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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wBxbbgH3Zyp8y55dwHHkXsC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000100011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients With Left Bundle Branch Block and Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Milena dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>R&#237;via Siqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Romerito Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Enaldo Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">5</xref>
          <role>PhD</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">5</xref>
          <role>PhD</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Romeu S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <role>PhD</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">5</xref>
          <role>PhD</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Departamento da Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de ensino e pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de ecocardiografia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de ensino e pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de ecocardiografia (0ECOLAB) da Funda&#231;&#227;o e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">American College of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Fellow of the American College of Cardiology</institution>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia,S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFS</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina da UFS,5 S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Milena dos Santos Barros</bold>. Rua Capit&#227;o Benedito Te&#243;filo Ant&#244;nio, 310 /901. Postal Code: 49020-050 - Aracaju, SE, Brazil. E-mail: <email>millybarros@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Barros MS, Amorim RS, Rocha RO, Melo EV, Barreto-Filho JA, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM. Acquisition of data: Barros MS, Amorim RS, Rocha RO. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Barros MS, Amorim RS, Rocha RO, Melo EV, Barreto-Filho JA, Sousa ACS, Meneghelo RS, Oliveira JLM. Statistical analysis: Barros MS, Amorim RS, Rocha RO, Melo EV, Oliveira JLM. Writing of the manuscript: Barros MS, Melo EV, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Barros MS, Melo EV, Barreto-Filho JA, Sousa ACS, Meneghelo RS, Oliveira JLM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jan-Feb</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>11</fpage>
      <lpage>19</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Left bundle branch block (LBBB) has prognostic significance in patients with congestive heart failure. However, its influence is not well established in patients with preserved systolic ventricular function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the implications of LBBB presence in the cardiovascular performance of patients with preserved left ventricular systolic function (LVEF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>26 LBBB patients (61.3 &#177; 8.2 years of age) and 23 healthy individuals (58 &#177; 6.8 years of age) with LVEF &gt; 0.5 underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>CPET analysis revealed: peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) predicted in the LBBB group was 87.2 &#177; 15.0% versus 105.0 &#177; 15.6% (p &lt; 0.0001); peak oxygen pulse predicted in LBBB group was 98.6 &#177; 18.6% vs 109.9 &#177; 13.5% (p = 0.02); VO<sub>2</sub> predicted anaerobic threshold in LBBB group was 67.9 &#177; 13.6% vs 70.2 &#177; 12.8% (p = 0.55); &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;load in the LBBB group was 15.5 &#177; 5.51 versus 20.7 &#177; 7.3 ml.min<sup>-1</sup>.watts<sup>-1</sup> (p = 0.006); ventilation / carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope) in LBBB group was 29.8 &#177; 2.9 versus 26.2 &#177; 2.9 (p = 0.0001) and VO<sub>2</sub> recovery time in the LBBB group was 85.2 &#177; 11.8 vs. 71.5 &#177; 11.0 seconds (p = 0.0001). LBBB was an independent marker for VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope increase.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>LBBB presence in individuals with preserved LVEF did not affect cardiovascular performance, but there was an increase of the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope in comparison to the control group.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Bundle-Branch Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxygen Consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The isolated presence of LBBB, regardless of cardiopathies, seems to be a slow progression marker of degenerative cardiac diseases, ischemic or not, affecting the myocardial conduction system and contractile performance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> LBBB can induce cardiomyopathy since individuals with this condition, when submitted to cardiac resynchronization therapy, may present left ventricular reverse remodelling (LV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Thus, it should not be considered a mere electrocardiographic finding, but a "cardiac clinical entity", as suggested by Kumar et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite reports of LV structural alterations caused by LBBB, there is, in literature, a lack of predicting factors in the reduction of cardiovascular performance in these patients. CPET is a non-invasive method used for the diagnosis and prognostic stratification of congestive heart failure (CHF) patients, through the analysis of gases expired during stress tests. The main variables assessed with this methodology are: peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> peak), VO<sub>2</sub> at the anaerobic threshold, oxygen pulse (PO<sub>2</sub>), &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;load, relation between ventilation and carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope) and VO<sub>2</sub> recovery kinetics. On the other hand, it has been documented that LVEF assessed through echocardiogram does not show a satisfactory relation to VO<sub>2</sub>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and thus does not constitute a good predictor of functional capacity.</p>
      <p>We can then hypothesize that CPET could show, in asymptomatic LBBB patients, cardiovascular behavior alterations that precede LVEF compromise. The present research investigated if isolated LBBB in patients with normal LVEF interferes in the cardiovascular performance evaluated through CPET.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design and study population</title>
        <p>This is an observational cross-section analytical study, in which we evaluated 26 LBBB patients (LBBB group) and 23 individuals without LBBB (control group). LBBB was defined according to the following electrocardiographic criteria: enlarged QRS (with duration &#8805; 120 ms); wide S waves in V1 and V2 with the absence of R waves, or its occurrence in an embryonic form; and R waves predominant in leads D1, AVL, V5, and V6.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> All volunteers presented LVEF, obtained through transthoracic echocardiogram, superior to 0.50 and underwent CPET. Myocardial ischemia was excluded through stress echocardiogram. All exams were performed in the sector of graphic methods of a hospital specialized in cardiology, which has a level 3 accreditation (IQG - Health Accreditation Services).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Exclusion criteria included patients with: LVEF &lt; 0.50 calculated by the Simpson method, previous coronary artery disease (CAD), moderate to severe valvulopathy, cardiac arrhythmia that hindered PO<sub>2</sub> analysis, pulmonary disease, and anemia (hemoglobin &lt; 10 mg/dl).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test protocol</title>
        <p>Analysis of minute ventilation (VE), VO<sub>2</sub>, and production of carbon dioxide (VCO<sub>2</sub>) was performed every 10 seconds through the gas analyser Cortex Metalyser 3B (Micromed) connected to the computer, equipped with the software Elite. We used: Micromed digital electrocardiograph to register and analyse the electrocardiogram during effort and an Inbrasport treadmill, model Super ATL. Negative chronotropic medications were suspended three days before CPET.</p>
