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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rXJJD4kZzWdXDmWZ5B8FKHp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001500016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900600016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012001500016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 6: Choque cardiog&#234;nico tardio ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em homem de 50 anos portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Wilma Noia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamada</surname>
            <given-names>Alice Tatsuko</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e166</fpage>
      <lpage>e173</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMOCL&#205;NICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caso 6 : choque cardiog&#234;nico tardio ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em homem de 50 anos portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Wilma Noia Ribeiro; Alice Tatsuko Yamada; Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Choque cardiog&#234;nico; infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente de 50 anos, branco, funileiro, natural de Recife (PE), procedente de S&#227;o Paulo (SP), com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, foi internado com hipotens&#227;o arterial e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada. </p>
    <p>Aos 42 anos de idade (no ano 2000), apresentou dor precordial prolongada e foi internado com diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. A cineangiografia dessa &#233;poca revelou les&#227;o de 50% em ramo interventricular anterior, 90%, com aspecto de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o, em ramo circunflexo e oclus&#227;o de coron&#225;ria direita. A ventriculografia revelou acinesia inferolaterobasal.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (em fevereiro de 2000) revelou &#225;trio esquerdo 51 mm, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 62 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 41% (Teichholz), acinesia de parede inferior e lateral e insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-e166-00016-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ap&#243;s tal epis&#243;dio, evoluiu com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, a qual progrediu at&#233; estar presente no repouso, e ortopneia, com edema de membros inferiores. Cerca de dois anos ap&#243;s o infarto foi internado por pneumonia lobar direita e empiema, este drenado (em dezembro de 2001). </p>
    <p>Foi, ent&#227;o, encaminhado para o InCor para tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>O paciente era portador, tamb&#233;m, de hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes melito tipo 2, sendo fumante at&#233; a &#233;poca do infarto. </p>
    <p>Fazia uso de glibenclamida 10 mg, mononitrato de isossorbida 80 mg, espironolactona 100 mg, digoxina 0,25 mg, furosemida 120 mg, captopril 100 mg e AAS 100 mg di&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico (em 18/1/2002) revelou paciente emagrecido, 104 batimentos por minuto de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial 120/86 mmHg, com hipertens&#227;o venosa jugular +++/4+; os pulsos eram normopalp&#225;veis e sim&#233;tricos; havia presen&#231;a de dreno no hemit&#243;rax direito e estertores crepitantes no ter&#231;o inferior desse hemit&#243;rax; a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou hiperfonese do componente pulmonar da segunda bulha e n&#227;o havia sopros. O f&#237;gado estava aumentado e doloroso, sendo palpado a 8 cm do rebordo costal direito. Havia edema ++/4+ nos membros inferiores.</p>
    <p>O ECG (em 16/1/2002) revelou ritmo sinusal, com frequ&#234;ncia de 97 bpm, baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS no plano frontal, &#225;rea eletricamente inativa em parede inferior e altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-e166-00016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram anemia, hiperuricemia e eleva&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina glicada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a16tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a16tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-e166-00016-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (em fevereiro de 2002) revelou acinesia de parede inferior, lateral e apical, dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o acentuada de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo cuja fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi 30% (Simpson). Havia dilata&#231;&#227;o discreta de &#225;trio esquerdo e discreta insufici&#234;ncia mitral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Foram acrescentados carvedilol e insulina, sendo substitu&#237;do o captopril pelo enalapril com melhora da dispneia, que regrediu para esfor&#231;os moderados.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma com estresse por dobutamina revelou viabilidade em parede septal e anterior, isquemia anterior, &#225;rea cicatricial em parede lateral, posterior e mediobasal inferior.</p>
    <p>Novo cateterismo (em 28/8/2005) revelou press&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (Sist/Diast1/Diast2): 140/19/40 mmHg; a cinecoronariografia revelou oclus&#227;o de coron&#225;ria direita, les&#227;o de 40% na por&#231;&#227;o proximal do ramo interventricular anterior e oclus&#227;o proximal do ramo circunflexo; havia hipocinesia difusa e acentuada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Houve descompensa&#231;&#245;es da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com dispneia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, em 2005 e em 2007, esta atribu&#237;da a broncopneumonia e piora da insufici&#234;ncia renal, com nova interna&#231;&#227;o em julho de 2009, por descompensa&#231;&#227;o e pneumonia. </p>
