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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Gcdsw4PW9NCxZ5G8HKfDgfN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000100042</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170023</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Hypertension in Children from Public Schools</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Brand&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salaroli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciane Bresciane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Molina</surname>
            <given-names>Maria del Carmen Bisi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Camila Brand&#227;o de Souza</bold>. Rua Herculano de Freitas, 73. Apt. D. Postal Code: 01308020, Bela Vista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>milaunifesp@gmail.com</email>; <email>ufesmila_enfer@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Souza CB, Dourado CS, Mill JG, Salaroli LB, Molina MCB. Acquisition of data: Souza CB, Dourado CS, Mill JG, Salaroli LB, Molina MCB. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Souza CB, Dourado CS, Mill JG, Salaroli LB, Molina MCB. Statistical analysis: Souza CB, Dourado CS, Mill JG, Salaroli LB, Molina MCB. Obtaining financing: Souza CB, Dourado CS. Writing of the manuscript: Souza CB, Dourado CS, Mill JG, Salaroli LB, Molina MCB.Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Souza CB, Dourado CS, Mill JG, Salaroli LB, Molina MCB. Supervision / as the major investigador: Molina MCB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jan-Feb</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>42</fpage>
      <lpage>51</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>There is a discrepancy between protocols used for the diagnosis of childhood hypertension, and the most recommended one is the measurement of blood pressure in at least three different moments.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To identify the prevalence of hypertension in children, and to associate it with the nutritional status variable.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a longitudinal study, which included all children aged 7 to 10 years enrolled in public schools and had the authorization of their parents/guardians, totaling 722 children. In the first evaluation, the child's family answered a questionnaire, and the child was submitted to anthropometric and hemodynamic evaluation. Blood pressure was measured three times at three different times. Children who had high blood pressure at the first moment were reassessed at a second time; those who persisted with high blood pressure were re-evaluated at a third moment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of high blood pressure at the first moment was 8.1%, being 3.2% in the second and 2.1% in the third. The nutritional status was significantly associated with the increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, being higher in overweight and obese children. The highest prevalence of high blood pressure was found in children classified as obese, at all moments.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>By performing blood pressure measurements of children at different moments, it was possible to reduce false-positive cases for arterial hypertension. The nutritional status was directly associated with the increase in blood pressure values. Performing the measurements in routine consultations becomes essential for diagnosis and early intervention.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity, Nutritional Status</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is one of the biggest public health problems worldwide. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In 2012, it was responsible for 5.92% of all hospital admissions through the Unified Health System (SUS). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> It is one of the main risk factors for diseases of the circulatory system, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> which in 2011 were responsible for 335,213 deaths in Brazil <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and represent 30% of all deaths worldwide, and 50% of deaths from chronic non-communicable diseases. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There is evidence that adult SAH has its onset in childhood, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> but as its symptoms are more unspecific in children, they might not show signs they already have elevated blood pressure (BP) levels. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Studies have shown that hemodynamic changes are observed in these individuals as early as in the second decade of life, or even earlier, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> hence the importance of routine evaluation of BP in childhood, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> according to the recommended protocol. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There is evidence that protocols are implemented in the pediatric care routines, but there is a discrepancy between the used protocols and the prevalence of hypertension or elevated BP found in the population studies. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Additionally, the diagnosis of SAH can only be attained after BP is measured three times at different moments. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering the difficulties of carrying out an extensive protocol in population studies, it is possible that the evaluation in a sample can provide important information for decision-making and recommendations for the monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors in children. Moreover, data and analyses carried out after a single BP measurement may lead to misinterpretations of the context of the pediatric population.</p>
      <p>Based on the need to confirm the diagnosis of SAH in risk situations found during studies on this subject, the present study aimed to identify the prevalence of SAH in children based on BP measurements at three different moments, as well as to evaluate the association with the nutritional status variable. It is expected that the results contribute to a better understanding and new insights on the diagnosis of hypertension in the pediatric population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a longitudinal study on the health and nutritional status of children aged 7 to 10 years, enrolled in 13 public elementary schools in two health regions (Maru&#237;pe and Continental) in the city of Vit&#243;ria, state of Esp&#237;rito Santo, Brazil, selected by drawing lots. The "health region" is understood as the "continuous geographical area consisting of groups from bordering municipalities, delimited by cultural, economic and social identities and shared communication networks and transport infrastructure, aimed at integrating the organization, planning and the performance of health actions and services."<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>All children aged 7 to 10 years were invited to participate, and the exclusion criterion was presence of some comorbidity that could result in secondary SAH. Data collection started in 2010 and ended in 2012. The study was divided into three moments, with a 1-year interval between the first and second moments and a 6-month interval between the second and third moments.</p>
      <p>At the first moment, sociodemographic, anthropometric, and hemodynamic data were collected from 722 children in the recommended age group. Data were analyzed and the prevalence of high BP in the sample was obtained. After 1 year, the children with pressure alterations were contacted through a letter sent to the household, inviting them to remain in the study. The children's parents or guardians had to reauthorize the participation of their children in the protocol by signing a new FICF, so that the BP levels could be verified at two other moments to confirm the diagnosis of SAH.</p>
      <p>At the second moment, the participants had hemodynamic and anthropometric data evaluated under the same protocol. There was a loss of ten children who were going to be assessed at the second moment, because they were transferred to another school and /or did not return with the new FICF signed by the parents/guardians. Data were analyzed and, after 6 months, the children who remained with high BP were recruited for the third moment. they were re-evaluated under the same protocol and those who remained with high BP were diagnosed as having SAH.</p>
      <p>Three different measurements were performed at each of the moments, totaling nine measurements at the end of the study. All procedures were carried out at the schools, in ventilated, illuminated and silent rooms, by adequately trained examiners and experienced in population studies with childhood BP assessment.</p>
