Pac J Cancer Prev</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>4025</fpage>
          <lpage>4030</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Shirinbayan V, Roshan VD. Pretreatment effect of running exercise on HSP70 and DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(11):5849-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shirinbayan</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roshan</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pretreatment effect of running exercise on HSP70 and DOX-induced cardiotoxicity</article-title>
          <source>Asian Pac J Cancer Prev</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>5849</fpage>
          <lpage>5855</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Martins RA, Minari AL, Chaves MD, Santos RW, Barbisan LF, Ribeiro DA. Exercise preconditioning modulates genotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in multiple organs of rats. Cell Biochem Funct. 2012;30(4):293-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minari</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaves</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbisan</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise preconditioning modulates genotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in multiple organs of rats</article-title>
          <source>Cell Biochem Funct</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>293</fpage>
          <lpage>296</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Smuder AJ, Kavazis AN, Min K, Powers SK. Doxorubicin-induced markers of myocardial autophagic signaling in sedentary and exercise trained animals. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013;115(2):176-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Smuder</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kavazis</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Min</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powers</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Doxorubicin-induced markers of myocardial autophagic signaling in sedentary and exercise trained animals</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol (1985)</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>176</fpage>
          <lpage>185</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Marques-Aleixo I, Santos-Alves E, Mariani D, Rizo-Roca D, Padr&#227;o AI, Rocha-Rodrigues S, et al. Physical exercise prior and during treatment reduces sub-chronic doxorubicin-induced mitochondrial toxicity and oxidative stress. Mitochondrion. 2015;20:22-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marques-Aleixo</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos-Alves</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mariani</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rizo-Roca</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padr&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha-Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physical exercise prior and during treatment reduces sub-chronic doxorubicin-induced mitochondrial toxicity and oxidative stress</article-title>
          <source>Mitochondrion</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <fpage>22</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Chicco AJ, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Voluntary exercise protects against acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in the isolated perfused rat heart. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;289(2):R424-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chicco</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayward</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Voluntary exercise protects against acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in the isolated perfused rat heart</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>289</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>R424</fpage>
          <lpage>R431</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Wonders KY, Hydock DS, Greufe S, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Endurance exercise training preserves cardiac function in rats receiving doxorubicin and the HER-2 inhibitor GW2974. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009;64(6):1105-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wonders</surname>
              <given-names>KY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hydock</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greufe</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayward</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endurance exercise training preserves cardiac function in rats receiving doxorubicin and the HER-2 inhibitor GW2974</article-title>
          <source>Cancer Chemother Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1105</fpage>
          <lpage>1113</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Hydock DS, Parry TL, Jensen BT, Lien CY, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Effects of endurance training on combined goserelin acetate and doxorubicin treatment-induced cardiac dysfunction. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011;68(3):685-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hydock</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parry</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>BT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lien</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayward</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of endurance training on combined goserelin acetate and doxorubicin treatment-induced cardiac dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Cancer Chemother Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>685</fpage>
          <lpage>692</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Jensen BT, Lien CY, Hydock DS, Schneider CM, Hayward R. Exercise mitigates cardiac doxorubicin accumulation and preserves function in the rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2013;62(3):263-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>BT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lien</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hydock</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayward</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise mitigates cardiac doxorubicin accumulation and preserves function in the rat</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>263</fpage>
          <lpage>269</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Hornsby WE, Douglas PS, West MJ, Kenjale AA, Lane AR, Schwitzer ER, et al. Safety and efficacy of aerobic training in operable breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a phase II randomized trial. Acta Oncol. 2014;53(1):65-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hornsby</surname>
              <given-names>WE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douglas</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>West</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kenjale</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lane</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwitzer</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Safety and efficacy of aerobic training in operable breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a phase II randomized trial</article-title>
          <source>Acta Oncol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 American College of Sports Medicine. Diretrizes do ACSM para os testes de esfor&#231;o e sua prescri&#231;&#227;o. 8a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara-Koogan; 2010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>American College of Sports Medicine</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Diretrizes do ACSM para os testes de esfor&#231;o e sua prescri&#231;&#227;o</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <edition>8a ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Guanabara-Koogan</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Jones L, Dolinsky V, Haykowsky M, Patterson I, Jones L, Allen J, et al. Effects of aerobic training to improve cardiovascular function and prevent cardiac remodeling after cytotoxic therapy in early breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of American Association of Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL, USA. Philadelphia: AACR; Cancer Research.2011;71(8 Suppl):5024.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="confproc">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dolinsky</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haykowsky</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patterson</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <source>Effects of aerobic training to improve cardiovascular function and prevent cardiac remodeling after cytotoxic therapy in early breast cancer [abstract]</source>
          <conf-name>Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of American Association of Cancer Research</conf-name>
          <conf-date>2011 Apr 2-6</conf-date>
          <conf-loc>Orlando, FL, USA</conf-loc>
