<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vfXSpBqndS8fXL7pYHDyFPD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000100061</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170020</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Who Are the Super-Responders to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca Tatiana Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quidute</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rosa Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Wellington Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto M</given-names>
            <suffix>Sobrinho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (UFC), Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225; (UECE), Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Arrais Rocha</bold>. Av. Padre Ant&#244;nio Tom&#225;s, 3.535/1.301. Postal Code: 60192-120, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>eduardoa@cardiol.br</email>; <email>eduardoarraisrocha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Rocha EA, Pereira FTM, Abreu JS, Lima JWO, Rodrigues Sobrinho CRM, Scanavacca MI. Acquisition of data: Rocha EA, Pereira FTM. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Rocha EA, Pereira FTM, Quidute ARP, Abreu JS, Lima JWO, Scanavacca MI. Statistical analysis: Rocha EA, Quidute ARP, Abreu JS, Lima JWO. Obtaining financing: Rocha EA. Writing of the manuscript: Rocha EA, Quidute ARP, Rodrigues Sobrinho CRM, Scanavacca MI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jan-Feb</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>61</fpage>
      <lpage>69</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Patients submitted to cardiac resynchronization may develop response patterns that are higher than expected, with normalization of clinical and echocardiographic parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective: </title>
          <p>To analyze the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of this population of super-responders, comparing them with the other patients submitted to cardiac resynchronization therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A prospective, observational cohort study involving 146 patients consecutively submitted to cardiac resynchronization implants. Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney test were performed to compare the variables. Patients with ejection fraction &gt; 50% and functional class I/II (New York Heart Association) were considered super-responders after 6 months of cardiac resynchronization therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean age was 64.8 &#177; 11.1 years, with 69.8% of males, with a median ejection fraction of 29%, 71.5% with left bundle-branch block, 12% with right bundle-branch block associated with hemiblocks; 16.3% wearing a definitive cardiac pacemaker, 29.3% with ischemic cardiomyopathy, 59.4% with dilated cardiomyopathy, and 11.2% with Chagasic cardiomyopathy. Twenty-four (16.4%) super-responders were observed, and 13 (8.9%) showed normalization of the ejection fraction, left ventricular diastolic diameters and functional class. When compared to the non-super-responder patients, in relation to the pre-implantation characteristics, the super-responders were more often females (58.3% vs. 22.8%, p = 0.002), had higher body mass index (26.8 vs. 25.5, p = 0.013), higher baseline ejection fraction (31.0 vs. 26.9, p = 0.0003), and lower left ventricular diastolic diameters (65.9 mm vs. 72.6 mm, p = 0.0032). Ten patients (41.6% of super-responders) with right bundle-branch block and hemiblock progressed to super-responders, although there was only one patient with Chagas' disease among them, and only at the first assessment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Super-responders had less advanced heart disease at baseline and no differences regarding the type of conduction disorder at baseline. Patients with right bundle-branch block and hemiblock, but without Chagasic heart disease may also progress as super-responders.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators, Implantable</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) has shown good results in the treatment of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in patients with conduction disorders, marked left ventricular dysfunction and outpatient New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes (FC) II, III and IV, being included as class I and higher level of scientific evidence in the several guidelines for cardiac device implants and CHF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, 30 to 40% of the patients may not have a good outcome after CRT, thus being called non-responders. The classification of responders and non-responders is very heterogeneous in the several performed studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The fact is, the criteria for the definition of an adequate CRT response is still in question and it is not possible to define response predictors with precision and consensus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some authors have described groups of patients that progressed with higher responses than the expected ones, with normalization of left ventricular function, FC, and ventricular diameters, thus being called hyper-responders or Super-Responders (SR), ranging from 9 to 21% in several studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The characteristics of these patients have been assessed, and the super-response is interpreted as a possible cardiomyopathy induced by cardiac dyssynchrony, caused by the intra-ventricular conduction disorder.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Predictors of super-response are the female gender, non-ischemic heart disease (Chagas cardiomyopathy not included) and Left Bundle-Branch Block (LBBB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study aimed to analyze the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of a cohort of patients submitted to cardiac resynchronization implants that progressed as SR, comparing them with other patients implanted in the same period.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a prospective, observational, and single-center study of a cohort of 146 consecutive patients submitted to cardiac resynchronization implants at a tertiary university hospital during a 3-year period. Only patients who failed to successfully receive an electrode implant in the coronary sinus were excluded from the analysis. Implant indications comprised patients with Ejection Fraction (EF) &#8804; 35%, outpatient FC III or IV (NYHA), intraventricular conduction disorder with QRS width &#8805; 120 ms and optimized CHF treatment.</p>
      <p>Patients were divided into two groups after clinical and echocardiographic analysis in the first year. Group I comprised SR and Group II, Non-Super-Responders (NSR). Patients who died before the protocol was finished were considered as Group II. Patients who did not maintain the pattern defined as SR during the second year of assessment were kept in Group I and their characteristics were analyzed. There was no loss to follow-up in either group. Patients in FC I or II and EF &#8805; 50% after 6 months of implantation were considered SR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The patients were submitted to clinical and echocardiographic assessment in the first year (6 to 12 months after the implantation) and in the second year (18 to 24 months after), as well as clinical consultations every 4 months for therapeutic optimization and programming of the implanted devices. The characteristics of patients included in the study are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Description of baseline variables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Baseline variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Results</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">69.8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender</td>
              <td align="center">30.2%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">64.8 &#177; 11.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FC III</td>
              <td align="center">68.1%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FC IV</td>
              <td align="center">31.9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">88.7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of ACEI</td>
              <td align="center">97.4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of high-dose diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">31.9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">25.8 &#177; 4.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac cachexia</td>
              <td align="center">6.36%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of previous hospitalizations</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">At least 1 hospitalization</td>
              <td align="center">64.3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagasic heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">11.2%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">29.3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dilated heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">59.4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right QRS axis deviation</td>
              <td align="center">1.8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left QRS axis deviation</td>
              <td align="center">87.0%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal axis</td>
              <td align="center">10.1%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous QRS width</td>
              <td align="center">160 ms</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Post-implant QRS width</td>
              <td align="center">140 ms</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QRS delta</td>
              <td align="center">28.6 &#177; 24.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">12%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LBBB</td>
              <td align="center">71.55%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RBBB with hemiblocks</td>
              <td align="center">12%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pacemaker rhythm</td>
              <td align="center">16.3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pacemaker carrier</td>
              <td align="center">28.3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction</td>
              <td align="center">29%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DD, grade</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IV</td>
              <td align="center">11.8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">29.7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">23.7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">34.6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MVR mild</td>
              <td align="center">50.4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IM moderate</td>
              <td align="center">30.4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IM severe</td>
              <td align="center">15.6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">20.9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD</td>
              <td align="center">70 mm</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP</td>
              <td align="center">115 &#177; 17 mmHg</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic BP</td>
              <td align="center">70 mmHg</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Posterolateral vein</td>
              <td align="center">45.4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anterolateral vein</td>
              <td align="center">52.5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyssynchronization<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">80. 4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 mg/dL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICD</td>