      <p>For anthropometric and hemodynamic evaluation, electronic scales, anthropometric measuring tapes, and an automated BP measurement device (OMROM Healthcare Europe BV, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands, model HEM-705CP, validated for the study) were used. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data, containing information such as ethnicity/race, age, origin, and physical activity habits. BP was measured at each of the three moments, according to the VI Brazilian Guidelines for Arterial Hypertension. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Systolic or diastolic BP was classified as normal (BP &lt; 90<sup>th</sup> percentile), borderline (BP between the 90<sup>th</sup> and 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles or if the BP exceeds 120/80 mmHg, always &lt; 90<sup>th</sup> percentile up to &lt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile) and elevated (95<sup>th</sup> percentile). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to classify the nutritional status according to the World Health Organization (WHO), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>into the following categories: low weight (BMI &lt; 3<sup>rd</sup> percentile), normal weight (3<sup>rd</sup> percentile and &lt; 85<sup>th</sup>), overweight (85<sup>th</sup> percentile and &lt; 97<sup>th</sup> percentile) and obesity (97<sup>th</sup> percentile). The height deficit was determined when stature for age was &lt; 3<sup>rd</sup> percentile. The ethnicity/race variable was defined as white, black, brown, and Asian/indigenous and age was defined as 7, 8, 9 and 10 years. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Data were entered in duplicate and consistency analysis was performed in 10% of the questionnaires. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 17.0 was used for the analysis. Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for the comparison of proportions.</p>
        <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normal probability distribution of data. To evaluate the differences between means, Student's t-test for independent samples and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used with Tukey's multiple comparisons test. A significance level of 5% and a confidence interval of 95% were considered for the analysis.</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. There were no conflicts of interest.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Only the comparison of nutritional status between the genders showed statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05). We observed a higher proportion of girls with normal weight (66.4%) and a higher proportion of boys with obesity (24.7%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sample characterization according to gender</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total <break/>n(%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Male gender <break/>n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Female gender <break/>n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8" valign="top">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">7</td>
              <td align="center">223 (30.9)</td>
              <td align="center">102 (33.1)</td>
              <td align="center">121 (29.2)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.658<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8</td>
              <td align="center">178 (24.7)</td>
              <td align="center">73 (23.7)</td>
              <td align="center">105 (25.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">9</td>
              <td align="center">168 (23.3)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (21.8)</td>
              <td align="center">101 (24.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">10</td>
              <td align="center">153 (21.2)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (21.4)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (21.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ethnicity/race</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">173 (24.0)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (26.0)</td>
              <td align="center">93 (22.5)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.137<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">121 (16.8)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (18.5)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (15.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brown</td>
              <td align="center">407 (56.4)</td>
              <td align="center">166 (53.9)</td>
              <td align="center">241 (58.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Asian/indigenous</td>
              <td align="center">21 (2.9)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (3.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nutritional status</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low weight</td>
              <td align="center">26 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (4.2)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (3.1)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal weight</td>
              <td align="center">442 (61.2)</td>
              <td align="center">167 (54.2)</td>
              <td align="center">275 (66.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">121 (16.8)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (16.9)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (16.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">133 (18.4)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (24.7)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (13.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height deficit</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">6 (0.8)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.5)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.217<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">716 (99.2)</td>
              <td align="center">304 (98.7)</td>
              <td align="center">412 (99.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Frequency of physical education classes per week</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">26 (3.7)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (4.3)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.621<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">370 (52.0)</td>
              <td align="center">164 (53.9)</td>
              <td align="center">206 (50.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">303 (42.6)</td>
              <td align="center">122 (40.1)</td>
              <td align="center">181 (44.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4</td>
              <td align="center">13 (1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (2.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Behavior in physical education class</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Always participates</td>
              <td align="center">573 (79.4)</td>
              <td align="center">250 (81.2)</td>
              <td align="center">323 (78.0)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.237<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sometimes participates</td>
              <td align="center">139 (19.3)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (16.9</td>
              <td align="center">87 (21.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Never/almost never participates</td>
              <td align="center">10 (1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (1.9)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">722 (100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">308 (100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">414 (100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Pearson's chi-square test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Fisher's exact test. Kolmogorov Smirnov (SBP) p value = 0.057; Kolmogorov Smirnov (DBP) p value = 0.093; (-)</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Mean waist circumference in boys (62.6 cm &#177; 9.8 cm; p = 0.01) was higher than that of girls (60.4 cm &#177; 8.3 cm). Mean arm circumference was similar between the genders, being 20.9 cm (&#177; 3.6) for girls and 21.1 cm (&#177; 3.6) for boys.</p>
      <p>There was a significant difference in mean systolic BP for age, ethnicity/race and nutritional status. Thus, the highest systolic BP means were observed at ages 9 (103.9 mmHg &#177;11.2 mmHg) and 10 years (104.3 mmHg &#177; 11.7 mmHg). The Asian/indigenous ethnicity showed the highest mean systolic BP (107.6 mmHg &#177; 12.9 mmHg). The highest mean values of systolic BP in the nutritional status were those of overweight (105.1 mmHg &#177; 10.6 mmHg) and obese children (106.3 mmHg &#177; 10.8 mmHg). The other means of systolic BP were considered similar for gender and height deficit.</p>