    <p>Houve necessidade de terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal por hemodi&#225;lise desde meados de 2008.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s uma semana de hipotens&#227;o nas sess&#245;es de hemodi&#225;lise e piora da dispneia, foi encaminhado para a emerg&#234;ncia do InCor.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico (em 19/1/2009) revelou paciente descorado, eupneico, com discreta hipertens&#227;o jugular, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 88 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 80 &#215; 50 mmHg; a ausculta pulmonar revelou estertores crepitantes em ambas as bases; a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou ritmo card&#237;aco irregular, bulhas normofon&#233;ticas e sem sopros; havia hepatomegalia, com f&#237;gado palpado a 4 cm do rebordo costal e ascite moderada; as extremidades estavam frias e havia edema ++/4+ de membros inferiores, sem sinais de trombose venosa profunda. </p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram anemia, insufici&#234;ncia renal grave, eleva&#231;&#227;o da contagem de formas jovens de neutr&#243;filos, linfopenia e plaquetopenia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a16tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>O ECG (em 19 de dezembro) revelou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia de 90 bpm, baixa voltagem no plano frontal, bloqueio de ramo direito e &#225;rea inativa em parede inferior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">Figura 2</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-e166-00016-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Foram administrados volume e aminas vasoativas, e antibi&#243;ticos de amplo espectro.</p>
    <p>O paciente evoluiu com piora da dispneia e da perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica, cianose e rebaixamento da consci&#234;ncia, necessitando de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte respirat&#243;rio. Durante esse procedimento, o paciente apresentou bradicardia seguida de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, com recupera&#231;&#227;o em 2 min. Ap&#243;s intuba&#231;&#227;o e recupera&#231;&#227;o do ritmo de base (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial), havia roncos difusos e crepita&#231;&#227;o em bases pulmonares; a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio era de 96% com FIO<sub>2</sub> 100%. Algumas horas depois apresentou nova parada em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso precedida de bradicardia e foi recuperada em 10 min. A press&#227;o arterial p&#243;s-parada era 117 &#215; 69 mHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 120 batimentos por minuto. Houve recorr&#234;ncia da parada card&#237;aca mais tr&#234;s vezes e, finalmente, o paciente faleceu em assistolia na madrugada de 21/12/2009.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de paciente de 50 anos com sinais e sintomas da s&#237;ndrome de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca iniciados ap&#243;s epis&#243;dio de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. A principal hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica para o caso &#233; de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>A miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica &#233; definida pela ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva em pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana sem concomit&#226;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, valvopatia prim&#225;ria, aneurisma ventricular ou outra causa conhecida de miocardiopatia. Est&#225; associada a doen&#231;a coronariana difusa e grave, e a m&#250;ltiplos infartos.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva &#233; atualmente a principal causa de morte no mundo, com sete milh&#245;es de &#243;bitos por ano e contribuindo com um percentual de 12,8% de todas as mortes<sup>1</sup>. &#201; esperado que sua ocorr&#234;ncia venha a se elevar nos pr&#243;ximos anos com o aumento na incid&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, como o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o e o aumento na preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>&#201; a primeira causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica no Brasil, sendo respons&#225;vel por um percentual de 29,7% dos casos<sup>2</sup>. Esse paciente apresentava v&#225;rios fatores de risco que contribu&#237;ram para o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana: sexo masculino, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito, tabagismo e dislipidemia. </p>
    <p>Segundo os estudos de Framingham, o risco de indiv&#237;duos entre 40-44 anos de idade desenvolverem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em 10 anos &#233; de 7% para homens e 2% para mulheres. Embora, pela idade, esse risco fosse baixo, o paciente apresentava os outros fatores citados que, provavelmente, contribu&#237;ram para que manifestasse mais precocemente o evento ateroscler&#243;tico<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico da miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica &#233; semelhante &#224;s demais miocardiopatias dilatadas de outras etiologias. Entre os sintomas cl&#237;nicos, temos dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, ortopneia e dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna. A dor tor&#225;cica tamb&#233;m pode ser outra queixa comumente referida pelo pacientes. Os sinais cl&#237;nicos podem ser de congest&#227;o pulmonar (estertores crepitantes) ou de congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica (estase de jugular, hepatomegalia e edema nos membros inferiores).</p>
    <p>O primeiro ecocardiograma apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es da motilidade segmentar que foram compat&#237;veis com os achados observados na cineangiografia, que demonstrava oclus&#227;o de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e les&#227;o acentuada em ramo circunflexo, com sinais de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o frequentes na cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica e corroboram o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio. </p>
