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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4tHcZXwLNMrdrMCjy76Dd4Q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000100052</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170031</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hierarchical Analysis of Hypertension with the Polymorphic Variant of the ACE Gene and Other Risk Factors in the Elderly</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Barreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Eleut&#233;rio dos</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jairo Evangelista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcus Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Para&#237;so</surname>
            <given-names>Alanna Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Henrique Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marise Fagundes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Maria Eleut&#233;rio de Barros Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Montes Claros</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdades Unidas do Norte de Minas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Montes Claros</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdades Unidas do Norte de Minas, Montes Claros, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Faculdades Unidas do Norte de Minas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdades Santo Agostinho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Montes Claros</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdades Santo Agostinho, Montes Claros, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Faculdade Santo Agostinho</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alanna Fernandes Paraiso</bold>. Rua dos Estudantes, 96 - Apt 305. Postal Code: 39401-082, Vila Santa Maria, Montes Claros, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>alannap@fasa.edu.br</email>; <email>alannaenf1989@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ribeiro BB, Santos Neto PE, Nascimento JE, Santos SHS, Martins AMEBL; Acquisition of data: Ribeiro BB, Santos Neto PE, Nascimento JE, Andrade JMO, Para&#237;so AF, Silveira MF, Martins AMEBL; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ribeiro BB, Santos Neto PE, Nascimento JE, Andrade JMO, Para&#237;so AF, Santos SHS, Silveira MF, Martins AMEBL; Statistical analysis: Ribeiro BB, Nascimento JE, Martins AMEBL; Writing of the manuscript: Ribeiro BB, Santos Neto PE, Andrade JMO, Para&#237;so AF, Martins AMEBL; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Ribeiro BB, Santos Neto PE, Andrade JMO, Para&#237;so AF, Santos SHS, Silveira MF, Martins AMEBL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jan-Feb</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>52</fpage>
      <lpage>60</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hypertension is a clinical condition of multifactorial etiology that imposes serious harm to the health of elderly individuals. Despite the fact that cardiovascular disorders influence the development of hypertension in this age group, several other genetic and environmental factors have been described in the literature, including the polymorphic variant of the <italic>angiotensin-converting enzyme</italic> (<italic>ACE</italic>) gene and the distribution of body fat.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the prevalence of hypertension among elderly individuals and its possible correlation with the I/D polymorphic variant of the <italic>ACE</italic> gene and other associated risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Population-based study using a hierarchical model and including 387 elderly individuals residing in the urban area of Ibia&#237; (Minas Gerais, Brazil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>On statistical analysis, the polymorphic variant of the <italic>ACE</italic> gene was not associated with hypertension (p = 0.316). On the other hand, there was a significant association between hypertension and the variables female sex, absence of a partner, consumption of more than one portion of salt per day, and changes in body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Although the polymorphic variant of the <italic>ACE</italic> gene showed no influence on the prevalence of hypertension in elderly individuals, some variables such as individual, socioeconomic, metabolic, and behavioral habits were associated with this condition.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorphism, Genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The population older than 60 years is progressively increasing in our country and it is believed that by 2020 it will exceed 30 million individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This aging process entails numerous physiological and functional changes in the human body, hindering elderly individuals more susceptible to the development of chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Hypertension is one of the main clinical conditions harming the health of elderly individuals, and in hypertensive elderly individuals, the cardiovascular risk is higher than that in normotensive ones of similar age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Genetic and environmental factors are associated with the chronic maintenance of elevated blood pressure (BP) levels, and this correlation in the hypertensive population is 30% and 70%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Hypertension may be considered a polygenic clinical condition in which changes in multiple genes interact with each other and with various other risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The angiotensin-converting enzyme (<italic>ACE</italic>), a key component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), converts the decapeptide angiotensin I into the octapeptide angiotensin II, the most powerful circulating vasoconstrictor in the human body. This way, ACE plays a fundamental role in BP control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Intraindividual serological levels of <italic>ACE</italic> remain stable, but its interindividual variation is high and is attributed to polymorphic <italic>ACE</italic> gene variants (DD &gt; DI &gt; II).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It should be pointed out the lack of recent studies evaluating the association of these polymorphic variants with hypertension exclusively in elderly individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition to genetic factors, other factors have been reported as being a risk for hypertension: age above 60 years, gender (postmenopausal women), ethnicity (non-white skin color), diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, alcoholism, and smoking, among others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The interaction of these various factors over time contributes to the development and worsening of hypertension, and the greater the number of risk factors to which individuals are exposed, the higher their chance of becoming hypertensive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension among elderly individuals, and its possible correlation with the polymorphic variant I/D of the <italic>ACE</italic> gene and with other associated risk factors.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This was an epidemiological, cross-sectional, and population study including elderly individuals aged 60 years or more, resident and domiciled in the municipality of Ibia&#237;, north of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedure and instrument for data collection</title>
        <p>The data collection was carried out between 2011 and 2012. The elderly individuals were evaluated by health professionals who were trained and calibrated (kappa = 0.63) to the demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, anthropometric, and laboratory characteristics, and genotypic variant of the polymorphic <italic>ACE</italic>. According to the 2010 census, a total of 505 elderly individuals aged 60 or more years were registered in the Primary Care Information System. Of the 479 names obtained from the Family Health Strategy (FHS) list, 449 (93.74%) were found. The registration also included 27 elderly people whose names were not listed, but who were nonetheless also added, yielding a total of 476 elderly individuals. Of these, 387 (84.31%) answered the questions and/or were assessed in regards to the main variable of interest in this study (hypertension).</p>
        <p>The measurement of BP levels was conducted by the auscultatory technique with a calibrated sphygmomanometer. The BP measurements were performed with the individual seated and after a 5-minute rest. The individuals were questioned about being with an empty bladder, having avoided physical activity, food, smoking, ingestion of alcoholic beverages or coffee (at least 30 minutes before the measurement) and if they had taken drugs that could interfere with the mechanisms of BP regulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A total of three BP measurements were obtained; the first was discarded and the mean of the second and third measurements was considered. The patients were instructed about the procedure beforehand, with an explanation of its steps and objectives. The diagnosis of hypertension was established in the presence of a mean diastolic BP &#8805; 90 mmHg and/or mean systolic BP &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or use of systemic antihypertensive medication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>To achieve the objective of the study, the variables were grouped into individual, socioeconomic, behavioral, metabolic, and health-related, as described below:</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Individual:</bold> age (60 to 69 years and &#8805; 70 years), sex (male and female), self-declared skin color (White/Yellow and Brown/Black), I/D polymorphic variant (rs 4646994) of the ACE gene (II, DI, and DD).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Socioeconomic:</bold> marital status (with a partner [married and stable union] and without a partner [single, widowed/divorced]), education (&#8805; 4 years and 0 to 3 years), household crowding (less than one person/room and more than one person/room), material goods (at least one material goods [house and/or automotive] or lack of material goods), work status (yes [employed, self-employed, informal work, retired/employed] and no [retired/without work, does not work/never worked, and unemployed]), and income (assessed by the monthly individual income in Brazilian real).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Behavioral disorders:</bold> dietary factors (consumption of fruits and vegetables [more than 3 servings/day and less than 3 servings/day] and salt intake [one portion per day and more than one portion per day]),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> smoking (non-smokers and smokers), alcoholism (never consumed <italic>versus</italic> consumption of alcohol), physical activity (active [moderately active, active, and very active] and not active [inactive and little active]).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Metabolic and health-related:</bold> optimal total cholesterol (&lt; 200 mg/dL), optimal high-density lipoprotein (HDL; women &#8805; 50 mg/dL and men &#8805; 40 mg/dL), optimal low-density lipoprotein (LDL; &lt; 130 mg/dL), optimal triglycerides (&lt; 150 mg/dL), and optimal waist-to-hip ratio (WHR; women &lt; 0.85 and men &lt; 0.95). We evaluated the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the Cockcroft-Gault formula: [GFR (mL/min) = (140 - age) x weight (kg)/72 x serum creatinine (multiply by 0.85 for female individuals)], in which values &lt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> are considered abnormal and &#8805; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> are considered normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>The anthropometric variables weight and height were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI), with results &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> considered as optimal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title><italic>ACE</italic> polymorphism evaluation - polymerase chain reaction</title>
