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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Bv5DNwm7vPz9Cq56w7YzMYM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001500013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900600013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012001500013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Horas de sono e &#237;ndice de massa corporal em pr&#233;-escolares do sul do Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louzada</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Laura da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rauber</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campagnolo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Dal B&#243;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitolo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1156</fpage>
      <lpage>1158</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento do excesso de peso s&#227;o particularmente complexos, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia de estudos que visem esclarecer sua rede de causas e efeitos. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre horas de sono noturnas e medidas antropom&#233;tricas. Realizou-se uma an&#225;lise transversal realizada a partir de dados de 348 crian&#231;as de 3 e 4 anos da cidade de S&#227;o Leopoldo/ RS. As horas de sono noturnas foram relatadas pelas m&#227;es e as medidas de &#237;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e dobras cut&#226;neas foram medidas de acordo com protocolo padr&#227;o. As an&#225;lises foram ajustadas para consumo energ&#233;tico e horas de televis&#227;o assistidas. As crian&#231;as com excesso de peso apresentaram, em m&#233;dia, 0,39 horas a menos de sono em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas com peso adequado (9,77 &#177; 1,44 versus 10,17 &#177; 1,34; IC95% 0,03-0,76). Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre horas de sono noturnas e valores de escore z de &#237;ndice de massa corporal para idade (B = -0,12 IC95% -0,22--0,02). A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e as dobras cut&#226;neas apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com as horas de sono, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. Em pr&#233;-escolares do sul do Brasil, menos horas de sono noturnas foram associadas com maiores valores de &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>&#237;ndice de massa corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</kwd>
        <kwd>dobras cut&#226;neas</kwd>
        <kwd>pr&#233;-escolar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>COMUNICA&#199;&#195;O BREVE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Horas de sono e &#237;ndice de massa corporal em pr&#233;-escolares do sul do Brasil</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Laura da Costa Louzada<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Rauber<sup>I</sup>; Paula Dal B&#243; Campagnolo<sup>II</sup>; M&#225;rcia Regina Vitolo<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup> II</sup>Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento do excesso de peso s&#227;o particularmente complexos, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia de estudos que visem esclarecer sua rede de causas e efeitos. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre horas de sono noturnas e medidas antropom&#233;tricas. Realizou-se uma an&#225;lise transversal realizada a partir de dados de 348 crian&#231;as de 3 e 4 anos da cidade de S&#227;o Leopoldo/ RS. As horas de sono noturnas foram relatadas pelas m&#227;es e as medidas de &#237;ndice de massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e dobras cut&#226;neas foram medidas de acordo com protocolo padr&#227;o. As an&#225;lises foram ajustadas para consumo energ&#233;tico e horas de televis&#227;o assistidas. As crian&#231;as com excesso de peso apresentaram, em m&#233;dia, 0,39 horas a menos de sono em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas com peso adequado (9,77 &#177; 1,44 <italic>versus </italic>10,17 &#177; 1,34; IC95% 0,03-0,76). Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre horas de sono noturnas e valores de escore z de &#237;ndice de massa corporal para idade (<italic>B </italic>= -0,12 IC95% -0,22--0,02). A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e as dobras cut&#226;neas apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com as horas de sono, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. Em pr&#233;-escolares do sul do Brasil, menos horas de sono noturnas foram associadas com maiores valores de &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Sono; &#237;ndice de massa corporal; circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; dobras cut&#226;neas; pr&#233;-escolar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia global de excesso de peso entre pr&#233;-escolares aumentou de 4,2% em 1990 para 6,7% em 2010, e a mudan&#231;a foi maior em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento<sup>1</sup>. Esses dados podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es ainda mais relevantes ao considerarmos que padr&#245;es de peso