    <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio causado pela art&#233;ria circunflexa &#233; o de mais dif&#237;cil identifica&#231;&#227;o. Estudos mostram que a identifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria descendente anterior, da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e da art&#233;ria circunflexa como vasos culpados pelo evento agudo ocorre em 40,3%, 43,3% e 14,8%, respectivamente. Essa dificuldade na identifica&#231;&#227;o se deve a uma menor sensibilidade do eletrocardiograma para identificar altera&#231;&#245;es causadas por essa art&#233;ria, o que muitas vezes inviabiliza uma estrat&#233;gia precoce e efetiva de reperfus&#227;o<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Entre os diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais para esse caso temos a cardiomiopatia dilatada chag&#225;sica. Esse paciente apresentava sorologia negativa para doen&#231;a de Chagas, o que n&#227;o exclui completamente o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a, pois a diretriz latino-americana sobre doen&#231;a de Chagas publicada em 2011 preconiza duas sorologias negativas para exclus&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico<sup>5</sup>. Outros aspectos que tornam menos fact&#237;vel esse diagn&#243;stico &#233; que o eletrocardiograma n&#227;o mostrava os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o t&#237;picos dessa doen&#231;a, e o ecocardiograma n&#227;o apresentava hipocinesia difusa, mas altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares da motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Embora o paciente tenha antecedente de hipertens&#227;o arterial, a hip&#243;tese de cardiomiopatia hipertensiva desadaptada em uma fase mais avan&#231;ada com dilata&#231;&#227;o torna-se menos prov&#225;vel, pois no ecocardiograma foi observada disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#224; custa de altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares.</p>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica tamb&#233;m deve ser aventada para o caso. Tipicamente acomete indiv&#237;duos entre 18-50 anos, podendo ocorrer em crian&#231;as e idosos. &#201; mais frequente em homens e negros, e pelo menos 25% dos casos apresentam transmiss&#227;o gen&#233;tica da doen&#231;a. Acredita-se que fatores gen&#233;ticos associados a altera&#231;&#245;es da resposta imunol&#243;gica e fatores infecciosos agiriam de forma sin&#233;rgica no desenvolvimento das altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e consequente aparecimento das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Estima-se que 10-20% dos casos de cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica sejam causados por sequela de infec&#231;&#227;o viral pr&#233;via<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em dezembro de 2002, o paciente apresentou novo epis&#243;dio sugestivo de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada com sinais cl&#237;nicos de congest&#227;o venosa pulmonar e sist&#234;mica, e o fator que parece ter precipitado essa descompensa&#231;&#227;o foi um quadro infeccioso pneum&#244;nico. </p>
    <p>Em dezembro de 2009, o paciente apresentou novo epis&#243;dio sugestivo de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada com sinais cl&#237;nicos de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco associado a congest&#227;o venosa pulmonar e sist&#234;mica. Foram iniciadas medidas cl&#237;nicas para compensa&#231;&#227;o do quadro, inclusive com o uso de aminas vasoativas e antibi&#243;ticos. No entanto, o paciente evoluiu com piora cl&#237;nica e parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em assistolia em 21/12/2009. </p>
    <p>Os principais diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais para o quadro cl&#237;nico final s&#227;o tromboembolismo pulmonar, tamponamento card&#237;aco, choque cardiog&#234;nico e choque misto (s&#233;ptico/cardiog&#234;nico), discutidos a seguir.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia renal e o hipotireoidismo s&#227;o fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de derrame peric&#225;rdico, o que torna a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de tamponamento card&#237;aco plaus&#237;vel nesse contexto. Sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; decorrente da restri&#231;&#227;o ao enchimento ventricular na di&#225;stole. A hipotens&#227;o arterial habitualmente est&#225; presente, embora nos est&#225;gios precoces os mecanismos compensat&#243;rios permitam a manuten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial normal. S&#227;o achados tamb&#233;m frequentes: pulso paradoxal, taquicardia e sinais ao exame f&#237;sico de insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita, como aumento do pulso venoso jugular, sinal de Kussmaul e hepatomegalia. </p>
    <p>Os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos comumente observados no tamponamento card&#237;aco s&#227;o baixa voltagem, presente no caso, e altern&#226;ncia el&#233;trica do complexo QRS. O ecocardiograma &#233; o m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo utilizado para sua confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica<sup>7</sup>. Embora n&#227;o tenha sido feita refer&#234;ncia a altera&#231;&#245;es do peric&#225;rdio, nos exames de ecocardiograma pr&#233;vios do paciente, n&#227;o podemos excluir essa hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica. </p>
    <p>O tromboembolismo pulmonar &#233; um evento frequente em quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sendo sua incid&#234;ncia aumentada em duas vezes nos portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Seu diagn&#243;stico nesse contexto torna-se mais dif&#237;cil devido &#224; semelhan&#231;a de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica entre as duas doen&#231;as, fazendo-se necess&#225;ria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos de imagem para a sua confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica<sup>8</sup>. Outra condi&#231;&#227;o que tamb&#233;m aumenta a incid&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo pulmonar &#233; a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, presente no caso atual.</p>