        <p>In order to investigate the genotypic frequencies of the polymorphic variant I/D (rs 4646994) of the <italic>ACE</italic> gene (II, DI, and DD), saliva samples were obtained. Gene samples were obtained with a swab from buccal mucosa smears, which was stored at a temperature of -20 &#186;C in test tubes with Krebs solution. The samples were isolated with silica particles, which absorb the DNA. Subsequently, the DNA was washed to remove impurities and suspended with TE buffer. The genomic DNA was amplified with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All data were tabulated and analyzed using the program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows, version 20.0. The variables investigated were described as distributions of frequencies. In the univariate analysis, we estimated the crude odds ratios values with 95% confidence intervals. The variables with descriptive level p &#8804; 0.20 were selected for the multivariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, we adopted the model of hierarchical logistic regression, and the order of entry of the blocks was determined from a theoretical model and involved known factors associated with hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>For the hierarchical analysis in this study, we followed the diagram shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, which guided the order of entry of the variables blocks in the model. The block "individual factors" was the first to be included in the model and remained as a factor of adjustment for the other variables. We then included "socioeconomic factors", and only those presenting a descriptive level p &lt; 0.05 remained in the model after adjustment for the variables in the "individual factors" block. After that, we included the "behavioral habits" block and maintained in the model only those variables with descriptive level p &lt; 0.05 after adjustment for "individual factors" and "socioeconomic factors". For inclusion of the remaining blocks, we adopted the same procedure of the previous blocks.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Hierarchical model of variables analyzed in elderly individuals in Ibia&#237; municipality, MG. ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0052-70031-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The project was conducted in accordance with the Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council of the Ministry of Health and presented a favorable opinion of the Research Ethics Committee at the Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (CEP/Unimontes) with the unified opinion number 2903/11. The elderly subjects signed a free and informed consent form agreeing to participate in the study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The prevalence of hypertension among the 387 elderly individuals evaluated was 76%. As for the individual characteristics, the following ones prevailed: age range of 60-69 years (n = 131, 78.7%), females (n = 184, 80.7%), skin color brown/black (n = 252, 77.3%), and genotype II (n = 67, 82.7%). Most subjects lived without a partner (n = 155, 82%), had a low education level (n = 231, 76.2%), lived in households with little crowding (n = 251, 75.8%), had at least one material goods (n = 269, 75.8%), did not work (n = 212, 77.4%), and had an average income of R$ 531.97 &#177; 219.86 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of non-hypertensive and hypertensive elderly individuals according to individual and socioeconomic factors (Ibia&#237;, MG)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="30%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Non-hypertensive</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hypertensive</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">OR<sub>crude</sub> 95%CI</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Individual factors</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">60-69 years</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">21.3</td>
              <td align="center">163</td>
              <td align="center">78.7</td>
              <td align="center">207</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.171</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 70 years</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">27.2</td>
              <td align="center">131</td>
              <td align="center">71.8</td>
              <td align="center">180</td>
              <td align="center">1.39 (0.87-2.21)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">30.8</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
              <td align="center">69.2</td>
              <td align="center">159</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">19.3</td>
              <td align="center">184</td>
              <td align="center">80.7</td>
              <td align="center">228</td>
              <td align="center">1.86 (1.16-2.98)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Skin color</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White/Yellow</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">31.1</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">68.9</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.156</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brown/Black</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">22.7</td>
              <td align="center">252</td>
              <td align="center">77.3</td>
              <td align="center">326</td>
              <td align="center">1.54 (0.84-2.80)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">17.3</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">82.7</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.316</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DI</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">24.8</td>
              <td align="center">94</td>
              <td align="center">75.2</td>
              <td align="center">125</td>
              <td align="center">0.63 (0.31-1.28)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">DD</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">25.9</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">74.1</td>
              <td align="center">135</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 (0.30-1.19)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Socioeconomic factors</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marital status</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With a partner</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">29.8</td>
              <td align="center">139</td>
              <td align="center">70.2</td>
              <td align="center">198</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Without a partner</td>
              <td align="center">34</td>
              <td align="center">18.0</td>
              <td align="center">155</td>
              <td align="center">82.0</td>
              <td align="center">189</td>
              <td align="center">1.93 (1.20-3.13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Education<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 4 years</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">26.4</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">73.6</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.640</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0-3 years</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">23.8</td>
              <td align="center">231</td>
              <td align="center">76.2</td>
              <td align="center">303</td>
              <td align="center">1.15 (0.64-2.07)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Home crowding<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 1 person/room</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">24.2</td>
              <td align="center">251</td>
              <td align="center">75.8</td>
              <td align="center">331</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.839</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 1 person/room</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">25.5</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">74.5</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">0.93 (0.46-1.88)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Material goods<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Has</td>
              <td align="center">86</td>
              <td align="center">24.2</td>
              <td align="center">269</td>
              <td align="center">75.8</td>
              <td align="center">355</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.840</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Does not have</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">26.1</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">73.9</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">0.90 (0.35-2.37)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Work<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Works</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">29.1</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
              <td align="center">70.9</td>
              <td align="center">103</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.191</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Does not work</td>
