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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JT7yprS3SYDrC8M8Dq3DwSC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001500010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900600010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000107</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel: preval&#234;ncia e vari&#225;veis associadas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Braga da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Luiz Gouv&#234;a de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neno</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kezen</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Spelta</surname>
            <given-names>Milena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godomiczer</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villela</surname>
            <given-names>Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hellmuth</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Salles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lins</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Hugo da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1135</fpage>
      <lpage>1141</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A dupla terapia antiagregante plaquet&#225;ria com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e clopidogrel &#233; pedra angular do tratamento de pacientes submetidos a angioplastia com implante de stents coronarianos. Todavia, parte desses pacientes, a despeito do uso de aspirina e clopidogrel, n&#227;o se encontram eficazmente antiagregados, fen&#244;meno conhecido como resist&#234;ncia aos antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios. A sua preval&#234;ncia, assim como as condi&#231;&#245;es a ela relacionadas s&#227;o desconhecidas em nosso meio. OBJETIVO: Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel, assim como as vari&#225;veis a ela relacionadas. M&#201;TODOS: Pacientes admitidos para angioplastia eletiva em uso cr&#244;nico de aspirina e clopidogrel entre janeiro de 2007 e janeiro de 2010. Uma hora ap&#243;s o procedimento, foi medida a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria utilizando a agregometria &#243;ptica com difosfato de adenosina 5 &#181;moles/l como agonista. Nesse momento, em um coorte transversal, determinou-se a preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel, definida com um valor de agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria &gt; 43% e um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica &#224;s vari&#225;veis a ela relacionadas. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 205 pacientes (66,4 &#177; 11anos, 61,5% masculino). A preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel foi 38,5% (IC95% 31,9 - 45,2%). O valor da glicemia (OR = 1,014 IC95% 1,004 - 1,023), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (OR = 2,320 IC95% 1,1103 - 4,892) e a resposta terap&#234;utica &#224; aspirina (OR = 1,057 IC95% 1,017 - 1,099) foram as variav&#233;is de associa&#231;&#227;o independente &#224; resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel. CONCLUS&#195;O: A preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel foi alta. Glicemia, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e a resposta ao &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico foram vari&#225;veis a ela relacionadas. A melhor compreens&#227;o desse fen&#244;meno se faz necess&#225;ria frente &#224;s novas propostas de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Inibidores da Agrega&#231;&#227;o de Plaquetas</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia a Medicamentos</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a das Coron&#225;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel: preval&#234;ncia e vari&#225;veis associadas</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fabr&#237;cio Braga da Silva<sup>I, II</sup>; Gustavo Luiz Gouv&#234;a de Almeida Junior<sup>I</sup>; Augusto Neno<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Kezen<sup>I</sup>; Milena Spelta<sup>I</sup>; Alessandra Godomiczer<sup>I</sup>; Renato Villela<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Hellmuth<sup>I</sup>; Sergio Salles Xavier<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Hugo da Costa Lins<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#150; Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#150; Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A dupla terapia antiagregante plaquet&#225;ria com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e clopidogrel &#233; pedra angular do tratamento de pacientes submetidos a angioplastia com implante de stents coronarianos. Todavia, parte desses pacientes, a despeito do uso de aspirina e clopidogrel, n&#227;o se encontram eficazmente antiagregados, fen&#244;meno conhecido como resist&#234;ncia aos antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios. A sua preval&#234;ncia, assim como as condi&#231;&#245;es a ela relacionadas s&#227;o desconhecidas em nosso meio. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel, assim como as vari&#225;veis a ela relacionadas. </p>
