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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RrdhTzfXXyNVFfb96V3hr9n</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001500014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900600014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000105</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O conduto valvulado bovino contegra, um biomaterial para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yuan</surname>
            <given-names>Shi-Min</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Putian</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Fujian Province</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fujian Medical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">The First Hospital of Putian, Teaching Hospital </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery</institution>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1159</fpage>
      <lpage>1166</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>O Contegra, um enxerto de veia jugular bovina, tem sido amplamente utilizado como biomaterial de prefer&#234;ncia no tratamento cir&#250;rgico das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, especialmente como um conduto para a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da ventricular direita. Este artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma revis&#227;o abrangente sobre os desfechos cl&#237;nicos do Contegra. Foram recuperados, coletados e analisados, relatos de Contegra publicados desde 2002. Havia 1.718 Contegra, aplicados em 1.705 pacientes. Os tamanhos dos condutos foram de 8-22 mm. As idades dos pacientes foram de rec&#233;m-nascidos at&#233; 74,5 anos, com preval&#234;ncia de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos. O diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio foi cardiopatia cong&#234;nita em todos os casos, sendo os tr&#234;s diagn&#243;sticos principais: tetralogia de Fallot, tronco arterioso e atresia pulmonar, que representaram 25,6%, 16,7% e 13,1%, respectivamente. O Contegra foi utilizado como enxerto tubular na posi&#231;&#227;o pulmonar em 1635 (95,9%) pacientes, como remendo monoc&#250;spide em 12 (0,7%), como enxerto na posi&#231;&#227;o da valva pulmonar ou monoc&#250;spide em 40 (2,3%), e, como conduto art&#233;ria pulmonar-veia cava inferior na opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan, em 18 (1,1%) pacientes, respectivamente. O reimplante de conduto foi realizado em 141 (8,3%) pacientes, 33,8 &#177; 37 (8,6-106,8) meses ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o do conduto inicial. A pl&#225;stica do conduto foi necess&#225;ria em seis (0,4%) e a reinterven&#231;&#227;o em 83 (4,9%) dos pacientes. As indica&#231;&#245;es do reimplante do conduto inclu&#237;ram estenose importante da anastomose distal, pseudoaneurisma da anastomose proximal e regurgita&#231;&#227;o importante do conduto. Quanto ao bom desempenho, disponibilidade e longevidade, o Contegra &#233; um biomaterial adequado para a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da ventricular direita e como remendo para reparo de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, mas n&#227;o &#233; apto para a opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>biopr&#243;tese</kwd>
        <kwd>enxerto vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>tetralogia de Fallot</kwd>
        <kwd>transplante heter&#243;logo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O conduto valvulado bovino contegra, um biomaterial para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Shi-MinYuan</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Putian, Teaching Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Putian, Fujian Province &#150; China</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Contegra, um enxerto de veia jugular bovina, tem sido amplamente utilizado como biomaterial de prefer&#234;ncia no tratamento cir&#250;rgico das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, especialmente como um conduto para a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da ventricular direita. Este artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma revis&#227;o abrangente sobre os desfechos cl&#237;nicos do Contegra.</p>
    <p>Foram recuperados, coletados e analisados, relatos de Contegra publicados desde 2002.</p>
    <p>Havia 1.718 Contegra, aplicados em 1.705 pacientes. Os tamanhos dos condutos foram de 8-22 mm. As idades dos pacientes foram de rec&#233;m-nascidos at&#233; 74,5 anos, com preval&#234;ncia de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos. O diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio foi cardiopatia cong&#234;nita em todos os casos, sendo os tr&#234;s diagn&#243;sticos principais: tetralogia de Fallot, tronco arterioso e atresia pulmonar, que representaram 25,6%, 16,7% e 13,1%, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>O Contegra foi utilizado como enxerto tubular na posi&#231;&#227;o pulmonar em 1635 (95,9%) pacientes, como remendo monoc&#250;spide em 12 (0,7%), como enxerto na posi&#231;&#227;o da valva pulmonar ou monoc&#250;spide em 40 (2,3%), e, como conduto art&#233;ria pulmonar-veia cava inferior na opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan, em 18 (1,1%) pacientes, respectivamente. O reimplante de conduto foi realizado em 141 (8,3%) pacientes, 33,8 &#177; 37 (8,6-106,8) meses ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o do conduto inicial. A pl&#225;stica do conduto foi necess&#225;ria em seis (0,4%) e a reinterven&#231;&#227;o em 83 (4,9%) dos pacientes. As indica&#231;&#245;es do reimplante do conduto inclu&#237;ram estenose importante da anastomose distal, pseudoaneurisma da anastomose proximal e regurgita&#231;&#227;o importante do conduto.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao bom desempenho, disponibilidade e longevidade, o Contegra &#233; um biomaterial adequado para a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da ventricular direita e como remendo para reparo de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, mas n&#227;o &#233; apto para a opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas/ cirurgia; biopr&#243;tese; enxerto vascular; tetralogia de Fallot / cirurgia; transplante heter&#243;logo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Contegra, um enxerto de veia jugular bovina, &#233; um conduto de xenoenxerto valvado desenvolvido pela Medtronic<sup>1</sup>. A limita&#231;&#227;o de disponibilidade em quantidade e tamanhos, longevidade real do conduto e sobrevida dos pacientes com homoenxertos e xenoenxertos possibilitam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de enxertos Contegra para a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da ventricular direita, em pacientes com defeitos cong&#234;nitos complexos<sup>2</sup>. Pacientes portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas que necessitam de reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da ventricular direita ou outras opera&#231;&#245;es com o uso de Contegra, na maioria das vezes, s&#227;o muito jovens. A maioria deles era rec&#233;m-nascido ou beb&#234; com baixo peso corporal, e apenas uma minoria era composta por adultos<sup>3</sup>. Esses fatores de risco foram inevitavelmente associados a problemas p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios do conduto, incluindo estenose do conduto, insufici&#234;ncia e degenera&#231;&#227;o etc., portanto, levando &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o por cateter, reopera&#231;&#227;o, ou at&#233; mesmo &#224; mortalidade<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Materiais e m&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Relat&#243;rios com uma s&#233;rie de pacientes de <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 casos, que receberam um conduto Contegra, publicados desde 2002, foram recuperados, coletados e analisados em termos de informa&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes, tamanho do conduto Contegra, indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas, disfun&#231;&#227;o do conduto, remo&#231;&#227;o do conduto, interven&#231;&#227;o por cateter, aus&#234;ncia de eventos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios e sobrevida do paciente, etc.</p>
    <p>Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e o teste t de <italic>Student</italic> foi utilizado para avaliar diferen&#231;as entre grupos. P <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05 foi considerado de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao todo, foram coletados 33 relat&#243;rios com s&#233;ries de pacientes <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 casos, que receberam um conduto Contegra, publicados desde 2002<sup>1-35</sup>. Os relat&#243;rios inclu&#237;ram 1.718 condutos, aplicados em 1.705 pacientes. Os tamanhos de 758 condutos Contegra usados para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas foram registrados variando entre 8 e 22 mm. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de tamanho foi representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref>. Os tamanhos m&#233;dios dos condutos foram de 14-20,4 mm a partir de diferentes relat&#243;rios<sup>16,17,20,31,32,35</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">Figura 2</xref>). As medianas dos tamanhos foram relatadas como sendo 16 mm<sup>19</sup> e 20 mm<sup>35</sup>. Um tamanho de enxerto <underline>&lt;</underline> 20 mm foi utilizado em 51,8% dos pacientes<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1159-00105-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1159-00105-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Novecentos e sessenta e sete pacientes tiveram seu sexo registrado nos relat&#243;rios, incluindo 474 (49,0%) do sexo masculino e 493 (51,0%) do sexo feminino, com predomin&#226;ncia equivalente de g&#234;nero.</p>
    <p>A idade dos pacientes era de rec&#233;m-nascidos a 74,5 anos. Dos 33 relat&#243;rios, os pacientes pedi&#225;tricos foram descritos em 9 (27,3%) relat&#243;rios, com 5 deles inclu&#237;dos somente crian&#231;as. Pacientes adultos foram tratados em um (3,0%), e ambos, pedi&#225;tricos e adultos, as idades foram relatadas em 22 (66,7%), sendo que em apenas um (3,0%) relat&#243;rio esta n&#227;o foi mencionada.</p>
    <p>O Contegra foi utilizado como enxerto tubular na posi&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, em 1.635 (95,9%) pacientes, dos quais, 11 pacientes receberam um remendo de fechamento da CIV, usando um segmento do mesmo material Contegra<sup>26</sup>. O Contegra foi adaptado como remendo transanular valvado monoc&#250;spide em 12 (0,7%) pacientes<sup>22</sup>, como enxerto tubular na posi&#231;&#227;o da valva pulmonar para substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva pulmonar e como monoc&#250;spide em 40 (2,3%)<sup>33</sup>, e como conduto art&#233;ria pulmonar-veia cava inferior na opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan em 18 (1,1%) pacientes<sup>27</sup>, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio foi cardiopatia cong&#234;nita em todos os casos. Dos 1.416 pacientes que receberam um enxerto tubular na posi&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, tetralogia de Fallot, tronco arterioso e atresia pulmonar com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, foram os tr&#234;s primeiros envolvendo cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, representando 25,6%, 16,7% e 13,1%, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1159-00105-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A inser&#231;&#227;o do conduto foi uma cirurgia prim&#225;ria em 1.079 (63,3%), com cirurgia anterior paliativa ou de repara&#231;&#227;o em 584 (34,3%), com terapia intervencional anterior em 42 (2,5%) dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes estavam em uma m&#233;dia de acompanhamento de 31,8 &#177; 21,1 (3-74) meses (n = 26), e um m&#225;ximo de 69,4 &#177; 44,6 (25-193,2) meses (n = 24). O gradiente m&#225;ximo de press&#227;o atrav&#233;s do conduto foi de 14,1 &#177; 3,5 (8,5-36,5) mmHg (n = 6) no momento da alta, e de 18,7 &#177; 7,9 (10,4-20) mmHg (n = 17) no acompanhamento. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no gradiente de press&#227;o atrav&#233;s do conduto entre a alta e o acompanhamento (p = 0,1872).</p>
    <p>O reimplante de conduto Contegra foi realizado em 141 (8,3%) pacientes, 33,8 &#177; 37 (8,6-106,8) meses ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o do conduto inicial. A pl&#225;stica do conduto foi necess&#225;ria em 6 (0,4%) e a reinterven&#231;&#227;o no conduto, ou nas art&#233;rias pulmonares, em 83 (4,9%) dos pacientes. O reimplante do conduto foi devido &#224; estenose importante (gradiente excessivo) da anastomose distal refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento intervencionista<sup>9,14,24,33,35</sup>, (pseudo)aneurisma da anastomose proximal<sup>19</sup>, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita progressiva causada por regurgita&#231;&#227;o importante no conduto<sup>18,20,33</sup>, endocardite<sup>11,35</sup> ou degenera&#231;&#227;o do enxerto<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, a v&#225;lvula do conduto n&#227;o apresentou regurgita&#231;&#227;o em 17,2-77,5%<sup>6,9,13</sup>, apresentou regurgita&#231;&#227;o superficial em 31-79,4%<sup>9,13</sup>, regurgita&#231;&#227;o leve em 24-58,3%<sup>9,15</sup>, e regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada em 3,4-8,6%<sup>13,21,23,24,31</sup> pacientes. Dilata&#231;&#227;o significativa do conduto (DD% &gt; 30%) foi observada em 27,5% dos pacientes<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Houve 58 e 37 mortes precoces