na inf&#226;ncia se mant&#234;m at&#233; a vida adulta, sendo preditores do desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento do excesso de peso s&#227;o particularmente complexos devido &#224; sua natureza multifatorial, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia de estudos que visem esclarecer essa rede de causas e efeitos<sup>3</sup>. A epidemia da obesidade &#233; acompanhada, na sociedade contempor&#226;nea, por uma tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do sono<sup>4</sup>, e evid&#234;ncias de estudos realizados em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos apontam a priva&#231;&#227;o do sono como fator de risco para o ganho de peso excessivo<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Considerando-se que a etiologia e a patog&#234;nese das doen&#231;as diferem de acordo com a etnicidade e a escassez de estudos com esse escopo com crian&#231;as brasileiras, o trabalho objetivou: (a) avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre horas de sono e medidas de &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e dobras cut&#226;neas e (b) comparar a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de excesso de peso entre crian&#231;as de 3-4 anos de baixa condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica da cidade de S&#227;o Leopoldo, no Rio Grande do Sul. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho utiliza dados de um estudo maior cujo delineamento consistiu em um ensaio randomizado que testou a efetividade de aconselhamento diet&#233;tico sobre aleitamento e pr&#225;ticas alimentares no primeiro ano de vida. Entre outubro de 2001 e junho de 2002, 500 pares de m&#227;e-beb&#234; foram recrutados na maternidade do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de do Hospital Centen&#225;rio da cidade de S&#227;o Leopoldo/RS. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram nascimento com <underline>&gt;</underline> 2500 g e a termo (<underline>&gt;</underline> 37 semanas). O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e as m&#227;es assinaram o termo de consentimento informado. </p>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra teve por base o objetivo principal do projeto original; para o presente estudo, entretanto, calculou-se que uma amostra de 346 crian&#231;as seria adequada para a detec&#231;&#227;o de coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,15 entre as horas de sono e os valores das vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, considerando um poder de 80% e signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
    <p>Aos 12 meses de idade da crian&#231;a, as m&#227;es responderam a question&#225;rio sobre caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas e familiares. Aos 3-4 anos de idade, coletaram-se dados de horas de sono, consumo alimentar e medidas antropom&#233;tricas das crian&#231;as.</p>
    <p>As m&#227;es foram solicitadas a relatar o n&#250;mero de horas que as crian&#231;as haviam dormido na noite anterior &#224; entrevista, considerando a hora em que foram dormir at&#233; a hora em que acordaram na manh&#227; seguinte. </p>
    <p>Dados diet&#233;ticos foram obtidos com o objetivo de avaliar o consumo energ&#233;tico das crian&#231;as. Realizou-se a aplica&#231;&#227;o de dois inqu&#233;ritos recordat&#243;rios de 24 horas realizados com as m&#227;es em dias n&#227;o consecutivos e a estimativa de ingest&#227;o energ&#233;tica m&#233;dia dos dois dias foi realizada no Programa Nutwin vers&#227;o 1.5. </p>
    <p>Com o objetivo de se avaliar um marcador de sedentarismo, as m&#227;es foram solicitadas a relatar o n&#250;mero de horas que as crian&#231;as haviam assistido televis&#227;o durante as 24 horas que precederam a entrevista. </p>
    <p>As medidas de peso, estatura, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e dobras cut&#226;neas triciptal e subescapular foram aferidas de forma padronizada. Escores z de IMC-para-idade foram estimados com base nas refer&#234;ncias da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de e valores &gt; +1 foram considerados como excesso de peso. </p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre horas de sono e vari&#225;veis independentes foi avaliada por meio de regress&#227;o linear simples. Modelos multivari&#225;veis foram realizados para ajuste das vari&#225;veis confundidoras - consumo energ&#233;tico, horas de televis&#227;o, escolaridade materna e grupo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o no estudo maior -, e o resultado final foi apresentado em coeficientes de regress&#227;o (<italic>B</italic>), respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%) e coeficientes de determina&#231;&#227;o (R<sup>2</sup>). Realizou-se a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as horas de sono das crian&#231;as com e sem excesso de peso com o Teste<italic> t </italic>de Student. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es, considerou-se um alfa de 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre as 500 crian&#231;as recrutadas ao nascimento, 354 foram avaliadas aos 3-4 anos de idade. Seis crian&#231;as n&#227;o possu&#237;am question&#225;rios completos para os desfechos desse estudo e foram exclu&#237;das das an&#225;lises, resultando em 348 crian&#231;as. As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra est&#227;o indicadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1156-00013-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As crian&#231;as com excesso de peso apresentaram, em m&#233;dia, 0,39 horas a menos de sono em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas com peso adequado (9,77 &#177; 1,44 <italic>versus</italic> 10,17 &#177; 1,34; IC95% 0,03-0,76). Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o significativa e inversa entre horas de sono e valores de escore z de IMC-para-idade e o ajuste para vari&#225;veis confundidoras n&#227;o modificou o resultado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a13tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). Cada hora a menos de sono representou aumento de 0,12 escores z de IMC-para-idade. Repetindo-se a an&#225;lise com valores absolutos de IMC, cada hora a menos de sono representou aumento de 0,17 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (IC95% -0,32--0,02).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a13tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1156-00013-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e dobras cut&#226;neas apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com as horas de sono, por&#233;m a estat&#237;stica n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou valor cr&#237;tico que permita afastar a hip&#243;tese nula (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a13tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados apresentados em pr&#233;-escolares do sul do Brasil adicionam consist&#234;ncia &#224;s evid&#234;ncias da rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre horas de sono noturnas e IMC, e o ajuste para vari&#225;veis confundidoras sugere que essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ocorre somente pela influ&#234;ncia do sono no consumo alimentar e padr&#245;es de atividade f&#237;sica, mas por influ&#234;ncias metab&#243;licas independentes.</p>
    <p>O coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o mostra que a propor&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade do IMC explicada pela variabilidade do sono &#233; pequena; esse resultado, entretanto, era esperado, considerando os in&#250;meros fatores que influenciam o estado nutricional. Este grupo populacional possui baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, o que pode justificar o pequeno efeito encontrado, j&#225; que as condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais e sanit&#225;rias desfavor&#225;veis influenciam negativamente nos indicadores de sa&#250;de<sup>7</sup>. Mesmo modesta, a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es relevantes no contexto da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, considerando que a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco &#233; importante para embasar a&#231;&#245;es que, em conjunto, auxiliem na preven&#231;&#227;o do excesso de peso.</p>
    <p>O delineamento transversal utilizado apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es para o estabelecimento de rela&#231;&#227;o causal, por&#233;m a plausibilidade biol&#243;gica da associa&#231;&#227;o nos permite o levantamento de hip&#243;teses para explicar a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia do sono nos padr&#245;es de peso. A dura&#231;&#227;o inadequada do sono pode mediar mudan&#231;as em diferentes mecanismos relacionados ao controle do peso, incluindo diminui&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e da sensibilidade &#224; insulina, eleva&#231;&#227;o do balan&#231;o simpato-vagal, das concentra&#231;&#245;es noturnas de cortisol e modifica&#231;&#245;es em neuropept&#237;deos como grelina e leptina e na secre&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio do crescimento<sup>8</sup>. Em adultos, demonstraram-se fortes efeitos da dura&#231;&#227;o do sono em marcadores da fun&#231;&#227;o imune e anti-inflamat&#243;ria, os quais tamb&#233;m est&#227;o comprovadamente associados com disfun&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas<sup>9</sup>. Steptoe e cols.<sup>10</sup> ressaltam, por outro lado, que o sono inadequado pode ser um marcador de estilo e qualidade de vida inadequados, os quais s&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas mais subjetivas e n&#227;o mensuradas em nossos instrumentos de coleta de dados; dessa forma, o sono seria um dos componentes envolvidos na rede de fatores associados &#224; obesidade e n&#227;o exatamente um fator causal.</p>
    <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias da diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva da dura&#231;&#227;o do sono nos &#250;ltimos anos<sup>4</sup>, o que refor&#231;a ainda mais a import&#226;ncia dos resultados apresentados neste estudo. Apesar da escassez de dados sobre horas de sono das crian&#231;as brasileiras, parece que esse aspecto j&#225; est&#225; sendo alvo de preocupa&#231;&#227;o em nosso meio, especialmente com rela&#231;&#227;o a crian&#231;as que vivem em condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais prec&#225;rias como as que foram avaliadas nesse estudo.</p>