      <p>The highest diastolic BP mean for age was found in children aged 9 (63.2 mmHg &#177; 10.1 mmHg) and 10 years (62.4 mmHg &#177; 8.1 mmHg). The overweight (64.2 mmHg &#177; 8, 2 mmHg) and obese ones (65.0 mmHg &#177; 9.5 mmHg) reached the highest means of the nutritional status. The other means of diastolic BP were considered similar for gender, ethnicity/race, and height deficit (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean differences between systolic and diastolic blood pressure in schoolchildren by age, gender, ethnicity/race, nutritional status and height deficit</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">SBP (mmHg)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DBP (mmHg)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">7</td>
              <td align="center">100.3 &#177; 10.8<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">61.5 &#177; 10.5<sup>ab</sup></td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.040<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8</td>
              <td align="center">101.1 &#177; 10.9<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">60.8 &#177; 9.5<sup>a</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">9</td>
              <td align="center">103.9 &#177; 11.2<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">63.2 &#177; 10.1<sup>b</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">10</td>
              <td align="center">104.3 &#177; 11.7<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">62.4 &#177; 8.1<sup>b</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">102.6 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.237<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">61.5 &#177; 10.3</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.159<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">101.9 &#177; 10.9</td>
              <td align="center">62.2 &#177; 9.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ethnicity/race</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">102.7 &#177; 10.6<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.047<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">63.0 &#177; 10.3</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.146<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">102.5 &#177; 11.0<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">61.5 &#177; 9.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brown</td>
              <td align="center">101.6 &#177; 11.5<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">61.6 &#177; 9.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Asian/indigenous</td>
              <td align="center">107.6 &#177; 12.9<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">63.0 &#177; 10.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nutritional status</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal weight</td>
              <td align="center">100.3 &#177; 11.2<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">60.5 &#177; 9.9<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low weight</td>
              <td align="center">99.5 &#177; 9.3<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">59.3 &#177; 8.3<sup>a</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">105.1 &#177; 10.6<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">64.2 &#177; 8.2<sup>b</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">106.3 &#177; 10.8<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">65.0 &#177; 9.5<sup>b</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height deficit</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">97.5 &#177; 16.6</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.189<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">60.0 &#177; 14.4</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.210<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">102.2 &#177; 11.2</td>
              <td align="center">62.0 &#177; 9.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">102.2 &#177; 11.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">61.9 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Kolmogorov Smirnov (SBP) p value = 0.057; Kolmogorov Smirnov (DBP) p value = 0.093. Different letters indicate differences between means (Tukey&#8217;s test),</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Analysis of variance;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Student&#8217;s t test for independent samples, SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>At the first moment, elevated BP was observed in 58 (8.1%) children; these were referred to the second moment, in which 23 (3.2%) remained with elevated BP. This last group was referred to the third moment, when there was confirmation of hypertension in 15 (2.1%) children (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of elevated blood pressure at three different moments</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Moment</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Normal<break/>n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Borderline <break/>n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Elevated <break/>n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">First</td>
              <td align="center">534 (75.0)</td>
              <td align="center">120 (16.9)</td>
              <td align="center">58 (8.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Second</td>
              <td align="center">28 (3.9)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (3.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Third</td>
              <td align="center">6 (0.8)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.3)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (2.1)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The mean systolic and diastolic BP at the three moments can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. The mean values of the systolic BP at the first moment were significantly different from those at the second moment (p = 0.05), different from what occurred with the diastolic BP (p = 0.42). From the first to the third moment, both the systolic and diastolic BP did not show significant differences. The same occurred from the second to the third moment.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Box-plot of the distribution of systolic and diastolic BP, according to the nutritional status at the three different moments. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0042-70023-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows that, at all the three moments, the children classified as obese had a higher prevalence of high BP, being, at the last moment, five times higher than the prevalence found in the group of children with normal weight.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of high blood pressure at the three moments, according to the nutritional status.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0042-70023-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test did not reject (p &gt; 0.05) the normality hypothesis of the data.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Obesity has always been a matter of concern, especially in children. The diagnosis is a complex one, and the pediatrician must detect eating disorders as soon as possible, so that multidisciplinary actions can reverse the situation. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The present study showed a higher prevalence of obesity in boys (24.7%), similar to that found in another study carried out in Brazil, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> but different from a study carried out in Mexico, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> which found a predominance of obesity in girls. A study carried out in Fortaleza, Brazil, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> agrees with the results found in this study, by stating that systolic BP rises concomitantly with increasing age. In relation to the nutritional status, there is an association between the systolic and the diastolic BP <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and between the diastolic BP and weight, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> in agreement with the findings. Regarding ethnicity/race, indigenous individuals showed the highest mean systolic BP; a study that analyzed racial differences and childhood SAH identified higher values in non-Hispanic blacks. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A study with children aged &gt; 6 years verified a prevalence of sedentary lifestyle in more than 50% of the sample. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> More sedentary children tend to be obese or overweight, showing a worse physical condition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> which results in severe health complications, mainly noncommunicable diseases (NCD). In the present study, all children had one physical education class at least once a week, and most of them always participated in the activities.</p>