e tardias, com uma mortalidade precoce de 3,4% e uma mortalidade tardia de 2,2%. As mortes foram, por vezes, sem rela&#231;&#227;o com o conduto<sup>5,31,32</sup>, mas causada por septicemia e endocardite<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Aus&#234;ncias de estenose importante na anastomose distal, interven&#231;&#227;o por cateter, reopera&#231;&#227;o do conduto e reopera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o foram satisfat&#243;rios em v&#225;rios relat&#243;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). A taxa de sobrevida estat&#237;stica foi de 85,7% em 5 anos<sup>23</sup>, 93,1% &#177; 3,6% em 6 anos<sup>18</sup>, e 91,5% &#177; 2,3% em 8 anos<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1159-00105-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para o Contegra em posi&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, foi ortot&#243;pico no procedimento de Ross, na substitui&#231;&#227;o depois de repara&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de uma tetralogia de Fallot ou de dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, embora fosse heterot&#243;pico no reparo do tronco arterioso, na opera&#231;&#227;o de Rastelli, e no reparo da atresia pulmonar importante<sup>32</sup>. O Contegra foi elogiado pelo bom desempenho subvalvar e valvar, com pouca necessidade de remo&#231;&#227;o do enxerto, quando comparado com homoenxertos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref>), no entanto, eventos supravalvares podem ocorrer tamb&#233;m no Contegra<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1159-00105-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, o acompanhamento a longo prazo n&#227;o revelou calcifica&#231;&#227;o no conduto Contegra<sup>23</sup>, sendo este um material de remendo alternativo promissor para a corre&#231;&#227;o da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular<sup>26</sup>. As vantagens potenciais relevantes da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do conduto Contegra, entre a veia cava inferior e a art&#233;ria pulmonar, foram a excelente disponibilidade, a grande variedade de tamanhos dispon&#237;veis, a f&#225;cil adapta&#231;&#227;o e sutura, sem necessidade de extens&#227;o proximal ou distal, e a presen&#231;a de uma v&#225;lvula<sup>27</sup>. O conduto persistente junto com a compet&#234;ncia da v&#225;lvula podem dar melhor suporte ao fluxo pulmonar<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de eventos relacionados ao conduto e a sobrevida do Contegra foram satisfat&#243;rias, conforme descrito acima. Rastan e cols.<sup>20</sup> relataram que a aus&#234;ncia de reopera&#231;&#227;o foi de 77,6% e 59,3%, aos 1 e 4 anos, para pacientes com menos de 1 ano de idade, e 93,5% e 87,4% para pacientes com mais de 1 ano de idade. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, a aus&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica de reopera&#231;&#245;es foi de 90,7% aos 7 anos para condutos Contegra, significativamente &#224; aus&#234;ncia global de reopera&#231;&#245;es para homoenxertos valvulados criopreservados (81,3%)<sup>24</sup>. O desenvolvimento de rela&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e o esquerdo e a aus&#234;ncia de remo&#231;&#227;o/recoloca&#231;&#227;o foram iguais para os condutos Contegra e homoenxerto<sup>3</sup>. O intervalo de 3 anos para substitui&#231;&#227;o para estenose intraconduto foi de 96 &#177; 4% para o Contegra e 69 &#177; 8% para o aloenxerto<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Falha do conduto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o do conduto &#233; definida como um gradiente m&#225;ximo no conduto superior a 40 mm Hg ou +2 regurgita&#231;&#245;es, e a falha do conduto foi definida como a necessidade de substitui&#231;&#227;o do mesmo ou ainda a necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o por cateter do conduto<sup>16</sup>. De todo o contexto de pacientes, o reimplante de conduto foi requerido em 141 (8,3%) pacientes, 8,6-106,8 meses ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o do conduto inicial. Isso demonstrou que o Contegra teve boa durabilidade, exigindo uma remo&#231;&#227;o em at&#233; 106,8 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia prim&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>No entanto, alguns condutos Contegra tiveram pouca durabilidade e falharam em um tempo de at&#233; 8,6 meses. Por conseguinte, o desvio-padr&#227;o do intervalo de reimplanta&#231;&#227;o do conduto foi de 37 meses. Indica&#231;&#245;es para a cirurgia no conduto foram obstru&#231;&#227;o do conduto (n = 128), regurgita&#231;&#227;o no conduto (n = 3), e uma combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos (n = 6)<sup>29</sup>. Incompet&#234;ncia importante do enxerto, estenose supravalvar progressiva, ou combinada, foram as principais causas da remo&#231;&#227;o do conduto ap&#243;s o implanta do Contegra<sup>20</sup>. Obstru&#231;&#227;o de anastomose distal pareceu ser um grande problema respons&#225;vel pela reopera&#231;&#227;o do conduto no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio precoce<sup>31</sup>. A estenose das art&#233;rias pulmonares proximais ou das pequenas art&#233;rias pulmonares foi tamb&#233;m indicada como raz&#227;o para a remo&#231;&#227;o do Contegra, particular em atresia pulmonar e tronco arterioso<sup>23</sup>. A forma&#231;&#227;o de <italic>pannus</italic> fibroso no local da anastomose distal, ou devido &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos, levando &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o do conduto foi uma condi&#231;&#227;o alternativa para exigir a substitui&#231;&#227;o do conduto<sup>23</sup>. Foi observado que os gradientes durante o acompanhamento estavam localizados no local anastom&#243;tico, entre o conduto Contegra e as art&#233;rias pulmonares<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Corno e cols.<sup>37</sup> relataram que a reopera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o estava relacionada com o conduto em todos os 26 casos do seu estudo. Infec&#231;&#227;o periconduto, abscesso ou endocardite foram observados com frequ&#234;ncia<sup>31</sup>. A deteriora&#231;&#227;o estrutural do enxerto Contegra pode ser vista em pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes (5,1%)<sup>31</sup>. A necessidade de reopera&#231;&#245;es nos primeiros dois anos foi significativamente menor para enxertos Contegra que para os grupos com homoenxertos criopreservados sem compatibilidade sangu&#237;nea, 2 de 78 (2,6%) e 8 de 20 (40,0%), respectivamente<sup>31</sup>. Os enxertos Contegra tiveram reopera&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia em apenas 6%, no entanto, as reopera&#231;&#245;es foram devidas principalmente &#224; estenose pulmonar perif&#233;rica na anastomose distal e aneurismas<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula do enxerto <underline>&gt;</underline> 3+ foi associada com a idade &lt; 1 ano no momento da cirurgia, tamanho do conduto Contegra &lt; 14 mm e rela&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o entre ventr&#237;culo direito e esquerdo <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,6<sup>4</sup>. A taxa de substitui&#231;&#227;o global do conduto foi de 25% para o xenoenxerto pulmonar Shelhigh <italic>versus</italic> 26% para Contegra com um tempo m&#233;dio de substitui&#231;&#227;o de 18 &#177; 9 meses para o xenoenxerto pulmonar Shelhigh <italic>versus</italic> 42 &#177; 4 meses para Contegra, sem diferen&#231;a significativa (p = 0,25)<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estenose da v&#225;lvula do conduto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dave e cols.