        <p>Participants were encouraged to exercise to exhaustion, according to the ramp protocol, which is characterized by a duration between 8 and 12 minutes, with constant gradual increase in speed and inclination. The test was considered maximum when RER &gt; 1.05 was reached. The test was interrupted according to criteria established by the III Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Exercise Tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The following CPET variables were evaluated:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Peak VO<sub>2</sub> is the highest VO<sub>2</sub> value, reached in the last 30 seconds of effort and expressed in ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>. The predicted peak VO<sub>2</sub> was calculated with base on age, gender, weight, and level of physical activity using the Wasserman equation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> We evaluated the percentage reached by the patient of the predicted VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>VO<sub>2</sub> at anaerobic threshold was determined by the "V slope method". If that was not possible, it was performed through the analysis of the plot graph of ventilator equivalents. We also assessed the percentage of VO<sub>2</sub> predicted at anaerobic threshold.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Peak VO<sub>2</sub> was the highest value reached in the last 30 seconds and was expressed in ml/beats. We analysed the percentage of the predicted peak PO<sub>2</sub>, obtained by the division of the predicted VO<sub>2</sub> max by the maximum heart rate predicted by age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The relation &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;load was calculated by the difference between VO<sub>2</sub> max and at rest, divided by the maximum load and expressed in ml.min<sup>-1</sup>.watts<sup>-1</sup>. For practical purposes, we considered VO<sub>2</sub> at rest as 3.5 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Since the exam was performed on a treadmill, we adapted the load to Watts. Power calculation for the treadmill was: W (kgm/minute) = mass (patient weight - Kg) x speed (meters/minute) x sine of the alpha angle (which is the angle between the treadmill and the ground). The relation between kilogram-metres and watts is: 1 watt corresponds to 6.1 kilogram-metres/minute, and the transformation of the load from Kgm/min to Watts is done.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope corresponds to the inclination of the representative regression line between VE and VCO<sub>2</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>, the necessary time for a 50% drop of peak VO<sub>2</sub> in the recovery period, was quantified in seconds.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analyses were processed through the software SPSS Statistic 19.0 (IBM Corporation, 2010). Quantitative variables were described as mean &#177; standard deviation, fulfilled the assumption of normality, and the comparison between the groups was done through unpaired Student's t test. Categorical variables were summarized as percentages and compared between the groups through chi-square test (X<sup>2</sup>) or Fisher's exact test, when appropriate. Significance level was set at 5% for &#945; error and tests were two-tailed. Relative risks with confidence intervals (CI) of 95% were estimated. For the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), we used the Trace of Pillai, power (&#8805; 0.8) and partial ETA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> (effect dimension) as statistical tests. Partial ETA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> was applied to infer clinical significance, considering the greatly elevated effect dimension if values are &gt; 0.5, and small effect dimension if values are &#8804; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The project was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee and approved under protocol number 0770.0.000.107-11. All patients who participated in the research signed a free consent form.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The sample was composed by 49 consecutive individuals (18 men and 31 women; mean age of 59.8 &#177; 7.7 years) who underwent CPET, distributed into: LBBB group (26 patients) and control group (23 patients).</p>
      <p>Those with LBBB presented a higher frequency of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), when compared to the control group (73.1% vs. 30.4%; p = 0.007). No substantial difference was observed between the groups in relation to age (p = 0.13), gender (p = 0.36), body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.79), sedentary life-style (p = 0.13), smoking (p = 0.93), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.1), and dyslipidemia (p = 0.72), as depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of LBBB patients and the control groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">LBBB group (n = 26)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Control group (n = 23)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total (n = 49)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">61.3 &#177; 8.2</td>
              <td align="center">58.0 &#177; 6.8</td>
              <td align="center">59.8 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (69.2)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (56.5)</td>
              <td align="center">31(63.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">70.7 &#177; 11.2</td>
              <td align="center">73.7 &#177; 16.2</td>
              <td align="center">72.1 &#177; 13.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 3.6</td>
              <td align="center">26.7 &#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 3.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary life style, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (69.2)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (47.8)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (59.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">01 (3.8)</td>
              <td align="center">01 (04.3)</td>
              <td align="center">02 (04.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (73.1)</td>
              <td align="center">07 (30.4)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (53.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">07 (26.9)</td>
              <td align="center">02 (08.7)</td>
              <td align="center">09 (18.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">08 (30.8)</td>
              <td align="center">06 (26.1)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Categorical variables expressed in absolute frequency - n (relative frequency - %); Continuous variables expressed as mean &#177; SD; Chi-square test; Student&#8217;s t test; significance level p &#8804; 0.05; SD: standard deviation; LBBB: left bundle branch block; BMI: body mass index; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>LBBB group present significantly higher values of LV systolic and diastolic diameter in comparison to the control group, with a mean difference of 0.34 &#177; 0.11 cm and 0.39 &#177; 0.13 cm, respectively. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was also significantly higher in the LBBB group, with a mean difference of 13.19 &#177; 6.18 g/m<sup>2</sup> (p = 0.039). LVEF was lower in the LBBB group, with a significant mean difference of 0.12 &#177; 0.02% (p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). No significant difference was found between the groups regarding the occurrence of diastolic dysfunction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic variables of LBBB patients and control group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">LBBB group n = 26</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Control n = 23</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left atrium (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.76 &#177; 0.37</td>
              <td align="center">3.58 &#177; 0.40</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Septum thickness (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.84 &#177; 0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Posterior wall (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 &#177; 0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 &#177; 0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative thickness of the LV (%)</td>
              <td align="center">33.07 &#177; 5.15</td>
              <td align="center">33.24 &#177; 4.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV diastolic diameter (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">5.26 &#177; 0.51</td>
              <td align="center">4.87 &#177; 0.41</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV systolic diameter (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.22 &#177; 0.41</td>
              <td align="center">2.89 &#177; 0.37</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">59.00 &#177; 7.00</td>
              <td align="center">71.00 &#177; 6.00</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV mass index (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">96.10 &#177; 22.9</td>
              <td align="center">82.9 &#177; 17.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.039</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Continuous variables expressed as mean &#177; SD. Student&#8217;s t test; significance level p &#8804; 0.05. SD: standard deviation; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LV: left ventricle.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diastolic function between LBBB patients and the control group (p = 0.47)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Diastolic Function</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">LBBB Group n = 26</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Control n = 23</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">18(69.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">18(78.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mild dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">6(23.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">5(21.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">2(7.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Categorical variables expressed as absolute frequency = n (relative frequency = %). Chi-square test; significance level p &#8804; 0.05. LBBB: left bundle branch block.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the hemodynamic and ventilatory variables of the CPET between LBBB and the control group. Through MANCOVA, we verified a significant association between LBBB and the six-variable set of the cardiopulmonary test, with an elevated effect dimension (<italic>&#951;</italic><sup>2</sup><sub><italic>BRE</italic></sub> = 0,578), and power above recommended (&#946;<sub>BRE</sub> = 0,997). Adjustment was done for sedentary life style and the following covariables: age, gender, BMI, arterial hypertension, LVMI, and LVEF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hemodynamic and ventilatory variables of CPET between LBBB patients and the control group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">LBBB group (n = 26)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Control group (n = 23)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peak heart rate. % of the predicted</td>