          <publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>AACR; Cancer Research</publisher-name>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>5024</fpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiotoxicidade Decorrente do Tratamento com Doxorrubicina e Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Tauan Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Bento Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo de Drummond</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia Pedreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gustavo Bento Ribeiro de Araujo</bold>. Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - UFF Rua Prof. Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis s/n. CEP 24201-201, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>gbraraujo@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Maia TN, Araujo GBR, Teixeira JAC, Alves Junior ED, Dias KP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo investigou se a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios possui um efeito protetor contra a toxicidade card&#237;aca decorrente do tratamento com doxorrubicina. Para tal, foi realizada uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura, de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados que verificam o exerc&#237;cio como meio de controle ou preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade induzida pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de DOX. Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS. Foram utilizados os descritores: exerc&#237;cio, condicionamento f&#237;sico, antraciclinas, doxorrubicina, adriamicina, agentes cardiot&#243;xicos. Para sele&#231;&#227;o dos trabalhos que se inclu&#237;am nos crit&#233;rios estabelecidos, foram avaliados os resumos de todos os artigos. Foram exclu&#237;dos estudos que n&#227;o abordaram o tema central da pesquisa, n&#227;o se referiram ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico ou a DOX, abordaram exclusivamente outros tipos de toxicidade por antraciclinas (muscular, hep&#225;tica e renal), ou verificaram outros efeitos do exerc&#237;cio sobre toxicidade da DOX (fadiga). O presente estudo observou, com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, que a frequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o apresentou rela&#231;&#227;o direta com os resultados dos referidos estudos. A intensidade tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi definitiva para a preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, por&#233;m o treinamento mais intenso esteve relacionado com melhoras no sistema antioxidante que n&#227;o esteve presente em alguns estudos com intensidades mais baixas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos efeitos dos exerc&#237;cios quando realizados antes, durante ou depois do tratamento. Portanto, exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio parece exercer um efeito protetor das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas se realizado antes, durante ou depois do tratamento com DOX. Por&#233;m, os mecanismos associados a esse efeito ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorrubicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O termo c&#226;ncer refere-se a um conjunto de mais de 100 doen&#231;as que t&#234;m como caracter&#237;stica principal a multiplica&#231;&#227;o desordenada de c&#233;lulas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Segundo as estimativas do Instituto Nacional de C&#226;ncer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> o n&#250;mero de casos registrados tem aumentado significativamente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas e, atualmente, as neoplasias configuram-se como importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade, respons&#225;veis por mais de 12,0% das causas de &#243;bito no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em paralelo ao aumento no n&#250;mero de casos confirmados de c&#226;ncer, a descoberta de novas modalidades de tratamento tem aumentado a sobrevida e as possibilidades de curar a doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Entretanto, a terap&#234;utica do c&#226;ncer pode trazer diversos efeitos adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Dentre eles, a cardiotoxicidade provocada pelo tratamento pode gerar acometimentos com expectativas piores do que o pr&#243;prio c&#226;ncer, e ainda afetar a continuidade do tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Dependendo do tipo de tratamento utilizado, os usu&#225;rios dos servi&#231;os oncol&#243;gicos podem ter aumentadas em 15 vezes as chances de sofrer de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesse sentido, &#233; importante destacar as propriedades cardioprotetoras do exerc&#237;cio j&#225; ressaltadas no contexto das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> como est&#237;mulo &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de pesquisas com exerc&#237;cio e quimioter&#225;picos cardiot&#243;xicos. Por ser a doxorrubicina (DOX) um quimioter&#225;pico de grande utiliza&#231;&#227;o no tratamento de diversos c&#226;nceres e apresentar elevado n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; manifesta&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> foi selecionado para esta revis&#227;o com a hip&#243;tese de que o exerc&#237;cio pode exercer um efeito protetor contra a cardiotoxicidade induzida pela DOX.</p>
        <p>O objetivo desta revis&#227;o &#233; verificar na literatura se a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios possui um efeito protetor contra a toxicidade card&#237;aca decorrente do tratamento com DOX.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados que verificam o exerc&#237;cio como meio de controle ou preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade induzida pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de DOX; publica&#231;&#227;o em portugu&#234;s, ingl&#234;s ou espanhol, a partir de 2003 com disponibilidade para acesso gratuito ou pelo Portal Peri&#243;dicos Capes.</p>
        <p>Foram utilizadas as seguintes bases de dados: <italic>Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online</italic> (MEDLINE) acessada atrav&#233;s do <italic>Public Medline</italic> (PubMed) e a <italic>Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</italic> (LILACS).</p>
        <p>Os descritores utilizados foram selecionados por sua representa&#231;&#227;o direta do tema e frequ&#234;ncia com que est&#227;o presentes nas pesquisas utilizadas para a fundamenta&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica. Al&#233;m disso, todos os termos estavam dispon&#237;veis no "Descritores em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (DeCS)" para portugu&#234;s, ingl&#234;s e espanhol e no <italic>Medical Subjects Headings</italic> (MeSH) da <italic>U.S Library of Medicine</italic> (NLM) para pesquisa em l&#237;ngua inglesa. Os descritores usados foram: <italic>exerc&#237;cio</italic> (ou seu correspondente <italic>condicionamento f&#237;sico</italic> - que deve ser utilizado para pesquisas em animais segundo o DeCS); <italic>Antraciclinas; Doxorrubicina; Adriamicina; Agentes cardiot&#243;xicos.</italic> Foi acrescentado &#224; pesquisa o descritor <italic>cardiotoxicidade</italic>, que embora n&#227;o tenha sido validado pelas plataformas pesquisadas, &#233; um termo amplamente utilizado em artigos da &#225;rea, inclusive pela Diretriz de Cardio-Oncologia da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando os campos de <italic>busca avan&#231;ada</italic> que delimitam e especificam os descritores e est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis nas pr&#243;prias plataformas. A busca inicial resultou em 146 trabalhos publicados nas bases de dados. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise dos resumos, 123 foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o corresponderem aos objetivos da pesquisa e tr&#234;s por n&#227;o estarem dispon&#237;veis para acesso gratuito ou pelo Portal Peri&#243;dicos Capes. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: n&#227;o se referir ao tema central da pesquisa (efeito cardioprotetor do exerc&#237;cio relacionado ao uso de DOX), n&#227;o se referir ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico ou a DOX, abordar exclusivamente outros tipos de toxicidade por antraciclinas (muscular, hep&#225;tica e renal), verificar outros efeitos do exerc&#237;cio sobre toxicidade da DOX (fadiga), publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores a 2003, outros formatos de pesquisa (revis&#227;o) e publica&#231;&#245;es em outros idiomas.</p>
        <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica e coleta de dados, todos os trabalhos selecionados foram analisados na &#237;ntegra. As fases de an&#225;lise, apresenta&#231;&#227;o e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados foram realizadas de forma subsequente com a estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos dados em uma planilha, usada como refer&#234;ncia para a disserta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados finais. Por fim, a fase de aperfei&#231;oamento e atualiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi realizada por meio de nova busca nas bases de dados em 20/05/2015.</p>