              <td align="center">54.2%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>The pre- and post-implant QRS widths, the R wave size at V1 shunt in patients with LBBB, the ejection fraction and LVDD were expressed as medians (non-normal variables). Age and BMI are shown as means with standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Dyssynchronization was analyzed in 46 patients. FC: functional class; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; BMI: body mass index; LBBB: left bundle branch block; RBBB: right bundle branch block; DD: diastolic dysfunction; MVG: mitral valve regurgitation; RV: right ventricle; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; BP: blood pressure; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Analyzed variables</title>
        <p>The following clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic variables were analyzed: clinical variables - age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), presence of cardiac cachexia, NYHA-FC, baseline heart disease, cardiac vein in which the LV electrode was placed, plasma creatinine levels, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, use of high dose-loop diuretics (&#8805; 80 mg/day of furosemide), hospitalizations from CHF; Electrocardiographic variables - presence of atrial fibrillation, type of block, cardiac pacing, presence of first-degree atrioventricular block (AVB), QRS duration, QRS narrowing after implantation (QRS delta), QRS axis in the frontal plane, before and after implantation; Echocardiographic variables: LV diastolic and systolic diameters, EF measured by the Simpson method, diastolic dysfunction degree from I to IV, degree of mitral regurgitation from I to III, presence of right ventricular dysfunction, presence and type of cardiac dyssynchrony.</p>
        <p>The American Society of Echocardiography guidelines were followed for the analysis of echocardiographic and dyssynchrony parameters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Recommendations for clinical studies involving echocardiography were strictly followed, in accordance with this specific North-American guideline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The GE, Vivid 7&#174; model (GE Healthcare, Fairfield, CT, USA) echocardiography equipment was used. The physicians performing the examinations were blinded for the patients' previous clinical and echocardiographic findings, and had experience in evaluating patients, such as those included in the study.</p>
        <p>The variables selected to constitute the models represented relevant, practical and conventional parameters in the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation of patients with cardiomyopathy - several already showing a positive association with clinical and / or prognostic improvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The systolic function analysis was performed using the Simpson method, in two- and four-chamber two-dimensional mode, followed by the mean. Ventricular diameters were obtained in M mode according to the standardization of the guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Right ventricular function was qualitatively analyzed, differentiated between the presence or absence of any degree of dysfunction.</p>
        <p>The diastolic function analysis was performed by assessing mitral flow (at rest and after the Valsalva maneuver), tissue Doppler, and the flow propagation velocity in the M mode with color, being classified into four different diastolic dysfunction degrees (I for Mild, II for moderate or pseudonormal, III for severe or restrictive, and IV for severe or irreversible restrictive pattern).</p>
        <p>The degree of mitral regurgitation was assessed using color Doppler, according to the percentage of left atrial filling. In mild regurgitation, the percentage was less than 20%; in the moderate, between 20% and 40%, and values above this percentage were considered important. In this practical context, the Coanda effect was interpreted as moderate reflux, when restricted to the lateral atrial wall and, as marked, when it extended through the upper pole of the left atrium.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The Shapiro-Wilks normality test was performed to classify the normal variables. The variables creatinine, diastolic blood pressure, R wave length, QRS width, EF and left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) were not normally distributed.</p>
        <p>The behavior of the variables of interest was compared through the Mann-Whitney test for ordinal, discrete and continuous variables, and Fisher's exact test and its extensions for the categorical variables, with a significance level of 5% to determine the statistically different behaviors in the two groups. The data were analyzed using Stata / SE, version 12.1 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) and R software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the Ethics and Clinical Research Committee of the university hospital, and all patients signed the free and informed consent form. The study protocol followed the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>There were 30 deaths during the follow-up of 34.0 &#177; 17.9 months, which represents 23.1% of overall mortality. Analyzing all patients together, 88.6% improved at least one degree in FC (NYHA); 51.7% reduced the number of hospitalizations from CHF; 50% improved more than 5% in absolute EF values and 87% decreased more than 5 mm in the LVDD. Of the 46 patients evaluated for the presence of dyssynchrony, 37 (80.4%) had some degree of previous dyssynchrony; 35 (76%) intraventricular, 16 (34.7%) interventricular, 15 (32.6%) atrioventricular and 9 (19.5%) had no dyssynchrony.</p>
      <p>There were twenty-four (16.3%) SR (Group I) and 13 (8.8%) patients had EF, LV diastolic diameters and FC normalization. Compared with the NSR patients (Group II) in relation to baseline, pre-implantation characteristics, Group I patients had more women (58.3% vs. 22.8%, p = 0.002), higher BMI (26.8 vs. (p &lt; 0.05), higher baseline EF (31.0% vs. 26.9%, p = 0.0003) and lower LVDD (65.9 mm x 72.6 mm, p = 0.0032) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of numerical variables between Group I, Super-Responders (SR), and Group II, Non-Super-Responders (NSR), pre-implantation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Group I</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Group II</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">25.5 &#177; 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.013<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">65.2 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">64.7 &#177; 11.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.994</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QRS width</td>
              <td align="center">162.6 &#177; 20.0</td>
              <td align="center">166.2 &#177; 23.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.644</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Post-implant QRS width</td>
              <td align="center">124.3 &#177; 13.7</td>
              <td align="center">129.7 &#177; 22.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.706</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Delta QRS</td>
              <td align="center">38.1 &#177; 17.0</td>
              <td align="center">26.2 &#177; 26.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.673</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction</td>
              <td align="center">31.0 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.0003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD</td>
              <td align="center">65.9 &#177; 8.3</td>
              <td align="center">72.6 &#177; 9.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.0032<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
              <td align="center">0.97 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic pressure</td>
              <td align="center">75.0 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">70.8 &#177; 11.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic pressure</td>
              <td align="center">120.4 &#177; 18.9</td>
              <td align="center">113.7 &#177; 16.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Significant variable at the 5% level. BMI: body mass index; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of the categorical variables in Group I, Super-Responders (SR), and Group II, Non-Super-Responders (NSR) pre-implantation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Group I (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Group II (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender</td>
              <td align="center">58.3</td>
              <td align="center">22.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cachexia</td>
              <td align="center">8.3</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.645</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagas vs. other cardiopathies</td>
              <td align="center">4.1 vs. 95.8</td>
              <td align="center">13.0 vs. 86.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DCM vs. other cardiopathies</td>
              <td align="center">79.1 vs. 20.8</td>
              <td align="center">54.3 vs. 45.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.035<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LBBB/PM vs. RBBB/HB</td>
              <td align="center">87.5 vs. 12.5</td>
              <td align="center">88.0 vs. 11.9</td>
              <td align="center">&#8776; 1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LBBB vs. RBBB/HB/PM</td>
              <td align="center">54.1 vs. 45.8</td>
              <td align="center">76.0 vs. 23.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.043<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grade 1 AVB</td>
              <td align="center">42.6</td>
              <td align="center">26.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.160</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">16.6</td>
              <td align="center">10.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.483</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FC III vs. IV</td>
              <td align="center">62.5 vs. 37.5</td>
              <td align="center">69.5 vs. 30.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.623</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">22.7</td>
              <td align="center">20.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.775</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic dysfunction Grade III/IV</td>
              <td align="center">47.3</td>
              <td align="center">33.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.293</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MR Grade I/II/III</td>
              <td align="center">66.6 vs. 20.8 vs. 8.3</td>
              <td align="center">50 vs. 32.6 vs. 17.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.115</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyssynchrony</td>
              <td align="center">90</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">0.072<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hospitalization from CHF</td>
              <td align="center">62.5</td>
              <td align="center">64.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.815</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AL vs. PL coronary vein</td>
              <td align="center">56.5 vs. 43.4</td>
              <td align="center">63.1 vs. 36.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.628</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous pacemaker</td>
              <td align="center">37.5</td>
              <td align="center">26.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.312</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">87.5</td>
              <td align="center">89.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.730</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI</td>
              <td align="center">95.8</td>
              <td align="center">97.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.504</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 80 mg furosemide</td>
              <td align="center">16.6</td>