    <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico t&#237;pico de tromboembolismo pulmonar consiste em dispneia e hipoxemia desproporcionais ao achado de congest&#227;o pulmonar, al&#233;m de piora ou aparecimento de sinais de insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita. No presente caso, o paciente apresentava sinais de insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, o que poderia justificar o quadro de dispneia, assim como disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, provavelmente secund&#225;ria &#224;s press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas &#224; esquerda. Embora, ao exame f&#237;sico, tenha sido detectada hiperfonese de segunda bulha em foco pulmonar, que &#233; sugestiva de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, n&#227;o h&#225; refer&#234;ncia aos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o na art&#233;ria pulmonar nos ecocardiogramas realizados.</p>
    <p>Por fim, as hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas mais prov&#225;veis s&#227;o choque cardiog&#234;nico ou choque misto (cardiog&#234;nico/s&#233;ptico). In&#250;meros s&#227;o os fatores de agudiza&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cronicamente compensada, destacando-se o uso incorreto das medica&#231;&#245;es e a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da miocardiopatia. Outro fator que pode ter desencadeado ou contribu&#237;do para essa piora cl&#237;nica do paciente foi o aparecimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A contra&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; respons&#225;vel por 20% do volume sist&#243;lico, em pessoas normais, chegando a 33%, em portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana, e a perda dessa contribui&#231;&#227;o pode ter repercutido na piora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, principalmente em paciente com fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica j&#225; deprimida<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A hip&#243;tese de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica tamb&#233;m deve ser considerada, pois o paciente apresentava fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, havia apresentado uma s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda pr&#233;via e o eletrocardiograma apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es novas (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e bloqueio de ramo direito). O que torna esse diagn&#243;stico menos prov&#225;vel &#233; que essa agudiza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ocorreu em vig&#234;ncia de angina. Al&#233;m de evento isqu&#234;mico ateroscler&#243;tico, n&#227;o pode ser descartado um quadro isqu&#234;mico de fonte emb&#243;lica, complica&#231;&#227;o pouco frequente e tamb&#233;m relatada em doentes com cardiomiopatia dilatada avan&#231;ada<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pela hist&#243;ria apresentada, o fator que parece ter sido o principal precipitante do quadro cl&#237;nico final desse paciente foi um quadro infeccioso, o qual &#233; corroborado pela eleva&#231;&#227;o da contagem de formas jovens de neutr&#243;filos e pelo fato de o paciente ser portador de cardiopatia e nefropatia avan&#231;adas, condi&#231;&#245;es que o tornaram mais suscet&#237;vel a quadros infecciosos.</p>
    <p>O choque s&#233;ptico &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome grave caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e disfun&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os, em decorr&#234;ncia da intera&#231;&#227;o de produtos liberados das bact&#233;rias com o tecido celular. A disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ocorre na vig&#234;ncia de sepse em aproximadamente 40% dos casos, e sua patog&#234;nese n&#227;o est&#225; completamente esclarecida. Estudos t&#234;m revelado que essa depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; desencadeada principalmente pela a&#231;&#227;o de endotoxinas e mediadores inflamat&#243;rios end&#243;genos, como o fator de necrose tumoral e interleucinas, e, &#224;s vezes, por a&#231;&#227;o direta das bact&#233;rias<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>O paciente do presente quadro cl&#237;nico j&#225; apresentava disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pr&#233;via, e esta, provavelmente, deve ter se agravado na vig&#234;ncia do quadro s&#233;ptico, levando ao choque misto refrat&#225;rio ao tratamento cl&#237;nico seguido de &#243;bito em dezembro de 2009. (<bold>Dra. Wilma Noia Ribeiro; Alice Tatsuko Yamada</bold>)</p>
    <p><bold>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas:</bold> diagn&#243;stico sindr&#244;mico: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; etiologia: cardiopatia de origem isqu&#234;mica; evento final: choque misto (cardiog&#234;nico - s&#233;ptico). (<bold>Dra. Wilma Noia Ribeiro; Alice Tatsuko Yamada</bold>)</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Necropsia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a principal desse paciente, respons&#225;vel pela morte, era aterosclerose sist&#234;mica. Nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, havia obstru&#231;&#227;o superior a 70% nos tr&#234;s principais ramos, atingindo 95% em &#225;rea de trombo antigo recanalizado no ramo circunflexo esquerdo e, na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, 95% de obstru&#231;&#227;o por les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica e 98% em local de trombo antigo recanalizado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig03">Figura 3</xref>). Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o o fato de que esse paciente teve infarto ainda jovem, com pouco mais de 40 anos (segundo aparece em resumo cl&#237;nico de alta de interna&#231;&#227;o anterior, cerca de 9 anos antes da morte, portanto ao redor dos 41 anos de idade). Mais importante ainda &#233; que a necrose isqu&#234;mica era muito extensa, atingindo mais de 40% da massa ventricular esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig04">Figura 4</xref>); no passado, infarto t&#227;o grande era considerado incompat&#237;vel com a vida, mas atualmente veem-se pacientes que, como esse, conseguem sobreviver por muito tempo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-e166-00016-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-e166-00016-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O paciente tinha tamb&#233;m nefrosclerose benigna, associada a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>A morte parece ter sido consequ&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com choque cardiog&#234;nico na fase final. </p>