<sup>32</sup> relataram que 28,2% dos 163 sobreviventes do implante de Contegra desenvolveram estenose no conduto Contegra, dos quais 19,6% eram no local anastom&#243;tico proximal, 32,6% eram em local valvular, e 47,8% ao n&#237;vel da anastomose distal. A estenose da anastomose distal com dilata&#231;&#227;o supravalvar do conduto tamb&#233;m foi apontada como causa para a remo&#231;&#227;o do conduto<sup>14</sup>. Corno e cols.<sup>38</sup> relataram que a interven&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foi devida &#224; tor&#231;&#227;o ou &#224; estenose do conduto em 2 dos 5 pacientes. Rastan e cols.<sup>20</sup> observaram que a estenose na anastomose distal ocorreu em 25% dos pacientes com um gradiente m&#233;dio no conduto aumentado de 15 para 23 mmHg no acompanhamento. Quando o Contegra era suportado por anel, o gradiente no conduto ficou ligeiramente elevado<sup>16</sup>. Aos 38 meses de acompanhamento, a m&#233;dia de gradiente de press&#227;o pulmonar foi de 14,5 &#177; 7,9 mmHg (procedimento de Ross 14,1 &#177; 8,8 mmHg, tetralogia de Fallot: 15,8 &#177; 6 mmHg, doen&#231;a valvar pulmonar isolada: 12,5 &#177; 3,5 mmHg, a cardiomiopatia dilatada: 10 mmHg, dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito: 24 mmHg)<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dilata&#231;&#227;o do conduto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A dilata&#231;&#227;o do remendo da sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito e do conduto podem progredir<sup>14,20</sup>. Numa tentativa de manter a geometria e a compet&#234;ncia da v&#225;lvula do conduto, um anel suportando o Contegra pode ser uma alternativa. No momento da alta e no acompanhamento, o grau de insufici&#234;ncia da v&#225;lvula do conduto e o gradiente atrav&#233;s do conduto n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes dos pacientes que receberam Contegra sem suporte do anel<sup>16</sup>. Nos pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o importante, as estruturas do Contegra podem mudar envolvendo folhetos da v&#225;lvula completamente desaparecidos e rudimentos das comissuras<sup>20</sup>. Elevada rela&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, estenose do conduto distal<sup>21</sup>, e obstru&#231;&#227;o no tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar ou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar<sup>23</sup>. O grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar do enxerto n&#227;o se alterou ao longo do tempo em alguns pacientes<sup>25</sup>. As interven&#231;&#245;es, por vezes, em car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia, inclu&#237;ram dilata&#231;&#227;o e/ou implante de <italic>stent</italic> na anastomose distal na maioria dos pacientes, e dilata&#231;&#227;o ocorrida a n&#237;vel subvalvar do conduto, e, em alguns casos, oclus&#227;o concomitante do espiral de art&#233;rias colaterais aortopulmonares principais<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Trombose</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo na anastomose distal foi uma das indica&#231;&#245;es para a remo&#231;&#227;o do conduto Contegra<sup>23</sup>. Tr&#234;s pacientes com conduto Contegra para conex&#227;o cavopulmonar apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es importantes de trombose no conduto, o que implica a trombogenicidade do Contegra e n&#227;o foi recomendado para ser utilizado como conduto para conex&#227;o cavopulmonar total<sup>38</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pesquisa b&#225;sica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O exame histol&#243;gico dos condutos removidos revelou forma&#231;&#227;o excessiva de revestimento intimal formando uma membrana anular no n&#237;vel da anastomose distal com infiltra&#231;&#245;es de linf&#243;citos e macr&#243;fagos<sup>11,14,20,34</sup>. Tamb&#233;m foi observada rea&#231;&#227;o de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o periprot&#233;tica importante<sup>14</sup>. Similares rea&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas tamb&#233;m foram observadas no Contegra, mas n&#227;o t&#227;o fortes como no grupo de xenoenxerto pulmonar Shelhigh<sup>34</sup>. As altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas estavam em linha com o melhor desempenho do conduto Contegra. Um estudo computacional da din&#226;mica do fluido demonstrou distribui&#231;&#245;es mais homog&#234;neas de press&#227;o, velocidade e esfor&#231;o de cisalhamento para a anastomose el&#237;ptica em compara&#231;&#227;o com a circular na bifurca&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Tamb&#233;m demonstrou fluxo preferencial na art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda, sugerindo que a anastomose el&#237;ptica com maior &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversal do que a circular pode reduzir a incid&#234;ncia e o grau de estenose distal, particularmente em condutos de pouco tamanho<sup>38</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fatores de risco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fatores de risco para</bold>
    </p>
    <list list-type="bullet">
      <list-item>