        <p>De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e os mecanismos de busca selecionados, foram encontrados 20 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados que analisaram o efeito do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cardiotoxicidade induzida pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de DOX (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ensaios cl&#237;nicos analisados (n=19)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Autores</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Popula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Protocolo de tratamento</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Exerc&#237;cio</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Efeitos protetores encontrados</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos f&#234;meas (n=28)</td>
                <td align="center">10 &#181; DOX por 60 min</td>
                <td align="center">Volunt&#225;rio 8 semanas antes da DOX</td>
                <td align="center">Resist&#234;ncia contra disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e dano oxidativo, aumento de HSP72.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos(n=40)</td>
                <td align="center">20 mg/kg dose &#250;nica</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira 60 min/dia, 5 dias/sem, 14 semanas antes da DOX</td>
                <td align="center">Manuten&#231;&#227;o da homeostase, aumento das defesas mitocondriais e redu&#231;&#227;o do dano oxidativo.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos(n=28)</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 mg/kg 3 x semana durante 2 semanas (15mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira 60 min/dia, 5 dias/sem, 2 semanas durante o tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Atenuou a perda de fun&#231;&#227;o do VE e inibiu o aumento do sinal de apoptose.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos(n=44)</td>
                <td align="center">20 mg/kg dose &#250;nica</td>
                <td align="center">Nata&#231;&#227;o 1h/dia, 5 dias/sem durante 14 semanas, antes do tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">M&#250;sculo card&#237;aco mais tolerante a DOX, com aumento na resposta do sistema antioxidante.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos(n=42)</td>
                <td align="center">15 mg/kg dose &#250;nica</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira 1h/dia, 5 dias/sem durante 14 semanas antes do tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Atenuou a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e elevou HSP72.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Wonders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos(n=n&#227;o especificado)</td>
                <td align="center">15 mg/kg dose &#250;nica</td>
                <td align="center">1 hora em um &#250;nico dia de exerc&#237;cio em esteira antes da DOX</td>
                <td align="center">Preveniu a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos(n=147)</td>
                <td align="center">10 mg/kg dose &#250;nica</td>
                <td align="center">Volunt&#225;rio e esteira <break/> 1h/dia, 5 dias/sem durante 8 semanas antes do tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Protegeu por at&#233; 10 dias, mantendo a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e a express&#227;o de isoformas de cadeias pesadas de miosina.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Wonders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos f&#234;meas(n=45)</td>
                <td align="center">DOX 10mg/kg dose &#250;nica + GW2974</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira 60 min/dia, 5 dias/sem durante 8 semanas antes do tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Preservou a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, diminuiu a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de apoptose e peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kavazis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos(n=28)</td>
                <td align="center">20 mg/kg dose &#250;nica</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira 60 min/dia, 5 dias/sem durante uma &#250;nica semana.</td>
                <td align="center">Atenuou o dano &#224;s mitoc&#244;ndrias e preservou o metabolismo antioxidante.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos(n=20)</td>
                <td align="center">20 mg/kg dose &#250;nica</td>
                <td align="center">1hora em um &#250;nico dia de exerc&#237;cio em esteira antes da DOX</td>
                <td align="center">Preveniu a queda nas fun&#231;&#245;es mitocondriais e no metabolismo antioxidante.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos femeas(n=49)</td>
                <td align="center">15 mg/kg dose &#250;nica + acetato de gosserelina</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira 60 min/dia, 5 dias/sem durante 8 semanas durante o tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Atenuou a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE e das valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos(n=94)</td>
                <td align="center">1 mg/kg/dia durante 10 dias (10 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">Volunt&#225;rio e esteira <break/> 1h/dia, 5 dias/sem durante 8 semanas antes do tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Preveniu a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e express&#227;o de isoformas de cadeia pesada de miosina, mesmo ap&#243;s 1 m&#234;s.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hornsby et al <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Humanosn=20</td>
                <td align="center">60 mg/m<sup>2</sup> + 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup> de ciclofosfamidaUma dose a cada 3 semanas, durante 12 semanas.</td>
                <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro <break/> 60 min/dia, 3 dias/sem, por 12 semanas durante o tratamento.</td>
                <td align="center">Atenuou o aumento de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos filhotes(n=64)</td>
                <td align="center">2 mg/kg/dia durante 12 dias (14 mg/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">Volunt&#225;rio por 10 semanas durante e ap&#243;s o tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Preservou a curva de crescimento da massa corporal e da massa card&#237;aca, al&#233;m de atenuar a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ashrafi e Roshan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos(n=48)</td>
                <td align="center">10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira aquecimento + 39 min/dia, 5 dias/sem durante 4 semanas antes da DOX</td>
                <td align="center">Protegeu contra o dano oxidativo e manteve o equil&#237;brio entre produ&#231;&#227;o e catabolismo de agentes oxidantes.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Shirinbayan e Roshan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos(n=48)</td>
                <td align="center">10mg/kg, 20mg/kg</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira aquecimento + 39 min/dia, 5 dias/sem durante 4 semanas antes da DOX</td>
                <td align="center">Diminuiu o risco de dist&#250;rbios card&#237;acos e manteve os sistemas antioxidantes.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Martins et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos (n=12)</td>
                <td align="center">15 mg/kg dose &#250;nica</td>
                <td align="center">Nata&#231;&#227;o 60 min/dia, 5 dias/sem, por mais de 21 dias antes do tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Prote&#231;&#227;o ao DNA das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smuder et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos(n=24)</td>
                <td align="center">20 mg/kg dose &#250;nica</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira 60 min/dia, 5 dias/sem durante uma semana antes do tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Preveniu o aumento nos sinalizadores autof&#225;gicos dos lisossomos.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Jensen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos f&#234;meas(n=77)</td>
                <td align="center">10 mg/kg dose &#250;nica</td>
                <td align="center">Volunt&#225;rio e esteira, <break/> 1h/dia, 5 dias/sem durante 10 semanas antes do tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Reduziu o n&#237;vel e o tempo de acumula&#231;&#227;o de DOX no mioc&#225;rdio.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marques-Aleixo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ratos machos(n=36)</td>