              <td align="center">62</td>
              <td align="center">22.6</td>
              <td align="center">212</td>
              <td align="center">77.4</td>
              <td align="center">274</td>
              <td align="center">1.40 (0.84-2.34)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Income (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">511.73&#177;506.42</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">531.97&#177;219.86</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,00</td>
              <td align="center">0.597</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (0,99-1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>n &lt; 387. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As for behavioral habits, low consumption of vegetables (n = 225, 76.5%) stood out, whereas the consumption of salt was within the level considered as ideal (n = 206, 80.2%). Most participants did not consume alcohol (n = 173, 77.6%) and were not smokers (n = 178, 78.8%). Among metabolic and health-related conditions, most subjects showed change in BMI (n = 134, 81.2%), WHR (n = 209, 80.1%), and GFR (n = 143, 76.9%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of non-hypertensive and hypertensive elderly individuals according to behavioral, metabolic, and health-related factors (Ibia&#237;, MG)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="30%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Non-hypertensive</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hypertensive</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">OR<sub>crude</sub> 95%CI</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Behavioral habits</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fruit<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">More than 3x/day</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">22.0</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">78.0</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.756</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Less than 3x/day</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
              <td align="center">24.0</td>
              <td align="center">231</td>
              <td align="center">76.0</td>
              <td align="center">304</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 (0.43-1.83)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vegetables<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">More than 3x/day</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">25.0</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">75.0</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.800</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Less than 3x/day</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">23.5</td>
              <td align="center">225</td>
              <td align="center">76.5</td>
              <td align="center">294</td>
              <td align="center">1.09 (0.57-2.07)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Salt intake<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">One portion/day</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">19.8</td>
              <td align="center">206</td>
              <td align="center">80.2</td>
              <td align="center">257</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">More than one portion/day</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">34.4</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">65.6</td>
              <td align="center">96</td>
              <td align="center">0.47 (0.28-0.80)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcoholism<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Does not drink alcohol</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">22.4</td>
              <td align="center">173</td>
              <td align="center">77.6</td>
              <td align="center">223</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.099</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Drinks alcohol</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">34.1</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">65.9</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">0.56 (0.28-1.12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-smokers</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">21.2</td>
              <td align="center">178</td>
              <td align="center">78.8</td>
              <td align="center">226</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.126</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smokers</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">28.0</td>
              <td align="center">113</td>
              <td align="center">72.0</td>
              <td align="center">157</td>
              <td align="center">0.69 (0.43-1.11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical activity<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">24.2</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">75.8</td>
              <td align="center">91</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.995</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Inactive</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">24.2</td>
              <td align="center">216</td>
              <td align="center">75.8</td>
              <td align="center">285</td>
              <td align="center">1.00 (0.57-1.73)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Metabolic and health-related conditions</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WHR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">37.6</td>
              <td align="center">68</td>
              <td align="center">62.4</td>
              <td align="center">109</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">19.9</td>
              <td align="center">209</td>
              <td align="center">80.1</td>
              <td align="center">261</td>
              <td align="center">2.42 (1.48-3.96)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">29.6</td>
              <td align="center">131</td>
              <td align="center">70.4</td>
              <td align="center">186</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">18.8</td>
              <td align="center">134</td>
              <td align="center">81.2</td>
              <td align="center">165</td>
              <td align="center">1.81 (1.10-3.00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cholesterol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Optimal</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">25.5</td>
              <td align="center">123</td>
              <td align="center">74.5</td>
              <td align="center">165</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.807</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">26.7</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
              <td align="center">73.3</td>
              <td align="center">150</td>
              <td align="center">0.94 (0.57-1.55)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Optimal</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">31.0</td>
              <td align="center">78</td>
              <td align="center">69.0</td>
              <td align="center">113</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.156</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">23.5</td>
              <td align="center">143</td>
              <td align="center">76.5</td>
              <td align="center">187</td>
              <td align="center">1.46 (0.86-2.46)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Optimal</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">26.1</td>
              <td align="center">113</td>
              <td align="center">73.9</td>
              <td align="center">153</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.939</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">26.5</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">73.5</td>
              <td align="center">147</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.59-1.64)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Optimal</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">30.4</td>
              <td align="center">87</td>
              <td align="center">69.6</td>
              <td align="center">125</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.151</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">43</td>
              <td align="center">23.1</td>
              <td align="center">143</td>
              <td align="center">76.9</td>
              <td align="center">186</td>
              <td align="center">1.45 (0.87-2.42)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GFR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">30.4</td>
              <td align="center">87</td>
              <td align="center">69.6</td>
              <td align="center">125</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.151</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered</td>
              <td align="center">43</td>
              <td align="center">23.1</td>
              <td align="center">143</td>
              <td align="center">76.9</td>
              <td align="center">186</td>
              <td align="center">1.45 (0.87-2.42)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>n &lt; 387. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; BMI: body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; GFR: glomerular filtration rate.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the univariate analysis, the age range of 60-69 years showed a positive association with hypertension, with women having a greater chance of hypertension when compared with men. Elderly individuals without a partner also showed this association, as well as those who had altered BMI and WHR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>). In this study, the distribution of the polymorphic variant I/D of the <italic>ACE</italic> gene showed no association with hypertension (p = 0.316).</p>
      <p>In the multiple logistic regression analysis after hierarchical adjustment, the following variables were maintained in the model after presenting statistically significant differences: gender, marital status, and WHR. The remaining variables lost the effect after this adjustment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Results of the hierarchical logistic multiple regression analysis (Ibia&#237;, MG)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Block 1 - Individuals<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">1</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Model 1</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" colspan="5" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Block 1</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>OR<sub>crude</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>OR<sub>adjusted</sub> 95%CI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>&#967;</bold>