              <td align="center">35.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.087<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Significant variable at 5% level;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>significant variable at the 10% level. DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; LBBB: left bundle branch block; PM: pacemaker; RBBB: right bundle branch block; HB: hemiblock; AVB: atrioventricular block; FC: functional class; RV: right ventricle; MR: mitral regurgitation; CHF: congestive heart failure; AL: anterolateral; PL: posterolateral; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The SR had a higher incidence of pre-implantation dyssynchronization at the 10% level of significance (p = 0.072) and a lower percentage of patients using high-dose loop diuretics (p = 0.087). Regarding the type of cardiopathy, no differences were observed when comparing the three types simultaneously (dilated cardiomyopathy - DCM, Chagasic cardiomyopathy and ischemic cardiomyopathy). When DCM vs. other cardiomyopathies were analyzed together, the SR showed a higher incidence of DCM (p = 0.035).</p>
      <p>Ten patients (41.6% of total SR) with Right Bundle-Branch Block (RBBB) and Hemiblock (HB) became SR, with no difference in relation to patients with self-LBBB or LBBB induced by stimulation. When we analyze LBBB vs. RBBB/HB and induced LBBB, the SR showed a lower incidence of LBBB alone (p = 0.043).</p>
      <p>In the group of patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy (11.2%) submitted to CRT, only 15.3% had RBBB /HB; 30.7% had artificial stimulation rhythm and 54% had LBBB. Only one patient with Chagas' disease evolved as SR and it occurred temporarily, limited to the first evaluation.</p>
      <p>One patient from the SR group lost control of the coronary sinus electrode in the third year after implantation, showing clinical worsening and hemodynamic deterioration. After implantation of a new epicardial electrode, a new normalization of left ventricular function and diastolic diameters occurred at 4 months.</p>
      <p>Of the 15 patients with complete clinical and echocardiographic normalization, only two were observed late (in the second year of evaluation), whereas of the other nine SR patients, it occurred late in five, but without complete normalization of all parameters and in two, it occurred transiently and limited to the first year of evaluation.</p>
      <p>Regarding the diastolic function, two patients developed grade II diastolic dysfunction and the others, grade I. All SR progressed to grade I of mitral regurgitation. No patient with complete normalization of EF, LVDD and FC migrated to Group II during follow-up.</p>
      <p>Three patients in SR group died: one due to breast cancer, the other due to respiratory infection and another was transplanted due to persistent ventricular arrhythmia and died postoperatively.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The SR were predominantly female patients, with a likely better nutritional status, higher EF and lower LVDD. Patients receiving lower amounts of high-dose loop diuretics (&#8805; 80 mg furosemide a day), and with a higher degree of pre-implant dyssynchrony showed a trend towards statistically significant results when compared to NSR.</p>
      <p>Less advanced heart disease has shown better results with CRT, disclosing good results in recent studies with patients in FC II, and unsatisfactory results in subanalyses of patients with FC IV, particularly when hospitalized or dependent on vasoactive drugs. The results of this study corroborate that of others who also demonstrated hyper-responsive patterns in patients with less advanced heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the MADIT-CRT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy) study, in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure, the female gender, absence of infarction, LBBB, QRS &gt; 150 ms, BMI &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and reduced left atrial volume were predictors of SR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Our study included a group of patients with very symptomatic CHF, with 64% of patients having been previously hospitalized for recently decompensated CHF. These differences in the population characteristics may explain some differences in the observed results.</p>
      <p>Patients with RBBB + HB showed super-response with no difference in relation to LBBB or patients with LBBB induced by cardiac stimulation. When we analyzed the conventional LBBB in relation to the other electrocardiographic patterns (right branch and LBBB induced by the PM), we observed a lower chance of SR with conventional LBBB. These results show differences in comparison to the literature, which demonstrates a clear advantage of classic RBBB in the CRT results. However, in relation to hyper-responsiveness or super-response, the studies do not attain a consensus in their conclusions. We believe that the patients in our study with RBBB, because they had associated HB and a wider QRS (median of 160 ms), should have a significant degree of dyssynchrony, which could justify the absence of differences. Another reason may be due to the lower number of patients analyzed in our study, determining a statistical limitation.</p>
      <p>However, in a study of 200 patients with CHF, Haghjoo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> evaluated 110 patients with RBBB with or without Left Anterior-Superior Hemiblock (LASHB) and 90 patients with LBBB. Mechanical dyssynchrony was investigated through tissue Doppler echocardiography. Patients with isolated RBBB had a lower prevalence (33%) of interventricular dyssynchrony (defined as a delay of more than 40 ms in the aortic and pulmonary pre-ejection intervals) than patients with LBBB (54%) or RBBB plus LASHB (50%), with statistical significance. As for the intraventricular dyssynchrony (defined by standard deviation of 12-segment pre-ejection intervals greater than 34 ms), it was more prevalent in patients with LBBB (58%) than in those with RBBB (28%) or RBBB with LASHB (42%), with p &lt; 0.001. The presence of intraventricular dyssynchrony, in this case considered an important predictor of resynchronization response, could not be correlated to the presence of HB: patients with RBBB, with or without LASHB, did not show statistical difference.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To date, most of the information that has accumulated regarding the role of CRT in the treatment of CHF comes from studies that evaluated patients predominantly with LBBB. Patients with RBBB were less representative in clinical trials (less than 15%) and, therefore, little can be definitively inferred regarding the efficacy of resynchronization in this scenario.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Our study shows that RBBB patients when associated with HB can also become as hyper-responders, especially in the absence of Chagasic heart disease.</p>
      <p>Even though the changes induced by dyssynchrony are proposed as an essential condition for the resynchronization response, the effect of this therapy can be mediated by other pathways, such as the previous degree of diastolic dysfunction and ventricular dilatation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The multicenter study, PROSPECT (Predictors of Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy) was unable to correlate the different types of dyssynchronization, evaluated by 12 echocardiographic parameters, with the response to CRT, having as justifications the variabilities in the techniques used and the method interpretations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> However, in the SR subgroup, the PROSPECT study showed a higher incidence of previous dyssynchrony, in addition to a larger group of women, non-ischemic heart disease and wider QRS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>LV reverse remodeling has been used as a standard to define response in most new studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Patients with LV end-systolic volume shortening &gt; 10%, in analyses of 3 to 6 months, would be considered responders; greater than 15%, hyper-responders; and below 10%, non-responders, with a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 70% in predicting total mortality. For cardiac mortality, the sensitivity was 87% and the specificity was 69%. Other studies used the LV end-systolic volume &gt; 30% to define the SR and, more classically, the EF normalization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> associated with the reduction in FC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>When DCM was compared to other heart diseases, a greater chance of hyper-responsiveness was observed in the DCM, as described in the literature. The degree of fibrosis observed in patients with ischemic and Chagasic cardiomyopathy could explain these findings. However, these patients were not previously submitted to cardiac viability assessment or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging to confirm such hypothesis. Chagasic heart disease has been associated with a lower response rate in CRT, probably related to the higher severity of this cardiopathy and higher incidence of RBBB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In our study, 15.3% of the patients with Chagas disease had RBBB, and only one became a SR and then, only transiently.</p>
      <p>The reasons for better responses among the female patients in the group submitted to CRT and better results among males submitted to ICD implants have raised discussions in the literature, without definitive conclusions. We also observed a higher BMI in the SR group, which could reflect better nutritional status and, consequently, less advanced heart disease, but the numerical differences are clinically difficult to evaluate and may reflect small variations in volume retention.</p>
      <p>The use of high doses of loop diuretics has been shown to be a marker of severity in cardiomyopathy, including in the group of patients submitted to CRT, when analyzed before implantation, as well as 1 year after the CRT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The presence of a higher incidence in the NSR group may reflect this aspect.</p>
      <p>Regarding the cardiac function normalization time, most SR showed these results in the first year, with a small portion showing slight worsening in parameters in the second year. Therefore, the SR pattern occurs more frequently in the first 12 months after CRT, a finding also observed in other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The possibility of cardiac function normalization in 15 to 20% of patients submitted to CRT has been an intriguing and encouraging finding, considering they are severe patients, with poor prognosis in the medium and long term.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Cay et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> demonstrated cardiomyopathy recurrence and ventricular function worsening in the SR group when multisite stimulation was switched off. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the group of hyper- or SR in greater depth. They may represent an important target in CRT, constituting the possibility of cure in a subgroup of patients.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This was a single-center study, which involved a not very large population of 147 patients submitted to CRT and analyzed 24 (16.3%) SR. No intra- or inter-observer analysis was performed on electrocardiographic and echocardiographic variables. The dyssynchrony analysis was performed in only 46 patients, without the possibility of statistical analysis of subgroups. No adjustments were made for the AV interval by the echocardiogram after the implant. Feasibility and fibrosis assessments were not performed by magnetic resonance imaging prior to implantation. New echocardiographic techniques, such as strain, were not evaluated. Patients with isolated RBBB were not included in the analysis. The study did not have statistical power of mortality analysis between the studied groups.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The super-responders represented 16.4% of the patients submitted to cardiac resynchronization therapy, 8.9% with functional class, left ventricular diastolic diameter and ejection fraction normalization. These patients had less advanced heart disease at baseline and no differences regarding the type of baseline conduction disorder.</p>