      <p>The greater waist circumference in the boys corroborated the fact that they have a higher prevalence of obesity, a result similar to that of a study carried out with Chinese children, which also associated this alteration with increased BP. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A prevalence of 2.1% of SAH was found in the sample, following a protocol that considers three measurements at three different times, totaling nine measurements. Sorof et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> using a very similar protocol, which recommended three BP measurements at three different consultations, at least 2 weeks apart, obtained a prevalence of 19.4% at the first consultation, 9.5% at the second and 4.5% as the final diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Pavicevi&#263; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> in a study of 3,000 children and adolescents, obtained a prevalence of high BP in 0.93% in the sample, using the protocol of the mean of three measurements performed at a single moment. Monge et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> found a prevalence of 2.7% in population of 328 children and adolescents, after obtaining three measurements and considering only the mean of the last two. A study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> carried out in Canada, with 130 children aged 3 to 8 years, obtained a high BP in 24.8% of them, using, for the diagnosis, the mean of the three measurements obtained in a single consultation. In Vit&#243;ria, Brazil, a study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> carried out with 1,282 children was based on a protocol with two BP measurements; if the difference between the measurements was greater than 5 mmHg, a third measurement was performed, and the mean of the last two measurements was considered for diagnostic purposes, with a prevalence of 13.8%.</p>
      <p>It can be observed, at the first moment, the presence of innumerable outliers, representing children with BP values that are very distant from the means and standard deviations. At the second moment, this number of children decreases considerably, persisting only in the mean diastolic BP. At the third moment, there are no outliers, a fact that corroborates previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> showing lower BP variance and the "white coat effect" from the moment when more BP measurements are performed.</p>
      <p>The phenomenon of "white coat hypertension" tends to overestimate BP levels, contributing to false-positive SAH diagnoses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The mechanisms that explain this effect in children are still poorly understood, but it is already known that anxiety and/or alertness and conditioned responses greatly influence them,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> leading to sympathetic hyperactivity and increased levels of noradrenaline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> On average, during a consultation, BP levels may increase from 14 to 27 mmHg, and such change is more evident in the first 4 minutes, decreasing in approximately 10 minutes and persisting through several consultations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to the VI Brazilian Guideline for Arterial Hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> the white coat hypertension should already be treated with care, as these individuals have a worse cardiovascular prognosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and it may represent a pre-hypertensive state in adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The fact that obese individuals have a higher prevalence of elevated BP corroborates studies in Brazil and worldwide that reinforce the existence of a definite association between overweight, obesity and SAH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> The chance of an obese individual to also have SAH is 7.53-fold higher than that of an overweight individual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Mavrakanas et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> state that obese children have five to six-fold higher BP than non-obese children. When compared to individuals with normal weight, overweight ones have the risk to develop hypertension increased by 180%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The stigma of obesity with the increase of elevated BP may also have other triggering variables. Fante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> states that children with marked physical characteristics are more vulnerable to psychological aggressions, called bullying, with that being the case of obese children, who may have other vulnerability traits, such as low self-esteem, insecurity, anxiety, and shyness. Thus, it is possible for these children to go through more stressful situations.</p>
      <p>When facing a stressful situation, the neural axis is triggered instantaneously, causing activation of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic bundle) and peripheral nervous system. This activation results in some effects, including an increase in BP and heart rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> It is clear that the association between emotional disorders and changes in visceral functions, such as SAH, is evident from the moment when the limbic structures, responsible for the emotions, are activated and generate cardiovascular and respiratory responses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Variables such as nutritional status, age, and ethnicity/race were statistically significant for increased systolic blood pressure. The more blood pressure measurements are performed, the more reliable is the diagnosis of hypertension in the child and, in fact, caution is required in disclosing such data.</p>
      <p>Although it is more complex to operate the protocol used in this research, it can be performed in population studies. In addition to reducing false-positives and confirming the true cases of hypertension, it would be possible to determine risk situations for monitoring and investigation of secondary hypertension.</p>
      <p>One study limitation was the fact that the blood pressure measurements were not always taken at the same time, and this factor could have generated hemodynamic changes, such as in pre- and post-school recess measurements, when feeding and active playing occur. This factor was minimized by respecting the rest period before the measurements, as well as the care in performing the procedure in a well-ventilated, quiet and illuminated room.</p>
      <p>Initiatives should be taken so that life habits, which are more easily moldable in children, can be modified and public policies should prioritize their health. The measurement of blood pressure in children in Primary Care is important and necessary for the early detection of high blood pressure, and may be an important tool in the prevention of future complications. Health promotion goes beyond the limits of conventional institutions, by providing in spaces such as the school, alternative health education sites, aiming at the dissemination and awareness of healthy practices. This study contributed to a better understanding of childhood hypertension, collaborating to decision-making in this context.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de Hipertens&#227;o em Crian&#231;as de Escolas P&#250;blicas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Brand&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salaroli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciane Bresciane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Molina</surname>