                <bold>
                  <sup>2</sup>
                </bold>
                <bold>
                  <sub>HL</sub>
                </bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.009</td>
              <td align="center">0.402</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">1.39</td>
              <td align="center">1.88 (1.17-3.02)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Block 2 - Socioeconomic<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">2</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Model 2</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center" colspan="5" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Blocks 1 and 2</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.067</td>
              <td align="center">0.567</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">1.59 (0.97-2.63)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marital status</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With a partner</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.032</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Without a partner</td>
              <td align="center">1.93</td>
              <td align="center">1.73 (1.05-2.86)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Block 4 - Metabolic and health-related<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">3</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Model 3</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center" colspan="5" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Blocks 1, 2, and 4</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.941</td>
              <td align="center">0.561</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.03 (0.52-2.02)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marital status</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With a partner</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.126</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Without a partner</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.59 (0.88-2.89)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WHR</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.050</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered</td>
              <td align="center">2.42</td>
              <td align="center">2.01 (1.00-4.04)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; &#967;<sup>2</sup><sub>HL</sub>: Hosmer-Lemeshow test; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio. </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>1</label>
            <p>Adjusted by individual variables among each other;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>2</label>
            <p>Set by individual factors;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>3</label>
            <p>Adjusted by personal and socioeconomic factors.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The hierarchical approach is an alternative applicable to epidemiological studies with a large number of variables. This study attempted to establish an interrelationship between several risk factors and at various levels, evaluating the importance of each block on hypertension. The main findings of this study indicate a prevalence of 76% of hypertensive elderly patients in the population studied, with a significant association with greater involvement of the disease in elderly individuals who were female, had no partner, consumed more than one portion of salt per day, and with changes in the WHR and BMI indices.</p>
      <p>The present study found no association between hypertension and the I/D polymorphic variant of the <italic>ACE</italic> gene. Studies assessing the association of this polymorphic variant with hypertension in elderly individuals are scarce and show no relationship; in this sense, this study corroborated the results of this literature suggesting, perhaps, a slight genetic influence of this variant in increased BP in this age range.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our findings corroborate those of another Brazilian epidemiological study that showed a prevalence of hypertension of approximately 65% in the elderly, with a higher prevalence among women older than 75 years, potentially reaching 80%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In the present research, this clinical condition was similar to that observed in other population studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The greatest chance of presenting hypertension was observed in women (p = 0.009). The literature highlights a greater prevalence of hypertension among elder women when compared with men at the same age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A previous study had already demonstrated this greater probability of association with hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Up until menopause, women are hemodynamically younger than men at the same age and, thus, less vulnerable to BP increases. However, after menopause and due to weight gain and hormonal changes, women become more vulnerable to increased BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the direct and linear relationship of BP with increased age, this association did not remain, possibly due to the fact that the age range in this population was more homogeneous. The literature highlights a greater chance of hypertension in Blacks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In the present study, the skin color was not associated with hypertension, which was comparable with another study that included this variable in its analyses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> This shows that the extension of the impact of the Brazilian miscegenation on hypertension is still unclear. A recent study on the genomic ancestry in our country observed that the Brazilian genome is much more uniform than otherwise expected with its large racial mixture over the past two centuries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>After control for socioeconomic factors, the variable gender lost the strength of its association (p = 0.067), while marital status (p = 0.032) was shown to be statistically significant. There are few studies specifically correlating marital status with hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In the present study, elderly individuals without a partner had a greater chance of hypertension and one of the possible explanations may be the fact that the elderly living alone has a greater probability of having emotional disturbances, influencing the BP increase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> However, it is worth noting that in another study, the greatest risk of hypertension was observed among married individuals or among those living with a partner.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The WHR presented a positive correlation (p = 0.050) with hypertension. There are few studies specifically investigating the relationship between different fat indicators (body/corporal and/or abdominal) with hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Excess weight among older individuals is still a reality, especially among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Munaretti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> published the first population-based and domici liar study verifying an association between hypertension and anthropometric indicators of fat (corporal and abdominal) in elderly Brazilians. In that study, fat anthropometric indicators (corporal and abdominal) were associated with hypertension, corroborating the results of other studies conducted with individuals from different po pulations and age groups, which found that excess fat, regardless of the anthropometric indicator used, is one of the main risk factors for hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Although no consensus exists on an adequate criteria and values to define obesity among the elderly, BMI is the indicator most often used in epi demiological studies at this age range.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> However, some authors have suggested that BMI alone is unable to identify the association between body fat and hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Similarly, in a study conducted with 9,936 men and 12,154 women aged 45 to 79 years, the indicators WHR and BMI showed an association with hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Such fact can probably be explained by the physiological changes that occur in obese individuals, such as the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the SRA, endothelial dysfunction, and insulin resistance (increasing tubular sodium reabsorption).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> It should be emphasized that the predominance of obesity tends to be higher in lower socioeconomic classes, as was the case in the population investigated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The fact that the other study variables showed no association strength with hypertension may be due to the sample size and the possibilities of selection biases and/or information involving confounding factors and occasional findings from the analysis, which constitute limitations of observational studies in general.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Although the polymorphic <italic>ACE</italic> variant did not influence the prevalence of hypertension in elderly individuals, this condition was associated with risk factors such as female gender and marital status (absence of a partner), and modifiable risk factors such as excessive salt consumption and alterations in WHR and body weight. The study proposes the adoption of a healthy lifestyle to prevent the disease, since modifiable factors correlated significantly with hypertension. In addition, studies addressing this issue in population groups at greatest risk are fundamental in improving the knowledge of genetic polymorphisms in the etiology of the disease.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (PPGCS) - Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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              <surname>Habermann</surname>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise Hierarquizada da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica com a Variante Polim&#243;rfica do Gene da ECA e Outros Fatores de Risco em Idosos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Barreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Eleut&#233;rio dos</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jairo Evangelista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcus Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Para&#237;so</surname>