      <p>Patients with right bundle-branch block associated with left hemiblocks may also develop a super-response. Chagasic heart disease was less likely to be overresponsive, even in the presence of left bundle-branch block.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CAPES e FUNCAP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Eduardo Arrais Rocha from S&#227;o Paulo University and Federal University of Cear&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Tracy CM, Epstein AE, Darbar D, Dimarco JP, Dunbar SB, Estes NA 3rd, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update of the 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(14):1297-313.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tracy</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Epstein</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Darbar</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dimarco</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dunbar</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Estes</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update of the 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1297</fpage>
          <lpage>1313</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Yu CM, Bleeker GB, Fung JW, Schalij MJ, Zhang Q, van der Wall EE, et al. Left ventricular reverse remodeling but not clinical improvement predicts long-term survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2005;112(11):1580-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bleeker</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fung</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schalij</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Wall</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left ventricular reverse remodeling but not clinical improvement predicts long-term survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1580</fpage>
          <lpage>1586</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Rao RK, Kumar UN, Schafer J, Viloria E, De Lurgio D, Foster E. Reduced ventricular volumes and improved systolic function with cardiac resynchronization therapy: a randomized trial comparing simultaneous biventricular pacing, sequential biventricular pacing, and left ventricular pacing. Circulation. 2007;115(16):2136-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rao</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>UN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schafer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viloria</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Lurgio</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reduced ventricular volumes and improved systolic function with cardiac resynchronization therapy: a randomized trial comparing simultaneous biventricular pacing, sequential biventricular pacing, and left ventricular pacing</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>2136</fpage>
          <lpage>2144</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Castellant P, Fatemi M, Bertault-Valls V, Etienne Y, Blanc JJ. Cardiac resynchronization therapy:" nonresponders" and" hyperresponders". Heart Rhythm. 2008;5(2):193-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castellant</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fatemi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertault-Valls</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Etienne</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blanc</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac resynchronization therapy:" nonresponders" and" hyperresponders"</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>193</fpage>
          <lpage>197</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Castellant P, Fatemi M, Orhan E, Etienne Y, Blanc JJ. Patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy and hyper-responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy: characteristics and long-term evolution. Europace. 2009;11(3):350-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castellant</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fatemi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orhan</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Etienne</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blanc</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy and hyper-responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy: characteristics and long-term evolution</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>350</fpage>
          <lpage>355</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Ant&#243;nio N, Teixeira R, Coelho L, Louren&#231;o C, Monteiro P, Ventura M, et al. Identification of &amp;apos;super-responders&amp;apos; to cardiac resynchronization therapy: the importance of symptom duration and left ventricular geometry. Europace. 2009;11(3):343-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ant&#243;nio</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monteiro</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ventura</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Identification of &amp;apos;super-responders&amp;apos; to cardiac resynchronization therapy: the importance of symptom duration and left ventricular geometry</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>343</fpage>
          <lpage>349</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Blanc JJ, Fatemi M, Bertault V, Baraket F, Etienne Y. Evaluation of left bundle branch block as a reversible cause of non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy with severe heart failure. A new concept of left ventricular dyssynchrony-induced cardiomyopathy. Europace. 2005;7(6):604-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blanc</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fatemi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertault</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baraket</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Etienne</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of left bundle branch block as a reversible cause of non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy with severe heart failure. A new concept of left ventricular dyssynchrony-induced cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>604</fpage>
          <lpage>610</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Hsu JC, Solomon SD, Bourgoun M, McNitt S, Goldenberg I, Klein H, et al; MADIT-CRT Executive Committee. Predictors of super-response to cardiac resynchronization therapy and associated improvement in clinical outcome: the MADIT-CRT (multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial with cardiac resynchronization therapy) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(25):2366-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hsu</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Solomon</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bourgoun</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNitt</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldenberg</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>MADIT-CRT Executive Committee</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictors of super-response to cardiac resynchronization therapy and associated improvement in clinical outcome: the MADIT-CRT (multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial with cardiac resynchronization therapy) study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>2366</fpage>
          <lpage>2373</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Gorcsan J 3rd, Abraham T, Agler DA, Bax JJ, Derumeaux G, Grimm RA, et al; American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group. Echocardiography for cardiac resynchronization therapy: recommendations for performance and reporting - a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(3):191-213.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gorcsan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agler</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Derumeaux</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grimm</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Echocardiography for cardiac resynchronization therapy: recommendations for performance and reporting - a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>191</fpage>
          <lpage>213</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Gottdiener JS, Bednarz J, Devereux R, Gardin J, Klein A, Manning WJ, et al; American Society of Echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for use of echocardiography in clinical trials. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004;17(10):1086-119.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gottdiener</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bednarz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manning</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American Society of Echocardiography</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for use of echocardiography in clinical trials</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1086</fpage>
          <lpage>1119</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Yu CM, Hayes DL. Cardiac resynchronization therapy: state of the art 2013. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(19):1396-403.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayes</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac resynchronization therapy: state of the art 2013</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1396</fpage>
          <lpage>1403</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Zaroui A, Reant P, Donal E, Mignot A, Bordachar P, Deplagne A, et al. Identification and characterization of super-responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy: an echocardiographic study. Circulation. 2008;118:S-781.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zaroui</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reant</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donal</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mignot</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bordachar</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deplagne</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Identification and characterization of super-responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy: an echocardiographic study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <fpage>S</fpage>
          <lpage>781</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Haghjoo M, Bagherzadeh A, Farahani MM, Haghighi ZO, Sadr-Ameli MA. Significance of QRS morphology in determining the prevalence of mechanical dyssynchrony in heart failure patients eligible for cardiac resynchronization: particular focus on patients with right bundle branch block with and without coexistent left-sided conduction defects. Europace. 2008;10(5):566-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haghjoo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bagherzadeh</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farahani</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haghighi</surname>
              <given-names>ZO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sadr-Ameli</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Significance of QRS morphology in determining the prevalence of mechanical dyssynchrony in heart failure patients eligible for cardiac resynchronization: particular focus on patients with right bundle branch block with and without coexistent left-sided conduction defects</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>566</fpage>
          <lpage>571</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, Krueger S, Kass DA, De Marco T, et al; Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Investigators. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(21):2140-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saxon</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boehmer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krueger</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kass</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Marco</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Investigators. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>350</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2140</fpage>