    <p>Adicionalmente, o estudo microsc&#243;pico revelou a exist&#234;ncia de inflama&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas gigantes, acometendo art&#233;rias do territ&#243;rio pulmonar intraparenquimatoso e ramos coron&#225;rios intermedi&#225;rios, al&#233;m do pr&#243;prio mioc&#225;rdio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig05">Figura 5</xref>). O padr&#227;o &#233; infrequente, pois a arterite de c&#233;lulas gigantes costuma atingir a art&#233;ria temporal, a aorta ou seus ramos maiores, ou a art&#233;ria pulmonar, mas n&#227;o os ramos intraparenquimatosos desta &#250;ltima, e menos ainda sem comprometimento do tronco. Por outro lado, igualmente rara &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o da arterite com a miocardite. As pesquisas de agentes infecciosos resultaram negativas, e a causa dessa doen&#231;a n&#227;o ficou estabelecida. N&#227;o se enquadra com adequa&#231;&#227;o em nenhum dos tipos de arterite<sup>12</sup>, mas aproxima-se mais da granulomatose de Wegener, que atinge vasos de pequeno calibre. Provavelmente teve papel coadjuvante na piora cl&#237;nica do paciente. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-e166-00016-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Havia ainda infarto cerebral na regi&#227;o frontoparietal direita. Embora seja prov&#225;vel decorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose, n&#227;o se pode descartar a possibilidade de ser secund&#225;rio &#224; arterite no territ&#243;rio cerebral, pois as art&#233;rias dessa regi&#227;o n&#227;o foram examinadas. Essa les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica n&#227;o teve papel significativo na morte. (<bold>Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
    <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico anatomopatol&#243;gico:</bold> infarto do mioc&#225;rdio cicatrizado decorrente de aterosclerose coron&#225;ria. <italic>Causa mortis</italic>: choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
    <p><italic>Doen&#231;a secund&#225;ria significativa</italic>: arterite de ramos das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e no territ&#243;rio pulmonar intraparenquimatoso, prov&#225;vel granulomatose de Wegener, com miocardite associada. (<bold>Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Vera Demarchi Aiello </p>
        <p> Av. Dr En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44, Sub-solo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar </p>
        <p> CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="demarchi@cardiol.br">demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vera.aiello@incor.usp.br">vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>). Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
  </body>
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      <article-categories>
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          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 6: late cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction in a 50 year-old hypertensive and diabetic man</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL SESSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Case 6 - late cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction in a 50 year-old hypertensive and diabetic man</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Wilma Noia Ribeiro; Alice Tatsuko Yamada; Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>Shock, cardiogenic; myocardial infarction; hypertension; diabetes mellitus.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 50-year-old Caucasian male patient, a coppersmith by profession, born in Recife (State of Pernambuco) and living in S&#227;o Paulo (SP), with a history of previous myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes and chronic renal failure was hospitalized with hypotension and decompensated heart failure. </p>
      <p>At 42 years of age (year 2000), he presented with prolonged chest pain and was hospitalized with the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Cineangiography at that time revealed a 50% lesion in the anterior interventricular branch, a 90% lesion in the circumflex branch which appeared to be recanalized, and occlusion of the right coronary artery. Ventriculography revealed inferolaterobasal akinesia. </p>
      <p>Echocardiography (February 2000) showed a left atrium with 51 mm, left ventricle with 62 mm, left ventricular ejection fraction of 41% (Teichholz), inferior and lateral wall akinesia, and moderate mitral regurgitation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
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      <p>After this episode, he developed dyspnea on exertion, which progressed to dyspnea at rest and orthopnea, accompanied by leg edema. Approximately two years after the infarction, he was hospitalized for right lobar pneumonia and empyema, which was drained (December 2001).</p>
      <p>The patient was then referred to InCor for treatment of heart failure. </p>
      <p>He also had hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus, and had been a smoker up until the time of infarction. </p>
      <p>He was on glibenclamide 10 mg, isosorbide mononitrate 80 mg, spironolactone 100 mg, digoxin 0.25 mg, furosemide 120 mg, captopril 100 mg, and ASA 100 mg daily. </p>