            <given-names>Maria del Carmen Bisi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Camila Brand&#227;o de Souza</bold>. Rua Herculano de Freitas, 73. Apt. D.CEP: 01308020, Bela Vista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>milaunifesp@gmail.com</email>; <email>ufesmila_enfer@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Souza CB, Dourado CS, Mill JG, Salaroli LB, Molina MCB. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Souza CB, Dourado CS, Mill JG, Salaroli LB, Molina MCB. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Souza CB, Dourado CS, Mill JG, Salaroli LB, Molina MCB. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Souza CB, Dourado CS, Mill JG, Salaroli LB, Molina MCB. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Souza CB, Dourado CS. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Souza CB, Dourado CS, Mill JG, Salaroli LB, Molina MCB. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Souza CB, Dourado CS, Mill JG, Salaroli LB, Molina MCB. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Molina MCB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>H&#225; uma discrep&#226;ncia entre protocolos utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o infantil, sendo o mais indicado a aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em pelo menos tr&#234;s momentos distintos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Identificar a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as, e realizar associa&#231;&#227;o com a vari&#225;vel estado nutricional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, que incluiu todas as crian&#231;as de 7 a 10 anos matriculadas nas escolas p&#250;blicas e que apresentaram autoriza&#231;&#227;o dos respons&#225;veis, totalizando 722 crian&#231;as. Na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o, a fam&#237;lia da crian&#231;a respondeu a um question&#225;rio, e a crian&#231;a foi submetida &#224;s an&#225;lises antropom&#233;trica e hemodin&#226;mica. A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida tr&#234;s vezes em tr&#234;s momentos distintos. Crian&#231;as que apresentaram press&#227;o arterial elevada no primeiro momento foram reavaliadas em um segundo momento; aquelas que permaneceram com press&#227;o arterial elevada foram reavaliadas em um terceiro momento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevada no primeiro momento foi de 8,1%, no segundo foi de 3,2% e no terceiro de 2,1%. O estado nutricional esteve associado de forma significante ao aumento das m&#233;dias das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, sendo maiores nas crian&#231;as com sobrepeso e obesidade. As crian&#231;as classificadas como obesas, em todos os momentos, foram as que apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Com aferi&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial de crian&#231;as em diferentes momentos foi poss&#237;vel a redu&#231;&#227;o dos casos falsos-positivos para hipertens&#227;o arterial. O estado nutricional esteve diretamente relacionado ao aumento dos valores press&#243;ricos. Realizar as medi&#231;&#245;es em consultas rotineiras torna-se fundamental para o diagn&#243;stico e a interven&#231;&#227;o precoce.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Estado Nutricional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (HA) &#233; um dos maiores problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>Em 2012, foi respons&#225;vel por 5,92% de todas as interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> &#201; um dos principais fatores de risco para as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> as quais, em 2011, foram respons&#225;veis por 335.213 &#243;bitos no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e representam 30% de todas as mortes em todo o mundo, e 50% das mortes por doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; ind&#237;cios de que a HA do adulto tem seu in&#237;cio na inf&#226;ncia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> mas como os sintomas desta altera&#231;&#227;o na crian&#231;a s&#227;o mais inespec&#237;ficos, a maioria pode n&#227;o apresentar sinal de que j&#225; se encontra com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Estudos t&#234;m mostrado que altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas s&#227;o observadas nestes indiv&#237;duos a partir da segunda d&#233;cada de vida ou at&#233; mais precocemente;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> da&#237; a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira da Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) na inf&#226;ncia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> conforme protocolo recomendado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; indica&#231;&#245;es de que protocolos sejam implementados nas rotinas de atendimento pedi&#225;trico, mas verifica-se uma discrep&#226;ncia entre os protocolos utilizados e as preval&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o ou PA elevada encontradas nos estudos populacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Al&#233;m disso, somente com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s medidas da PA em diferentes momentos &#233; que se pode obter o diagn&#243;stico de HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando a dificuldade de realizar um protocolo extenso em pesquisas populacionais, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a avalia&#231;&#227;o em uma amostra possa fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es importantes para a tomada de decis&#245;es e recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da vigil&#226;ncia dos fatores de risco cardiovascular em crian&#231;as. Al&#233;m disso, dados e an&#225;lises produzidas a partir de levantamentos &#250;nicos de PA podem levar a interpreta&#231;&#245;es incorretas sobre a realidade da popula&#231;&#227;o infantil.</p>
        <p>Com base na necessidade de confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de HA em situa&#231;&#245;es de risco encontradas no decorrer de estudos sobre esta tem&#225;tica, o presente estudo objetivou identificar a preval&#234;ncia de HA em crian&#231;as a partir de medidas da PA realizadas em tr&#234;s momentos distintos, bem como realizar a associa&#231;&#227;o com a vari&#225;vel estado nutricional. Espera-se que os resultados contribuam para uma melhor compreens&#227;o e novas reflex&#245;es sobre o diagn&#243;stico da HA na popula&#231;&#227;o infantil sejam impulsionadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo longitudinal sobre sa&#250;de e estado nutricional de crian&#231;as de 7 a 10 anos, matriculadas em 13 escolas p&#250;blicas de Ensino Fundamental de duas regi&#245;es de sa&#250;de (Maru&#237;pe e Continental) de Vit&#243;ria (ES), selecionadas por meio de sorteio. Entende-se por regi&#227;o de sa&#250;de o "espa&#231;o geogr&#225;fico cont&#237;nuo constitu&#237;do por agrupamentos de Munic&#237;pios lim&#237;trofes, delimitado a partir de identidades culturais, econ&#244;micas e sociais e de redes de comunica&#231;&#227;o e infraestrutura de transportes compartilhados, com a finalidade de integrar a organiza&#231;&#227;o, o planejamento e a execu&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es e servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Todas as crian&#231;as de 7 a 10 anos foram convidadas a participar, e o crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o foi a presen&#231;a de alguma comorbidade que pudesse gerar HA secund&#225;ria. A coleta de dados iniciou-se em 2010 e finalizou em 2012. O estudo foi dividido em tr&#234;s momentos, sendo de 1 ano o intervalo entre o primeiro e o segundo momentos, e de 6 meses entre o segundo e o terceiro momentos.</p>
        <p>No primeiro momento, foram coletados dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, antropom&#233;tricos e hemodin&#226;micos de 722 crian&#231;as na faixa et&#225;ria preconizada. Analisaram-se os dados e obteve-se a preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada da amostra. Ap&#243;s 1 ano, as crian&#231;as com altera&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas foram contatadas por meio de uma carta encaminhada ao domic&#237;lio, convidando-as para perman&#234;ncia no estudo. Os pais ou respons&#225;vel pelas crian&#231;as deveriam autorizar novamente a participa&#231;&#227;o de seus filhos no protocolo assinando novo TCLE, para que fosse aferida a PA em mais dois momentos, a fim de confirmar o diagn&#243;stico de HA.</p>
        <p>No segundo momento os participantes tiveram os dados hemodin&#226;micos e antropom&#233;tricos avaliados sob mesmo protocolo. Houve perda de dez crian&#231;as que iriam para o segundo momento, pois elas foram transferidas de escola e/ou n&#227;o retornaram com os novos TCLE assinados pelos respons&#225;veis. Analisaram-se os dados e, ap&#243;s 6 meses, recrutaram-se as crian&#231;as, que permaneceram com PA elevada para o terceiro momento; elas foram reavaliadas sob mesmo protocolo e diagnosticadas como hipertensas as que permaneceram com PA elevada.</p>
        <p>Em cada um dos momentos, foram realizadas tr&#234;s aferi&#231;&#245;es distintas, totalizando nove medi&#231;&#245;es ao final do estudo. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados nas escolas, em salas ventiladas, iluminadas e silenciosas, por coletadores devidamente treinados e com experi&#234;ncia em estudos populacionais com aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA infantil.</p>