              <td align="center">94.8 &#177; 9.0</td>
              <td align="center">98.6 &#177; 6.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum ventilation. % of the predicted</td>
              <td align="center">59.0 &#177; 13.0</td>
              <td align="center">63.2 &#177; 11.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Respiratory quotient</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 &#177; 0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peak VO<sub>2</sub> (ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">21.7 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">29.07 &#177; 6.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peak VO<sub>2</sub>. % of the predicted</td>
              <td align="center">87.2 &#177; 15.0</td>
              <td align="center">105.0 &#177; 15.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> at the anaerobic threshold (ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">15.5 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">18.7 &#177; 4.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anaerobic threshold. % of the predicted VO<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center">67.9 &#177; 13.6</td>
              <td align="center">70.2 &#177; 12.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peak O<sub>2</sub> pulse (ml/beat)</td>
              <td align="center">10.3 &#177; 2.6</td>
              <td align="center">13.54 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peak O<sub>2</sub> pulse. % of the predicted</td>
              <td align="center">98.6 &#177; 18.6</td>
              <td align="center">109.9 &#177; 13.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8710; VO<sub>2</sub>/&#8710; load (ml.min<sup>-1</sup>.watts<sup>-1</sup> )</td>
              <td align="center">15.5 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">20.7 &#177; 7.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">T<sub>&#189;</sub> VO<sub>2</sub> (seconds)</td>
              <td align="center">85.2 &#177; 11.8</td>
              <td align="center">71.5 &#177; 11.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
              <td align="center">29.8 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">26.2 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Continuous variables expressed as mean &#177; SD; Student&#8217;s t test; significance level p &#8804; 0.05; SD: standard deviation; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption; O<sub>2</sub>: oxygen; VE: ventilation; VCO<sub>2</sub>: carbon dioxide production.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate analysis to assess LBBB and sedentary life style influence in CPET variables, adjusted for covariables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Trace of Pillai</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Partial ETA<sup>2</sup></th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Power</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LBBB</td>
              <td align="center">0.578</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.578</td>
              <td align="center">0.997</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary life style</td>
              <td align="center">0.324</td>
              <td align="center">0.052</td>
              <td align="center">0.324</td>
              <td align="center">0.727</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LBBB x sedentary life style</td>
              <td align="center">0.318</td>
              <td align="center">0.058</td>
              <td align="center">0.318</td>
              <td align="center">0.713</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>Covariables</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">0.365</td>
              <td align="center">0.079</td>
              <td align="center">0.298</td>
              <td align="center">0.666</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">0.174</td>
              <td align="center">0.413</td>
              <td align="center">0.174</td>
              <td align="center">0.348</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.281</td>
              <td align="center">0.104</td>
              <td align="center">0.281</td>
              <td align="center">0.622</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH</td>
              <td align="center">0.143</td>
              <td align="center">0.554</td>
              <td align="center">0.143</td>
              <td align="center">0.277</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVMI</td>
              <td align="center">0.163</td>
              <td align="center">0.460</td>
              <td align="center">0.163</td>
              <td align="center">0.322</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF</td>
              <td align="center">0.472</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">0.472</td>
              <td align="center">0.959</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>MANCOVA: multivariate analysis of covariance. Fixed factors: LBBB and sedentary life style. Covariables: age, gender, BMI, SAH, LVMI, and LVEF. Significance level p &#8804; 0.05; power &#8805; 0.80. LBBB: left bundle branch block; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; BMI: body mass index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index. LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There was a second multivariate analysis to identify if LBBB had an effect on one or more of the six outcome variables of CPET (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>). It was observed that LBBB interfered only in the analysis of VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, with elevated effect dimension (<italic>&#951;</italic><sup>2</sup><sub><italic>BRE</italic></sub> = 0,504) and elevated power (&#946; &gt; 0,80).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate analysis to identify outcome variables, influenced by fixed factors and covariables, on significance, effect dimension and power</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Partial ETA<sup>2</sup></th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Power</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
                <bold>LBBB</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% peak VO<sub>2</sub> predicted</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
              <td align="center">0.024</td>
              <td align="center">0.145</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% VO<sub>2</sub> predicted at anaerobic threshold</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
              <td align="center">0.320</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% peak O<sub>2</sub> pulse predicted</td>
              <td align="center">0.94</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.051</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8710;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#8710;load</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
              <td align="center">0.136</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">T<sub>&#189;</sub> VO<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.045</td>
              <td align="center">0.237</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.504</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>MANCOVA: multivariate analysis of covariance. Fixed factors: LBBB and sedentary life style. Covariables: age, gender, BMI, SAH, LVMI, and LVEF. Significance level p &#8804; 0.05; power &#8805; 0.80. LBBB: left bundle branch block; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; BMI: body mass index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index. LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption; O<sub>2</sub>: oxygen; VE: ventilation; VCO<sub>2</sub>: carbon dioxide production</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the study sensitivity analysis, considering the sample dimension (n), &#945; = 0.05, and power of 0.80 (1-&#946;). With the sample size (we considered a n = 48, value multiple of 4, corresponding to the number of groups to be compared: LBBB and SAH) and the assumed power and statistical significance, it was verified that the study was able to detect effect dimensions above 0.18 through MANOVA.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study sensitivity analysis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0011-70018-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the studied population, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> significantly increased in the LBBB group in relation to the control group. The ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide represents how much it is necessary to ventilate to eliminate a certain amount of produced carbon dioxide. This relation is analysed by linear regression, which reflects the slope of the line. VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope is already established in literature as a marker of poor prognosis in CHF patients, when it reaches a value &gt; 34.