                <td align="center">2 mg/kg/ semana durante 7 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Volunt&#225;rio e esteira <break/> 1 h/dia, 5 dias/sem durante 12 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Melhorou a capacidade bioenerg&#233;tica mitocondrial e preveniu o dano por estresse oxidativo.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>DOX: doxorrubicina; sem: semana; HSP: Prote&#237;na de choque t&#233;rmico; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dos 20 estudos analisados, 19 foram realizados com ratos e camundongos, dos quais 14 utilizaram ratos machos adultos para isolar o fator protetor do estrog&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> utilizou ratos machos, com o objetivo de determinar se o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico proporciona um efeito cardioprotetor em filhotes submetidos a tratamento com DOX. Outros quatro artigos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> selecionaram f&#234;meas devido &#224; especificidade de seus protocolos e/ou com o prop&#243;sito declarado de simular condi&#231;&#245;es de tratamento mais pr&#243;ximas poss&#237;veis das condi&#231;&#245;es humanas. Um estudo de Hornsby et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> foi realizado com humanos, em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama oper&#225;vel, recebendo tratamento quimioter&#225;pico neoadjuvante.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolos de tratamento</title>
          <p>Os protocolos de tratamento apresentaram algumas diferen&#231;as. Seis estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> utilizaram a quantidade de 10 mg/kg de DOX. Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> encontraram resist&#234;ncia &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e o dano oxidativo associados ao uso da DOX. Hydocket et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> utilizando a dose de 10 mg/kg aplicada de forma fracionada (1mg/dia), observaram prote&#231;&#227;o contra o efeito agudo da DOX por mais de 10 dias, prevenindo a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e a distribui&#231;&#227;o das isoformas de cadeias pesadas de miosina (CPMs). Jensen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, nesta dose, observaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da acumula&#231;&#227;o de DOX no mioc&#225;rdio em todos os cortes da pesquisa. Nas doses de 10 mg/kg e 20 mg/kg, os autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> observaram efeito protetor do exerc&#237;cio nas vari&#225;veis estudadas ligadas &#224; preserva&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas do cora&#231;&#227;o, principalmente na dose de 20 mg/kg.</p>
          <p>Quatro trabalhos utilizaram doses &#250;nicas de 15 mg/kg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. No trabalho de Chicco et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> o exerc&#237;cio atenuou a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica induzidas pela DOX e elevou os n&#237;veis de HSP72. Esta &#233; uma prote&#237;na de choque t&#233;rmico que aparece nos cardiomi&#243;citos com o exerc&#237;cio e seus n&#237;veis elevados est&#227;o associados com a preserva&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas durante per&#237;odos de estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Wonders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> observaram que o efeito agudo do treinamento preveniu a queda das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas nessa dose. J&#225; Martins et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> investigaram o efeito protetor contra o dano ao DNA nas c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas de ratos machos submetidos ao tratamento com DOX, obtendo resultado positivo.</p>
          <p>Os estudos de Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> foram realizados com doses fracionadas de 15 mg/kg e 14 mg/kg, respectivamente. O primeiro estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> aplicou 2,5 mg/kg tr&#234;s vezes por semana. Seus resultados indicaram uma prote&#231;&#227;o contra a perda de fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e inibi&#231;&#227;o do aumento da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o para apoptose. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi observado efeito do exerc&#237;cio sobre os e n&#227;o obteve resultados com rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;nas de choque e o metabolismo antioxidante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O segundo estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> utilizou dose fracionada de 2 mg/kg por dia durante uma semana. Nesse estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> o exerc&#237;cio foi eficiente em prevenir decr&#233;scimo na curva de crescimento do cora&#231;&#227;o, na massa corporal e nas fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. O estudo de Marques-Aleixo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> tamb&#233;m utilizou protocolo com dose fracionada de 2 mg/kg com uma dose semanal por 7 semanas e o exerc&#237;cio melhorou a capacidade bioenerg&#233;tica das mitoc&#244;ndrias e preveniu o dano por estresse oxidativo.</p>
          <p>A dose m&#225;xima encontrada foi 20 mg/kg, em cinco estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> observaram atenua&#231;&#227;o do estresse no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco e melhora do sistema antioxidante. Os quatro artigos restantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> encontraram que de uma forma geral o exerc&#237;cio foi eficaz em: prevenir dano causado por estresse oxidativo, preservar a homeostasia e as fun&#231;&#245;es mitocondriais e inibir o aumento na sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de apoptose induzida pela DOX. Smuder et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> tamb&#233;m verificaram que o exerc&#237;cio inibiu o aumento dos sinalizadores autof&#225;gicos dos lisossomos.</p>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o a protocolos que combinam mais de um quimioter&#225;pico, tr&#234;s estudos verificaram o efeito da DOX combinado com outros medicamentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Wonders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> examinaram um protocolo combinado de <italic>DOX</italic> com GW2974, um inibidor de HER-2 (fator de crescimento epid&#233;rmico humano-2), gene associado ao crescimento e desenvolvimento normal das mamas e que &#233; superexpresso em 30% dos c&#226;nceres de mama. O GW2974 &#233; um an&#225;logo ao trastuzumab, anticorpo monoclonal utilizado no tratamento de c&#226;ncer de mama.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Esse protocolo de tratamento est&#225; associado ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Ao fim do per&#237;odo de treinamento, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o na peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e uma poss&#237;vel prote&#231;&#227;o contra a indu&#231;&#227;o de apoptose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> utilizaram um protocolo com DOX (15 mg/kg) associada ao acetato de gosserrelina. Ap&#243;s o tratamento, a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi analisada <italic>in vivo</italic> por ecocardiografia e <italic>ex vivo</italic>. Os resultados indicaram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi significativamente atenuada no grupo submetido ao exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os poss&#237;veis mecanismos cardioprotetores em decorr&#234;ncia do treinamento aer&#243;bico s&#227;o apresentados no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Quadro 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Quadro 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mecanismos cardioprotetores do treinamento aer&#243;bico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="90%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Estudos</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Mecanismos cardioprotetores </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Manuten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o interna e atenua&#231;&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Aumento da express&#227;o da prote&#237;na de choque t&#233;rmico HSP72. N&#227;o obteve resultados significativos na express&#227;o mitocondrial de super&#243;xido dismutase (ou suas isoformas) no cora&#231;&#227;o dos animais treinados.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Preveniu completamente a a&#231;&#227;o da DOX sobre a fase 3 da respira&#231;&#227;o celular, a taxa de controle respirat&#243;rio, respira&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pareada, e atividade da aconitase. Diminuiu o aumento induzido pela DOX na sensibilidade ao c&#225;lcio, nos grupos carbonil de prote&#237;na nas mitoc&#244;ndrias, em malondialde&#237;do, Bax, taxa Bax/BCLW, e na atividade de caspase-3 nos tecidos. O treinamento tamb&#233;m aumentou a express&#227;o de HSP60 nas mitoc&#244;ndrias e HSP70 nos tecidos.