            <given-names>Alanna Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Henrique Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marise Fagundes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Maria Eleut&#233;rio de Barros Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdades Unidas do Norte de Minas, Montes Claros, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdades Santo Agostinho, Montes Claros, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alanna Fernandes Paraiso</bold>. Rua dos Estudantes, 96 - Apt 305. CEP: 39401-082, Vila Santa Maria, Montes Claros, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>alannap@fasa.edu.br</email>; <email>alannaenf1989@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ribeiro BB, Santos Neto PE, Nascimento JE, Santos SHS, Martins AMEBL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ribeiro BB, Santos Neto PE, Nascimento JE, Andrade JMO, Para&#237;so AF, Martins AMEBL; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ribeiro BB, Santos Neto PE, Nascimento JE, Andrade JMO, Para&#237;so AF, Santos SHS, Silveira MF, Martins AMEBL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ribeiro BB, Nascimento JE, Silveira MF, Martins AMEBL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ribeiro BB, Santos Neto PE, Andrade JMO, Para&#237;so AF, Martins AMEBL; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ribeiro BB, Santos Neto PE, Andrade JMO, Para&#237;so AF, Santos SHS, Silveira MF, Martins AMEBL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de etiologia multifatorial e de s&#233;rio agravo &#224; sa&#250;de do idoso. Apesar das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares influenciarem o desenvolvimento da HAS nesta faixa et&#225;ria, v&#225;rios outros fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais t&#234;m sido descritos na literatura, incluindo a variante polim&#243;rfica do gene da enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA) e a distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da HAS entre idosos e sua poss&#237;vel correla&#231;&#227;o com a variante polim&#243;rfica I/D do gene da ECA e outros fatores de risco associados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de base populacional com 387 idosos residentes na zona urbana de Ibia&#237; (MG, Brasil) utilizando, para tal, um modelo hierarquizado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>&#192; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, a variante polim&#243;rfica do gene da ECA n&#227;o se mostrou associada &#224; HAS (p = 0,316). Por outro lado, mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a HAS os fatores: sexo feminino, aus&#234;ncia de companheiro, consumo de mais de uma por&#231;&#227;o de sal ao dia e altera&#231;&#245;es nos &#237;ndices de massa corporal e na rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Apesar da variante polim&#243;rfica da ECA n&#227;o ter mostrado influ&#234;ncia sobre a preval&#234;ncia de HAS em idosos, algumas vari&#225;veis individuais, socioecon&#244;micas, metab&#243;licas e de h&#225;bitos comportamentais mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o com esta condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Peptidil Dipeptidase A</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o com idade acima de 60 anos tem crescido progressivamente em nosso pa&#237;s e acredita-se que em 2020 estar&#225; acima dos 30 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Este processo de envelhecimento acarreta in&#250;meras altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e funcionais no organismo humano, tornando o idoso mais suscept&#237;vel ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, principalmente as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) representa uma das principais condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de agravo &#224; sa&#250;de do idoso, e em idosos hipertensos, o risco cardiovascular &#233; maior do que em idosos normotenso com a mesma idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais est&#227;o associados &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados e esta correla&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa &#233; de 30% e 70%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A HAS pode ser considerada uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica polig&#234;nica na qual as altera&#231;&#245;es em m&#250;ltiplos genes interagem entre si e com diversos outros fatores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA), componente-chave do sistema renina angiotensina (SRA), tem como fun&#231;&#227;o converter o decapept&#237;deo angiotensina I no octapept&#237;deo angiontensina II, o mais potente vasoconstritor circulante no organismo humano. Deste modo, a ECA exerce um papel fundamental no controle da press&#227;o arterial (PA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O n&#237;vel sorol&#243;gico intraindividual da ECA &#233; est&#225;vel, mas a varia&#231;&#227;o interindividual &#233; alta e &#233; atribu&#237;da &#224;s variantes polim&#243;rficas do gene da ECA (DD &gt; DI &gt; II).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Ressalta-se a inexist&#234;ncia de estudos recentes que tenham avaliado a associa&#231;&#227;o destas variantes polim&#243;rficas com a HAS exclusivamente entre idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da gen&#233;tica, outros fatores t&#234;m sido relatados como sendo de risco para a HAS: idade superior a 60 anos, sexo (mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa), etnia (cor de pele n&#227;o branca), dieta, sedentarismo, obesidade, etilismo e tabagismo, entre outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A intera&#231;&#227;o destes v&#225;rios fatores ao longo do tempo colabora para o surgimento e agravamento da HAS, e quanto maior o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco aos quais o indiv&#237;duo est&#225; exposto, maior ser&#225; a sua chance de se tornar hipertenso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Desta forma, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da HAS entre idosos e a sua poss&#237;vel correla&#231;&#227;o com a variante polim&#243;rfica I/D do gene da ECA e com outros fatores de risco associados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico, transversal e populacional, conduzido em idosos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, residentes e domiciliados no munic&#237;pio de Ibia&#237;, norte de Minas Gerais (MG), Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento e instrumento de coleta de dados</title>
          <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada no per&#237;odo de 2011 a 2012. Os idosos foram avaliados por profissionais da sa&#250;de treinados e calibrados (kappa &#8805; 0,63) para as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, socioecon&#244;micas, comportamentais, antropom&#233;tricas, laboratoriais e genot&#237;picas da variante polim&#243;rfica da ECA. Segundo o censo de 2010, um total de 505 idosos com 60 anos ou mais de idade estavam cadastrados no Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o de Aten&#231;&#227;o B&#225;sica. Dos 479 nomes obtidos a partir da lista da Estrat&#233;gia de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia (ESF), 449 (93,74%) foram encontrados. O cadastro possu&#237;a ainda 27 idosos cujos nomes n&#227;o constavam nesta lista mas que foram tamb&#233;m adicionados, totalizando 476 idosos. Destes, 387 (84,31%) responderam &#224;s perguntas e/ou foram avaliados quanto &#224; principal vari&#225;vel de interesse deste estudo (HAS).</p>
          <p>A aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA foi conduzida por t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria com esfigmoman&#244;metro calibrado. As medidas da PA foram realizadas com o indiv&#237;duo sentado e ap&#243;s descansar por 5 minutos. Os indiv&#237;duos foram questionados sobre estarem com a bexiga vazia, terem evitado atividade f&#237;sica, alimenta&#231;&#227;o, fumo, ingest&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica ou caf&#233; (pelo menos 30 minutos antes da medida) e se haviam ingerido drogas que pudessem interferir com os mecanismos de regula&#231;&#227;o da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Foram realizadas tr&#234;s medidas da PA; a primeira foi desprezada e a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica da segunda e terceira medidas foi considerada. Os pacientes foram instru&#237;dos previamente sobre o procedimento, com explica&#231;&#227;o sobre as suas etapas e objetivos. Foi classificada como HAS a presen&#231;a de PA diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia &#8805; 90 mmHg e/ou PA sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica anti-hipertensiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para atingir o objetivo do estudo, as vari&#225;veis foram agrupadas em: individuais, socioecon&#244;micas, comportamentais, metab&#243;licas e de sa&#250;de, como descrito a seguir:</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Individuais:</bold> idade (60 a 69 anos e &#8805; 70 anos), sexo (masculino e feminino), cor de pele autodeclarada (branca/amarela e parda/negra) e variante polim&#243;rfica I/D (rs 4646994) do gene da ECA (II, DI e DD).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Socioecon&#244;micas:</bold> estado civil (com companheiro [casado e uni&#227;o est&#225;vel] e sem companheiro [solteiro, vi&#250;vo/divorciado]), escolaridade (&#8805; 4 anos e 0 a 3 anos), aglomera&#231;&#227;o domiciliar (menos de uma pessoa/c&#244;modo e mais de uma pessoa/c&#244;modo), bens materiais (pelo menos um bem material [domic&#237;lio e/ou automotivo] ou aus&#234;ncia de bens materiais), trabalho (sim [empregado, aut&#244;nomo, trabalho informal, aposentado/empregado] e n&#227;o [aposentado/sem trabalho, n&#227;o trabalha/nunca trabalhou e desempregado]) e renda (avaliada pela renda individual mensal em reais).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Comportamentais:</bold> fatores diet&#233;ticos (consumo de frutas e hortali&#231;as [mais de 3 por&#231;&#245;es/dia e menos de 3 por&#231;&#245;es/dia] e consumo de sal [uma por&#231;&#227;o/dia e mais de uma por&#231;&#227;o/dia]),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> tabagismo (n&#227;o fumantes e fumantes), etilismo (nunca realizou consumo <italic>versus</italic> consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas), atividade f&#237;sica (ativo [moderadamente ativo, ativo e muito ativo] e n&#227;o ativo [inativo e pouco ativo]).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Metab&#243;licas e de sa&#250;de:</bold> colesterol total desej&#225;vel (&lt; 200 mg/dL), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) desej&#225;vel (mulheres &#8805; 50 mg/dL e homens &#8805; 40 mg/dL), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) desej&#225;vel (&lt; 130 mg/dL), triglicer&#237;deos desej&#225;vel (&lt; 150 mg/dL) e rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ) desej&#225;vel (mulheres &lt; 0.85 e homens &lt; 0.95). Avaliou-se a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault: [TFG (mL/min) = (140 - idade) x peso (kg) / 72 x creatinina s&#233;rica (multiplicar por 0.85 para indiv&#237;duos do sexo feminino)], na qual valores &lt; 60 mL/min/ 1.73 m<sup>2</sup> s&#227;o considerados alterados e &#8805; 60 mL/min/ 1.73 m<sup>2</sup> s&#227;o considerados normais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas peso e estatura foram utilizadas para o c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), cujos resultados &lt; 25 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> s&#227;o considerados desej&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo da ECA - rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase</title>