    <p><bold> M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Pacientes admitidos para angioplastia eletiva em uso cr&#244;nico de aspirina e clopidogrel entre janeiro de 2007 e janeiro de 2010. Uma hora ap&#243;s o procedimento, foi medida a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria utilizando a agregometria &#243;ptica com difosfato de adenosina 5 <italic>&#181;</italic>moles/l como agonista. Nesse momento, em um coorte transversal, determinou-se a preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel, definida com um valor de agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria <underline>&gt;</underline> 43% e um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica &#224;s vari&#225;veis a ela relacionadas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Foram analisados 205 pacientes (66,4 &#177; 11anos, 61,5% masculino). A preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel foi 38,5% (IC95% 31,9 - 45,2%). O valor da glicemia (OR = 1,014 IC95% 1,004 - 1,023), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (OR = 2,320 IC95% 1,1103 - 4,892) e a resposta terap&#234;utica &#224; aspirina (OR = 1,057 IC95% 1,017 - 1,099) foram as variav&#233;is de associa&#231;&#227;o independente &#224; resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel. </p>
    <p><bold> CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel foi alta. Glicemia, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e a resposta ao &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico foram vari&#225;veis a ela relacionadas. A melhor compreens&#227;o desse fen&#244;meno se faz necess&#225;ria frente &#224;s novas propostas de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Inibidores da Agrega&#231;&#227;o de Plaquetas; Resist&#234;ncia a Medicamentos; Stents; Doen&#231;a das Coron&#225;rias; Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A dupla terapia antiagregante plaquet&#225;ria com aspirina e tienopirid&#237;nicos &#233; pedra angular no tratamento de pacientes submetidos ao implante de stents coronarianos<sup>1</sup>. Embora tenha sido a droga inicial utilizada em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; aspirina, a ticlopidina<sup>2</sup> foi rapidamente substitu&#237;da pelo clopidogrel em raz&#227;o de melhor perfil de seguran&#231;a e tolerabilidade<sup>3</sup>. Portanto, hoje, a despeito dos novos antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, aspirina (81 a 300 mg/dia)<sup>4</sup> e clopidogrel (75 mg/dia) &#233; o esquema terap&#234;utico mais utilizado ap&#243;s o implante de stents coronarianos.</p>
    <p>H&#225; alguns anos, sabe-se que a resposta antiagregante plaquet&#225;ria do clopidogrel varia individualmente de acordo com uma s&#233;rie de fatores como: gen&#233;ticos<sup>4</sup>, intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas<sup>5,6</sup>, e condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas como, por exemplo, o diabetes<sup>7</sup>. Essa inabilidade do clopidogrel em inibir a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria medida laboratorialmente &#233; conhecida como resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel<sup>8</sup>. Independentemente da raz&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia, o impacto progn&#243;stico dessa condi&#231;&#227;o j&#225; foi demonstrado em quatro metan&#225;lises<sup>9-12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar da import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica e do crescente interesse cient&#237;fico, de acordo com o nosso conhecimento, n&#227;o h&#225; publica&#231;&#245;es nacionais que descrevam a ocorr&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; determinar a preval&#234;ncia e as condi&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a esse fen&#244;meno em pacientes submetidos a angioplastia coronariana eletiva com implante de stents, pr&#233;-tratados com aspirina e clopidogrel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Materiais e M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo de coorte transversal retrospectivo envolvendo os pacientes internados para angioplastia eletiva no per&#237;odo compreendido entre janeiro de 2007 e janeiro de 2010. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram uso de aspirina e clopidogrel por um per&#237;odo <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 dias (autodeclara&#231;&#227;o), interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar no dia da angioplastia, sucesso angiogr&#225;fico<sup>1</sup> e medida de agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria na primeira hora ap&#243;s a angioplastia. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes em uso de anticoagulante oral ou outra droga antiagregante plaquet&#225;ria, uso de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIB/IIIA durante a angioplastia, contagem de plaquetas &lt; 100.000 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup> e Hemat&#243;crito &lt; 30%.</p>
    <p>Como parte de um protocolo institucional, os pacientes dentro da primeira hora ap&#243;s angioplastia eram submetidos &#224; coleta de sangue para avalia&#231;&#227;o da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, glicemia, hemat&#243;crito, plaquetas e creatinina. A fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria foi quantificada pelo m&#233;todo de agregometria &#243;ptica em plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) utilizando o agregom&#234;tro de quatro canais Chronolog 470VS&#174; (Chronolog, Havertown, PA, EUA). Esse m&#233;todo &#233; at&#233; hoje o mais utilizado em estudos de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel, e a despeito dos m&#233;todos mais recentes de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria ainda continua sendo padr&#227;o-ouro<sup>13</sup>. Para medir o efeito terap&#234;utico do clopidogrel foi utilizado como agonista o difosfato de adenosina na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 5 <italic>&#181;</italic>moles/l (Chronolog, Havertown, PA, EUA). As fase pr&#233;-anal&#237;tica e anal&#237;tica seguiram todas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais para medi&#231;&#227;o da AgP<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foram considerados resistentes ao clopidogrel indiv&#237;duos com um valor de agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria <underline>&gt;</underline> 43%<sup>15</sup>. Foram analisadas as seguintes