          <lpage>2150</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, Delurgio DB, Leon AR, Loh E, et al; MIRACLE Study Group Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(24):1845-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delurgio</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loh</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>MIRACLE Study Group Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>346</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>1845</fpage>
          <lpage>1853</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Tang WH, Mullens W, Borowski AG, Tong W, Shrestha K, Troughton RW, et al. Relation of mechanical dyssynchrony with underlying cardiac structure and performance in chronic systolic heart failure: implications on clinical response to cardiac resynchronization. Europace. 2008;10(12):1370-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mullens</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borowski</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tong</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shrestha</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Troughton</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relation of mechanical dyssynchrony with underlying cardiac structure and performance in chronic systolic heart failure: implications on clinical response to cardiac resynchronization</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1370</fpage>
          <lpage>1374</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Chung ES, Leon AR, Tavazzi L, Sun JP, Nihoyannopoulos P, Merlino J, et al. Results of the Predictors of Response to CRT (PROSPECT) Trial. Circulation. 2008;117(20):2608-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavazzi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nihoyannopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merlino</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Results of the Predictors of Response to CRT (PROSPECT) Trial</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2608</fpage>
          <lpage>2616</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Van Bommel RJ, Bax JJ, Abraham WT, Chung ES, Pires LA, Tavazzi L, et al. Characteristics of heart failure patients associated with good and poor response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: a PROSPECT (predictors of response to CRT) sub-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(20):2470-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van Bommel</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pires</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavazzi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Characteristics of heart failure patients associated with good and poor response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: a PROSPECT (predictors of response to CRT) sub-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2470</fpage>
          <lpage>2477</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Cleland JG, Ghio S. The determinants of clinical outcome and clinical response to CRT are not the same. Heart Fail Rev. 2012;17(6):755-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghio</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The determinants of clinical outcome and clinical response to CRT are not the same</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>755</fpage>
          <lpage>766</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Ypenburg C, van Bommel RJ, Borleffs CJ, Bleeker GB, Boersma E, Schalij MJ, et al. Long-term prognosis after cardiac resynchronization therapy is related to the extent of left ventricular reverse remodeling at midterm follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(6):483-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ypenburg</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Bommel</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borleffs</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bleeker</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boersma</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schalij</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term prognosis after cardiac resynchronization therapy is related to the extent of left ventricular reverse remodeling at midterm follow-up</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>483</fpage>
          <lpage>490</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Martinelli Filho M, de Lima Peixoto G, de Siqueira SF, Martins SA, Nishioka SAD, Costa R, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy: a good clinical response and the worst prognosis. RELAMPA. Rev Lat-Am Marcapasso Arritm. 2013;26(1):33-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martinelli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Lima Peixoto</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Siqueira</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishioka</surname>
              <given-names>SAD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac resynchronization therapy in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy: a good clinical response and the worst prognosis</article-title>
          <source>RELAMPA. Rev Lat-Am Marcapasso Arritm</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Rocha EA, Pereira FT, Abreu JS, Lima JW, Monteiro Mde P, Rocha Neto AC, et al. Development and validation of predictive models of cardiac mortality and transplantation in resynchronization therapy. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;105(4):399-409.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>FT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abreu</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monteiro</surname>
              <given-names>M de P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Development and validation of predictive models of cardiac mortality and transplantation in resynchronization therapy</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>399</fpage>
          <lpage>409</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Zecchin M, Proclemer A, Magnani S, Vitali-Serdoz L, Facchin D, Muser D, et al. Long-term outcome of super-responder patients to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2014;16(3):363-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zecchin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Proclemer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magnani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vitali-Serdoz</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Facchin</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muser</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term outcome of super-responder patients to cardiac resynchronization therapy</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>363</fpage>
          <lpage>371</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Cay S, Ozeke O, Ozcan F, Aras D, Topaloglu S. Mid-term clinical and echocardiographic evaluation of super-responders with and without pacing: the preliminary results of a prospective, randomized, single-centre study. Europace. 2016;18(6):842-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cay</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozeke</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozcan</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aras</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Topaloglu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mid-term clinical and echocardiographic evaluation of super-responders with and without pacing: the preliminary results of a prospective, randomized, single-centre study</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>842</fpage>
          <lpage>850</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quem S&#227;o os Super-Respondedores &#224; Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca Tatiana Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quidute</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rosa Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Wellington Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto M</given-names>
            <suffix>Sobrinho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; (UFC), Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225; (UECE), Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Arrais Rocha</bold>. Av. Padre Ant&#244;nio Tom&#225;s, 3.535/1.301. CEP: 60192-120, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>eduardoa@cardiol.br</email>; <email>eduardoarraisrocha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rocha EA, Pereira FTM, Abreu JS, Lima JWO, Rodrigues Sobrinho CRM, Scanavacca MI. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rocha EA, Pereira FTM. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Rocha EA, Pereira FTM, Quidute ARP, Abreu JS, Lima JWO, Scanavacca MI. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rocha EA, Quidute ARP, Abreu JS, Lima JWO. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rocha EA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rocha EA, Quidute ARP, Rodrigues Sobrinho CRM, Scanavacca MI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pacientes submetidos &#224; ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca podem evoluir com padr&#245;es de resposta acima do esperado, com normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas desta popula&#231;&#227;o de super-respondedores, comparando-as com os demais pacientes submetidos &#224; terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte observacional, prospectivo, envolvendo 146 pacientes, consecutivamente submetidos a implantes de ressincronizador card&#237;aco. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis, foram realizados o teste exato de Fisher e o teste de Mann-Whitney. Foram considerados super-respondedores os pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50 % e classe funcional I/II (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic>) ap&#243;s 6 meses da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 64,8 &#177; 11,1 anos, sendo 69,8% do sexo masculino, com mediana da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 29%, sendo 71,5% com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, 12% com bloqueio de ramo direito associado a bloqueios divisionais; 16,3% com marca-passo card&#237;aco definitivo, 29,3% com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, 59,4% com miocardiopatia dilatada e 11,2% com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica. Foram observados 24 (16,4%) super-respondedores, sendo que 13 (8,9%) apresentaram normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, dos di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da classe funcional. Quando comparados com os pacientes n&#227;o super-respondedores, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-implante, os super-respondedores apresentaram-se mais no sexo feminino (58,3% vs. 22,8%; p = 0,002), maior &#237;ndice de massa corporal (26,8 vs. 25,5; p = 0,013), maior fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o basal (31,0 vs. 26,9; p = 0,0003) e menores di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (65,9 mm vs. 72,6 mm; p = 0,0032). Dez pacientes (41,6% dos super-respondedores) com bloqueio de ramo direito e bloqueio divisional evolu&#237;ram como super-respondedores, entretanto apenas um paciente com doen&#231;a de Chagas e apenas na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os super-respondedores apresentaram cardiopatia de base menos avan&#231;ada e sem diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o basal. Pacientes com bloqueio de ramo direito e bloqueio divisional, mas sem cardiopatia chag&#225;sica podem tamb&#233;m evoluir como super-respondedores.