          <p>Para investigar as frequ&#234;ncias genot&#237;picas da variante polim&#243;rfica I/D (rs 4646994) do gene da ECA (II, DI e DD), foram obtidas amostras salivares. Amostras do gene foram obtidas por meio de esfrega&#231;o da mucosa bucal feito com um <italic>swab</italic>, armazenado em temperatura de -20 &#186;C e em tubos de ensaio com solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs. As amostras foram isoladas com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de part&#237;culas de s&#237;lica, que absorvem o DNA. Subsequentemente, o DNA foi lavado para remo&#231;&#227;o de impurezas e suspendido com tamp&#227;o TE. A amplifica&#231;&#227;o do DNA gen&#244;mico foi realizada pela t&#233;cnica de rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (PCR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os dados foram tabulados e analisados com o programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows</italic>, vers&#227;o 20.0. As vari&#225;veis investigadas foram descritas como distribui&#231;&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncias. Na an&#225;lise univariada, foram estimados os valores brutos de <italic>odds ratio</italic>, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. As vari&#225;veis com n&#237;vel descritivo p &#8804; 0,20 foram selecionadas para a an&#225;lise m&#250;ltipla. Na an&#225;lise m&#250;ltipla, foi adotado o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica hierarquizada e a ordem de entrada dos blocos foi determinada a partir de um modelo te&#243;rico e envolveu conhecidos fatores associados &#224; HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise hierarquizada neste estudo, foi seguido o esquema apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>, que orientou a ordem de entrada dos blocos das vari&#225;veis no modelo. O bloco dos "fatores individuais" foi o primeiro a ser inclu&#237;do no modelo e permaneceu como fator de ajuste para as demais vari&#225;veis. Foram inclu&#237;dos em seguida os "fatores socioecon&#244;micos", e somente aqueles que apresentaram n&#237;vel descritivo p &lt; 0,05 permaneceram no modelo ap&#243;s o ajuste pelas vari&#225;veis do bloco dos "fatores individuais". Foi inclu&#237;do, logo ap&#243;s, o bloco "h&#225;bitos comportamentais" e permaneceram no modelo somente as vari&#225;veis com n&#237;vel descritivo p &lt; 0,05 ap&#243;s ajuste pelos "fatores individuais" e "socioecon&#244;micos". Para inclus&#227;o dos demais blocos, foi adotado o mesmo procedimento dos blocos anteriores.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Modelo hierarquizado das vari&#225;veis analisadas em idosos no munic&#237;pio de Ibia&#237;, MG. ECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0052-70031-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O projeto foi conduzido de acordo com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e apresentou parecer favor&#225;vel do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (CEP/Unimontes) com o parecer consubstanciado n&#186; 2903/11. Os idosos assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, concordando com a participa&#231;&#227;o na pesquisa.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia da HAS entre os 387 idosos avaliados foi de 76%. Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas individuais, prevaleceram a faixa et&#225;ria de 60-69 anos de idade (n = 131, 78,7%), o sexo feminino (n = 184, 80,7%), a cor de pele parda/negra (n = 252, 77,3%) e o gen&#243;tipo II (n = 67, 82,7%). A maior parte vivia sem companheiro (n = 155, 82%), apresentava baixa escolaridade (n = 231, 76,2%), residia em domic&#237;lios com pouca aglomera&#231;&#227;o (n = 251, 75,8%), tinha pelo menos um bem material (n = 269, 75,8%), n&#227;o trabalhava (n = 212, 77,4%) e apresentava uma renda m&#233;dia de R$ 531,97 &#177; 219,86 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos idosos n&#227;o hipertensos e hipertensos segundo fatores individuais e socioecon&#244;micos (Ibia&#237;, MG)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N&#227;o Hipertensos</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hipertensos</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">OR<sub>bruta</sub> IC95%</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores individuais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">60-69 anos</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">21,3</td>
                <td align="center">163</td>
                <td align="center">78,7</td>
                <td align="center">207</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,171</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 70 anos</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">27,2</td>
                <td align="center">131</td>
                <td align="center">71,8</td>
                <td align="center">180</td>
                <td align="center">1,39 (0,87-2,21)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">30,8</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">69,2</td>
                <td align="center">159</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">19,3</td>
                <td align="center">184</td>
                <td align="center">80,7</td>
                <td align="center">228</td>
                <td align="center">1,86 (1,16-2,98)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cor de pele</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca/amarela</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">31,1</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">68,9</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,156</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parda/negra</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">22,7</td>
                <td align="center">252</td>
                <td align="center">77,3</td>
                <td align="center">326</td>
                <td align="center">1,54 (0,84-2,80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ECA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">17,3</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">82,7</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,316</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DI</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">24,8</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
                <td align="center">75,2</td>
                <td align="center">125</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,31-1,28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">DD</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">25,9</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">74,1</td>
                <td align="center">135</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 (0,30-1,19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores socioecon&#244;micos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estado civil</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">29,8</td>
                <td align="center">139</td>
                <td align="center">70,2</td>
                <td align="center">198</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">18,0</td>
                <td align="center">155</td>
                <td align="center">82,0</td>
                <td align="center">189</td>
                <td align="center">1,93 (1,20-3,13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escolaridade<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 4 anos</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">26,4</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">73,6</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0-3 anos</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">23,8</td>
                <td align="center">231</td>
                <td align="center">76,2</td>
                <td align="center">303</td>
                <td align="center">1,15 (0,64-2,07)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aglomera&#231;&#227;o domic&#237;lio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 1 pessoa/c&#244;modo</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
                <td align="center">251</td>
                <td align="center">75,8</td>
                <td align="center">331</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,839</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 1 pessoa/c&#244;modo</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">25,5</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">74,5</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 (0,46-1,88)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bens materiais<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Possui</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
                <td align="center">269</td>
                <td align="center">75,8</td>
                <td align="center">355</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,840</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o possui</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">26,1</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">73,9</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (0,35-2,37)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Trabalho<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Trabalha</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">29,1</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">70,9</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,191</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o trabalha</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">22,6</td>
                <td align="center">212</td>