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">O exerc&#237;cio de baixa intensidade n&#227;o foi est&#237;mulo suficiente para alterar as express&#245;es de SOD e HSP. Por outro lado, atenuou a perda de fun&#231;&#227;o do VE e inibiu a indu&#231;&#227;o de sinal de apoptose pela DOX.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">O n&#237;vel dos marcadores de estresse indicou que o exerc&#237;cio diminuiu os dist&#250;rbios provocados por uma dose aguda de DOX. Os autores sugeriram que as respostas de glutationa e HSP podem ter sido essenciais na defesa contra os radicais livres associados ao uso de DOX.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Atenuou a queda das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o desenvolvida pelo ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, DT/DP m&#225;xima, relaxamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, DT/DP m&#237;nima. Preveniu completamente o aumento induzido pela DOX de MDA+4HAE protegendo contra peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica. Sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas de SOD ou HSP72 no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Wonders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Atenuou queda da rela&#231;&#227;o press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final/ press&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e eliminou o aumento induzido pela DOX de MDA + 4 HAE, sugerindo que o exerc&#237;cio reduziu a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica no VE.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Atenuou o aumento induzido pela DOX de a-MHC.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Wonders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Preservou as fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, diminuiu o n&#237;vel de MDA+4-HAE e caspase-3 e caspase-8.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Kavazis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Protegeu contra os efeitos delet&#233;rios da DOX nos cardiomi&#243;citos, aumentando a express&#227;o de enzimas antioxidantes e HSP72 nos cardiomi&#243;citos. Entretanto em um modelo de isolamento do HSP72 testado pelos autores o exerc&#237;cio continuou a proteger os cardiomi&#243;citos e a hip&#243;tese sugerida &#233; de que o aumento das enzimas antioxidantes tenha sido o fator respons&#225;vel pela cardioprote&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Preveniu a queda das fun&#231;&#245;es mitocondriais card&#237;acas, preservou a capacidade de fosforila&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial e atenuou a diminui&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia &#224; abertura do poro de transi&#231;&#227;o da permeabilidade mitocondrial; protegeu a atividade da cadeia mitocondrial nos complexos I e V, aumentou a atividade de caspase-3 e 9 e a atividade de SOD nas mitoc&#244;ndrias card&#237;acas.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Preveniu uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 22% da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo nas v&#225;lvulas a&#243;rtica e mitral.Preservou o equil&#237;brio na express&#227;o de MHC e n&#227;o teve influ&#234;ncia na express&#227;o de Ca2+ ATPase 2a no ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Preservou o fluxo sangu&#237;neo m&#225;ximo e m&#233;dio da v&#225;lvula mitral.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hornsby et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Atenuou o aumento dos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Protegeu contra a diminui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, da velocidade do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, do aumento do tempo isovolum&#233;trico, preservando as fun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, e redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de despolariza&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca do cora&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa na express&#227;o de cadeia pesada de miosina alfa e beta.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ashraf e Roshan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Aumento em Apelin e SOD e diminui&#231;&#227;o de MDA.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Shirinbayan e Roshan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Aumento de HSP72 e SOD e diminui&#231;&#227;o de MDA.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Martins et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Diminuiu o dano ao DNA das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas sem mecanismos definidos. A hip&#243;tese dos autores &#233; a de que o exerc&#237;cio tenha fornecido prote&#231;&#227;o contra o estresse oxidativo e a regula&#231;&#227;o positiva das vias apopt&#243;ticas.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Smuder et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Preveniu danos na ultraestrutura das miofibrilas; inibiu o aumento de Beclin-1(BCL1) e a queda de Beclin-2 (BCL-2) e diminuiu a taxa BCL1/BCL2; redu&#231;&#227;o do aumento induzido pela DOX de TAG12, TAG4, TAG7, LC3, Catepsina-B, Catepsina-L.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Jensen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Redu&#231;&#227;o de DOX no mioc&#225;rdio com mecanismos n&#227;o especificados.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Marques-Aleixo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Aumentou a porcentagem de mitoc&#244;ndrias normais e a densidade mitocondrial.Diminuiu o n&#250;mero de mitoc&#244;ndrias anormais induzidas pela DOX.Melhorou a fase 3 da respira&#231;&#227;o e diminuiu a fase de atraso na fosforila&#231;&#227;o do ADP, melhorou os n&#237;veis de atividades dos complexos 1 e 4 da cadeia respirat&#243;ria.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>ADP: Adenosina Difosfato; BAX: Prote&#237;na relacionada a apoptose BAX; BCL: Beclin; BCLW: Beclin W; DNA: &#193;cido Desoxirribonucl&#233;ico; DOX: Doxorrubicina; DP: Duplo Produto; DT: Derivada Temporal; HAE: Hidroxialquenais; HSP: Prote&#237;na de Choque T&#233;rmico; LC3: Marcador de Autofagia LC3; MDA: malonalde&#237;do; MHC: Complexo Maior de Histocompatibilidade; SOD: Superoxido Desmutase; TAG=triacilglicerol; VE: Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolos de exerc&#237;cio segundo o princ&#237;pio F.I.T.T</title>
          <p>Conforme se observa no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 1</xref>, todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta pesquisa utilizaram o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio na tentativa de prover cardioprote&#231;&#227;o contra os efeitos adversos da DOX. Assim, ser&#227;o abordados: frequ&#234;ncia da pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios, intensidade com que foram realizados, tempo de realiza&#231;&#227;o e tipo de exerc&#237;cio realizado, seguindo um princ&#237;pio de prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio denominado de F.I.T.T (Frequ&#234;ncia, intensidade, tempo e tipo).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Frequ&#234;ncia</title>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; frequ&#234;ncia com que os animais se exercitaram, dois estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> realizaram duas semanas de adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; esteira e uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio de 60 minutos. No trabalho de Wonders et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> o exerc&#237;cio agudo preveniu com sucesso a queda de todas as vari&#225;veis da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e n&#227;o alterou os marcadores ligados &#224; peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica. J&#225; o trabalho de Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> mostrou que o mesmo protocolo de estudo descrito, tamb&#233;m foi capaz de prevenir a disfun&#231;&#227;o das mitoc&#244;ndrias e aumentar os n&#237;veis de enzimas antioxidantes.</p>