        <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica e hemodin&#226;mica, foram utilizadas balan&#231;as eletr&#244;nicas, fitas antropom&#233;tricas e aparelho autom&#225;tico (marca OMROM Healthcare Europe BV, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands, modelo HEM-705CP), validado para pesquisa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Utilizou-se question&#225;rio estruturado para coleta dos dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, com informa&#231;&#245;es como ra&#231;a/cor, idade, proced&#234;ncia e h&#225;bitos de atividade f&#237;sica. Aferiu-se a PA em cada momento, conforme a VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Classificou-se a PA sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica como normal (PA &lt; percentil 90), lim&#237;trofe (PA entre o percentil 90 e 95 ou se PA exceder 120/80 mmHg sempre &lt; percentil 90 at&#233; &lt; percentil 95) e elevada (percentil 95).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Utilizou-se o &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) para classifica&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional, conforme Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> (OMS), nas seguintes categorias: magreza (IMC &lt; percentil 3), eutrofia (percentil 3 e &lt; 85), sobrepeso (percentil 85 e &lt; percentil 97) e obesidade (percentil 97). Identificou-se o d&#233;fice estatural quando estatura para a idade &lt; percentil 3. Definiu-se a vari&#225;vel ra&#231;a/cor em branco, preto, pardo e amarelo/ind&#237;gena e idade em 7, 8, 9 e 10 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foram realizadas dupla digita&#231;&#227;o dos dados e an&#225;lise de consist&#234;ncia em 10% dos question&#225;rios. Para an&#225;lise, utilizou-se o programa Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), vers&#227;o 17.0. Os testes qui quadrado de Pearson e exato de Fisher foram usados para a compara&#231;&#227;o de propor&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o de probabilidade normal dos dados foi realizada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre m&#233;dias, utilizaram-se o teste t de Student para amostras independentes e a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) com o teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Tukey. Considerou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e intervalo de 95% de confian&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Apenas a compara&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional entre os sexos apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05), sendo poss&#237;vel perceber maior propor&#231;&#227;o de meninas com eutrofia (66,4%) e maior propor&#231;&#227;o de meninos com obesidade (24,7%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra segundo sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total <break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Masculino <break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Feminino <break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">223 (30,9)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (33,1)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (29,2)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,658<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="center">178 (24,7)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (23,7)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (25,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="center">168 (23,3)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (21,8)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (24,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="center">153 (21,2)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (21,4)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (21,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ra&#231;a/cor</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branco</td>
                <td align="center">173 (24,0)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (26,0)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (22,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,137<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Preto</td>
                <td align="center">121 (16,8)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (18,5)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (15,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pardo</td>
                <td align="center">407 (56,4)</td>
                <td align="center">166 (53,9)</td>
                <td align="center">241 (58,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amarelo/ind&#237;gena</td>
                <td align="center">21 (2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (3,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estado nutricional</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Magreza</td>
                <td align="center">26 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eutrofia</td>
                <td align="center">442 (61,2)</td>
                <td align="center">167 (54,2)</td>
                <td align="center">275 (66,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">121 (16,8)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (16,9)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (16,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">133 (18,4)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (24,7)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (13,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D&#233;fice estatural</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">6 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,217<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">716 (99,2)</td>
                <td align="center">304 (98,7)</td>
                <td align="center">412 (99,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia de aulas de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica por semana</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">26 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,621<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">370 (52,0)</td>
                <td align="center">164 (53,9)</td>
                <td align="center">206 (50,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">303 (42,6)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (40,1)</td>
                <td align="center">181 (44,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">13 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (2,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comportamento na aula de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sempre participa</td>
                <td align="center">573 (79,4)</td>
                <td align="center">250 (81,2)</td>
                <td align="center">323 (78,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,237<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Participa &#224;s vezes</td>
                <td align="center">139 (19,3)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (16,9</td>
                <td align="center">87 (21,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nunca/quase nunca participa</td>
                <td align="center">10 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">722 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">308 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">414 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste qui quadrado de Pearson;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>teste exato de Fisher. Kolmogorov Smirnov (PAS) valor p = 0,057; Kolmogorov Smirnov (PAD) valor p = 0,093; ( - ) estat&#237;stica n&#227;o computada porque &#233; uma constante</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A m&#233;dia da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura dos meninos (62,6 cm &#177; 9,8 cm; p = 0,01) foi maior que a das meninas (60,4 cm &#177; 8,3 cm). A m&#233;dia da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o foi semelhante entre os sexos, sendo para as meninas de 20,9 cm (&#177; 3,6) e, para os meninos, de 21,1 cm (&#177; 3,6).</p>
        <p>Houve diferen&#231;a significante das m&#233;dias de PA sist&#243;lica para a idade, ra&#231;a/cor e estado nutricional. Assim, as maiores m&#233;dias de PA sist&#243;lica foram observadas nas idades de 9 (103,9 mmHg &#177; 11,2 mmHg) e 10 anos (104,3 mmHg &#177; 11,7 mmHg). A ra&#231;a amarela/ind&#237;gena alcan&#231;ou a maior m&#233;dia de PA sist&#243;lica (107,6 mmHg &#177; 12,9 mmHg). J&#225; as maiores m&#233;dias de PA sist&#243;lica no estado nutricional foram as de sobrepeso (105,1 mmHg &#177; 10,6 mmHg) e obesidade (106,3 mmHg &#177; 10,8 mmHg). As demais m&#233;dias de PA sist&#243;lica foram consideradas semelhantes para sexo e d&#233;fice estatural.</p>