                <td align="center">77,4</td>
                <td align="center">274</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 (0,84-2,34)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Renda (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">511,73&#177;506,42</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">531,97&#177;219,86</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,597</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,99-1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>n&lt;387. OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; ECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto aos h&#225;bitos comportamentais, destacaram-se o baixo consumo de hortali&#231;as (n = 225, 76,5%), enquanto que o consumo de sal esteve dentro do considerado ideal (n = 206, 80,2%). A maioria n&#227;o tinha h&#225;bito et&#237;lico (n = 173, 77,6%) e n&#227;o era tabagista (n = 178, 78,8%). Dentre as condi&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e de sa&#250;de, a maioria apresentava altera&#231;&#227;o no IMC (n = 134, 81,2%), na RCQ (n = 209, 80,1%) e na TFG (n = 143, 76,9%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos idosos n&#227;o hipertensos e hipertensos segundo fatores comportamentais, metab&#243;licos e de sa&#250;de (Ibia&#237;, MG)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N&#227;o Hipertensos</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hipertensos</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">OR<sub>bruta</sub> IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>H&#225;bitos comportamentais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frutas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mais de 3x/dia</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">22,0</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">78,0</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,756</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Menos de 3x/dia</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">24,0</td>
                <td align="center">231</td>
                <td align="center">76,0</td>
                <td align="center">304</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,43-1,83)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hortali&#231;as<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mais de 3x/dia</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">25,0</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">75,0</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,800</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Menos de 3x/dia</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">23,5</td>
                <td align="center">225</td>
                <td align="center">76,5</td>
                <td align="center">294</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 (0,57-2,07)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo de sal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uma por&#231;&#227;o/dia</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">19,8</td>
                <td align="center">206</td>
                <td align="center">80,2</td>
                <td align="center">257</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mais de uma por&#231;&#227;o/dia</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">34,4</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">65,6</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">0,47 (0,28-0,80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etilismo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o consome &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">22,4</td>
                <td align="center">173</td>
                <td align="center">77,6</td>
                <td align="center">223</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,099</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consome &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">34,1</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">65,9</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 (0,28-1,12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o fumante</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">21,2</td>
                <td align="center">178</td>
                <td align="center">78,8</td>
                <td align="center">226</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumante</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">28,0</td>
                <td align="center">113</td>
                <td align="center">72,0</td>
                <td align="center">157</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 (0,43-1,11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">75,8</td>
                <td align="center">91</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,995</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">N&#227;o ativo</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
                <td align="center">216</td>
                <td align="center">75,8</td>
                <td align="center">285</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,57-1,73)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Condi&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e de sa&#250;de</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RCQ<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">37,6</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">62,4</td>
                <td align="center">109</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterada</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">19,9</td>
                <td align="center">209</td>
                <td align="center">80,1</td>
                <td align="center">261</td>
                <td align="center">2,42 (1,48-3,96)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">29,6</td>
                <td align="center">131</td>
                <td align="center">70,4</td>
                <td align="center">186</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">18,8</td>
                <td align="center">134</td>
                <td align="center">81,2</td>
                <td align="center">165</td>
                <td align="center">1,81 (1,10-3,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desej&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">25,5</td>
                <td align="center">123</td>
                <td align="center">74,5</td>
                <td align="center">165</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,807</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">26,7</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">73,3</td>
                <td align="center">150</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 (0,57-1,55)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desej&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">31,0</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">69,0</td>
                <td align="center">113</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,156</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">23,5</td>
                <td align="center">143</td>
                <td align="center">76,5</td>
                <td align="center">187</td>
                <td align="center">1,46 (0,86-2,46)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desej&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">26,1</td>
                <td align="center">113</td>
                <td align="center">73,9</td>
                <td align="center">153</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,939</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">26,5</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">73,5</td>
                <td align="center">147</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,59-1,64)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desej&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">30,4</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">69,6</td>
                <td align="center">125</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,151</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">23,1</td>
                <td align="center">143</td>
                <td align="center">76,9</td>
                <td align="center">186</td>
                <td align="center">1,45 (0,87-2,42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TFG<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">30,4</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">69,6</td>
                <td align="center">125</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,151</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterada</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">23,1</td>
                <td align="center">143</td>
                <td align="center">76,9</td>
                <td align="center">186</td>
                <td align="center">1,45 (0,87-2,42)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>n &lt; 387. OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RCQ: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, a faixa de idade de 60-69 anos demonstrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com a HAS, sendo que as mulheres tiveram uma chance maior de HAS em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens. Os idosos sem companheiro(a) mostraram tamb&#233;m esta associa&#231;&#227;o, assim como os que apresentavam IMC e RCQ alterados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">2</xref>) do gene da ECA n&#227;o se mostrou associada &#224; HAS (p = 0,316).</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla ap&#243;s ajuste hierarquizado, as seguintes vari&#225;veis foram mantidas no modelo por apresentarem diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas: sexo, estado civil e RCQ. As demais vari&#225;veis perderam o efeito ap&#243;s este ajuste (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla hierarquizada (Ibia&#237;, MG)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Bloco 1 - Individuais<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">1</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Modelo 1</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="5" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Bloco 1</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>OR<sub>bruta</sub></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>OR<sub>ajustada</sub> IC 95%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sup>2</sup>
                  </bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>HL</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,402</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">1,39</td>