covari&#225;veis: a) clinicodemogr&#225;ficas: idade, sexo, ra&#231;a comorbidades (hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; diabetes<italic> mellitus</italic>, dislipidemia, tabagismo ou ex-tabagismo, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) pr&#233;vio, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) pr&#233;vio, angioplastia coronariana pr&#233;via (ATC), cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via (CRVM) e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica dial&#237;tica, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), medicamentos em uso (inibidores de bomba de pr&#243;tons, estatinas e bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio); b) intervencionistas: n&#250;mero de vasos abordados, vasos abordados, n&#250;mero de stents implantados, comprimento total dos stents e dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento c) laboratoriais: resposta terap&#234;utica &#224; aspirina medida pela agregometria &#243;ptica usando como agonista o &#225;cido aracd&#244;nico na concentra&#231;&#227;o 0,5 mg/ml (Helena Platelet Agreggation System, Helena Laboratories Corp, Beaumont, TX, EUA), glicemia, hemat&#243;crito, plaquetometria e clerance de creatinina. A resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina foi determinada por uma valor igual ou supeior a 20%. </p>
    <p>O uso do omeprazol e de estatinas lipof&#237;licas (atorvastatina e sinvastatina) tem sido atribu&#237;do &#224; resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel<sup>5,16</sup>. No intuito de avaliar um efeito diferente dessas drogas, inibidores de bomba de pr&#243;tons de estatinas foram analisados agrupados e estratificados em omeprazol e outros, e estatinas lipof&#237;licas e hidrof&#237;licas (pravastatina e rosuvastatina) repectivamente. </p>
    <p>Pela regra de eventos por vari&#225;veis para regress&#227;o bin&#225;ria log&#237;stica<sup>17</sup> e estimando uma preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel de 45%<sup>15</sup> para que haja possibilidade de incluir at&#233; oito vari&#225;veis no modelo multivariado, seriam necess&#225;rios pelo menos 178 pacientes na amostra. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em percentual. Na an&#225;lise univariada, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel e as covari&#225;veis foi feita por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou "U" de Mann-Whitney para as cont&#237;nuas, e teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher para as categ&#243;ricas. Para identificar associa&#231;&#245;es independentes com a resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel, foi constru&#237;do um modelo log&#237;stico multivariado tendo como vari&#225;veis independentes as que possu&#237;ram na an&#225;lise univariada um valor de erro alfa <underline>&lt;</underline> 10%. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi determinada por um valor de erro alfa menor que 5%. Toda a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita por meio do software SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic>) modelo 17.0. </p>
    <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho-UFRJ, sob o n&#250;mero de registro 1120/11. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo analisado, 458 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; angioplastia eletiva no servi&#231;o. Desses, 205 (44,7%) inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref> resume as raz&#245;es de exclus&#227;o dos pacientes. A m&#233;dia da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria foi 37 &#177; 16%. Setenta e nove pacientes foram considerados resistentes ao clopidogrel (38,5% IC95% 31,9 - 45,2%). A m&#233;dia de agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria neste grupo foi 54 &#177; 7% contra 24,6 &#177; 12% nos n&#227;o resistentes (p &lt; 0,001). O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref> ilustra essa diferen&#231;a. Apenas 3,9% dos pacientes apresentaram resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina e clopidogrel. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1135-00107-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1135-00107-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise univariada s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. O valor de glicemia, IAM pr&#233;vio e a resposta a aspirina estiveram associadas &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia (96,5 [IQ=88-112,3] <italic>versus</italic> 103 [IQ=95-130] p &lt; 0,001; 15,1 x 26,6%, p = 0,043 e 4 [IQ=2-6] x 6 [IQ=4-12], p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente para n&#227;o resistentes e resistentes). N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o uso de inibidores de bomba de pr&#243;tons (12,7 x 8,9%; p = 0,397) ou estatinas lipof&#237;licas, atorvastatina e sinvastatina (56,3 x 46,8%; p = 0,375) e a resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1135-00107-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada todas as tr&#234;s estiveram independentemente associadas &#224; resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref> resume a an&#225;lise multivariada. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1135-00107-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, encontramos uma alta preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel (38,5%), acima dos valores encontrados nas quatro metan&#225;lises: 33,2<sup>9</sup>; 25<sup>10</sup>; 26,4<sup>11</sup>; e 21%<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Aradi<sup>9</sup> faz uma an&#225;lise de preval&#234;ncia estratificada por m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico e contexto cl&#237;nico. Quando selecionados estudos que inclu&#237;ram pacientes est&#225;veis em terapia cr&#244;nica com clopidogrel, e cuja agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria foi medida com agregometria por transmit&#226;ncia de luz (LTA) com ADP 5<italic>&#181;</italic>moles/l, considerando o valor de agrega&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima como definidor de resist&#234;ncia o resultado &#233; extremamente semelhante: 37,5% (IC95% 30,9 - 44,1%)<sup>18,19</sup>. A grande variabilidade de preval&#234;ncias de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel encontradas na literatura pode, portanto, estar atribu&#237;da pela heterogeneidade de m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o, esquemas terap&#234;uticos e contextos cl&#237;nicos estudados.</p>