      <p>Physical examination (01/18/2002) revealed an emaciated patient, with a heart rate of 104 beats per minute, blood pressure of 120/86 mmHg, grade 3/4 jugular venous distension; pulses were normal and symmetrical to palpation; there was a drain in his right hemithorax and crackles in the lower third of this hemithorax; cardiac auscultation showed accentuated intensity of the pulmonary component of the second heart sound, with no murmurs. The liver was enlarged and tender, and was palpated at 8 cm below the right costal margin. Grade 2+ pitting leg edema was present.</p>
      <p>ECG (01/06/2002) revealed sinus rhythm, with a heart rate of 97 bpm; low-voltage QRS complexes in the frontal plane; an electrically inactive area in inferior wall; and ventricular repolarization abnormalities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
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      <p>Laboratory tests showed anemia, hyperuricemia, and elevated glycated hemoglobin (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a16tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
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      <p>Echocardiogram (February 2002) showed inferior, lateral and apical wall akinesia, pronounced left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction with ejection fraction of 30% (Simpson). There was mild left atrial dilatation and mild mitral regurgitation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>Carvedilol and insulin were started, and captopril was replaced by enalapril, with improvement of dyspnea, which was now triggered by moderate exertion. </p>
      <p>Dobutamine-stress echocardiography revealed septal and anterior wall viability; anterior ischemia; and a healed area in lateral, posterior and mid-basal inferior walls. </p>
      <p>Repeat catheterization (08/28/2005) revealed left ventricular pressures (Syst/Diast1/Diast2) of 140/19/40 mmHg. Coronary cineangiography showed right coronary occlusion, 40% lesion of the proximal portion of the anterior interventricular branch, and proximal occlusion of the circumflex branch; and presence of diffuse and severe left ventricular hypokinesia. </p>
      <p>The patient had heart failure decompensations with dyspnea on minimal exertion in 2005 and 2007, the latter attributed to bronchopneumonia and worsening of renal failure, and was hospitalized again in July 2009 for decompensation and pneumonia. </p>
      <p>Renal replacement therapy for hemodyalisis became necessary as of mid-2008.</p>
      <p>After one week of hypotension during the hemodialysis sessions and worsening of dyspnea, he was referred to the InCor emergency service.</p>
      <p>On physical examination (on 01/19/2009) the patient was pale, eupneic, with mild jugular venous distension, heart rate of 88 bpm, blood pressure of 80/55 mmHg; pulmonary auscultation revealed crackles in both bases; cardiac auscultation revealed irregular rhythm, with normal heart sounds and no murmurs; the liver was enlarged and palpated at 4 cm below the costal margin, and there was moderate ascites; the extremities were cold and there was grade 2+ pitting leg edema, with no signs of deep venous thrombosis.</p>
      <p>Laboratory tests revealed anemia, severe renal failure, increased count of band neutrophils, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a16tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>ECG (December, 19) revealed atrial fibrillation with a mean heart rate of 90 bpm; low voltage in the frontal plane; right bundle branch block; and an inactive area in the inferior wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
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      <p>Fluid, vasoactive amines and broad-spectrum antibiotics were administered. </p>
      <p>The patient progressed with worsening of dyspnea and of peripheral blood flow, cyanosis and decreased level of consciousness, and required orotracheal intubation for respiratory support. During this procedure, the patient presented with bradycardia followed by cardiopulmonary arrest in pulseless electrical activity, with recovery within 2 min. After intubation and recovery of the baseline rhythm (atrial fibrillation), there were diffuse ronchi and crackles in pulmonary bases; oxygen saturation was 96% with FIO<sub>2 </sub>of 100%. A few hours later he had another cardiac arrest in pulseless electrical activity preceded by bradycardia and recovered in 10 min. Post-arrest blood pressure was 117 x 69 mmHg, and heart rate of 120 bpm. He had three additional cardiac arrests and eventually died in asystole on the early morning of 12/21/2009.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report the case of a 50-year-old patient with signs and symptoms of heart failure syndrome that appeared after an episode of acute myocardial infarction. The main working diagnosis for the case is ischemic cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>Ischemic cardiomyopathy is defined by the occurrence of congestive heart failure in patients with coronary artery disease without concomitant hypertension, primary heart valve disease, ventricular aneurysm, or other known cause of cardiomyopathy. It is associated with severe diffuse coronary artery disease and multiple infarctions. </p>
      <p>Obstructive coronary artery disease is currently the major cause of death worldwide, with seven million deaths per year, accounting for 12.8% of all deaths<sup>1</sup>. Its occurrence is expected to increase in the coming years, as the incidence of cardiovascular risk factors such as population aging and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome also increase.</p>
      <p>It is the major cause of systolic heart failure in Brazil, accounting for 29.7% of cases<sup>2</sup>. This patient had several risk factors that contributed to the development of coronary artery disease: male gender; systemic arterial hypertension; diabetes mellitus; smoking; and dyslipidemia. </p>
      <p>According to the Framingham studies, the risk for individuals between 40-44 years of age to develop coronary artery disease within 10 years is of 7% for men and 2% for women. Although, based on the patient's age, this risk was low, he presented with the other factors mentioned, which probably contributed to the early development of the atherosclerotic event<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The clinical manifestations of ischemic cardiomyopathy are similar to those of other dilated cardiomyopathies of different etiologies. Among the clinical symptoms are dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Chest pain may also be another common patient complaint. The clinical signs may be those of pulmonary congestion (crackles) or those of systemic venous congestion (jugular venous distension, liver enlargement and leg edema). </p>