        <p>As maiores m&#233;dias de PA diast&#243;lica para a idade foi nas crian&#231;as de 9 (63,2 mmHg &#177; 10,1 mmHg) e 10 anos (62,4 mmHg &#177; 8,1 mmHg). O sobrepeso (64,2 mmHg &#177; 8,2 mmHg) e a obesidade (65,0 mmHg &#177; 9,5 mmHg) alcan&#231;aram as maiores m&#233;dias de estado nutricional. As demais m&#233;dias de PA diast&#243;lica foram consideradas semelhantes para sexo, ra&#231;a/cor e d&#233;fice estatural (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;as de m&#233;dia entre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e a diast&#243;lica em escolares, por idade, sexo, ra&#231;a/cor, estado nutricional e d&#233;ficit estatural</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PAS (mmHg)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PAD (mmHg)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">100,3 &#177; 10,8<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">61,5 &#177; 10,5<sup>ab</sup></td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,040<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="center">101,1 &#177; 10,9<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">60,8 &#177; 9,5<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="center">103,9 &#177; 11,2<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">63,2 &#177; 10,1<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="center">104,3 &#177; 11,7<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">62,4 &#177; 8,1<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">102,6 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,237<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">61,5 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,159<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">101,9 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">62,2 &#177; 9,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ra&#231;a/cor</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">102,7 &#177; 10,6<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,047<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">63,0 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,146<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Preta</td>
                <td align="center">102,5 &#177; 11,0<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">61,5 &#177; 9,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parda</td>
                <td align="center">101,6 &#177; 11,5<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">61,6 &#177; 9,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amarela/ind&#237;gena</td>
                <td align="center">107,6 &#177; 12,9<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">63,0 &#177; 10,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estado nutricional</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eutrofia</td>
                <td align="center">100,3 &#177; 11,2<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">60,5 &#177; 9,9<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Magreza</td>
                <td align="center">99,5 &#177; 9,3<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">59,3 &#177; 8,3<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">105,1 &#177; 10,6<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">64,2 &#177; 8,2<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">106,3 &#177; 10,8<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">65,0 &#177; 9,5<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D&#233;fice estatural</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">97,5 &#177; 16,6</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,189<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">60,0 &#177; 14,4</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,210<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">102,2 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td align="center">62,0 &#177; 9,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">102,2 &#177; 11,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">61,9 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Kolmogorov Smirnov (PAS) valor p = 0,057; Kolmogorov Smirnov (PAD) valor p = 0,093. Letras diferentes indicam diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias (teste de Tukey).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>teste t de Student para amostras independentes. PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No primeiro momento, a PA elevada foi observada em 58 (8,1%) crian&#231;as; estas seguiram para o segundo momento, no qual 23 (3,2%) permaneceram com PA elevada. Este &#250;ltimo grupo seguiu para o terceiro momento, no qual houve a confirma&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o em 15 (2,1%) crian&#231;as (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevada em tr&#234;s momentos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Momento</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Normal<break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Lim&#237;trofe <break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Elevada <break/>n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Primeiro</td>
                <td align="center">534 (75,0)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (16,9)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (8,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Segundo</td>
                <td align="center">28 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (3,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Terceiro</td>
                <td align="center">6 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (2,1)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Podem-se observar, na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>, as m&#233;dias de PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica nos tr&#234;s momentos. As m&#233;dias das PA sist&#243;licas do primeiro momento foram significantemente diferentes das do segundo momento (p = 0,05), diferente do que ocorreu com as PA diast&#243;licas (p = 0,42). J&#225; do primeiro para o terceiro momento, tanto as PA sist&#243;licas e as diast&#243;lica n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significantes. O mesmo ocorreu do segundo para o terceiro momento.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Box-plot of the distribution of systolic and diastolic BP, according to the nutritional status at the three different moments. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0042-70023-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>, verifica-se que, em todos os momentos, as crian&#231;as classificadas como obesas apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada, sendo, no &#250;ltimo momento, cinco vezes maior que a preval&#234;ncia encontrada no grupo de crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Box-plot of the distribution of systolic and diastolic BP, according to the nutritional status at the three different moments. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0042-70023-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) n&#227;o rejeitou (p &gt; 0,05) a hip&#243;tese de normalidade dos dados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A obesidade sempre foi motivo de preocupa&#231;&#227;o, em especial nas crian&#231;as. O diagn&#243;stico &#233; complexo, e o pediatra necessita detectar o quanto antes os dist&#250;rbios alimentares, para que a&#231;&#245;es multidisciplinares possam reverter a situa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> O presente estudo mostrou maior preval&#234;ncia de obesidade nos meninos (24,7%), semelhante ao que encontrou outro estudo realizado no Brasil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> mas divergente de pesquisa realizada no M&#233;xico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> que encontrou primazia de obesidade nas meninas.</p>
        <p>Estudo realizado em Fortaleza<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> condiz com o resultado encontrado neste estudo, afirmando que, com o aumento da idade, a PA sist&#243;lica eleva-se concomitantemente. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado nutricional, h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica com a diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>e PA diast&#243;lica com o peso,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> confluindo com os achados. Na ra&#231;a/cor, ind&#237;genas alcan&#231;aram as maiores m&#233;dias de PA sist&#243;lica. Estudo que analisou diferen&#231;as raciais e HA infantil identificou maiores valores nos negros n&#227;o-hisp&#226;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudo com crian&#231;as a partir de 6 anos verificou preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo em mais de 50% da amostra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Crian&#231;as mais sedent&#225;rias tendem a ser obesas ou terem sobrepeso, apresentando piores condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> refletindo em complica&#231;&#245;es graves &#224; sa&#250;de, principalmente Doen&#231;as e Agravos N&#227;o Transmiss&#237;veis (DANT). No presente estudo, todas as crian&#231;as tinham aula de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica ao menos uma vez por semana, e a maioria sempre participava das atividades.</p>