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Congestiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (TRC) tem mostrado bons resultados no tratamento da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Congestiva (ICC) em pacientes com dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda acentuada e classes funcionais (CF) II, III e IV ambulatorial da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), sendo inclu&#237;da como classe I e maior N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica nas diversas diretrizes de implantes de dispositivos card&#237;acos e de ICC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entretanto, 30 a 40% dos pacientes podem n&#227;o apresentar boa evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a TRC, sendo denominado n&#227;o respondedores. A classifica&#231;&#227;o de respondedores e n&#227;o respondedores &#233; muito heterog&#234;nea nos diversos trabalhos realizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Est&#227;o em quest&#227;o os fatos de ainda n&#227;o se dispor de um crit&#233;rio de defini&#231;&#227;o de resposta adequado &#224; TRC e de n&#227;o ser poss&#237;vel definir os fatores preditores de resposta com precis&#227;o e consenso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Alguns autores descreveram grupos de pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com respostas acima do esperado, com normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, da CF e dos di&#226;metros ventriculares, sendo denominados de hiper-repondedores ou Super-Respondedores (SRR), variando entre 9 a 21% nos diversos trabalhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> As caracter&#237;sticas desses pacientes tem sido motivo de estudos, sendo a super-resposta interpretada como uma poss&#237;vel miocardiopatia induzida pelo dissincronismo card&#237;aco, provocada pelo dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intra-ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Preditores de super-resposta s&#227;o sexo feminino, cardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica (cardiopatia chag&#225;sica n&#227;o inclu&#237;da) e Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo (BRE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de uma coorte de pacientes submetidos a implantes de ressincronizador card&#237;aco que evolu&#237;ram como SRR, comparando-os com os demais pacientes implantados no mesmo per&#237;odo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Tratou-se de um estudo prospectivo, observacional, unic&#234;ntrico, de uma coorte de 146 pacientes consecutivamente submetidos a implantes de ressincronizadores card&#237;acos, em um hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio no per&#237;odo de 3 anos. Foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise apenas os pacientes que n&#227;o conseguiram sucesso no implante do eletrodo no seio coron&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es de implantes foram para pacientes com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) &#8804; 35%, CF III ou IV ambulatorial (NYHA), dist&#250;rbio intraventricular de condu&#231;&#227;o com largura do QRS &#8805; 120 ms e tratamento otimizado para ICC.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos ap&#243;s an&#225;lise cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica no primeiro ano. O Grupo I era de SRR e o Grupo II de N&#227;o Super-Respondedores (NSRR). Os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito antes do t&#233;rmino do protocolo foram considerados como do Grupo II. Os pacientes que n&#227;o mantiveram o padr&#227;o definido como SRR durante o segundo ano de avalia&#231;&#227;o, foram mantidos no Grupo I e suas caracter&#237;sticas foram analisadas. N&#227;o ocorreram perdas de seguimento nos dois grupos.</p>
        <p>Pacientes em CF I ou II e FE &#8805; 50% ap&#243;s 6 meses de implante foram considerados SRR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica no primeiro ano (6 a 12 meses) do implante e no segundo ano (18 a 24 meses), al&#233;m de retornos cl&#237;nicos a cada 4 meses para otimiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica e programa&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos implantados. As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos s&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis basais</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Resultados</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">69,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">30,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">64,8 &#177; 11,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CF III</td>
                <td align="center">68,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CF IV</td>
                <td align="center">31,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">88,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de IECA</td>
                <td align="center">97,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de altas dose diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">31,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">25,8 &#177; 4,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Caquexia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">6,36%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pelo menos 1 interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">64,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiopatia chag&#225;sica</td>
                <td align="center">11,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">29,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiopatia dilatada</td>
                <td align="center">59,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eixo do QRS direita</td>
                <td align="center">1,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eixo do QRS esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">87,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eixo normal</td>
                <td align="center">10,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Largura do QRS pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">160ms</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Largura do QRS p&#243;s-implante</td>
                <td align="center">140ms</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Delta do QRS</td>
                <td align="center">28,6 &#177; 24,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">12%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRE</td>
                <td align="center">71,55%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRD com bloqueios divisionais</td>
                <td align="center">12%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ritmo de marca-passo</td>
                <td align="center">16,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Portador de marca-passo</td>
                <td align="center">28,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">29%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DD, grau</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">11.8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">29,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">23,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">34,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IM leve</td>
                <td align="center">50,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IM moderada</td>
                <td align="center">30,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IM severa</td>
                <td align="center">15,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD</td>
                <td align="center">20,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE</td>
                <td align="center">70 mm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">115 &#177; 17 mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">70 mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Veia posterolateral</td>
                <td align="center">45,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Veia anterolateral</td>
                <td align="center">52,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dissincronismo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">80, 4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CDI</td>
                <td align="center">54,2%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>As larguras do QRS pr&#233; e p&#243;s-implante, o tamanho da onda R na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 nos pacientes com BRE, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o DDVE foram expressos em medianas (vari&#225;veis n&#227;o normais). A idade e o IMC foram apresentados em m&#233;dias com desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Dissincronismo analisado em 46 pacientes. CF: classe funcional; IECA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; DD: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PA: press&#227;o arterial</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As larguras do QRS pr&#233; e p&#243;s-implante, o tamanho da onda R na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 nos pacientes com BRE, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o DDVE foram expressos em medianas (vari&#225;veis n&#227;o normais). A idade e o IMC foram apresentados em m&#233;dias com desvio padr&#227;o. *Dissincronismo analisado em 46 pacientes. CF: classe funcional; IECA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; DD: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PA: press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis analisadas</title>
          <p>Foram analisadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas: vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas &#8722; idade, sexo, &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), presen&#231;a de caquexia card&#237;aca, CF da NYHA, cardiopatia de base, veia card&#237;aca em que o eletrodo do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE) foi posicionado, concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de creatinina, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, uso de altas doses de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a (&#8805; 80 mg ao dia de furosemida), interna&#231;&#245;es por ICC; vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas &#8722; presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, tipo de bloqueio, ritmo de marca-passo card&#237;aco, presen&#231;a de Bloqueio Atrioventricular (BAV) de primeiro grau, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, medida do estreitamento do QRS aferida ap&#243;s o implante (delta do QRS), eixo do QRS no plano frontal, antes e ap&#243;s o implante; vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas: di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos e sist&#243;licos do VE, FE pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de I a IV, grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral de I a III, presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito, presen&#231;a e tipo de dissincronismo card&#237;aco.</p>
          <p>Foram seguidas as normas das diretrizes americanas de ecocardiografia, para an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e dos par&#226;metros de dissincronismo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>foram rigorosamente seguidas, de acordo com esta espec&#237;fica diretriz americana. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Foi utilizado o aparelho de ecocardiografia da GE, modelo Vivid 7&#174; (GE Healthcare, Fairfield, CT, USA). Os m&#233;dicos realizadores dos exames estavam blindados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos achados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;vios do paciente, e tinham experi&#234;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, como os inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis selecionadas para comporem os modelos representavam par&#226;metros relevantes, pr&#225;ticos e convencionais na avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica de pacientes com miocardiopatia &#8722; v&#225;rias j&#225; com demonstra&#231;&#245;es de rela&#231;&#227;o positiva com a melhora cl&#237;nica e/ou progn&#243;stica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, no modo bidimensional duas e quatro c&#226;maras, seguida pela m&#233;dia. Os di&#226;metros ventriculares foram obtidos no modo M, segundo padroniza&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito foi analisada de forma qualitativa, diferenciada entre a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de qualquer grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi realizada pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mitral (em repouso e ap&#243;s manobra de Valsalva), do Doppler tecidual, da velocidade de propaga&#231;&#227;o do fluxo pelo modo M em cores, sendo classificada em quatro diferentes graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (I para leve; II para moderado ou pseudonormal; III para acentuado ou padr&#227;o restritivo; e IV para grave ou padr&#227;o restritivo irrevers&#237;vel).</p>