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> There is a relation between VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope increase and the presence of LBBB in dilated cardiomyopathy patients, regardless of CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, the literature is still scarce in the analysis of this variable for those without ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>In patients with CHF, the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope increase generally occurs by hemodynamic compromise, caused by cardiac debit reduction and consequent pulmonary hypoperfusion, demonstrating an advanced stage of CHF and poorer prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> However, there is evidence that VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope increase may occur since the initial stage of CHF through autonomic imbalance. The autonomic nervous system allows the body to adjust circulation and ventilation to keep oxygen supply to the tissues. The autonomic balance is kept through the complex interaction of the arterial baroreflex, peripheral and central chemoreflex, ergoreflex, and pulmonary stretch reflex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Chemoreflexes are the main control and regulation mechanisms of ventilatory responses to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. Peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies respond primarily to hypoxia, and central chemoreceptors, located in the ventral surface of the spinal cord, respond primarily to hypercapnia. It has been proven that there is a potential selection of central chemosensitivity in CHF patients functional class I and II.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ponikowski et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> studied CHF patients with preserved tolerance to exercise and observed that the normal increase of ventilatory response to exercise occurred due to the high sensitivity of the cardiorespiratory system control reflex. They showed the increase of central and peripheral chemosensitivity, compromise of the sympathovagal system with sympathetic predominance, hyperactivity of peripheral muscles ergoreceptors, and reduction of circulation baroreflex control.</p>
      <p>The present work showed a VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope increase in the LBBB group with preserved LVEF. It is more likely that the mechanism responsible for this alteration is the initial imbalance of the autonomic system, because this population does not present hemodynamic compromise.</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic results suggest that LBBB presence may trigger LV remodelling. These data were also presented in studies, such as the one by Melek et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> who evaluated LBBB patients without cardiomyopathy though echocardiography and observed that the end systolic diameter was larger and LVEF was smaller in the LBBB group (54 &#177; 7%) in relation to the control group (61 &#177; 6%, p &lt; 0.001). Valenti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> studied LV and LVEF through cardiac MRI, and demonstrated that LBBB patients presented higher LV and LVMI volumes and lower LVEF in comparison to control individuals.</p>
      <p>It is established in the literature that there is no good correlation between peak VO<sub>2</sub> and ventricular function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> VO<sub>2</sub> during exercise provides an objective parameter of functional capacity, and indirectly reflects cardiovascular function. Impairment of exercise capacity is an independent predictor of adverse prognosis. In our work, we evaluated the main CPET variables related to cardiovascular performance. LBBB patients reached a lower percentage of the predicted peak VO<sub>2</sub>, but in the multivariate analysis, it was shown that the predicting factor for the referred reduction was sedentary life style, and not LBBB. Duncan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> studied functional capacity predictors in dilated cardiomyopathy patients, and LBBB was also not an independent predictor of the percentage of the peak VO<sub>2</sub> predicted in the multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p>PO<sub>2</sub> is representative of LV systolic volume and of the arteriovenous difference of O<sub>2</sub> during effort, and it reflects O<sub>2</sub> supply to the myocardial and the cardiac functional reserve under physiological stress. Generally, it increases gradually and linearly with the load increase until it reaches its highest value. In ventricular dysfunction patients, PO<sub>2</sub> may be reduced, despite the increase in load, or reach an early plateau even before reaching effort exhaustion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In LBBB patients, LV shape is distorted during pre-ejection, as a result of the flattening of the septal curvature and simultaneous stretching of the lateral wall activated late.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The present work showed that the LBBB group reached peak PO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 85% of the predicted value, and presented ascending behavior of the PO<sub>2</sub> curve during effort. Even though there are structural alterations in the LV, LVEF was preserved, without cardiovascular performance deficit.</p>
      <p>It was demonstrated that isolated LBBB did not interfere in the &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;load - VO<sub>2</sub> was adequate for the applied workload. There was also no LBBB interference in T<sub>1/2</sub> VO<sub>2</sub>. T<sub>1/2</sub> of VO<sub>2</sub> is a prognostic marker, and its value increases according to the severity of CHF. It was demonstrated that the association of T<sub>1/2</sub> VO<sub>2</sub> with peak VO<sub>2</sub> improves the prognosis evaluation and identifies higher risk groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The groups had T<sub>1/2</sub> VO<sub>2</sub> lower than 90 seconds, a time considered to be within normality.</p>
      <p>Our results show that CPET is a non-invasive, physiological, low cost method that could contribute in the follow-up of LBBB patients. We have demonstrated that, even though the LBBB group with preserved LVEF presented LV structural alterations within thresholds considered normal, cardiovascular performance was not impaired in the analysis of CPET metabolic variables, but there was an increase in the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope in relation to the control group. It is not yet possible to identify which individual with isolated LBBB will develop ventricular dysfunction. Further studies should evaluate the impact of VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope increase by following up this sample of the population.</p>
      <p>During this research, there were difficulties in the selection of LBBB patients, due to this pathology's concomitance with SAH, ventricular dysfunction and/or myocardial ischemia. SAH was not considered an exclusion criterion due to its high prevalence in this population, making it necessary to adjust its influence through statistical analysis. Another limitation was the exclusion of myocardial ischemia through echocardiography during physical stress, for which the ideal exam would be coronary angiotomography or coronary cineangiography, due to the asynchrony between the intraventricular septum and LV contraction caused by LBBB.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The presence of LBBB with preserved LVEF did not compromise cardiovascular performance. LBBB did not interfere in the percentage of the predicted peak VO<sub>2</sub>, percentage of the predicted VO<sub>2</sub> at the anaerobic threshold, oxygen pulse, &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;load and T<sub>1/2</sub> VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
      <p>LBBB was an independent marker for VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope increase, possible representing an early marker in the course of ventricular dysfunction.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Milena dos Santos Barros, from Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Teste de Esfor&#231;o Cardiopulmonar em Portadores de Bloqueio do Ramo Esquerdo e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Milena dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>R&#237;via Siqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Romerito Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Enaldo Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
          <role>PhD</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
          <role>PhD</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Romeu S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
          <role>PhD</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