    <p>A mesma signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica n&#227;o foi observada na associa&#231;&#227;o entre horas de sono e dobras cut&#226;neas e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, e &#233; poss&#237;vel que a menor precis&#227;o na coleta e a maior variabilidade nos resultados dessas medidas tenham influenciado nos valores do teste. Espera-se que estudos futuros - que incluam outras medidas de adiposidade corporal e outras faixas et&#225;rias - possam elucidar quest&#245;es n&#227;o respondidas nesse estudo.</p>
    <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o das conclus&#245;es desse estudo est&#225; sujeita a limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de uma noite pode n&#227;o refletir fidedignamente o padr&#227;o de sono da crian&#231;a, apesar de seu uso ser comum em diversos estudos. Segundo, a validade do relato das m&#227;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do sono ainda &#233; desconhecida. Al&#233;m disso, a mensura&#231;&#227;o dos fatores confundidores tamb&#233;m est&#225; sujeita a erros de estima&#231;&#227;o do consumo energ&#233;tico do recordat&#243;rio de 24 horas e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da robustez das horas de televis&#227;o como medida de sedentarismo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Corroborando achados anteriores de outras regi&#245;es do mundo, este estudo demonstrou que horas de sono foram negativamente associadas com IMC em pr&#233;-escolares do sul do Brasil. Refor&#231;a-se a import&#226;ncia da investiga&#231;&#227;o das horas de sono das crian&#231;as pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de e que esses implementem medidas educativas para orientar os pais quanto aos h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maria Laura da Costa Louzada </p>
        <p> Rua Augusto Pestana, 226/100 - Santana </p>
        <p> CEP 90040-200 </p>
        <p> Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="maria.laura.louzada@gmail.com">maria.laura.louzada@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 12/03/12; revisado em 10/07/12; aceito em 19/10/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Sleep duration and body mass index among southern Brazilian preschoolers</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Prevention and treatment of overweight are particularly complex, reinforcing the importance of studies aimed at clarifying their range of causes and effects. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between night sleep duration and anthropometric measurements. A cross-sectional analysis was performed from data from 348 children aged 3 and 4 years in S&#227;o Leopoldo/RS. Night sleep duration was reported by their mothers and body mass index, waist circumference and skinfold thickness were measured according to standard protocol. The analyses were adjusted for energy intake and hours of television watching. Overweight children had, on average, 0.39 hours less sleep than those with normal weight (9.77 &#177; 1.44 versus 10.17 &#177; 1.34; 95% CI 0.03 to 0, 76). We observed an inverse association between night sleep duration and z score values of body mass index for age (B = -0.12 95% CI -0.22--0.02). Waist circumference and skinfold thickness showed an inverse relationship with sleep duration, but without any statistic differences. Among preschool children in southern Brazil, smaller night sleep duration was associated with higher body mass index</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sleep</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Mass Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Waist Circumference</kwd>
        <kwd>Skinfold Thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>Child, Preschool</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>BRIEF COMMUNICATION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Sleep duration and body mass index among southern Brazilian preschoolers</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Maria Laura da Costa Louzada<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Rauber<sup>I</sup>; Paula Dal B&#243; Campagnolo<sup>II</sup>; M&#225;rcia Regina Vitolo<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup> II</sup>Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prevention and treatment of overweight are particularly complex, reinforcing the importance of studies aimed at clarifying their range of causes and effects. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between night sleep duration and anthropometric measurements. A cross-sectional analysis was performed from data from 348 children aged 3 and 4 years in S&#227;o Leopoldo/RS. Night sleep duration was reported by their mothers and body mass index, waist circumference and skinfold thickness were measured according to standard protocol. The analyses were adjusted for energy intake and hours of television watching. Overweight children had, on average, 0.39 hours less sleep than those with normal weight (9.77 &#177; 1.44 versus 10.17 &#177; 1.34; 95% CI 0.03 to 0, 76). We observed an inverse association between night sleep duration and z score values of body mass index for age (B = -0.12 95% CI -0.22--0.02). Waist circumference and skinfold thickness showed an inverse relationship with sleep duration, but without any statistic differences. Among preschool children in southern Brazil, smaller night sleep duration was associated with higher body mass index</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Sleep; Body Mass Index; Waist Circumference; Skinfold Thickness; Child, Preschool.