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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TJWJ4SNLVK7g6ydkYBzS3Ln</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472017000100001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Integrity in Scientific Research</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Cl&#237;nica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Teacher of Departamento de Medicina Cl&#237;nica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8722; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita</bold>. Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro. Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303 - Centro - Postal Code 24033-900 - Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jan-Feb</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>30</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>3</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Scientific and Technical Publications</kwd>
        <kwd>Scientific Research and Technological Development</kwd>
        <kwd>Scientific Integrity Review; Scientific Misconduct</kwd>
        <kwd>Fraud</kwd>
        <kwd>Scientometrics</kwd>
        <kwd>Ethics</kwd>
        <kwd>Plagiarism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <italic>"Science is composed of errors, but errors that it is right to make, for they lead step by step to the truth". Jules Verne, Journey to the Centre of the Earth</italic>
        </p>
      </disp-quote>
    </p>
    <p>The publication of a scientific paper is one of the biggest goals of a scientist. It is fundamental for the advancement of science, improvement of society and the sovereignty of nations. The role played by editors of biomedical journal is considered decisive for the integrity of scientific research.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The purpose of this paper is to offer inputs about integrity and scientific fraud and discuss the initiatives that have been taken for the promotion and strengthening of good practices in research.</p>
    <p>Brazil has seen progressive improvement in the rates of scientific publication and currently ranks 15<sup>th2</sup> in the ranking of SCImago countries, with more than 630,000 citable documents published in the past 20 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) - although there is considerable debate about the quality of the papers produced in the country, based on the low impact factor of the journals where the papers are mostly published<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ranking of top 20 countries according to the number of citable scientific papers registered in SCImago database from 1996 to 2016. Adapted from SCImago. Retrieved on March 1, 2017.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0001-70026-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The system that has led to increased academic production on a global level and also in Brazil has many merits, but it is imperfect, and incentives for researchers to publish in increasing quantities can cause abnormalities. In a recent publication, Edwards and Roy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> argue that hypercompetition for research funds and for financial and/or academic rewards has created an environment that is conducive to the cementing of scientific progress and to the rise of unethical actions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The quantitative metric of scientific publications is dominant in the academic world. It is the basis for workers to be hired in universities, for job promotions, awards and for obtaining financial incentives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The direct consequence of this environment is the increase of scientific misconduct which, according to the National Science Foundation, can be classified as follows: (1) fabrication, which is making up results in research; (2) falsification, defined as manipulating research materials, equipment or procedures, or changing or omitting data so that the research does not accurately represent the actual findings; and (3) plagiarism, which is the appropriation of someone else's ideas, processes, results, or words, without giving proper credit.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>These unethical conducts led to 291 research papers funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH) between 1992 and 2012 to be precluded from publication, at a cost of US$ 58 million, not to mention the damage resulting from researchers and health professionals unduly using data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Fanelli<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> has shown, in a meta-analysis, that 2% of the scientists who have been heard acknowledged that they have fabricated, falsified or modified data/results on at least one occasion; while 14% of them claim to know of data falsification in their colleagues' research studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Lins and Carvalho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> published an analysis of fraud cases in Brazil, listing episodes of plagiarism, falsification and fabrication of results, and point out to the need for further discussion on the subject. They have also suggested the widespread adoption of good practices in research and publication, such as those published by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> as well as the active enforcement of research integrity by regulatory agencies, such as Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