        <p>reopera&#231;&#227;o foram: idade inferior a um ano, corre&#231;&#227;o do tronco arterioso, tamanho do conduto de 12 mm, e rela&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito ao esquerdo persistentemente elevada e superior a 0,6<sup>20</sup>;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>reinterven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea da via de sa&#237;da ventricular foram: conduto de pequeno tamanho, 12 e 14 mm, corre&#231;&#227;o de tronco arterioso e rela&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito ao esquerdo no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato<sup>20</sup>;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>estenose do conduto foram: idade menor, tamanho do enxerto e indica&#231;&#227;o, que n&#227;o se alterou com o tempo<sup>11</sup>;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar foram: idade menor (&lt; 1 ano) no momento da opera&#231;&#227;o e pequeno tamanho do enxerto (&lt; 14 mm)<sup>23</sup>;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>regurgita&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula era sempre secund&#225;ria &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o na presen&#231;a de estenose distal importante<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>No entanto, Tiete e cols.<sup>13</sup> n&#227;o observaram qualquer correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre idade menor (<underline>&lt;</underline> 6 meses) ou o tamanho do enxerto pequeno (<underline>&lt;</underline> 14 mm) e um gradiente na anastomose distal ap&#243;s o implante e no &#250;ltimo acompanhamento, o que foi apoiado por Schoenhoff e cols.<sup>34</sup>. A an&#225;lise multivariada confirmou que o tamanho do enxerto <underline>&lt;</underline> 20 mm, sua posi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o anat&#244;mica e &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o do conduto Contegra foram preditivos da remo&#231;&#227;o do conduto<sup>35</sup>. Niemantsverdriet e cols.<sup>29</sup> observaram que condutos Contegra e homoenxertos a&#243;rticos apresentavam falha mais precocemente que os homoenxertos pulmonares, mas o tempo at&#233; a falha do conduto pode ser estendido ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o transcateter.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da ventricular direita com Contegra pode resultar em melhores par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, longevidade e sobrevida a longo prazo do que outros biomateriais, na maioria das situa&#231;&#245;es de reparo de defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos. Pode tamb&#233;m ser utilizado como material monoc&#250;spide na repara&#231;&#227;o de defeito card&#237;aco cong&#234;nito.</p>
    <p>No entanto, deve se evitar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o como conduto na art&#233;ria pulmonar-veia cava inferior, na opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan<sup>39</sup>. Os fatores de risco comuns s&#227;o a pouca idade no momento da opera&#231;&#227;o, menor tamanho dos condutos e elevada rela&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito para o ventr&#237;culo, que foram respons&#225;veis pelos eventos no conduto no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, incluindo disfun&#231;&#227;o do conduto e subsequente remo&#231;&#227;o e interven&#231;&#227;o por cateter, o que deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o na hora de decidir o tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Na opera&#231;&#227;o, uma anastomose el&#237;ptica &#233; preferida, a fim de prevenir a estenose da anastomose.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Shi-Min Yuan </p>
        <p> The First Hospital of Putian </p>
        <p> Teaching Hospital </p>
        <p> Fujian Medical University </p>
        <p> 389, Longdejing Street, Chengxiang District </p>
        <p> CEP 351100, Putian, Fujian Province &#150; China </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="shi_min_yuan@yahoo.com">shi_min_yuan@yahoo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 03/02/12 </p>
    <p> revisado em 03/02/12 </p>
    <p> aceito em 22/05/12</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The contegra valved bovine conduit: a biomaterial for the surgical treatment of congenital heart defects</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Contegra, a bovine jugular vein graft, has been widely used as a preferable biomaterial in the surgical treatment of congenital heart defects, especially as a conduit for the right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. This article aims to make a comprehensive review on the clinical outcomes of Contegra. Reports of Contegra published since 2002 were comprehensively retrieved, collected and analyzed. There were 1718 Contegra, applied in 1705 patients. The sizes of the conduits were 8-22 mm. The patients aged from newborn to 74.5 years, prevailed by pediatrics. The primary diagnosis was congenital heart defects in all cases, with Tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus and pulmonary atresia being the first three diagnoses, representing 25.6%, 16.7%, and 13.1%, respectively. Contegra was used as a tube graft in the pulmonary position in 1635 (95.9%) patients, as a monocuspid patch in 12 (0.7%), as a graft in the position of the pulmonary valve or a monocusps in 40 (2.3%), and as an inferior vena cava-pulmonary artery conduit in the Fontan procedure in 18 (1.1%) patients, respectively. Conduit reimplantation was performed in 141 (8.3%) patients 33.8 &#177; 37 (8.6-106.8) months after the initial conduit insertion. Conduit plasty was necessary in 6 (0.4%), and reintervention in 83 (4.9%) patients. Indications for conduit reimplantation included severe stenosis of the distal anastomosis, pseudoaneurysm of the proximal anastomosis and severe conduit regurgitation. As for the good performance, availability and longevity, Contegra is a biomaterial suitable for the right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction and for patch repair for ventricular septal defect, but not apt for Fontan procedure.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart defects, congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>bioprosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>vascular grafting</kwd>
        <kwd>tetralogy of Fallot</kwd>
        <kwd>transplantation, heterologous</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>The contegra valved bovine conduit: a biomaterial for the surgical treatment of congenital heart defects</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Shi-MinYuan</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Putian, Teaching Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Putian, Fujian Province &#150; China</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Contegra, a bovine jugular vein graft, has been widely used as a preferable biomaterial in the surgical treatment of congenital heart defects, especially as a conduit for the right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. This article aims to make a comprehensive review on the clinical outcomes of Contegra.</p>
      <p>Reports of Contegra published since 2002 were comprehensively retrieved, collected and analyzed.</p>
      <p>There were 1718 Contegra, applied in 1705 patients. The sizes of the conduits were 8-22 mm. The patients aged from newborn to 74.5 years, prevailed by pediatrics. The primary diagnosis was congenital heart defects in all cases, with Tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus and pulmonary atresia being the first three diagnoses, representing 25.6%, 16.7%, and 13.1%, respectively.</p>