    <p>Glicemia, hist&#243;ria de IAM e a resposta antiagregante &#224; aspirina tiveram uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente com a ocorr&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel.</p>
    <p>Diabetes e controle glic&#234;mico configuram na maioria dos estudos determina&#231;&#227;o de preditores de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel<sup>20,21</sup>. Dentro da popula&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tica, alguns estudos demostram que o controle glic&#234;mico, na maioria deles medido atrav&#233;s da hemoglobina glicosilada, produz um efeito ainda mais delet&#233;rio sobre o perfil de antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria do que a pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a<sup>22,23</sup>. Angiolillo e cols.<sup>24</sup> evidenciaram que, em pacientes diab&#233;ticos em vig&#234;ncia de dupla terapia antiagregante plaquet&#225;ria, um valor elevado de agregabilidade plaquet&#225;ria aumenta o risco de eventos card&#237;acos maiores (OR = 3,96 IC95% 1,8 - 8,7). </p>
    <p>Evidenciamos no entanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel com o n&#237;vel de glicemia (OR = 1,014; IC95% 1,004 - 1,023) e n&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de diabetes. Quando colocamos no modelo multivariado apenas os pacientes n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, o efeito se mant&#233;m (OR = 1,021 IC95% 1,007 - 1,036). </p>
    <p>O risco cardiovascular &#233; proporcional ao controle glic&#234;mico independente do diagn&#243;stico de diabetes. Em Selvin e cols.<sup>25</sup>, cada ponto percentual de HbA1c acima de de 4,6% possui um RR = 2,36 (IC95% 1,43 - 3,90) em pacientes n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. Embora n&#227;o haja estudos que atribuam esse aumento de risco &#224; hiperreatividade plaquet&#225;ria ou resist&#234;ncia aos antiagregantes, isso &#233; biologicamente plaus&#237;vel. </p>
    <p>Outros autores tamb&#233;m observaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina. Gori e cols.<sup>26</sup> usando uma metodologia de avalia&#231;&#227;o da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria semelhante &#224; usada nesta pesquisa apresentaram um coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,536 (p &lt; 0,001). Metade do pacientes resistentes ao clopidogrel tamb&#233;m o eram em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; aspirina. A ocorr&#234;ncia de dupla resist&#234;ncia foi preditor independente de trombose de stent e morte card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Lev e cols.<sup>27</sup>, usando outro m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, demonstraram que 47,4% dos pacientes resistente &#224; aspirina tamb&#233;m o eram em rela&#231;&#227;o ao clopidogrel.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IAM como uma das associa&#231;&#245;es independentes &#224; resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel &#233; um achado exclusivo desta pesquisa. Todavia, Gurbel<sup>8</sup> encontrou alguns dados que podem explic&#225;-lo. Em seu trabalho, houve uma tend&#234;ncia a maior uso de inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA) no grupo de pacientes resistentes (57 x 81%;p = 0,08). Ainda, houve uma diferen&#231;a de 18% de pacientes com IAM pr&#233;vio no grupo resistente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#227;o resistente (44 x 26%). Em n&#250;meros absolutos, uma diferen&#231;a maior que a encontrada nesta pesquisa (11,5%). Essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o atingiu a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em virtude do pequeno tamanho amostral (n = 100). Pacientes com IAM pr&#233;vio t&#234;m uma probabilidade maior de usar Ieca. Infelizmente n&#227;o temos como provar essa hip&#243;tese, uma vez que o uso de Ieca n&#227;o foi uma das vari&#225;veis coletadas.</p>
    <p>De nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo nacional a determinar a preval&#234;ncia e associa&#231;&#245;es da resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel. Uma incorpora&#231;&#227;o racional das novas estrat&#233;gias de antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria parte de uma melhor compreens&#227;o do valor cl&#237;nico dessa condi&#231;&#227;o em nosso meio. </p>
    <p>Este estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es:</p>
    <p>Desenho retrospectivo que dificultada o controle das vari&#225;veis;</p>
    <p>Maioria absoluta de paciente de ra&#231;a branca, o que dificulta a extrapola&#231;&#227;o desses resultados para outras ra&#231;as;</p>
    <p>A AgP pode aumentar at&#233; 7% logo ap&#243;s o implante de um stent<sup>28</sup>; </p>
    <p>A melhora da AgP pode ser um efeito tempor&#225;rio. Um estudo recente sugere que o valor 30 dias ap&#243;s o implante de stent tem uma correla&#231;&#227;o melhor com eventos em longo prazo<sup>29</sup>; </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve uma avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica dos pacientes no intuito de verificar outras causas de resist&#234;ncia;</p>