    <p>Research integrity has been divided into five dimensions: (1) data handling; (2) human aspects and personal contact; (3) authoring and publishing; (4) research sponsorship; and (5) research methodology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The strategies to be implemented by biomedical journals to ensure these dimensions involve the requirement of ethics committees to approve the study before it is submitted, terms and conditions on conflicts of interest specifying the specific contribution of each author, independent statistical review, plagiarism detection software and full adoption of the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journals Editors (ICMJE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Some of the most significant contributions of ICJME is the definition of who should be an author of a scientific paper, which is the individual who: (1) has helped conceiving or designing the work; or has obtained, analyzed or interpreted the research data; and (2) has participated in the drafting of the manuscript or critically revised it for important intellectual content; and (3) has given final approval to the version of the text to be published; and (4) agreed to ensure that the questions regarding the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are properly investigated and resolved.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Besides the importance of defining scientific authorship, the ICJME calls the attention of the scientific community to the so-called "predatory journals," which use unethical practices to attract publications that are focused on business practices. It is the authors' responsibility to evaluate the integrity of the journal to which submit their work.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences (IJCS) fully supports and takes initiatives to promote scientific integrity, such as detailed peer review; the requirement of specifying any potential of conflicts of interest after the conclusion of each paper; the need to seek approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the institution, according to CNS Resolution 466/12 when the work involves human beings in their entirety or in parts; and the author being required to fill out a form to specify the contribution of all co-authors pursuant to the ICJME's recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Initiatives that stimulate ethical behavior in research are encouraging, such as those proposed by the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA), which recommends not using any metrics, such as impact factors, in order to promote and hire individual researchers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Taking these actions is of the essence to strengthen the practice of delivering quality research and it is crucial for t<sup>he</sup> society to make the most of the progress made by quality scientific research.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Integridade na Pesquisa Cient&#237;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Professor do Departamento de Medicina Cl&#237;nica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8722; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita</bold>. Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro. Rua Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303 - Centro - CEP 24033-900 - Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Publica&#231;&#245;es Cient&#237;ficas e T&#233;cnicas</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesquisa Cient&#237;fica e Desenvolvimento Tecnol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o de Integridade Cient&#237;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#225; Conduta Cient&#237;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fraude</kwd>
        <kwd>Cienciometria</kwd>
        <kwd>&#201;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Pl&#225;gio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>
            <italic>"Science is composed of errors, but errors that it is right to make, for they lead step by step to the truth". Jules Verne, Journey to the Centre of the Earth</italic>
          </p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>A publica&#231;&#227;o de um texto cient&#237;fico &#233; um dos maiores objetivos do cientista, sendo fundamental para o avan&#231;o da ci&#234;ncia, a melhoria da sociedade e a soberania das na&#231;&#245;es. O papel dos editores de peri&#243;dicos biom&#233;dicos &#233; considerado decisivo no zelo da integridade da pesquisa cient&#237;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O objetivo deste artigo &#233; trazer dados para reflex&#227;o sobre integridade e fraude cient&#237;fica, e ilustrar as iniciativas que t&#234;m sido tomadas para promo&#231;&#227;o e fortalecimento das boas pr&#225;ticas em pesquisa.</p>
      <p>O Brasil tem tido progressiva melhoria nas taxas de publica&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica e ocupa atualmente a 15<sup>a</sup> posi&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> no <italic>ranking</italic> de pa&#237;ses do SCImago, com mais de 630 mil documentos cit&#225;veis publicados nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>) &#8722; apesar de haver consider&#225;vel debate sobre a qualidade dos artigos produzidos no pa&#237;s, fundamentado pelo baixo Fator de Impacto dos peri&#243;dicos nos quais os artigos s&#227;o majoritariamente publicados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ranking dos primeiros 20 pa&#237;ses de acordo com n&#250;mero de documentos cient&#237;ficos cit&#225;veis cadastrados na base de dados do SCImago no per&#237;odo de 1996-2016. Adaptado de SCIMAGO, acessado em 01 de mar&#231;o de 2017.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-30-01-0001-70026-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O sistema que levou ao aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica globalmente e tamb&#233;m no Brasil tem muitos m&#233;ritos, mas &#233; imperfeito, e os incentivos para que os pesquisadores publiquem em quantidade crescente podem gerar anomalias. Em recente publica&#231;&#227;o, Edwards e Roy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> apontam que a hipercompeti&#231;&#227;o por fundos de pesquisa e por recompensas financeiras e/ou acad&#234;micas tem criado um ambiente prop&#237;cio para o comprometimento do progresso cient&#237;fico e para o aumento de a&#231;&#245;es anti&#233;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A m&#233;trica quantitativa das publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas &#233; dominante no mundo acad&#234;mico, sendo a base para