          <p>Tr&#234;s estudos avaliaram o efeito do exerc&#237;cio com menos de um m&#234;s de treinamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> verificaram se o exerc&#237;cio de baixa intensidade praticado cinco dias na semana, variando de 8-10 m/min at&#233; 30 m/min, teria um efeito protetor contra a cardiotoxicidade por DOX. Os resultados do estudo apontam para uma atenua&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE e inibi&#231;&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de apoptose das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas. Kavazis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e Smuder et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> utilizaram um protocolo com realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios em esteira cinco vezes por semana durante uma &#250;nica semana. Os resultados dos estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> indicam que o exerc&#237;cio foi eficaz em atenuar os danos causados &#224;s mitoc&#244;ndrias por meio da manuten&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo antioxidante, e inibi&#231;&#227;o do aumento de sinalizadores autof&#225;gicos nos lisossomos, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>Alguns estudos utilizaram a modalidade de exerc&#237;cio volunt&#225;rio em roda de corrida, na qual foram mensuradas as dist&#226;ncias totais percorridas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Destes, dois estudos utilizaram apenas os modelos de exerc&#237;cio volunt&#225;rio: Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> constataram resist&#234;ncia contra a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e aumento nos n&#237;veis de HSP72; Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> verificaram que o exerc&#237;cio volunt&#225;rio protegeu a curva de crescimento do cora&#231;&#227;o e da massa corporal, al&#233;m de prevenir a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em ratos filhotes. Quatro estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> compararam o exerc&#237;cio volunt&#225;rio, no qual a frequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o foi mensurada, com o treinamento em esteira com um protocolo pr&#233;-estabelecido de pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio por cinco vezes na semana por oito a 12 semanas. Seus resultados n&#227;o constataram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos que se exercitaram, com exce&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de dano &#224;s fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, que no estudo de Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> s&#243; foi atenuada no grupo que treinou na esteira.</p>
          <p>Os outros oito estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> realizados em animais utilizaram um modelo de exerc&#237;cio realizado cinco vezes por semana, por quatro a 12 semanas. Dois trabalhos foram realizados com nata&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e seis utilizaram esteiras motorizadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Todos apontam um efeito cardioprotetor do exerc&#237;cio independente dos mecanismos e de outras diferen&#231;as entre seus protocolos.</p>
          <p>Por esses achados, n&#227;o se pode afirmar que a frequ&#234;ncia tenha uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta com os resultados, uma vez que desde uma sess&#227;o aguda de exerc&#237;cio at&#233; o exerc&#237;cio com participa&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria apresentaram evid&#234;ncias de efeitos protetores, principalmente sobre a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida pela DOX. Embora o estudo de Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> aponte uma diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos danos causados por esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, deve ser considerado que o efeito da DOX foi avaliado aos 5 e aos 10 dias ap&#243;s o tratamento, e que a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio foi diferente nos dois grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intensidade</title>
          <p>Foram encontradas algumas varia&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; intensidade dos exerc&#237;cios e aos resultados apresentados. O trabalho realizado por Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> foi o &#250;nico estudo que teve como objetivo verificar o efeito do exerc&#237;cio de baixa intensidade na prote&#231;&#227;o contra a cardiotoxicidade por DOX. Esse trabalho utilizou um protocolo progressivo de intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o, iniciando com 5 min di&#225;rios de exerc&#237;cio, &#224; velocidade de 8-10 m/min com 0% de inclina&#231;&#227;o, aumentando 10 min por dia at&#233; atingir 60 min/dia &#224; velocidade de 30 m/min no &#250;ltimo dia da segunda semana de treinamento. O resultado desse trabalho indica que essa modalidade de exerc&#237;cios durante o tratamento &#233; bem-sucedida na inibi&#231;&#227;o da indu&#231;&#227;o do sinal de apoptose e atenua&#231;&#227;o da perda de fun&#231;&#227;o do VE. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o foi est&#237;mulo suficiente para alterar as express&#245;es de prote&#237;na de choque t&#233;rmico (HSP) e super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> estudaram os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio moderado em esteira sobre a redu&#231;&#227;o da mitocondriopatia e sinal de apoptose induzidos pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de DOX. O grupo de animais submetidos ao exerc&#237;cio passou por uma semana de adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; esteira, depois treinou por 14 semanas a uma velocidade de 30 m/min com 0% de inclina&#231;&#227;o, o que resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es na homeostase mitocondrial e nos n&#237;veis de estresse oxidativo, e no aumento do metabolismo antioxidante e defesas mitocondriais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Em outro estudo realizado com intensidade moderada, Shirinbayan e Roshan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> submeteram os animais a oito semanas de treinamento em esteira, com 5 min de aquecimento e 39 min de corrida, &#224; velocidade de 17 m/min. De acordo com os autores, o resultado sugere que o exerc&#237;cio diminuiu o risco de dist&#250;rbios card&#237;acos por dose aguda de DOX, pela manuten&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas de prote&#231;&#227;o por SOD e HSP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Dois estudos utilizaram treinamento com nata&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e ambos n&#227;o especificaram as intensidades utilizadas. Ascens&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> verificaram se o treinamento de nata&#231;&#227;o por 1 hora di&#225;ria de exerc&#237;cio com 4% do peso corporal atado &#224; cauda aumentava a toler&#226;ncia do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco ao uso de DOX. Os resultados indicaram prote&#231;&#227;o contra o estresse oxidativo, constatada pela diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de troponina e o aumento de HSP e glutationa (GSH), uma enzima antioxidante comum &#224; mitoc&#244;ndria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> J&#225; Martins et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> verificaram o efeito do treinamento com nata&#231;&#227;o com 8% do peso corporal atado &#224; cauda dos animais. Os resultados indicaram que o exerc&#237;cio protegeu o DNA das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas contra o dano induzido pela DOX.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> propuseram-se a utilizar somente o exerc&#237;cio volunt&#225;rio em roda de corrida o que, segundo as refer&#234;ncias citadas pelos pr&#243;prios autores, atingem intensidades menores do que os protocolos em esteira com intensidade controlada. Ap&#243;s as oito semanas do per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cios, o grupo que treinou teve uma atenua&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e do dano oxidativo se comparado ao grupo sedent&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> tamb&#233;m utilizaram somente exerc&#237;cio volunt&#225;rio em roda de corrida, e ap&#243;s 10 semanas de exerc&#237;cio houve uma manuten&#231;&#227;o da curva de crescimento do cora&#231;&#227;o, da massa corporal e das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas dos ratos treinados em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo-controle.</p>
          <p>Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e Jensen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> compararam o exerc&#237;cio volunt&#225;rio em roda de corrida com o modelo de treinamento em esteira, utilizando protocolo de intensidade progressiva id&#234;ntico, iniciando com uma velocidade de 13 m/min e inclina&#231;&#227;o de 5% por 20 minutos e, ap&#243;s quatro semanas, atingindo a velocidade final de 30 m/min com 18% de inclina&#231;&#227;o durante 60 minutos. O estudo de Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> analisou o efeito do pr&#233;-condicionamento sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es induzidas pela DOX, na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e na express&#227;o de isoformas de CPMs. A disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi atenuada somente no grupo que realizou o treinamento mais intenso na esteira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Jensen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> avaliaram ambas as modalidades, esteira e roda de corrida, sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e acumula&#231;&#227;o de DOX no mioc&#225;rdio. Os animais foram avaliados a 1, 3, 5, 7 e 9 dias ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e os resultados apontaram uma diferen&#231;a significativa na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de acumula&#231;&#227;o e total elimina&#231;&#227;o da DOX ap&#243;s cinco dias, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre as modalidades de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Marques-Aleixo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> tamb&#233;m