        <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura maior nos meninos corroborou o fato de eles apresentarem maior preval&#234;ncia de obesidade, resultado semelhante ao de estudo realizado com crian&#231;as chinesas, que ainda associou esta altera&#231;&#227;o ao aumento da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Foi encontrada preval&#234;ncia de 2,1% de HA na amostra, seguindo protocolo que leva em considera&#231;&#227;o tr&#234;s medidas em tr&#234;s momento distintos, totalizando nove medi&#231;&#245;es. Sorof et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> basearam-se em um protocolo bastante semelhante, que preconizou tr&#234;s medidas de PA em tr&#234;s visitas distintas, com pelo menos 2 semanas de intervalo, obtendo preval&#234;ncia de 19,4% na primeira visita, 9,5% na segunda e 4,5% como diagn&#243;stico final.</p>
        <p>Pavicevi&#263; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> em estudo com 3 mil crian&#231;as e adolescentes, obtiveram preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada em 0,93% da amostra, utilizando o protocolo da m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s aferi&#231;&#245;es realizadas em momento &#250;nico. J&#225; Monge et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> encontraram preval&#234;ncia de 2,7% em popula&#231;&#227;o de 328 crian&#231;as e adolescentes, realizando tr&#234;s medidas e considerando apenas a m&#233;dia das &#250;ltimas duas. Estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> realizado no Canad&#225;, com 130 crian&#231;as de 3 a 8 anos, obteve PA elevada de 24,8%, utilizando-se, para diagn&#243;stico, a m&#233;dia das tr&#234;s medidas obtidas em visita &#250;nica. Em Vit&#243;ria, estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> realizado com 1.282 crian&#231;as baseou-se em protocolo de aferi&#231;&#227;o de duas medidas de PA; caso a diferen&#231;a entre as aferi&#231;&#245;es fosse maior que 5 mmHg, uma terceira medida era realizada, e a m&#233;dia das &#250;ltimas duas medidas era considerada para efeito de diagn&#243;stico, encontrando preval&#234;ncia de 13,8%.</p>
        <p>Pode-se observar, no primeiro momento, a presen&#231;a de in&#250;meros <italic>outliers</italic>, que representam as crian&#231;as com valores de PA muito distantes das m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o. No segundo momento, este n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as diminui consideravelmente, permanecendo apenas na m&#233;dia da PA diast&#243;lica. No terceiro momento j&#225; n&#227;o h&#225; <italic>outliers</italic>, fato que corrobora estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> realizados, os quais apresentam menores vari&#226;ncia de PA e efeitos do jaleco branco a partir do momento que mais medidas da PA s&#227;o realizadas.</p>
        <p>O fen&#244;meno da hipertens&#227;o do jaleco branco tende a superestimar os n&#237;veis de PA, colaborando para diagn&#243;sticos falsos-positivos de HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o bem esclarecidos os mecanismos que explicam esse efeito em crian&#231;as, por&#233;m j&#225; &#233; sabido que a ansiedade e/ou respostas de alerta e condicionamento possuem grande influ&#234;ncia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> levando &#224; hiperatividade simp&#225;tica e ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de noradrenalina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Em m&#233;dia, durante uma visita, os n&#237;veis de PA podem subir de 14 a 27 mmHg, sendo que tal altera&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais evidente nos primeiros 4 minutos, diminuindo em aproximadamente 10 minutos e persistindo por in&#250;meras visitas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Segundo a VI Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> a hipertens&#227;o do jaleco branco j&#225; deve ser tratada com cuidado, pois estes indiv&#237;duos possuem um pior progn&#243;stico cardiovascular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e ela pode representar um estado pr&#233;-hipertenso em adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O fato dos obesos terem apresentado maior preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada corrobora estudos realizados no Brasil e no mundo, que refor&#231;am a exist&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o definida entre sobrepeso, obesidade e HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> A chance de um indiv&#237;duo com obesidade ser tamb&#233;m portador de HA 7,53 vezes maior que a de um indiv&#237;duo com sobrepeso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Mavrakanas et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> afirmam que crian&#231;as obesas possuem PA de cinco a seis vezes mais elevadas que crian&#231;as n&#227;o obesas. Quando comparados aos eutr&#243;ficos, indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso t&#234;m o risco de desenvolverem hipertens&#227;o, aumentado em 180%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estigma da obesidade com o aumento da PA elevada tamb&#233;m pode ter outras vari&#225;veis desencadeadoras. Fante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> afirma que crian&#231;as com caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas marcantes s&#227;o mais vulner&#225;veis a agress&#245;es psicol&#243;gicas, denominada <italic>bullying,</italic> sendo o caso das obesas, que podem possuir outros tra&#231;os de vulnerabilidade, como baixa autoestima, inseguran&#231;a, ansiedade e timidez. Dessa forma, &#233; poss&#237;vel que estas crian&#231;as passem por mais situa&#231;&#245;es estressoras.</p>
        <p>Diante de uma situa&#231;&#227;o estressora, o eixo neural &#233; acionado instantaneamente ocasionando a ativa&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas nervoso aut&#244;nomo (feixe simp&#225;tico) e perif&#233;rico. Esta ativa&#231;&#227;o produz alguns efeitos, inclusive o aumento da PA e o ritmo card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> &#201; percept&#237;vel que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre dist&#250;rbios emocionais e mudan&#231;as nas fun&#231;&#245;es viscerais, como a HA, evidencia-se a partir do momento em que as estruturas l&#237;mbicas, respons&#225;veis pelas emo&#231;&#245;es, s&#227;o ativadas e geram respostas cardiovasculares e respirat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis como estado nutricional, idade e ra&#231;a/cor foram estatisticamente significantes para aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. &#192; medida que mais aferi&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial s&#227;o realizadas, mais confi&#225;vel &#233; o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial na crian&#231;a e, de fato, &#233; preciso cautela na divulga&#231;&#227;o de dados desta natureza. Embora seja mais complexa a operacionaliza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo utilizado nesta pesquisa, ele &#233; poss&#237;vel de ser realizado em estudos populacionais. Al&#233;m de reduzir falsos-positivos e confirmar os verdadeiros casos de hipertens&#227;o, seria poss&#237;vel determinar situa&#231;&#245;es de risco para monitoramento e investiga&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi o fato de as aferi&#231;&#245;es das press&#245;es arteriais n&#227;o terem ocorrido sempre no mesmo hor&#225;rio, podendo este fator ter gerado altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas como, por exemplo, realiza&#231;&#227;o de aferi&#231;&#245;es antes e ap&#243;s o recreio, quando ocorrem a alimenta&#231;&#227;o e brincadeiras ativas. Este fator foi minimizado pelo respeito ao per&#237;odo de repouso antes das aferi&#231;&#245;es, bem como o cuidado em realizar o procedimento em sala arejada, silenciosa e clara.</p>
        <p>Iniciativas devem ser tomadas para que os h&#225;bitos de vida, que s&#227;o mold&#225;veis mais facilmente nas crian&#231;as, possam ser modificados e que pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas priorizem sua sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>A aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria faz-se importante e necess&#225;ria para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de press&#227;o arterial elevada, podendo ser importante ferramenta na preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es futuras. Promover a sa&#250;de &#233; ir al&#233;m dos limites das institui&#231;&#245;es convencionais, propiciando, em espa&#231;os como a escola, locais alternativos de educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, e buscando a dissemina&#231;&#227;o e a sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o de pr&#225;ticas saud&#225;veis. Este trabalho contribuiu para um melhor esclarecimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial infantil, colaborando para tomadas de decis&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