          <p>O grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral foi avaliado por meio do Doppler colorido, conforme o porcentual de preenchimento do &#225;trio esquerdo. No refluxo leve, o porcentual era menor que 20%, no moderado entre 20% e 40%, e valores acima deste porcentual foram considerados importantes. Neste contexto pr&#225;tico, o efeito Coanda foi interpretado como refluxo moderado, quando restrito &#224; parede lateral do &#225;trio e, como acentuado, quando estendia-se pelo polo superior do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Realizou-se o teste de normalidade de Shaprio-Wilk para classifica&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis normais. As vari&#225;veis creatinina, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, comprimento da onda R, largura do QRS, FE e Di&#226;metro Diast&#243;lico ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (DDVE) n&#227;o tiveram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal.</p>
          <p>O comportamento das vari&#225;veis de interesse foi comparado por meio dos teste de Mann-Whitney para as vari&#225;veis ordinais, discretas e cont&#237;nuas, e o teste exato de Fisher e suas extens&#245;es, para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para determinar os comportamentos estatisticamente diferentes nos dois grupos. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa de computa&#231;&#227;o Stata/SE version 12.1 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) e pelo R <italic>software</italic> (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).</p>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;Tica e Pesquisa cl&#237;nica do hospital universit&#225;rio, e todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao consentimento livre e esclarecido. O protocolo de estudo seguiu as normas &#233;ticas da declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Ocorreram 30 &#243;bitos durante o seguimento de 34,0 &#177; 17,9 meses, o que representa 23,1% de mortalidade total. Analisando todos pacientes em conjunto, 88,6% melhoraram pelo menos uma grau na CF (NYHA); 51,7% reduziram o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por ICC; 50% melhoraram mais que 5% em valores absolutos na FE e 87% reduziram mais que 5 mm dos DDVE. Dos 46 pacientes avaliados para a presen&#231;a de dissincronismo, 37 (80,4%) tinham algum grau de dissincronismo pr&#233;vio; 35 (76%) intraventricular, 16 (34,7%) interventricular, 15 (32,6%) atrioventricular e 9 (19,5%) n&#227;o tinham dissincronismo.</p>
        <p>Foram observados 24 (16,3%) SRR (Grupo I) e 13 (8,8%) pacientes apresentaram normaliza&#231;&#227;o da FE, di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos do VE e da CF. Quando comparados com os NSRR (Grupo II) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas basais, pr&#233;-implante, pacientes do Grupo I tinham mais mulheres (58,3% vs. 22,8%; p = 0,002), maior IMC (26,8 vs. 25,5; p = 0,013), maior FE basal (31,0% vs. 26,9%; p = 0,0003) e menor DDVE (65,9 mm x 72,6 mm; p = 0,0032) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas entre o Grupo I, dos Super-Respondedores (SRR), e do Grupo II, dos N&#227;o Super-Respondedores (NSRR) pr&#233;-implante</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Grupo I</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Grupo II</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">25,5 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,013<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idades (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">65,2 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">64,7 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,994</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Largura do QRS</td>
                <td align="center">162,6 &#177; 20,0</td>
                <td align="center">166,2 &#177; 23,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,644</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Largura do QRS p&#243;s implante</td>
                <td align="center">124,3 &#177; 13,7</td>
                <td align="center">129,7 &#177; 22,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,706</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Delta QRS</td>
                <td align="center">38,1 &#177; 17,0</td>
                <td align="center">26,2 &#177; 26,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,673</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">31,0 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,0003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE</td>
                <td align="center">65,9 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td align="center">72,6 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,0032<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">75,0 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">70,8 &#177; 11,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">120,4 &#177; 18,9</td>
                <td align="center">113,7 &#177; 16,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Vari&#225;vel significante a n&#237;vel de 5%. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas nos entre o Grupo I, dos Super-Respondedores (SRR), e do Grupo II, dos N&#227;o Super-Respondedores (NSRR) pr&#233;-implante</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Grupo I (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Grupo II (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">58,3</td>
                <td align="center">22,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Caquexia</td>
                <td align="center">8,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,645</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chagas vs. outras cardiopatias</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 vs. 95,8</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 vs. 86,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MCD vs. outras cardiopatias</td>
                <td align="center">79,1 vs. 20,8</td>
                <td align="center">54,3 vs. 45,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,035<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRE/MP vs. BRD/BD</td>
                <td align="center">87,5 vs. 12,5</td>
                <td align="center">88,0 vs. 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#8776; 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRE vs. BRD/BD/MP</td>
                <td align="center">54,1 vs. 45,8</td>
                <td align="center">76,0 vs. 23,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,043<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BAV 1<sup>o</sup> grau</td>
                <td align="center">42,6</td>
                <td align="center">26,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,160</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">16,6</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,483</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CF III vs. IV</td>
                <td align="center">62,5 vs. 37,5</td>
                <td align="center">69,5 vs. 30,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,623</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD</td>
                <td align="center">22,7</td>
                <td align="center">20,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,775</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica III/IV</td>
                <td align="center">47,3</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,293</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau de IM I/II/III</td>
                <td align="center">66,6 vs. 20,8 vs. 8,3</td>
                <td align="center">50 vs. 32,6 vs. 17,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,115</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dissincronismo</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">0,072<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interna&#231;&#227;o por ICC</td>
                <td align="center">62,5</td>
                <td align="center">64,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,815</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Veia coron&#225;ria AL vs. PL</td>
                <td align="center">56,5 vs. 43,4</td>
                <td align="center">63,1 vs. 36,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,628</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marca-passo pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">37,5</td>
                <td align="center">26,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,312</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">87,5</td>
                <td align="center">89,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,730</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA</td>
                <td align="center">95,8</td>
                <td align="center">97,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,504</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805;80 mg furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">16,6</td>
                <td align="center">35,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,087<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Vari&#225;vel significante a n&#237;vel de 5%;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>vari&#225;vel significante a n&#237;vel de 10%. MCD: miocardiopatia dilatada; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; MP: marcapasso; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; BD: bloqueios divisionais; BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; CF: classe funcional; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; AL: anterolateral; PL: posterolateral; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o. </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os SRR tinham uma maior incid&#234;ncia de dissincronismo pr&#233;-implante &#224; n&#237;vel de 10% de signific&#226;ncia (p = 0,072) e menor porcentual de paciente em uso de altas doses de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a (p = 0,087). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de cardiopatia, n&#227;o ocorreram diferen&#231;as quando comparados os tr&#234;s tipos simultaneamente (cardiomiopatia dilatada &#8722; MCD, cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica e cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica). Quando analisadas MCD vs. outras miocardiopatias em conjunto, os SRR mostraram uma maior incid&#234;ncia de MCD (p = 0,035).</p>
        <p>Dez pacientes (41,6% do total de SRR) com Bloqueio de Ramo Direito (BRD) e Bloqueio Divisional (BD) tornaram-se SRR, sem diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com BRE pr&#243;prio ou BRE induzido pela estimula&#231;&#227;o. Quando analisamos BRE pr&#243;prio vs. BRD/BD e BRE induzido, os SRR mostraram menor incid&#234;ncia de BRE pr&#243;prio (p = 0,043).</p>
        <p>No grupo de pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (11,2%) submetido &#224; TRC, somente 15,3% tinham BRD/BD; 30,7% tinham ritmo de estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial e 54% tinham BRE. Somente um paciente com doen&#231;a de Chagas evoluiu como SRR e de forma tempor&#225;ria, limitada &#224; primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Um paciente no grupo SRR perdeu comando do eletrodo do seio coron&#225;rio durante o terceiro ano ap&#243;s implante, apresentando piora cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica. Ap&#243;s implante do novo eletrodo epic&#225;rdico, houve nova normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e dos di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos com 4 meses.</p>