      <p>Contegra was used as a tube graft in the pulmonary position in 1635 (95.9%) patients, as a monocuspid patch in 12 (0.7%), as a graft in the position of the pulmonary valve or a monocusps in 40 (2.3%), and as an inferior vena cava-pulmonary artery conduit in the Fontan procedure in 18 (1.1%) patients, respectively. Conduit reimplantation was performed in 141 (8.3%) patients 33.8 &#177; 37 (8.6-106.8) months after the initial conduit insertion. Conduit plasty was necessary in 6 (0.4%), and reintervention in 83 (4.9%) patients. Indications for conduit reimplantation included severe stenosis of the distal anastomosis, pseudoaneurysm of the proximal anastomosis and severe conduit regurgitation.</p>
      <p>As for the good performance, availability and longevity, Contegra is a biomaterial suitable for the right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction and for patch repair for ventricular septal defect, but not apt for Fontan procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart defects, congenital / surgery; bioprosthesis; vascular grafting; tetralogy of Fallot / surgery; transplantation, heterologous.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Contegra, a bovine jugular vein graft, is a valved xenograft conduit developed by Medtronic<sup>1</sup>. Limitation of availability in quantity and sizes, actual conduit longevity and patient survival of the homo- and otherwise xenografts made the clinical utilization of Contegra grafts for the right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction for the patients with complex congenital defects possible<sup>2</sup>. Patients with congenital heart defects requiring right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction or other operations with the use of Contegra are often very young. Majority of them were newborns or infants with low body weight, and only minority were adults<sup>3</sup>. These risk factors were inevitably associated with the postoperative conduit problems, including conduit stenosis, insufficiency and degeneration, etc, hence leading to further catheter intervention, reoperation, or even mortality<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Materials and methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Reports with a patient series of <underline>&gt;</underline>10 cases, who received a Contegra conduit published since 2002 were comprehensively retrieved, collected and analyzed in terms of patients' information, Contegra conduit size, surgical indications, conduit dysfunction, conduit explantation, catheter intervention, freedom from the postoperative events and patient survival, etc.</p>
      <p>Data were expressed in mean &#177; standard deviation and student t test was used to evaluate intergroup differences. p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 was considered of statistical significance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Totally 33 reports with a patient series of <underline>&gt;</underline>10 cases, who received a Contegra conduit published since 2002 were collected<sup>1-35</sup>. The reports included 1718 conduits, applied in 1705 patients. The sizes of 758 Contegra conduits that were used for the surgical treatment of congenital heart defects were recorded ranging between 8 and 22 mm. The size distribution was depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_9912fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. The mean conduit sizes were 14-20.4 mm from different reports<sup>16,17,20,31,32,35</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_9912fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The median sizes were reported to be 16 mm<sup>19</sup>, and 20 mm<sup>35</sup>. Graft size <underline>&lt;</underline> 20 mm was utilized in 51.8% of the patients<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_9912fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1159-00105-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_9912fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1159-00105-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Nine hundred and sixty-seven patients had their gender expressed in the reports, including 474 (49.0%) males and 493 (51.0%) females, with an equivalent gender predominance.</p>
      <p>The patients aged from newborn to 74.5 years. Of the 33 reports, pediatric patients were described in 9 (27.3%) reports with 5 of them included purely infants, adult patients were dealt with in 1 (3.0%), and both pediatrics and adults were reported in 22 (66.7%), and patients' ages were not mentioned in 1 (3.0%) report.</p>
      <p>The Contegra was used as a tube graft in the pulmonary position in 1635 (95.9%) patients, of whom a patch closure of the VSD using a segment from the same Contegra material was done in 11 patients<sup>26</sup>. The Contegra was tailored as a monocuspid valved transannular patch in 12 (0.7%)<sup>22</sup>, as a tube graft in the position of the pulmonary valve for pulmonary valve replacements and as a monocusp in 40 (2.3%)<sup>33</sup>, and as an inferior vena cava-pulmonary artery conduit in the Fontan procedure in 18 (1.1%) patients<sup>27</sup>, respectively.</p>
      <p>The primary diagnosis was congenital heart defects in all cases. Of the 1416 patients receiving a tube graft in the pulmonary position, Tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect were the first three involved congenital heart defects, representing 25.6%, 16.7%, and 13.1%, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_9912tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_9912tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1159-00105-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The conduit insertion was a primary surgery in 1079 (63.3%), with previous palliative or repair surgery in 584 (34.3%), with previous interventional therapy in 42 (2.5%) patients, respectively.</p>
      <p>The patients were at a mean follow-up of 31.8 &#177; 21.1 (3- 74) months (n = 26), and a maximal follow-up of 69.4 &#177; 44.6 (25-193.2) months (n = 24). The peak transconduit pressure gradient was 14.1 &#177; 3.5 (8.5-36.5) mmHg (n = 6) at discharge, and 18.7 &#177; 7.9 (10.4-20) mmHg (n = 17) at follow-up. There was no significant difference in the transconduit pressure gradient between discharge and follow-up (p = 0.1872).</p>