          <role>PhD</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de ensino e pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de ecocardiografia (0ECOLAB) da Funda&#231;&#227;o e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Fellow of the American College of Cardiology</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina da UFS, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Milena dos Santos Barros</bold>. Rua Capit&#227;o Benedito Te&#243;filo Ant&#244;nio, 310 /901. CEP 49020-050 - Aracaju, SE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>millybarros@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Barros MS, Amorim RS, Rocha RO, Melo EV, Barreto-Filho JA, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Barros MS, Amorim RS, Rocha RO. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Barros MS, Amorim RS, Rocha RO, Melo EV, Barreto-Filho JA, Sousa ACS, Meneghelo RS, Oliveira JLM. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Barros MS, Amorim RS, Rocha RO, Melo EV, Oliveira JLM. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barros MS, Melo EV, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barros MS, Melo EV, Barreto-Filho JA, Sousa ACS, Meneghelo RS, Oliveira JLM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O bloqueio do ramo esquerdo (BRE) tem import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. Todavia, a sua influ&#234;ncia n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica preservada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar as implica&#231;&#245;es da presen&#231;a do BRE no desempenho cardiovascular em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram submetidos ao teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP), 26 portadores de BRE (61,3 &#177; 8,2 anos) e 23 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (58 &#177; 6,8 anos), com FEVE &gt; 0,5.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise do TECP revelou: consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) pico predito no grupo BRE foi de 87,2 &#177; 15,0% <italic>versus</italic> 105,0 &#177; 15,6% (p &lt; 0,0001); pulso de oxig&#234;nio pico predito no grupo BRE foi de 98,6 &#177; 18,6% <italic>versus</italic> 109,9 &#177; 13,5%, (p = 0,02); VO<sub>2</sub> predito limiar anaer&#243;bico no grupo BRE foi de 67,9 &#177; 13,6 % <italic>versus</italic> 70,2 &#177; 12,8% (p = 0,55); &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;carga no grupo BRE foi de 15,5 &#177; 5,5<sup>1</sup>
						<italic>versus</italic> 20,7 &#177; 7,3 ml.min<sup>-1</sup>.watts<sup>-1</sup> (p = 0,006); rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o/produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope) no grupo BRE foi de 29,8 &#177; 2,9 <italic>versus</italic> 26,2 &#177; 2,9 (p = 0,0001) e tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> no grupo BRE foi de 85,2 &#177; 11,8 <italic>versus</italic> 71,5 &#177; 11,0 segundos (p = 0,0001). O BRE foi marcador independente para o aumento do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de BRE em indiv&#237;duos com FEVE preservada n&#227;o comprometeu o desempenho cardiovascular, mas houve aumento do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio de Ramo</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presen&#231;a do BRE isolado, independentemente da concomit&#226;ncia de cardiopatia, parece ser um marcador de progress&#227;o lenta das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas degenerativas, isqu&#234;micas ou n&#227;o, afetando o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e o desempenho contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O BRE pode induzir cardiomiopatia, j&#225; que os seus portadores, quando submetidos &#224; terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, podem apresentar remodelamento reverso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Dessa forma, n&#227;o deve ser considerado apenas um achado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, mas sim, "uma entidade cl&#237;nica card&#237;aca", conforme sugeriram Kumar et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar do relato da ocorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais do VE provocadas pelo BRE, existe, na literatura, escassez da exist&#234;ncia de fatores preditores na redu&#231;&#227;o do desempenho cardiovascular nesses pacientes. O TECP &#233; um m&#233;todo, n&#227;o invasivo, utilizado para o diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC), por meio da an&#225;lise de gases expirados durante o teste de esfor&#231;o. As principais vari&#225;veis avaliadas mediante essa metodologia s&#227;o: o consumo de oxig&#234;nio pico (VO<sub>2</sub> pico), o VO<sub>2</sub> no limiar anaer&#243;bico, o pulso de oxig&#234;nio (PO<sub>2</sub>), &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;carga , a rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto/produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope) e a cin&#233;tica de recupera&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>. Por outro lado, j&#225; est&#225; documentado que a FEVE avaliada por meio do ecocardiograma n&#227;o exibe correla&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria com o VO<sub>2</sub>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> n&#227;o constituindo, portanto, bom preditor da capacidade funcional.</p>
        <p>Podemos hipotetizar, ent&#227;o, que o TECP poder&#225; evidenciar, em portadores assintom&#225;ticos de BRE, altera&#231;&#245;es do comportamento cardiovascular que antecedem o comprometimento da FEVE. A presente pesquisa investigou se o BRE isolado em pacientes com FEVE normal interfere no desempenho cardiovascular avaliado por meio do TECP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento e popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo observacional, transversal e anal&#237;tico, no qual foram avaliados 26 portadores de BRE (grupo BRE) e 23 indiv&#237;duos sem BRE (grupo controle). O BRE foi definido de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos: presen&#231;a de QRS alargado (com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 120 ms); ondas S amplas e entalhadas em V1 e V2 com aus&#234;ncia de ondas R, ou a sua ocorr&#234;ncia de forma embrion&#225;ria; e ondas R predominantes nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D1, AVL, V5 e V6.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Todos os volunt&#225;rios exibiam FEVE, obtida mediante ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, superior a 0,50 e foram submetidos ao TECP. A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi exclu&#237;da por meio do ecocardiograma sob estresse f&#237;sico. Todos os exames foram realizados no setor de m&#233;todos gr&#225;ficos de um hospital, refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia, possuidor de acredita&#231;&#227;o n&#237;vel 3(IQG- Instituto Qualisa de Gest&#227;o).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles com: FEVE &lt; 0,50 calculada pelo m&#233;todo Simpson, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) pr&#233;via, valvulopatia moderada a grave, arritmia card&#237;aca que prejudicasse a an&#225;lise do PO<sub>2</sub>, doen&#231;a pulmonar e anemia (hemoglobina &lt; 10 mg/dl).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto (VE), VO<sub>2</sub> e produ&#231;&#227;o de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico (VCO<sub>2</sub>) foi realizada a cada 10 segundos por interm&#233;dio do analisador de gases C&#243;rtex Metalyser 3B, da marca Micromed, acoplado ao computador, equipado com o software Elite. Foram utilizados: eletrocardi&#243;grafo digital Micromed para registro e an&#225;lise do eletrocardiograma durante esfor&#231;o e esteira ergom&#233;trica marca Inbrasport, modelo Super ATL. Os medicamentos cronotr&#243;picos negativos foram suspensos tr&#234;s dias antes do TECP.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram encorajados a se exercitarem at&#233; a exaust&#227;o, segundo o protocolo em rampa, que se caracteriza pela dura&#231;&#227;o entre 8 e 12 minutos, com aumento constante e gradual de velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o. O teste era considerado m&#225;ximo quando se atingia o RER &gt; 1,05. Preconizou-se interromper a prova conforme crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pela III Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Teste Ergom&#233;trico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <title>Foram avaliadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis do TECP:</title>
            <list-item>
              <p>VO<sub>2</sub> pico &#233; o valor mais alto do VO<sub>2</sub>, atingido nos &#250;ltimos 30 segundos do esfor&#231;o e expresso em ml.kg<sup>1</sup>.min<sup>1</sup>. O VO<sub>2</sub> pico predito foi calculado baseado na idade, g&#234;nero, peso e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica utilizando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o de Wasserman.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Avaliou-se a percentagem atingida do VO<sub>2</sub> pico predito pelo paciente.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O VO<sub>2</sub> no limiar anaer&#243;bico foi determinado pelo m&#233;todo do "V slope". Caso n&#227;o fosse poss&#237;vel, era realizado por meio da an&#225;lise do gr&#225;fico da plotagem dos equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios. Avaliou-se, tamb&#233;m, a percentagem do VO<sub>2</sub> predito no limiar anaer&#243;bico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O PO<sub>2</sub> pico era o maior valor atingido nos &#250;ltimos 30 segundos e foi expresso em ml/batimento. Analisou-se a percentagem do PO<sub>2</sub> pico predito, obtido pela divis&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo predito pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima predita pela idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o &#916; VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916; carga foi calculada por meio da diferen&#231;a entre o VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo e o repouso, dividido pela carga m&#225;xima e expressa em ml.min<sup>-1</sup>.watts<sup>-1</sup>. Para prop&#243;sito pr&#225;tico, foi considerado VO<sub>2</sub> em repouso como 3,5 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Como o exame foi realizado em esteira ergom&#233;trica, houve adapta&#231;&#227;o da carga para Watts. O c&#225;lculo de pot&#234;ncia na esteira: W (kgm/minuto) = Massa (peso do paciente - Kg) x Velocidade (metros/minuto) x seno do &#226;ngulo alfa (que &#233; o &#226;ngulo que a esteira faz com o ch&#227;o). A rela&#231;&#227;o entre kilogr&#226;metros e watts &#233;: 1 watt corresponde a 6,1 kilogr&#226;metros/minuto, sendo feita a transforma&#231;&#227;o da carga de Kgm/min para Watts.