contrata&#231;&#245;es em universidades, promo&#231;&#245;es, premia&#231;&#245;es e obten&#231;&#227;o de fomento financeiro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A consequ&#234;ncia direta deste ambiente &#233; o crescimento das fraudes cient&#237;ficas (<italic>scientific misconduct</italic>) que, segundo a <italic>National Science Foundation,</italic> podem ser assim classificadas: (1) fabrica&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; a cria&#231;&#227;o de resultados na pesquisa; (2) falsifica&#231;&#227;o, definida como a manipula&#231;&#227;o de materiais da pesquisa, equipamentos ou dos procedimentos da pesquisa, ou a omiss&#227;o dos dados de forma que a pesquisa n&#227;o represente acuradamente os achados reais; e (3) pl&#225;gio, que &#233; a apropria&#231;&#227;o de ideias, processos, resultados ou palavras de outros, sem o devido cr&#233;dito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Estas condutas anti&#233;ticas levaram a 291 retrata&#231;&#245;es de artigos de pesquisas financiadas pelo <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic> (NIH) entre 1992 e 2012, ao custo de US$58 milh&#245;es, sem contar os danos decorrentes da utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados por pesquisadores e profissionais de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Fanelli<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> demonstrou, em uma metan&#225;lise, que 2% dos cientistas pesquisados admitem ter fabricado, falsificado ou modificado dados/resultados em pelo menos uma ocasi&#227;o; ao passo que 14% deles afirmam ter conhecimento de falsifica&#231;&#227;o de dados em pesquisas de seus colegas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Lins e Carvalho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> publicaram uma an&#225;lise de casos de fraude no Brasil, listando epis&#243;dios de pl&#225;gio, falsifica&#231;&#227;o e fabrica&#231;&#227;o de resultados, e apontam a necessidade de maior discuss&#227;o sobre o assunto. Sugeriram tamb&#233;m ampla ado&#231;&#227;o de boas pr&#225;ticas em pesquisa e publica&#231;&#227;o, como as publicadas pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> bem como vigil&#226;ncia ativa da integridade da pesquisa por &#243;rg&#227;os reguladores, como Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
      <p>A integridade da pesquisa tem sido dividida em cinco dimens&#245;es: (1) manejo de dados; (2) aspectos humanos e contato pessoal; (3) autoria e publica&#231;&#227;o; (4) patroc&#237;nio da pesquisa; e (5) metodologia da pesquisa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> As estrat&#233;gias que devem ser implementadas por peri&#243;dicos biom&#233;dicos para garantir estas dimens&#245;es envolvem a obrigatoriedade de aprova&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa em Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica para submiss&#227;o, termos de conflito de interesse e que explicitam a contribui&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de cada autor, revis&#227;o estat&#237;stica independente, <italic>softwares</italic> de avalia&#231;&#227;o de pl&#225;gio e ado&#231;&#227;o integral das recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>International Committee of Medical Journals Editors</italic> (ICMJE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Entre as contribui&#231;&#245;es mais significativas da ICJME est&#225; a defini&#231;&#227;o de quem deve ser um autor do trabalho cient&#237;fico, que &#233; o individuo que: (1) contribuiu para o conceito ou desenho da pesquisa; ou que obteve, analisou ou interpretou dados da pesquisa; E (2) participou da confec&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito ou o revisou criticamente para conte&#250;do intelectual importante; E (3) realizou a aprova&#231;&#227;o final da vers&#227;o do texto a ser publicada; E (4) concordou em assegurar que os questionamentos com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; acur&#225;cia ou &#224; integridade de qualquer parte do trabalho est&#227;o apropriadamente investigados e resolvidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da import&#226;ncia da defini&#231;&#227;o da autoria cient&#237;fica, o ICJME pede aten&#231;&#227;o da comunidade cient&#237;fica para os chamados "peri&#243;dicos predat&#243;rios", que utilizam pr&#225;ticas anti&#233;ticas para capta&#231;&#227;o de publica&#231;&#245;es e que t&#234;m como foco pr&#225;ticas comerciais, sendo a responsabilidade dos autores avaliar a integridade do peri&#243;dico ao qual submetem suas pesquisas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</italic> (IJCS) apoia integralmente e adota as iniciativas de promo&#231;&#227;o da integridade cient&#237;fica, como a revis&#227;o detalhada por pares da pesquisa; a exig&#234;ncia de explicita&#231;&#227;o de potencial conflito de interesses logo ap&#243;s as conclus&#245;es do trabalho; a necessidade de aprova&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o, obedecendo a Resolu&#231;&#227;o CNS 466/12 quando a pesquisa envolve seres humanos em sua totalidade ou partes dele; e o preenchimento de formul&#225;rio pelo autor explicitando a contribui&#231;&#227;o de todos os coautores em conformidade com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do ICJME.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Iniciativas que estimulem comportamento &#233;tico na pesquisa s&#227;o encorajadoras, como as propostas pela <italic>San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment</italic> (DORA), que recomenda a n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;trica de publica&#231;&#245;es, como Fatores de Impacto, como forma de promover e contratar pesquisadores individuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A promo&#231;&#227;o destas a&#231;&#245;es &#233; essencial para o fortalecimento da pr&#225;tica da pesquisa de qualidade e &#233; crucial para que a sociedade tenha o m&#225;ximo de benef&#237;cio dos avan&#231;os obtidos pela pesquisa cient&#237;fica de qualidade.</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