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The overall prevalence of overweight among preschool children increased from 4.2% in 1990 to 6.7% in 2010, and the change was greater in countries in developing countries<sup>1</sup>. This data may have implications even more relevant if we consider that childhood weight standards are maintained into adulthood, and are predictors of development cardiovascular diseases<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The prevention and treatment of overweight are particularly complex because of their multifactorial nature, reinforcing the importance of studies aimed at clarifying this range of cause and effects<sup>3</sup>. The epidemic of obesity is accompanied, in contemporary society, with a trend towards reduction of the sleep duration<sup>4</sup>, and evidence from studies conducted in developed countries indicate sleep deprivation as a risk factor for excessive weight gain<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering that the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases differ according to ethnicity and lack of studies with this scope with Brazilian children, this study aimed to: (a) Assess the relationship between sleep duration and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and skinfold thickness and (b) compare sleep duration for the presence of overweight among children aged 3-4 years, of low socioeconomic status, from the city of S&#227;o Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This paper uses data from a larger study whose design consisted of a randomized trial that tested the effectiveness of dietary counseling on breastfeeding and feeding practices in the first year of life. Between October 2001 and June 2002, 500 mother-infant pairs were recruited from the state-run maternity ward of Hospital Centen&#225;rio, in the city of S&#227;o Leopoldo/RS. Inclusion criteria were birth at <underline>&gt;</underline> 2500 g and term birth (<underline>&gt;</underline> 37 weeks). The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and the mothers signed an informed consent. </p>
      <p>The calculation of sample size was based on the primary objective of the original project; for this study, however, it was calculated that a sample of 346 children would be adequate to detect a correlation coefficient of 0.15 between the sleep duration and anthropometric variables, considering an 80% power and 5% significance.</p>
      <p>When the children were aged 12 months, the mothers answered a questionnaire on socioeconomic and household characteristics. At 3-4 years of age, sleep duration, food intake and anthropometric measures data were collected.</p>
      <p>The mothers were asked to report the number of hours that the children had slept the night before the interview, considering the time they were asleep until the time they woke up the next morning. </p>
      <p>Dietary data were obtained with the aim of evaluating the energy consumption of children. Two 24-hour recall questionnaires were conducted with mothers on nonconsecutive days and the estimated average energy intake of the two days was held in the NutWin Program version 1.5. </p>
      <p>With the objective of evaluating a marker of a sedentary lifestyle, mothers were asked to report the number of hours that children had watched television during the 24 hours preceding the interview. </p>
      <p>Measurements of weight, height, waist circumference and triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured in a standardized way. Z scores of BMI-for-age were estimated based on references from the World Health Organization and values &gt; +1 were considered overweight. </p>
      <p>The association between sleep duration and independent variables was assessed using simple linear regression. Multivariable models were performed for adjusting confounding variables - energy consumption, hours of television, maternal education and randomization group in the larger study - and the end result was presented in regression coefficients (<italic>B</italic>), confidence intervals of 95% (95 % CI) and coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>). The sleep duration of children with and without excess weight was compared using the Student <italic>t</italic> test. For comparisons, we considered an alpha of 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Among the 500 children recruited at birth, 354 were evaluated at 3-4 years of age. Six children had not completed questionnaires for the outcomes of this study and were excluded from the analyses, resulting in 348 children. The characteristics of the samples are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1156-00013-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Children with overweight had, on average, 0.39 hours less sleep than those with normal weight (9.77 &#177; 1.44 versus 10.17 &#177; 1.34; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.76). We observed a significant inverse association between sleep duration and z score values of BMI-for-age and adjustment for confounders did not change the results (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a13tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Each hour less sleep represented an increase of 0.12 z-scores for BMI-for-age. Repeating the analysis with absolute values of BMI, every hour less sleep represented an increase of 0.17 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (95% CI -0.32 - - 0.02).