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope corresponde &#224; inclina&#231;&#227;o da reta de regress&#227;o representativa entre VE e VCO<sub>2</sub>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>O T<sub>1/2</sub>VO<sub>2</sub>, tempo necess&#225;rio para queda de 50% do VO<sub>2</sub> pico no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o, foi quantificado em segundos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram processadas utilizando-se o programa SPSS Statistic 19.0 (IBM Corporation, 2010). As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas como m&#233;di &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, atenderam ao pressuposto da normalidade, e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi realizada por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram sumarizadas como percentagens e comparadas entre os grupos mediante os testes qui quadrado (X<sup>2</sup>) ou exato de Fisher, quando apropriado. Foi adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para o erro a e os testes foram bicaudais. Riscos relativos com intervalos de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95% foram estimados. Para a an&#225;lise multivariada de covari&#226;ncia (MANCOVA), utilizou-se o Tra&#231;o de Pillai, o poder (&#8805; 0,8) e o ETA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> parcial (dimens&#227;o do efeito) como testes estat&#237;sticos. O ETA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> parcial foi aplicado com o intuito de inferir acerca da signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, considerando-se a dimens&#227;o do efeito muito elevada se valores forem &gt; 0,5 e pequena se forem &#8804; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O projeto foi submetido ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) e aprovado com o n&#186; 0770.0.000.107-11. Todos os pacientes que participaram da pesquisa assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A amostra constou de 49 indiv&#237;duos consecutivos (18 homens e 31 mulheres; m&#233;dia de idade de 59,8 &#177; 7,7 anos) submetidos ao TECP, distribu&#237;dos em: grupo BRE (26 pacientes) e grupo controle (23 pacientes).</p>
        <p>Os portadores de BRE apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), quando comparados ao grupo controle (73,1% vs. 30,4%; p = 0,007). N&#227;o se verificou diferen&#231;a substancial entre os grupos quanto &#224; idade (p = 0,13), g&#234;nero (p = 0,36), &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) (p = 0,79), sedentarismo (p = 0,13), tabagismo (p = 0,93), diabetes mellitus (p = 0,1) e dislipidemia (p = 0,72), conforme pode ser apreciado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes portadores de BRE e grupo controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Grupo BRE (n = 26)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Grupo controle (n = 23)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Total (n = 49)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">61,3 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">58,0 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">59,8 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (69,2)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (56,5)</td>
                <td align="center">31(63,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">70,7 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td align="center">73,7 &#177; 16,2</td>
                <td align="center">72,1 &#177; 13,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">26,7 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (69,2)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (47,8)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (59,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">01 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">01 (04,3)</td>
                <td align="center">02 (04,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (73,1)</td>
                <td align="center">07 (30,4)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (53,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">07 (26,9)</td>
                <td align="center">02 (08,7)</td>
                <td align="center">09 (18,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">08 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">06 (26,1)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas expressas em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta - n (frequ&#234;ncia relativa - %); vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP; Teste de qui-quadrado; teste t de Student; n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &#8804; 0,05; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; BRE: bloqueio do ramo esquerdo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O grupo BRE apresentou valores significativamente maiores dos di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do VE comparativamente ao grupo controle, com diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de 0,34 &#177; 0,11 cm e 0,39 &#177; 0,13 cm, respectivamente. O &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda (IMVE) foi tamb&#233;m significativamente maior no grupo BRE, com diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de 13,19 &#177; 6,18 g/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> (p = 0,039). A FEVE foi menor no grupo BRE, com diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia significativa de 0,12 &#177; 0,02% (p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos portadores de BRE e do grupo controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Grupo BRE n = 26</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Controle n = 23</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;trio esquerdo (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,76 &#177; 0,37</td>
                <td align="center">3,58 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura do septo (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parede posterior (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura relativa do VE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33,07 &#177; 5,15</td>
                <td align="center">33,24 &#177; 4,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico VE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">5,26 &#177; 0,51</td>
                <td align="center">4,87 &#177; 0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico VE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,22 &#177; 0,41</td>
                <td align="center">2,89 &#177; 0,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">59,00 &#177; 7,00</td>
                <td align="center">71,00 &#177; 6,00</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa do VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">96,10 &#177; 22,9</td>
                <td align="center">82,9 &#177; 17,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Teste t de Student; n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &#8804; 0,05. DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; BRE: bloqueio do ramo esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica entre os portadores de BRE e grupo controle (p = 0,47)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Grupo BRE n = 26</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Controle n = 23</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">18(69,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">18(78,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o leve</td>
                <td align="center">6(23,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">5(21,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada</td>
                <td align="center">2(7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas expressas em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta = n (frequ&#234;ncia relativa = %). Teste de qui-quadrado; n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &#8804; 0,05. BRE: bloqueio do ramo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>, est&#227;o demonstradas as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e ventilat&#243;rias TECP entre portadores de BRE e grupo controle. Verificou-se por meio da MANCOVA, associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o BRE e o conjunto das seis vari&#225;veis do teste cardiopulmonar, sendo a dimens&#227;o do efeito muito elevada (<italic>&#951;</italic><sup>2</sup><sub><italic>BRE</italic></sub> = 0,578) e o poder acima do preconizado (&#946;<sub>BRE</sub> = 0,997). Foi realizado ajuste para a presen&#231;a do sedentarismo e das seguintes co-vari&#225;veis: idade, g&#234;nero, IMC, hipertens&#227;o arterial, IMVE e FEVE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e ventilat&#243;rias do TECP entre portadores de BRE e grupo controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Grupo BRE (n=26)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Grupo controle (n=23)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pico, % do predito</td>