      <p>Contegra conduit reimplantation was performed in 141 (8.3%) patients 33.8 &#177; 37 (8.6-106.8) months after the initial conduit insertion. Conduit plasty was necessary in 6 (0.4%), and reintervention to the conduit or to the pulmonary arteries in 83 (4.9%) patients. The conduit reimplantation was due to severe stenosis (excessive gradient) of the distal anastomosis refractory to interventional treatment<sup>9,14,24,33,35</sup>, (pseudo)aneurysm of the proximal anastomosis<sup>19</sup>, progressive right ventricular dysfunction caused by severe conduit regurgitation<sup>18,20,33</sup>, endocarditis<sup>11,35</sup> or graft degeneration<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>During the follow-up period, conduit valve was absent of regurgitation in 17.2-77.5%<sup>6,9,13</sup>, trivially regurgitant in 31- 79.4%<sup>9,13</sup>, mildly regurgitant in 24-58.3% <sup>9,15</sup>, and moderately regurgitant in 3.4-8.6%<sup>13,21,23,24,31</sup> patients, respectively. Significant conduit dilation (DD% &gt;30%) was observed in 27.5% patients<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>There were 58 and 37 early and late deaths with an early mortality of 3.4% and a late mortality of 2.2%. The mortality were sometimes unrelated to the conduit <sup>5,31,32</sup>, but caused by septicemia and endocarditis<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Freedoms from severe stenosis at the distal anastomosis, catheter intervention, conduit reoperation, and reoperation after intervention were satisfactory in several reports (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_9912tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). The actuarial survival rate was 85.7% at 5 years<sup>23</sup>, 93.1% &#177; 3.6% at 6 years<sup>18</sup>, and 91.5% &#177; 2.3% at 8 years<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_9912tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1159-00105-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical features</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For the pulmonary position Contegra, it was orthotopic when Ross procedure, replacement after a prior tetralogy of Fallot or double outlet right ventricle repair was performed, while it was heterotopic in truncus arteriosus repair, Rastelli operation, and severe pulmonary atresia<sup>32</sup>. The Contegra has been praised for its good subvalvular and valvular performance with good freedom from explantation in comparison to homografts (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_9912tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>), however, supravalvular events may occur in Contegra as well<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_9912tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1159-00105-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Nevertheless, long-term follow-up revealed no calcification in the Contegra conduit<sup>23</sup>. Contegra is a promising alternative patch material for ventricular septal defect repair<sup>26</sup>. The potential relevant advantages of using the Contegra conduit between the inferior vena cava and the pulmonary artery were excellent off-the-shelf availability, large range of available sizes, easy tailoring and suturing, no need for proximal or distal extension, and presence of a valve<sup>27</sup>. The patent conduit with the valve competency may support better pulmonary forward flow<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Freedom from conduit events and survival of Contegra was satisfactory as described above. Rastan et al.<sup>20</sup> reported freedom from reoperation was 77.6% and 59.3% at 1 and 4 years for patients less than 1 year of age compared with 93.5% and 87.4% for patients older than 1 year of age. By comparison, the actuarial freedom from reoperations was 90.7% at 7 years for Contegra conduits significantly superior to the overall freedom from reoperations for cryopreserved valved homografts (81.3%)<sup>24</sup>. Right ventricle to left ventricle pressure ratio development and freedom from explantation/redo were equal for the Contegra conduits and homografts<sup>3</sup>. The 3-year freedom from replacement for in-conduit stenosis was 96 &#177; 4% for the Contegra and 69 &#177; 8% for allograft<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conduit failure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conduit dysfunction is defined as a peak conduit gradient greater than 40 mm Hg or greater than 2+ regurgitation and conduit failure was defined as the need for conduit replacement or the need for catheter lab conduit reintervention<sup>16</sup>. Of the entire patient setting, 141 (8.3%) patients required conduit reimplantation at 8.6-106.8 months after the initial conduit insertion. It illustrated that Contegra showed good durability requesting an explantation up to 106.8 months after the primary surgery.</p>
      <p>However, some Contegra conduits had poor durability and failed in as short as 8.6 months. Therefore, the standard deviation of the conduit reimplantation interval was as long as 37 months. Indications for conduit surgery were conduit obstruction (n = 128), conduit regurgitation (n = 3), and a combination of both (n = 6)<sup>29</sup>. Severe graft incompetence, progressive supravalvular stenosis, or combined were the main causes of conduit explantation after Contegra implantation<sup>20</sup>. Distal anastomosis obstruction seemed to be a major problem responsible for the reoperation for the conduit early postoperatively<sup>31</sup>. Stenosis of the proximal pulmonary arteries or diminutive pulmonary arteries was also indicated for the conduit explantation of the Contegra, in particular in pulmonary atresia and truncus arteriosus<sup>23</sup>. Fibrous pannus formation at the distal anastomotic site or due to thrombus formation leading to conduit obstruction was an alternative condition requiring a conduit replacement<sup>23</sup>. It was observed that gradients during follow-up were located at the anastomotic site between the Contegra conduit and the pulmonary arteries<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Corno et al.<sup>37</sup> described that reoperation was non-conduit-related in all 26 cases included in their study. Peri-conduit infection, abscess or endocarditis, was often seen<sup>31</sup>. Structural deterioration of the Contegra graft may be seen in small number of patients (5.1%)<sup>31</sup>. Necessity for reoperations within the first 2 years was significantly lower for Contegra grafts than for non-blood group compatible cryopreserved homografts, 2 of 78 (2.6%) and 8 of 20 (40.0%), respectively<sup>33</sup>. Contegra grafts had reoperations due to insufficiency in only 6%, however, reoperations were mainly due to peripheral pulmonary stenosis at the distal anastomosis and aneurysms<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>Graft valve regurgitation <underline>&gt;</underline>3+ was associated with age &lt;1 year at surgery, Contegra conduit size &lt;14 mm, and the right ventricle to left ventricle pressure ratio <underline>&gt;</underline>0.6<sup>4</sup>. The rate of overall conduit replacement was 25% for the Shelhigh pulmonic xenograft versus 26% for Contegra with a mean time to replacement of 18 &#177; 9 months for the Shelhigh pulmonic xenograft versus 42 &#177; 4 months for Contegra with no significant difference (p = 0.25)<sup> 34</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conduit valve stenosis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Dave et al.