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a13tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1156-00013-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Waist circumference and skinfold thickness showed an inverse relationship with sleep duration, but the statistics did not reach the critical value that allows ruling out the null hypothesis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a13tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results presented in preschool children in southern Brazil add consistency to the evidence of the inverse relationship between night sleep duration and BMI, and adjustment for confounding variables suggest that this association occurs not only by the influence of sleep on food intake and physical activity patterns but by independent metabolic influences.</p>
      <p>The coefficient of determination shows that the proportion of the variability in BMI explained by the variability of sleep is small; this result, however, was expected, considering the numerous factors that influence nutritional status. This population group has a low socioeconomic status, which may explain the small effect found, since the adverse environmental and health conditions negatively influence the health indicators<sup>7</sup>. Though modest, the magnitude of association may have important implications in the context of public health, considering that the identification of risk factors is important to support actions that, taken together, help preventing overweight.</p>
      <p>The cross-sectional design used has limitations for establishing a causal relationship, but the biological plausibility of the association allows raising assumptions to explain the possible influence of sleep on weight standards. Poor sleep duration may mediate changes in different mechanisms related to weight control, including decreased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, increased sympathetic-parasympathetic balance, nocturnal cortisol levels and changes in neuropeptides such as ghrelin and leptin and growth hormone secretion<sup>8</sup>. In adults, strong effects of sleep duration were observed on markers of immune and anti-inflammatory function, which are also associated with metabolic dysfunctions<sup>9</sup>. Steptoe et al<sup>10</sup> point out, however, that poor sleep may be a marker of improper lifestyle and quality of life, which are more subjective non-measured characteristics in our data collection instruments; thus sleep would be one of the components involved in the range of factors associated with obesity and not just a causal factor.</p>
      <p>There is evidence of progressive decrease in sleep duration in recent years<sup>4</sup>, which further reinforces the importance of the results presented in this study. Despite the paucity of data on the sleep duration of Brazilian children, it seems that this issue is already causing concerns in our environment, especially with regard to children living in poor environmental conditions such as those evaluated in this study.</p>
      <p>The same statistical significance was not observed in the association between sleep duration and skinfold thickness and waist circumference, and it is possible that the lower accuracy in the collection and greater variability in the results of these measures have influenced the test values. It is expected that future studies - which include other measures of body adiposity and other age groups - may clarify unanswered questions in this study.</p>
      <p>The interpretation of the findings of this study is subject to limitations. Firstly, the evaluation of one single night is not able to faithfully reflect the child's sleep pattern, although its use is common in many studies. Secondly, the validity of mothers' reports regarding sleep duration is still unknown. Moreover, the measurement of confounders is also subject to errors of estimation of the energy consumption of 24-hour recall and reduced robustness of hours of television as a measure of inactivity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Corroborating previous findings from other regions in the world, this study showed that sleep duration was negatively associated with BMI among preschool children in southern Brazil. It reinforces the importance of investigating children's sleep duration by health professionals, which should implement educational measures to guide parents regarding healthy habits.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