      <p>The first echocardiogram showed segmental wall motion abnormalities consistent with the findings of cineangiography, which showed right coronary artery occlusion and severe lesion in the circumflex branch, with signs of recanalization. These findings are common in ischemic cardiomyopathy and corroborate the diagnosis of previous acute myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction caused by occlusion of the circumflex artery is the one that is the most difficult to identify. Studies show that the anterior descending artery, right coronary artery, and circumflex artery are identified as the culprit vessels for the acute event in 40.3%, 43.3% and 14.8% of cases, respectively. This difficulty in the identification is due to lower sensitivity of electrocardiography to detect the abnormalities caused by the occlusion of this artery, which frequently prevents an early and effective reperfusion strategy<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the differential diagnoses for this case is dilated chagasic cardiomyopathy. This patient had negative serologic tests for Chagas disease, which does not fully rule out the diagnosis of the disease, because the Latin-American guideline on Chagas disease published in 2011 recommends two negative serologic test to rule out this diagnosis<sup>5</sup>. Other aspects that make this diagnosis less feasible are the fact that the echocardiogram did not show conduction disturbances typical of this disease and also that the echocardiogram did not reveal diffuse hypokinesia, but rather left ventricular segmental motion abnormalities.</p>
      <p>Although the patient had a history of hypertension, the hypothesis of maladaptive hypertensive cardiomyopathy in a more advanced stage with dilatation is less likely, because the echocardiogram showed ventricular dysfunction due to segmental abnormalities. </p>
      <p>Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy should also be considered for this case. It typically affects individuals between 18-50 years of age, and may occur in children and the elderly. It is more common among males and Blacks, and at least 25% of cases are genetically transmitted. Genetic factors associated with alterations of the immunologic response and infectious factors are believed to act synergistically in the development of the structural abnormalities and subsequent onset of the clinical manifestations. Approximately 10-20% of cases of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy are estimated to be caused by a complication of a previous viral infection<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In December 2002, the patient presented with a recurrent episode suggestive of decompensated heart failure with clinical signs of systemic and pulmonary venous congestion, which seemed to have been triggered by a pulmonary infectious disease. </p>
      <p>In December 2009, the patient had another episode suggestive of decompensated heart failure with clinical signs of low cardiac output associated with systemic and pulmonary venous congestion. Clinical measures for compensation of this condition were started, including the use of vasoactive amines and antibiotics. However, the patient had clinical worsening and a cardiopulmonary arrest in asystole on 12/21/2009.</p>
      <p>The main differential diagnoses for the final clinical picture are pulmonary thromboembolism, cardiac tamponade; cardiogenic shock; and mixed shock (septic/cardiogenic), which will be further discussed. </p>
      <p>Renal failure and hypothyroidism are risk factors for the development of pericardial effusion, which makes the working diagnosis of cardiac tamponade plausible in this context. Its clinical presentation results from restricted ventricular filling during diastole. Hypotension is usually present, although the compensatory mechanisms are able to keep blood pressure at normal levels in the early stages. Pulsus paradoxus; tachycardia; and signs of right ventricular failure such as increased jugular venous pulse, Kussmaul sign and enlarged liver on physical examination are also common findings. </p>
      <p>The electrocardiographic findings commonly observed in cardiac tamponade are low voltage - which was present in this case, and QRS electrical alternans. Echocardiography is the noninvasive method used to confirm the diagnosis<sup>7</sup>. Although pericardial abnormalities had not been mentioned in the previous patient's echocardiographic studies, this working diagnosis cannot be ruled out. </p>
      <p>Pulmonary thromboembolism is a common event in heart failure, and its incidence is two-fold higher in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. In the present context, this diagnosis is less easy to be made due to the similar clinical presentation of the two conditions, thus requiring the use of imaging methods for diagnostic confirmation<sup>8</sup>. Atrial fibrillation, which was present in this case, is another condition that also increases the incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism.</p>
      <p>The typical clinical manifestations of pulmonary thromboembolism consist of dyspnea and hypoxemia out of proportion with the finding of pulmonary congestion, in addition to worsening or onset of signs of right ventricular failure. In the present case, the patient presented with signs of left ventricular failure, which could explain the dyspnea as well as right ventricular dysfunction, probably secondary to the elevated left filling pressures. Although physical examination had revealed accentuated S2 in the pulmonic area, which is suggestive of pulmonary hypertension, there is no record of pressure levels in the pulmonary artery in the echocardiographic studies performed. </p>