<sup> 32</sup> reported that 28.2% of their 163 survivors of Contegra implantation developed Contegra conduit stenosis, of which 19.6% were at the proximal anastomotic, 32.6% were at the valvular, and 47.8% at the distal anastomotic level. Distal anastomosis stenosis with supravalvular conduit dilation was also found a cause for conduit explanation<sup>14</sup>. Corno et al.<sup>38</sup> reported that postoperative intervention was due to twisted or stenotic conduit in 2 of 5 patients. Rastan et al.<sup>20</sup> observed that stenosis at the distal anastomosis occurred in 25% of their patients with a mean transconduit gradient increased from 15 to 23 mmHg at follow-up. When the Contegra was ring-supported, the transconduit gradient became a bit elevated<sup>16</sup>. At 38-month follow-up, mean pulmonary pressure gradient was 14.5 &#177; 7.9 mmHg (Ross procedure: 14.1 &#177; 8.8 mmHg, Tetralogy of Fallot: 15.8 &#177; 6 mmHg, isolated pulmonary valve disease: 12.5 &#177; 3.5 mmHg, dilated cardiomyopathy: 10 mmHg, double outlet right ventricle: 24 mmHg)<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conduit dilation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Dilation of the right ventricular outflow patch and conduit may progress<sup>14,20</sup>. In an attempt to maintain conduit valve geometry and competency, a ring-supported Contegra can be an alternative. At the time of discharge and at follow-up, the degree of conduit valve insufficiency and the gradient across the conduit was not significantly different from the patients who received non-ring-supported Contegra conduit<sup>16</sup>. In the patients with severe regurgitation, Contegra structures may change involving completely vanished valve leaflets and rudiments of the commissures<sup>20</sup>. High right ventricle to left ventricle pressure ratio, distal conduit stenosis<sup>21</sup>, and pulmonary artery branch obstruction or pulmonary hypertension<sup>23</sup>. The grade of the graft valve regurgitation did not change over time in some patients<sup>25</sup>. Interventions, sometimes on an urgent basis, included the dilation and/or stenting of the distal anastomosis in more patients, and dilation occurred at the subvalvular level of the conduit, and concomitant major aortopulmonary collateral arteries coil occlusion in a few<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Thrombosis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thrombus formation at the distal anastomosis was one of the indications for Contegra conduit explantation<sup>23</sup>. All three patients with a Contegra conduit for total cavopulmonary connection experienced serious complications of conduit thrombosis, implying the thrombogenicity of the Contegra and it was recommended not being used as a conduit for total cavopulmonary connection<sup>38</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Basic research</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Histologic examination of the explanted conduits revealed excessive intimal peel formation forming an annular membrane at the level of the distal anastomosis with infiltrations of lymphocytes and macrophages<sup>11,14,20,34</sup>. Severe perigraft scarring reaction was also observed<sup>14</sup>. Similar chronic inflammatory reaction was also observed in the Contegra, but not as strong as in the Shelhigh pulmonic xenograft group<sup>34</sup>. The pathological changes were in line with the better performance of the Contegra conduit. A computational fluid dynamic study demonstrated more homogeneous pressure, velocity and shear stress distributions for elliptical compared to circular anastomosis at the pulmonary artery bifurcation, and preferential flow in left pulmonary artery, suggesting that the elliptical anastomosis with larger cross-sectional area than the circular may reduce incidence and degree of distal stenosis, particularly for small size conduits<sup>38</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Risk factors</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Risk factors for </bold>
      </p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>reoperation were age less than 1 year, correction of truncus arteriosus, conduit size of 12 mm, and persistently elevated right-ventricular-to-left ventricular pressure ratio greater than 0.6<sup>20</sup>;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>percutaneous right ventricular outflow tract reintervention were small conduit size 12 and 14 mm, and truncus arteriosus correction, and right ventricle to left ventricle pressure ratio in the immediate post-operative period<sup>20</sup>;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>conduit stenosis were younger age, graft size and indication, which did not change over time<sup>11</sup>;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>pulmonary artery obstruction were younger age (&lt;1 year) at operation and small graft size (&lt;14 mm)<sup>23</sup>;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>valve regurgitation was always secondary to dilation in the presence of severe distal stenosis<sup>11</sup>.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>However, Tiete et al.<sup>13</sup> did not observed any significant correlation between younger age (<underline>&lt;</underline>6 months) or small graft size (<underline>&lt;</underline>14 mm) and a gradient at the distal anastomosis after implantation and at last follow-up, which was supported by Schoenhoff et al.<sup>34</sup>. The multivariable analysis confirmed that graft size <underline>&lt;</underline>20 mm, the non-anatomical position of the graft, and the use of the Contegra conduit were predictive of conduit explantation<sup>35</sup>. Niemantsverdriet et al.<sup>29</sup> noted Contegra conduits and aortic homografts showed earlier failure than pulmonary homografts, but the time to conduit failure could be extended after transcatheter intervention.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction with Contegra can result in better hemodynamics, longevity and long-term survival than other biomaterials in most of the situations of congenital heart defect repair. It can also be used as a monocusp material in congenital heart defect repair.</p>
      <p>However, it should be avoided using as an inferior vena cava-pulmonary artery conduit in Fontan operation<sup>39</sup>. The common risk factors younger age at operation, smaller size of the conduits and higher right ventricle to left ventricle pressure ratio that were in charge of the postoperative conduit events including conduit dysfunction and the subsequent conduit explantation and catheter intervention should be taken into consideration in the decision-making of the surgical treatment. In the operation, an elliptical anastomosis is preferred in order to prevent anastomotic stenosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