                <td align="center">94,8 &#177; 9,0</td>
                <td align="center">98,6 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventila&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima, % do predito</td>
                <td align="center">59,0 &#177; 13,0</td>
                <td align="center">63,2 &#177; 11,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Quociente respirat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 &#177;0,07</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> pico (ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min-&#185;)</td>
                <td align="center">21,7 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">29,07 &#177; 6,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> pico, % do predito</td>
                <td align="center">87,2 &#177; 15,0</td>
                <td align="center">105,0 &#177; 15,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> no limiar anaer&#243;bio (ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min-&#185;)</td>
                <td align="center">15,5 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">18,7 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Limiar anaer&#243;bio, % do VO<sub>2</sub> predito</td>
                <td align="center">67,9 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">70,2 &#177; 12,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulso de O<sub>2</sub> pico (ml/bat)</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">13,54 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulso de O<sub>2</sub> pico, % do predito</td>
                <td align="center">98,6 &#177; 18,6</td>
                <td align="center">109,9 &#177; 13,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8710; VO<sub>2</sub>/&#8710; carga (ml.min<sup>-1</sup>.watts<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">15,5 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">20,7 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T &#189; VO<sub>2</sub> (segundos)</td>
                <td align="center">85,2 &#177; 11,8</td>
                <td align="center">71,5 &#177; 11,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">29,8 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">26,2 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP; Teste t de Student; n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &#8804; 0,05; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; O<sub>2</sub>: oxig&#234;nio; Ve: ventila&#231;&#227;o; VCO<sub>2</sub>: produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise multivariada para avalia&#231;&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia do BRE e sedentarismo nas vari&#225;veis do TECP, ajustados para as co-vari&#225;veis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Tra&#231;o de Pillai</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">ETA<sup>2</sup> parcial</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Poder</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRE</td>
                <td align="center">0,578</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,578</td>
                <td align="center">0,997</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">0,324</td>
                <td align="center">0,052</td>
                <td align="center">0,324</td>
                <td align="center">0,727</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRE x sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">0,318</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
                <td align="center">0,318</td>
                <td align="center">0,713</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Covari&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,365</td>
                <td align="center">0,079</td>
                <td align="center">0,298</td>
                <td align="center">0,666</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero</td>
                <td align="center">0,174</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
                <td align="center">0,174</td>
                <td align="center">0,348</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,281</td>
                <td align="center">0,104</td>
                <td align="center">0,281</td>
                <td align="center">0,622</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">0,143</td>
                <td align="center">0,554</td>
                <td align="center">0,143</td>
                <td align="center">0,277</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,163</td>
                <td align="center">0,460</td>
                <td align="center">0,163</td>
                <td align="center">0,322</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,472</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,472</td>
                <td align="center">0,959</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>MANCOVA: An&#225;lise multivariada de covari&#226;ncia. Fatores fixos: BRE e sedentarismo. Covari&#225;veis: idade, g&#234;nero, IMC,HAS, IMVE e FEVE. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &#8804; 0,05; poder &#8805; 0,80. BRE: bloqueio do ramo esquerdo; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IMC: &#237;ndice da massa corp&#243;rea; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Procedeu-se a uma segunda an&#225;lise multivariada, a fim de se identificar se o BRE teve efeito sobre uma ou mais das seis vari&#225;veis de desfechos do TECP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>). Verificou-se que o BRE interferiu apenas na an&#225;lise do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, com a dimens&#227;o do efeito elevada (<italic>&#951;</italic><sup>2</sup><sub><italic>BRE</italic></sub> = 0,504) e poder elevado (&#946; &gt; 0,80).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise multivariada para identifica&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis de desfecho, influenciadas pelos fatores fixos e covari&#225;veis, em fun&#231;&#227;o da signific&#226;ncia, dimens&#227;o do efeito e poder</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">ETA<sup>2</sup> parcial</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Poder</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">BRE</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% VO<sub>2</sub> pico predito</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
                <td align="center">0,145</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% VO<sub>2</sub> predito limiar anaer&#243;bico</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
                <td align="center">0,320</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% pulso de O<sub>2</sub> pico predito</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8710;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#8710;carga</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">0,136</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T &#189; VO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
                <td align="center">0,237</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,504</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>MANCOVA: an&#225;lise multivariada de covari&#226;ncia. Fatores fixos BRE e sedentarismo, covari&#225;veis: idade, g&#234;nero, HAS, IMC, IMVE e FEVE. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &#8804; 0,05; poder &#8805; 0,80. BRE: bloqueio do ramo esquerdo; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, IMC: &#237;ndice da massa corp&#243;rea, IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; O<sub>2</sub>: oxig&#234;nio; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o; VCO<sub>2</sub>: produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> ilustra a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade do estudo, considerando a dimens&#227;o da amostra (n), &#945; = 0,05 e poder de 0,80 (1-&#946;). Com o tamanho da amostra (considerou-se um n = 48, valor m&#250;ltiplo de 4, correspondente ao n&#250;mero de grupos a serem comparados: BRE e HAS) e o poder e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica assumidos, observou-se que o estudo foi capaz de detectar atrav&#233;s da MANOVA dimens&#245;es de efeito acima de 0,18.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0011-70018-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> aumentou significativamente no grupo BRE em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle. O equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico representa o quanto &#233; necess&#225;rio ventilar para eliminar determinada quantidade de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico produzido. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o &#233; analisada por regress&#227;o linear, que reflete a inclina&#231;&#227;o da reta. O VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope j&#225; est&#225; estabelecido na literatura como marcador de mau progn&#243;stico em portadores de ICC, quando atinge valor &gt; 34.