      <p>Finally, the most probable working diagnoses are cardiogenic shock or mixed shock (cardiogenic/septic). Countless factors can trigger an acute relapse of chronically compensated heart failure, especially the incorrect use of medications and the natural progression of cardiomyopathy. Another factor that may have triggered or contributed to the clinical worsening of the patient was the onset of atrial fibrillation. Atrial contraction accounts for 20% of the systolic volume in normal individuals, reaching 33% in those with coronary artery disease. Failure in this contribution may result in worsening of the cardiac function, especially in patients with already compromised myocardial function<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The hypothesis of myocardial ischemia should also be considered, because the patient had risk factors for coronary artery disease, had previous acute ischemic syndrome, and his electrocardiogram showed new abnormalities (atrial fibrillation and right bundle branch block). The fact that this acute relapse had not occurred during angina is what makes this diagnosis less probable. In addition to an atherosclerotic ischemic event, an embolic ischemic event may not be ruled out, although it is an uncommon complication also reported in patients with advanced dilated cardiomyopathy<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Based on the history presented, the main triggering factor for the final clinical picture of this patient seems to have been the infectious disease. This is corroborated by the elevated band neutrophil count and by the fact that the patient had advanced heart and renal diseases, which made him more susceptible to infectious diseases. </p>
      <p>Septic shock is a severe syndrome characterized by hemodynamic abnormalities and organ dysfunction as a result of the interaction of bacteria-released products with the cells. Myocardial dysfunction occurs during sepsis in approximately 40% of cases, and its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Studies have demonstrated that this myocardial depression is triggered mainly by the action of endotoxins and endogenous inflammatory mediators such as the tumoral necrosis factor and interleukins and, sometimes, also by the direct action of bacteria<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>The patient in the present case report had previous ventricular dysfunction, which was probably aggravated during the septic event, thus leading to mixed shock refractory to medical treatment and subsequent death in December 2009. (<bold>Dr. Wilma Noia Ribeiro; Alice Tatsuko Yamada</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Working diagnoses:</bold> syndromic diagnosis: congestive heart failure; etiology: ischemic heart disease; final event: mixed shock (cardiogenic - septic). (<bold>Dr. Wilma Noia Ribeiro; Alice Tatsuko Yamada</bold>)</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Necropsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main disease of our patient, which accounted for his death, was systemic atherosclerosis. There was a higher than 70% obstruction in the three main coronary artery branches, reaching 95% in the area of an old recanalized thrombus in the left circumflex branch; in the right coronary artery there was 95% obstruction by an atherosclerotic lesion and 98% in the site of an old recanalized thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). Noteworthy is the fact that this patient had an infarction while still young, at little more than 40 years of age (according to the records of a clinical summary of a previous hospital discharge, approximately 9 years prior to his death, therefore at approximately 41 years of age). More importantly, the area of ischemic necrosis was very extensive, reaching more than 40% of the left ventricular mass (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>); in the past, such an extensive infarction was considered incompatible with life but, today, patients like the one reported manage to survive for a long time. </p>
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      <p>The patient also had benign nephrosclerosis associated with systemic arterial hypertension. </p>
      <p>Death seems to have been a consequence of heart failure, with cardiogenic shock in the final stage. </p>
      <p>Additionally, the microscopic study revealed the existence of giant cell inflammation affecting arteries of the intraparenchimal pulmonary area and intermediate coronary artery branches, as well as the myocardium itself (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>). This is an uncommon pattern, because giant cell arteritis usually affects the temporal artery, the aorta or its major branches, or the pulmonary artery, but not the intraparenchimal branches of the latter, and even less frequently without the trunk being also affected. On the other hand, the association of arteritis with myocarditis is equally uncommon. Tests for infectious agents were negative, and the cause of the disease could not be established. It does not fit adequately any of the types of arteritis<sup>12</sup>, but it closer resembles Wegener's granulomatosis, which affects small-diameter vessels. It probably contributed to the clinical worsening of the patient. </p>
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      <p>Brain infarction was also observed in the right frontoparietal region. Although this probably resulted from atherosclerosis, the possibility of its being secondary to arteritis in the cerebral artery distribution cannot be ruled out, because the arteries of this region were not examined. This ischemic lesion did not play a significant role in the patient's death. (<bold>Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnosis: </bold>healed myocardial infarction resulting from coronary atherosclerosis. Cause of death: cardiogenic shock. </p>
      <p><italic>Significant secondary condition: </italic>arteritis in the coronary artery branches and in the intraparenchimal pulmonary distribution, probable Wegener's granulomatosis, with associated myocarditis. (<bold>Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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