                <td align="center">1,88 (1,17-3,02)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Bloco 2 - Socioecon&#244;micos<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">2</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Modelo 2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center" colspan="5" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Blocos 1 e 2</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,067</td>
                <td align="center">0,567</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 (0,97-2,63)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estado civil</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,032</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Sem companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">1,93</td>
                <td align="center">1,73 (1,05-2,86)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Bloco 4 - Metab&#243;licas e de sa&#250;de<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">3</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Modelo 3</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center" colspan="5" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                  <bold>Blocos 1, 2 e 4</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,941</td>
                <td align="center">0,561</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,52-2,02)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estado civil</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,126</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 (0,88-2,89)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RCQ</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterada</td>
                <td align="center">2,42</td>
                <td align="center">2,01 (1,00-4,04)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; &#967;<sup>2</sup>HL: teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow; RCQ: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril. </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>Ajustado pelas vari&#225;veis individuais entre si;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>ajustado pelos fatores individuais;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>3</label>
              <p>ajustado pelos fatores pessoais e socioecon&#244;micos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A abordagem hierarquizada &#233; uma alternativa aplic&#225;vel a estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos com grande n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis. Este estudo tentou estabelecer uma inter-rela&#231;&#227;o entre v&#225;rios fatores de risco e em v&#225;rios n&#237;veis, avaliando a import&#226;ncia de cada bloco sobre a HAS. Os principais achados do presente estudo apontam para uma preval&#234;ncia de 76% de idosos hipertensos na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, com associa&#231;&#227;o significativa de maior acometimento da doen&#231;a em idosos do sexo feminino, sem companheiro, que consumiam mais de uma por&#231;&#227;o de sal ao dia e com altera&#231;&#245;es nos &#237;ndices de RCQ e IMC.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o da HAS com a variante polim&#243;rfica I/D do gene da ECA. Em idosos, os estudos s&#227;o escassos e n&#227;o mostram uma associa&#231;&#227;o desta variante polim&#243;rfica com a HAS; neste sentido, este estudo corroborou com esta literatura, sugerindo talvez a pouca influ&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica desta variante no aumento da PA nesta faixa et&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nossos achados corroboram os de outro estudo epidemiol&#243;gico brasileiro que demonstrou uma preval&#234;ncia de HAS em torno de 65% em idosos, com maior preval&#234;ncia entre as mulheres com idade acima de 75 anos, podendo chegar a 80%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Nesta presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, esta condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi semelhante &#224; observada em outros estudos populacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maior chance de apresenta&#231;&#227;o de HAS foi verificada entre as mulheres (p = 0,009). A literatura destaca uma maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS entre mulheres idosas quando comparadas a homens da mesma faixa et&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Um estudo pr&#233;vio j&#225; havia demonstrado esta maior probabilidade de associa&#231;&#227;o com a HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> At&#233; a menopausa, as mulheres s&#227;o hemodinamicamente mais jovens do que os homens de mesma idade e, desta forma, menos vulner&#225;veis &#224;s eleva&#231;&#245;es da PA. Contudo, ap&#243;s a menopausa e devido ao ganho de peso e &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais, as mulheres tornam-se mais vulner&#225;veis ao aumento da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar da rela&#231;&#227;o direta e linear da PA com o aumento da idade, esta n&#227;o se manteve associada, possivelmente pelo fato da faixa et&#225;ria nesta popula&#231;&#227;o investigada ter sido mais homog&#234;nea. A literatura destaca uma maior chance de HAS em negros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> No presente estudo, a cor de pele n&#227;o se mostrou associada com a HAS, o que foi compar&#225;vel com outro estudo que incluiu esta vari&#225;vel em suas an&#225;lises.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Isto demonstra que ainda n&#227;o se conhece com exatid&#227;o o impacto que a miscigena&#231;&#227;o brasileira apresenta sobre a HAS. Em um recente estudo sobre a ancestralidade gen&#244;mica em nosso pa&#237;s, observou-se que o genoma brasileiro &#233; muito mais uniforme do que era esperado devido &#224; grande mistura racial ocorrida nos dois &#250;ltimos s&#233;culos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ao ser controlada pelos fatores socioecon&#244;micos, a vari&#225;vel sexo perdeu a sua for&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,067), ao passo que o estado civil (p = 0,032) se mostrou estatisticamente significativo. H&#225; poucos estudos correlacionando especificamente o estado civil com a HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> No presente estudo, os idosos sem companheiro apresentaram uma maior chance de HAS e uma das poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es pode ser o fato de que o idoso que vive sozinho apresenta uma maior probabilidade de ter dist&#250;rbios emocionais, o que influencia o aumento da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Entretanto, vale destacar que em outro estudo, a maior chance de HAS esteve entre os casados ou que viviam com companheiro(a).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A RCQ passou a apresentar uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva (p = 0,050) com a HAS. S&#227;o poucos os es tudos que investigam especificamente a rela&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes indica dores de gordura (corporal e/ou abdominal) com a HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> O excesso de peso entre as pessoas idosas ainda &#233; uma realidade, especialmente entre as mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Munaretti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> publicaram o primeiro estudo de base populacional e domici liar a verificar uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre HAS e indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de gordura (corporal e abdominal) em idosos brasileiros. No estudo, os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de gordura (corporal e abdominal) mostraram-se associados &#224; HAS, corroborando os resultados de outros estudos realizados com indiv&#237;duos de diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es e grupos et&#225;rios, nos quais foi constatado que o excesso de gordura, independentemente do indicador antropom&#233;trico utilizado, &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco para HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Apesar de n&#227;o haver um consenso sobre os crit&#233;rios e valores mais adequados para definir obesidade entre idosos, o IMC ainda &#233; o indicador mais utilizado em estudos epi demiol&#243;gicos nesta faixa et&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Entretanto, alguns autores t&#234;m sugerido que o IMC por si s&#243; n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para identificar a associa&#231;&#227;o en tre a gordura corporal e a HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em um estudo realizado com 9.936 homens e 12.154 mulheres com idades entre 45 a 79 anos, os indicadores RCQ e IMC apresentaram, de forma similar, uma associa&#231;&#227;o com a HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Tal fato pode ser provavelmente explicado pelas altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas que ocorrem nos indiv&#237;duos obesos, como por exemplo, a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, do SRA, da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (aumentando a reabsor&#231;&#227;o tubular de s&#243;dio).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Destaca-se que a predomin&#226;ncia da obesidade tende a ser maior nas classes socioecon&#244;micas mais baixas, como foi o caso desta popula&#231;&#227;o investigada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O fato das outras vari&#225;veis do estudo n&#227;o terem apresentado for&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o com a HAS talvez se deva ao tamanho da amostra e &#224;s possibilidades de vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o e/ou informa&#231;&#227;o envolvendo fatores de confus&#227;o e achados ocasionais da an&#225;lise, que constituem limita&#231;&#245;es de estudos observacionais em geral.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar da variante polim&#243;rfica da ECA n&#227;o ter mostrado influ&#234;ncia sobre a preval&#234;ncia da HAS em idosos, fatores de risco como sexo feminino, estado civil (aus&#234;ncia de companheiro) e fatores de risco modific&#225;veis, como consumo excessivo de sal e altera&#231;&#245;es da RCQ e peso corporal, mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o com esta condi&#231;&#227;o. O estudo prop&#245;e a ado&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel para a preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, uma vez que fatores modific&#225;veis se correlacionaram significativamente &#224; HAS. Al&#233;m disso, pesquisas que abordem esta quest&#227;o em grupos populacionais de maior risco s&#227;o fundamentais para melhorar o conhecimento de polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos na etiologia da doen&#231;a.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (PPGCS) - Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