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Existe rela&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope e a presen&#231;a de BRE em portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada, independentemente da exist&#234;ncia de DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Por&#233;m, a literatura ainda &#233; escassa na an&#225;lise dessa vari&#225;vel naqueles sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes com ICC, o aumento do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope ocorre geralmente por comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico, causado pela redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e consequente hipoperfus&#227;o pulmonar, demonstrando est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado da ICC e pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Mas h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o aumento do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope pode ocorrer desde a fase inicial da ICC por desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico. O sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo permite ao organismo ajustar sua circula&#231;&#227;o e ventila&#231;&#227;o para manter o aporte de oxig&#234;nio para os tecidos. O equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico &#233; mantido pela complexa intera&#231;&#227;o do barorreflexo arterial, quimiorreflexo central e perif&#233;rico, ergorreflexo e reflexo de estiramento pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os quimiorreflexos s&#227;o os principais mecanismos de controle e regula&#231;&#227;o das respostas ventilat&#243;rias &#224;s mudan&#231;as de concentra&#231;&#227;o do oxig&#234;nio e g&#225;s carb&#244;nico arterial. Os quimiorreceptores perif&#233;ricos localizados nos corpos carot&#237;deos respondem primariamente &#224; hip&#243;xia, e os quimiorreceptores centrais, localizados na superf&#237;cie ventral da medula espinhal, respondem primariamente &#224; hipercapnia. Foi comprovado existir uma sele&#231;&#227;o potencial da quimiosensibilidade central em pacientes portadores de ICC classe funcional I e II.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ponikowski et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> estudaram pacientes portadores de ICC com toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio preservada e observaram que o aumento anormal da resposta ventilat&#243;ria ao exerc&#237;cio ocorreu em virtude da hipersensibilidade do reflexo controle do sistema cardiorrespirat&#243;rio. Comprovaram o aumento da quimiosensibilidade central e perif&#233;rica, o comprometimento do sistema simpatovagal com predom&#237;nio do simp&#225;tico, a hiperatividade dos ergorreceptores dos m&#250;sculos perif&#233;ricos e a redu&#231;&#227;o do controle barorreflexo da circula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O presente trabalho mostrou aumento do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope no grupo portador de BRE com FEVE preservada. &#201; mais prov&#225;vel que o mecanismo respons&#225;vel por essa altera&#231;&#227;o seja o desequil&#237;brio inicial do sistema auton&#244;mico, em virtude de essa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentar comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico.</p>
        <p>Os resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos sugerem que a presen&#231;a do BRE pode desencadear o remodelamento do VE. Esses dados tamb&#233;m foram apresentados em estudos, como o de Melek et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> que avaliaram portadores de BRE sem miocardiopatia por meio da ecodopplercardiografia e observaram que o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final era maior e a FEVE era menor no grupo BRE (54 &#177; 7%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (61 &#177; 6%, p &lt; 0,001). Valenti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> estudaram os di&#226;metros do VE e FEVE mediante resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e demonstraram que os portadores de BRE apresentavam maiores volumes do VE e IMVE e menor FEVE em rela&#231;&#227;o controle.</p>
        <p>Est&#225; estabelecido na literatura que n&#227;o existe uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre VO<sub>2</sub> pico e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O VO<sub>2</sub> durante o exerc&#237;cio fornece um par&#226;metro objetivo da capacidade funcional e, indiretamente, reflete a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. O comprometimento da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio &#233; preditor independente de progn&#243;stico adverso. No nosso trabalho, avaliamos as principais vari&#225;veis do TECP relacionadas ao desempenho cardiovascular. Os portadores de BRE atingiram menor percentagem do VO<sub>2</sub> pico predito, mas na an&#225;lise multivariada, demonstrou-se que o fator preditor da referida redu&#231;&#227;o foi o sedentarismo e n&#227;o o BRE. Duncan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> estudaram os preditores da capacidade funcional em pacientes portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada, e o BRE tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi preditor independente da percentagem do VO<sub>2</sub> pico predito na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
        <p>O PO<sub>2</sub> &#233; representativo do volume sist&#243;lico do VE e da diferen&#231;a arteriovenosa de O<sub>2</sub> ao esfor&#231;o, reflete a oferta de O<sub>2</sub> ao mioc&#225;rdio e a reserva funcional card&#237;aca sob estresse fisiol&#243;gico. Normalmente, aumenta de forma gradativa e linearmente com o aumento da carga at&#233; atingir o valor mais alto. Em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o PO<sub>2</sub> pode apresentar descenso, apesar do aumento da carga, ou atingir um plat&#244; precoce, mesmo antes de alcan&#231;ar a exaust&#227;o do esfor&#231;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Em pacientes portadores de BRE, o formato do VE &#233; distorcido durante a pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o, como resultado do achatamento da curvatura septal e alongamento simult&#226;neo da parede lateral ativada tardiamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> O presente trabalho evidenciou que o grupo BRE atingiu PO<sub>2</sub> pico &gt; 85% do predito e apresentou comportamento da curva do PO<sub>2</sub> ascendente durante esfor&#231;o. Apesar de existirem altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais do VE, a FEVE estava preservada, n&#227;o havendo preju&#237;zo do desempenho cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Ficou demonstrado que o BRE isolado n&#227;o interveio no &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;carga, o VO<sub>2</sub> foi adequado para carga de trabalho aplicada. N&#227;o houve interven&#231;&#227;o do BRE tamb&#233;m no T<sub>1/2</sub> VO<sub>2</sub>. O T<sub>1/2</sub> do VO<sub>2</sub> &#233; marcador progn&#243;stico, seu valor aumenta de acordo com a gravidade da ICC. Foi demonstrado que a associa&#231;&#227;o do T<sub>1/2</sub> VO<sub>2</sub> ao VO<sub>2</sub> pico melhora a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica e identifica grupos de risco mais elevado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Os grupos obtiveram T<sub>1/2</sub> VO<sub>2</sub> menor do que 90 segundos, tempo considerado dentro da normalidade.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados mostram que o TECP &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo, fisiol&#243;gico e de custo financeiro acess&#237;vel, que poder&#225; contribuir no acompanhamento dos portadores de BRE. Ficou demonstrado que apesar do grupo BRE com FEVE preservada apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais do VE, mas ainda dentro dos limites considerados normais, o desempenho cardiovascular n&#227;o se mostrou prejudicado na an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas do TECP, mas houve aumento do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Ainda n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar qual portador de BRE isolado desenvolver&#225; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Outros estudos dever&#227;o avaliar o impacto do aumento VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope com o acompanhamento dessa amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Durante esta pesquisa, houve dificuldade na sele&#231;&#227;o de portadores de BRE, pela concomit&#226;ncia desta patologia com HAS, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e/ou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. A HAS n&#227;o foi considerada crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o em virtude da alta preval&#234;ncia nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, sendo necess&#225;ria ajustar sua influ&#234;ncia por meio da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi a exclus&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica por meio da ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico, cujo exame ideal seria a angiotomografia coron&#225;ria ou cinenagiocoronariografia, em virtude da assincronia entre o septo interventricular e contra&#231;&#227;o do VE provocadas pelo BRE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de BRE em indiv&#237;duos com FEVE preservada n&#227;o comprometeu o desempenho cardiovascular. O BRE n&#227;o interferiu na percentagem do VO<sub>2</sub> pico predito, percentagem do VO<sub>2</sub> predito no limiar anaer&#243;bico, pulso de oxig&#234;nio, &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;carga e T<sub>1/2</sub> VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        <p>O BRE foi marcador independente para o aumento do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, podendo representar um marcador precoce no curso da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Milena dos Santos Barros pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