utilizaram intensidades variadas na compara&#231;&#227;o entre esteira e roda de corrida. A intensidade da esteira foi aumentada gradativamente de 18 m/minuto na semana de adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; esteira &#224; 27 m/min na s&#233;tima semana. A partir desse ponto, a velocidade do grupo DOX foi ajustada em 20 m/min da s&#233;tima &#224; d&#233;cima segunda semana e, no placebo (solu&#231;&#227;o salina) a velocidade continuou aumentando at&#233; 30 m/min. Ambas as modalidades preveniram o dano por estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Ainda com intensidade progressiva, o estudo de Hornsby et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> utilizou um protocolo em cicloerg&#244;metro por 12 semanas com intensidades progressivas, cerca de 60% a 100% do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio mensurado antes do in&#237;cio do programa de exerc&#237;cios. As medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas em fun&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o realizada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Outros artigos analisados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> utilizaram o exerc&#237;cio em esteira motorizada com protocolos de intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o progressivas, come&#231;ando com intensidades baixas e chegando a velocidades entre 25-30 m/min ao longo do per&#237;odo de treinamento, com varia&#231;&#245;es de inclina&#231;&#227;o entre 5-18%. &#201; importante ressaltar que no estudo realizado por Smuder et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, os animais treinaram em intensidade equivalente a 70% do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tempo ou Dura&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio &#233; um importante fator na prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios, pois tem uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a intensidade e a frequ&#234;ncia para determinar o volume de treinamento a ser realizado periodicamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Treze dos artigos analisados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> utilizaram per&#237;odos de uma hora de exerc&#237;cios por dia, cinco vezes por semana (5 horas/semana), independente de quantas semanas cada estudo utilizou.</p>
          <p>Dois estudos tamb&#233;m utilizaram 60 minutos di&#225;rios, por&#233;m em uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Ashrafi e Roshan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e Shirinbayan e Roshan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> trabalharam com protocolos com o tempo de exerc&#237;cio de 39 minutos di&#225;rios durante cinco dias na semana, totalizando 3 horas e 15 minutos semanais. Hornsby et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> empregaram um protocolo com 60 minutos di&#225;rios, realizados tr&#234;s vezes por semana, o que totaliza 3 horas semanais de exerc&#237;cio. Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> utilizaram somente exerc&#237;cio volunt&#225;rio em roda de corrida, assim como Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>, portanto, nesses estudos o tempo de realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios assim como a intensidade n&#227;o foram quantificados para uma an&#225;lise isolada.</p>
          <p>De um modo geral, os estudos aqui analisados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> n&#227;o tiveram o objetivo espec&#237;fico de testar as vari&#225;veis do treinamento na cardioprote&#231;&#227;o contra a DOX, preferindo buscar os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela prote&#231;&#227;o. Embora muitos estudos tenham estruturado metodologicamente os protocolos de exerc&#237;cio, as vari&#225;veis ligadas &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram testadas de forma isolada para determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o causa/efeito.</p>
          <p>Nesse sentido, o tempo de exerc&#237;cio &#233; importante fator a ser considerado, pois al&#233;m de sua rela&#231;&#227;o direta com o volume total de treinamento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> uma das grandes dificuldades enfrentadas por pacientes com c&#226;ncer &#233; a de realizar exerc&#237;cios por longos per&#237;odos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Isso ocorre, principalmente, devido &#224; fadiga e outros efeitos adversos que limitam a vontade e as possibilidades de praticar exerc&#237;cios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo</title>
          <p>Os diferentes tipos de exerc&#237;cio ou de modalidades esportivas podem exercer diferentes efeitos sobre os indiv&#237;duos e assim interferir diretamente nos objetivos e na prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Nesta revis&#227;o, somente foram encontrados trabalhos com exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, apresentando algumas varia&#231;&#245;es nas modalidades e na intensidade, frequ&#234;ncia e per&#237;odo de realiza&#231;&#227;o com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento.</p>
          <p>Quinze estudos foram realizados com ao menos um grupo fazendo exerc&#237;cios na esteira e todos utilizaram, no m&#237;nimo, uma semana para adapta&#231;&#227;o dos animais a esse procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os resultados indicaram que o treinamento em esteira protegeu o cora&#231;&#227;o contra a perda de fun&#231;&#227;o induzida pelo uso da DOX em todos os oito trabalhos em que essa vari&#225;vel foi um dos objetivos prim&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O exerc&#237;cio tamb&#233;m foi eficaz em prevenir a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e o dano oxidativo em quatro estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao estresse oxidativo, em cinco estudos, o exerc&#237;cio foi eficiente em proteger, ou mesmo melhorar a a&#231;&#227;o do sistema antioxidante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Quatro estudos investigaram a a&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o, defesas e apoptose das mitoc&#244;ndrias. Os resultados indicaram que o treinamento na esteira exerceu um efeito protetor contra o dano e disfun&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de atenuar o aumento de apoptose induzida pela DOX e aumentar as defesas das mitoc&#244;ndrias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; morte programada dos cardiomi&#243;citos, o treinamento inibiu o aumento na sinaliza&#231;&#227;o para apoptose induzida pela DOX em tr&#234;s estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Outros fatores ben&#233;ficos do exerc&#237;cio foram elevar o n&#237;vel de HSP72<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e preservar a express&#227;o de isoformas de CPMs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios em roda de corrida est&#227;o presentes em quatro trabalhos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e foram selecionados pelos autores devido a sua intensidade mais baixa do que em protocolo pr&#233;-programado em esteira, e tamb&#233;m pela liberdade de os animais fazerem exerc&#237;cio de acordo com sua vontade. Esses fatores dialogam diretamente com a viabilidade de execu&#231;&#227;o de atividades f&#237;sicas por pacientes oncol&#243;gicos, que podem ter dificuldade em aderir a programa de exerc&#237;cios em hor&#225;rio pr&#233;-estabelecido e em altas intensidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Chicco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> indicaram que a atividade f&#237;sica volunt&#225;ria realizada de forma regular pode, em longo prazo, prover resist&#234;ncia contra a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e o dano oxidativo causado pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de DOX, apresentando ainda ind&#237;cios de que o exerc&#237;cio pode prover um aumento nos n&#237;veis de HSP72. Hayward et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> conclu&#237;ram que o exerc&#237;cio foi eficaz em prevenir altera&#231;&#227;o na curva de crescimento do cora&#231;&#227;o, na disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, na diminui&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de despolariza&#231;&#227;o, e, n&#227;o obtiveram resultados sobre a perda de massa corporal. Como diferencial em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros trabalhos, esse estudo foi o &#250;nico a realizar avalia&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas durante o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