        <p>Dos 15 pacientes com completa normaliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica, somente dois foram observados tardiamente (no segundo ano de avalia&#231;&#227;o), enquanto entre os outros nove pacientes SRR, mas sem completa normaliza&#231;&#227;o de todos os par&#226;metros, cinco ocorreram tardiamente e dois de forma transit&#243;ria, limitada ao primeiro ano de avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, dois pacientes desenvolveram grau II de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e os demais, grau I. Todos os SRR evolu&#237;ram para grau I de insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Nenhum paciente com completa normaliza&#231;&#227;o de FE, DDVE e CF migrou para o Grupo II durante o seguimento.</p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes no SRR faleceram: um devido &#224; c&#226;ncer de mama, outro por infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e outro foi transplantado por arritmia ventricular incessante e faleceu no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os SRR foram predominantemente pacientes do sexo feminino, com prov&#225;vel melhor estado nutricional, maior FE e menores DDVE. Pacientes com menor uso de altas doses de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a (&#8805; 80 mg furosemida ao dia) e maior grau de dissincronismo pr&#233;-implante mostraram tend&#234;ncia a resultados estat&#237;sticos significativos, quando comparados aos NSRR.</p>
        <p>A cardiopatia menos avan&#231;ada tem mostrado melhores resultados na TRC, sendo evidenciados bons resultados nos estudos recentes com pacientes em CF II, e resultados desapontadores em suban&#225;lises de pacientes em CF IV, particularmente quando internados ou dependentes de drogas vasoativas. O resultado deste estudo corrobora o de outros que tamb&#233;m demonstraram padr&#245;es de hiper-resposta em cardiopatias menos avan&#231;adas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No estudo MADIT-CRT (<italic>Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</italic>), em paciente com sintomas leves de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o sexo feminino, a aus&#234;ncia de infarto, o BRE, QRS &gt; 150 ms, IMC &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e reduzido volume atrial esquerdo foram preditores de SRR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Nosso estudo incluiu um grupo de pacientes com ICC muito sintom&#225;tica, com 64% dos pacientes j&#225; tendo sido internados por ICC descompensada recentemente. Estas diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o podem explicar algumas diferen&#231;as nos resultados observados.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes com BRD + BD apresentaram super-resposta sem diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao BRE ou a pacientes com BRE induzido pela estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Quando analisamos o BRE convencional face dos demais padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos (ramo direito e BRE induzido pelo MP), observamos menor chance dos SRR com BRE convencional. Tais resultados mostram diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; literatura, que demonstra uma n&#237;tida vantagem do BRE cl&#225;ssico nos resultados da TRC. Entretanto, em rela&#231;&#227;o a hiper-resposta ou super-resposta, os trabalhos n&#227;o s&#227;o consensuais nesta conclus&#227;o. Acreditamos que os pacientes do nosso estudo com BRD, por terem BD associados e QRS mais alargados (mediana de 160 ms), devem ter significativos graus de dissincronismo, o que poderia justificar a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a. Outra raz&#227;o pode ser em decorr&#234;ncia do menor n&#250;mero de pacientes analisados no nosso estudo, determinando uma limita&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>Entretanto, em um estudo com 200 pacientes portadores de ICC, Haghjoo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> avaliaram 110 pacientes com BRD com ou sem BD Anterossuperior Esquerdo (BDASE) e 90 pacientes com BRE. Dissincronia mec&#226;nica foi pesquisada por meio do Doppler tecidual ao ecocardiograma. Pacientes com BRD isolado apresentaram menor preval&#234;ncia (33%) de dissincronia interventricular (definida por um atraso maior que 40 ms, nos intervalos de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e pulmonar) que pacientes com BRE (54%) ou BRD mais BDASE (50%), com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Quanto &#224; dissincronia intraventricular (definida por desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o de 12 segmentos maior que 34 ms), esta foi mais prevalente nos pacientes com BRE (58%) do que naqueles com BRD (28%) ou BRD com BDASE (42%), com p &lt; 0,001. A presen&#231;a de dissincronia intraventricular, neste caso considerada importante preditora de resposta &#224; ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o p&#244;de ser correlacionada &#224; presen&#231;a do BD: pacientes com BRD, com ou sem BDASE, n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, a maior parte do volume de informa&#231;&#245;es que se tem acumulado, referente ao papel da TRC no tratamento da ICC, prov&#233;m de estudos que avaliaram pacientes predominantemente com BRE. Os pacientes com BRD tiveram pouca representatividade nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos (menos de 15%) e, portanto, pouco se pode inferir de forma definitiva, quanto &#224; efic&#225;cia da ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o neste cen&#225;rio. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Nosso estudo demonstra que paciente com BRD quando associado a BD podem tamb&#233;m apresentar-se como hiper-respondedores, especialmente na aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
        <p>Apesar das mudan&#231;as induzidas pela dissincronia serem propostas como condi&#231;&#227;o essencial para a resposta &#224; ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o, o efeito desta terapia pode ser mediado por outras vias, como o grau pr&#233;vio de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e de dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O estudo multic&#234;ntrico PROSPECT (<italic>Predictors of Response to cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</italic>) n&#227;o conseguiu correlacionar os diferentes tipos de dissincronismo, avaliados por 12 par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, com a resposta &#224; TRC, tendo como justificativas as variabilidades nas t&#233;cnicas utilizadas e as formas de interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> No entanto, no subgrupo de SRR , o estudo PROSPECT demonstrou maior incid&#234;ncia de dissincronismo pr&#233;vio, al&#233;m de maior grupo de mulheres, cardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e QRS mais largos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O remodelamento reverso do VE tem sido usado como padr&#227;o para definir resposta na maior parte dos novos estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Pacientes com encurtamento do volume sist&#243;lico final do VE &gt; 10%, em an&#225;lises de 3 a 6 meses, seriam considerados respondedores; maior que 15%, hiper-respondedores; e abaixo de 10%, n&#227;o respondedores, com sensibilidade de 70% e especificidade de 70% em predizer mortalidade total. Para mortalidade card&#237;aca, a sensibilidade foi de 87% e a especificidade de 69%. Outros estudos usaram o volume sist&#243;lico final do VE &gt; 30% para definir SRR e, mais classicamente, a normaliza&#231;&#227;o da FE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na CF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quando se comparou a MCD vs. outras cardiopatias, observou-se, como descrito na literatura, maior chance de hiper-resposta na MCD. O grau de fibrose observado em pacientes com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e chag&#225;sica poderia explicar tais achados. Por&#233;m, estes pacientes n&#227;o foram submetidos previamente &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade card&#237;aca ou exames de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear para confirmar tal hip&#243;tese. A cardiopatia chag&#225;sica tem sido implicada como menor grau de resposta na TRC, provavelmente relacionada a maior gravidade pr&#243;pria desta cardiopatia e maior incid&#234;ncia de BRD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Em nosso estudo, 15,3% dos pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas inclu&#237;dos tinham BRD, e somente um evoluiu como SRR e de forma transit&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>As raz&#245;es para melhores respostas para o sexo feminino no grupo submetido &#224; TRC e de melhores resultados para o sexo masculino para o grupo submetidos a implantes de desfibrilador interno t&#234;m levantado discuss&#245;es na literatura, sem conclus&#245;es definitivas. Observamos tamb&#233;m maior IMC no grupo de SRR, o que poderia refletir melhor estado nutricional e consequentemente cardiopatia menos avan&#231;ada, mas as diferen&#231;as num&#233;ricas apresentadas s&#227;o clinicamente dif&#237;ceis de serem valorizadas, podendo ser reflexos de pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es de reten&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica.</p>
        <p>O uso de altas doses de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a tem se mostrado ser um marcador de gravidade na miocardiopatia, inclusive no grupo de pacientes submetidos &#224; TRC, quando analisada antes do implante e tamb&#233;m 1 ano ap&#243;s &#224; TRC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A presen&#231;a de uma maior incid&#234;ncia no grupo de NSRR pode refletir este aspecto.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, a maior parte dos SRR apresentaram estes resultados no primeiro ano, tendo uma pequena taxa evolu&#237;do com leve piora nos par&#226;metros no segundo ano. Portanto, o padr&#227;o de SRR ocorre mais frequentemente nos primeiros 12 meses ap&#243;s a TRC, achado tamb&#233;m observado em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A possibilidade de normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em 15 a 20% dos paciente submetidos &#224; TRC tem sido uma achado intrigante e animador, considerando serem pacientes graves, e com progn&#243;stico ruim a m&#233;dio e longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Cay et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> demonstraram a recorr&#234;ncia da miocardiopatia e piora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular no grupo dos SRR quando a estimula&#231;&#227;o multiss&#237;tio foi desligada. Assim, faz-se necess&#225;rio analisar com maior profundidade o grupo de hiper ou SRR. Eles podem representar um importante alvo na TRC, constituindo a possibilidade de cura em um subgrupo de pacientes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O estudo foi unic&#234;ntrico, envolveu uma popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o volumosa de 147 pacientes submetidos &#224; TRC e analisou 24 (16,3%) SRR. N&#227;o foram realizadas an&#225;lise intra e interobservadores nas mensura&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. A an&#225;lise de dissincronia foi realizada apenas em 46 pacientes, sem a possibilidade de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de subgrupos. N&#227;o foram realizados ajustes do intervalo atrioventricular (AV) pelo ecocardiograma ap&#243;s o implante. N&#227;o foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#245;es de viabilidade ou fibrose pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica antes do implante. Novas t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, como o <italic>strain,</italic> n&#227;o foram avaliadas. Pacientes com BRD isolados n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. O estudo n&#227;o teve poder estat&#237;stico de an&#225;lises de mortalidade entre os grupos estudados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os super-respondedores representaram 16,4% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, sendo 8,9% com normaliza&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Estes pacientes apresentavam cardiopatia de base menos avan&#231;ada e sem diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o basal.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com bloqueio de ramo direito associado a bloqueios divisionais esquerdos podem tamb&#233;m evoluir com super-resposta. A cardiopatia chag&#225;sica teve menor probabilidade de super-resposta, mesmo com bloqueio do ramo esquerdo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por CAPES e FUNCAP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado em Cardiologia pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