          <p>Hydock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> compararam animais que se exercitaram em roda de corrida e em esteira. Nesse estudo, somente no grupo que realizou o treinamento mais intenso na esteira, houve atenua&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, Jensen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> avaliaram o efeito de exerc&#237;cio pr&#233;vio ao tratamento em ambas as modalidades, esteira e roda de corrida. Ambas as modalidades de exerc&#237;cio levaram &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis de acumula&#231;&#227;o e aumento significativo na total elimina&#231;&#227;o da DOX ap&#243;s cinco dias, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre elas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Dois estudos utilizaram a nata&#231;&#227;o na tentativa de conseguir prote&#231;&#227;o contra a cardiotoxicidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Ascens&#227;o et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> ap&#243;s o tratamento e an&#225;lise dos dados, encontraram nos animais que se exercitaram, uma prote&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos pela redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse card&#237;aco - o que pode estar relacionado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de estresse - e pela manuten&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de enzimas antioxidantes quando comparados ao grupo sedent&#225;rio. Martins et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> com um programa de nata&#231;&#227;o antes do tratamento, demonstraram um efeito protetor com rela&#231;&#227;o ao dano no DNA das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas.</p>
          <p>O &#250;nico estudo que utilizou cicloerg&#244;metro foi realizado por Hornsby et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e o &#250;nico resultado estatisticamente significativo foi a atenua&#231;&#227;o do aumento de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos no grupo que treinou em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo-controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Em humanos</title>
          <p>Hornsby et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> avaliaram a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do treinamento aer&#243;bio em promover melhoras de efeitos adversos do tratamento quimioter&#225;pico, e Jones et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> avaliaram seu efeito cardioprotetor sobre a cardiotoxicidade induzida pela DOX. Segundo Jones et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> o exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o apresentou efeito cardioprotetor para humanos. Deve-se ressaltar que este foi o &#250;nico estudo a apresentar esse protocolo, al&#233;m de a ciclofosfamida ser um quimioter&#225;pico com n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia elevado para cardiotoxicidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os estudos de Hornsby et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e de Jones et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> avaliaram 20 mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama oper&#225;vel, est&#225;gios IIB a IIIC, recebendo tratamento neoadjuvante composto por 60 mg/m<sup>2</sup> de DOX + 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup> de ciclofosfamida em quatro ciclos (1 a cada 21 dias, durante tr&#234;s meses). As pacientes foram randomizadas em dois grupos: DOX + ciclofosfamida e ciclofosfamida + treino aer&#243;bico. O treinamento aer&#243;bico foi realizado em cicloerg&#244;metro tr&#234;s vezes por semana durante tr&#234;s meses, com acompanhamento individualizado e aumento progressivo da intensidade, prescrita com base na ergoespirometria realizada no in&#237;cio do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Quadro 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Quadro 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Treinamento aer&#243;bico realizado nos estudos analisados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="70%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Semana</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Dura&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Intensidade</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Sess&#227;o incremental a partir da quinta semana</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">3 sess&#245;es de15-20 min</td>
                  <td align="center">60% VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x<sub>.</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2&#170; a 4&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">3 sess&#245;es de 30 min</td>
                  <td align="center">65% VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">5&#170; e 6&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">2 sess&#245;es de 30-45 min</td>
                  <td align="center">60-65% VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">1 sess&#227;o de 20-25 min utilizando o limiar ventilat&#243;rio determinado por aumento sistem&#225;tico da taxa V<sub>E</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>, enquanto V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> permaneceu constante.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">7&#170; a 9&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">2 sess&#245;es de 60 min</td>
                  <td align="center">65-70% VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">1 sess&#227;o de 25-30 min utilizando o limiar ventilat&#243;rio determinado por aumento sistem&#225;tico da taxa V<sub>E</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>, enquanto V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> permaneceu constante.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">10&#170; a 12&#170;</td>
                  <td align="center">2 sess&#245;es de 60 min</td>
                  <td align="center">60-70% VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">Treino intervalado com 30 s a 100% VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x com 60 s de recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa (total de 10 a 15 ciclos).</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A an&#225;lise dos efeitos do treinamento aer&#243;bico foi realizada utilizando teste ergoespirom&#233;trico e ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica. Os resultados publicados em ambos os estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> indicaram que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas quanto &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o contra cardiotoxicidade induzida pela DOX ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio ou entre os grupos. Entretanto, o estudo de Hornsby et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> indicou que o treino aer&#243;bico intervalado de alta intensidade &#233; seguro e bem tolerado pelos participantes, diminuindo os efeitos adversos, atenuando o aumento dos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos e reduzindo a queda de algumas fun&#231;&#245;es cardiopulmonares e do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x.</p>
          <p>Em s&#237;ntese, os resultados dos estudos analisados indicaram que o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio pode exercer um efeito protetor das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas se realizado antes, durante ou depois do tratamento, configurando-se uma poss&#237;vel terapia complementar ao tratamento com DOX. No entanto, os mecanismos envolvidos a esse efeito protetor s&#227;o controversos e associados a diversos mecanismos hipot&#233;ticos, necessitando novas pesquisas na &#225;rea. De um modo geral, os estudos aqui analisados diferem quanto aos seus protocolos: intensidade, &#233;poca do treinamento em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento, m&#233;todos utilizados para an&#225;lise e objetivos de estudo.</p>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o desse tipo de exerc&#237;cio, n&#227;o foram encontradas grandes varia&#231;&#245;es no efeito cardioprotetor quando o exerc&#237;cio foi realizado antes, durante ou depois do tratamento. Por&#233;m, alguns resultados com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo total de treinamento podem ser relevantes se articulados com a realidade dos tratamentos oncol&#243;gicos, uma vez que sess&#245;es agudas ou uma &#250;nica semana antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o de DOX mostraram resultados efetivos. A frequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o apresentou rela&#231;&#227;o direta com os resultados dos referidos estudos, pois independente de sua varia&#231;&#227;o, foram apresentadas evid&#234;ncias de efeitos protetores do exerc&#237;cio, principalmente sobre a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida pela DOX. A intensidade tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi definitiva para a preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, por&#233;m o treinamento mais intenso esteve relacionado com melhoras no sistema antioxidante que n&#227;o esteve presente em alguns estudos com intensidades mais baixas.</p>
          <p>Novos estudos, com diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es e tipos de prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico s&#227;o necess&#225;rios antes de se afirmar que o exerc&#237;cio se configura parte efetiva do tratamento contra a cardiotoxicidade decorrente do tratamento com DOX.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