    <p>Embora tendo sido feita da forma usual de investiga&#231;&#227;o, o uso pr&#233;vio de clopidogrel poderia ter sido feito por meio de question&#225;rio de ades&#227;o terap&#234;utica;</p>
    <p> N&#227;o avaliamos o uso de outras medica&#231;&#245;es j&#225; associadas com a resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel como losartana e derivados imidaz&#243;licos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nessa amostra encontramos uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel em pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; angioplastia eletiva. O valor da glicemia, a hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IAM e a reposta &#224; aspirina estiveram independentemente associadas a essa condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold> Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Fabr&#237;cio Braga da Silva pela UFRJ.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Fabr&#237;cio Braga da Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Oliveira Rocha, 47/203, Jardim Bot&#226;nico </p>
        <p> CEP 22461070, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="fabriciobraga@uol.com.br">fabriciobraga@uol.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fabriciobraga@cardiol.br">fabriciobraga@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido 31/01/12 </p>
    <p> revisado em 10/02/12 </p>
    <p> aceito em 01/08/12</p>
  </body>
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          </date>
          <fpage>2474</fpage>
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              <surname>Campo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Resistance to clopidogrel: prevalence and associate variables</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The dual antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel is the cornerstone of treatment for patients undergoing angioplasty with coronary stent implantation. However, some of these patients, despite the use of aspirin and clopidogrel, are not effectively anti-aggregated, a phenomenon known as resistance to antiplatelet agents. Its prevalence, as well as the conditions associated with it, is unknown in our country. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of clopidogrel resistance, as well as variables associated with it. METHODS: Patients admitted for elective angioplasty in chronic use of ASA and clopidogrel between January 2007 and January 2010 were studied. One hour after the procedure, platelet aggregation was measured using optical aggregometry with adenosine diphosphate 5 mmoles / l as agonist. At that moment, in a cross-sectional cohort, we determined the prevalence of clopidogrel resistance, defined as the value of platelet aggregation &gt; 43% and a logistic regression model to the variables associated with it. RESULTS: A total of 205 patients were analyzed (66.4 &#177; 11 years, 61.5% males). The prevalence of clopidogrel resistance was 38.5% (95% CI: 31.9 - 45.2%). Blood glucose (OR = 1.014; 95%CI: 1.004 - 1.023), previous myocardial infarction (OR = 2.320; 95%CI: 1.1103 - 4.892) and therapeutic response to ASA (OR = 1.057; 95%CI: 1.017 - 1.099) were the variables independently associated with clopidogrel resistance. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of clopidogrel resistance was high. Glycemia, acute myocardial infarction and response to ASA were variables associated with it. A better understanding of this phenomenon is necessary considering the new antiplatelet aggregant agents.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Platelet aggregation inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>drug resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>stents</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary disease</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>balloon</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Resistance to clopidogrel: prevalence and associate variables</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fabr&#237;cio Braga da Silva<sup>I,II</sup>; Gustavo Luiz Gouv&#234;a de Almeida Junior<sup>I</sup>; Augusto Neno<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Kezen<sup>I</sup>; Milena Spelta<sup>I</sup>; Alessandra Godomiczer<sup>I</sup>; Renato Villela<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Hellmuth<sup>I</sup>; Sergio Salles Xavier<sup>I</sup>; Roberto Hugo da Costa Lins<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Rio de Janeiro</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The dual antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel is the cornerstone of treatment for patients undergoing angioplasty with coronary stent implantation. However, some of these patients, despite the use of aspirin and clopidogrel, are not effectively anti-aggregated, a phenomenon known as resistance to antiplatelet agents. Its prevalence, as well as the conditions associated with it, is unknown in our country.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the prevalence of clopidogrel resistance, as well as variables associated with it.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Patients admitted for elective angioplasty in chronic use of ASA and clopidogrel between January 2007 and January 2010 were studied. One hour after the procedure, platelet aggregation was measured using optical aggregometry with adenosine diphosphate 5 mmoles / l as agonist. At that moment, in a cross-sectional cohort, we determined the prevalence of clopidogrel resistance, defined as the value of platelet aggregation <underline>&gt;</underline> 43% and a logistic regression model to the variables associated with it. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 205 patients were analyzed (66.4 &#177; 11 years, 61.5% males). The prevalence of clopidogrel resistance was 38.5% (95% CI: 31.9 - 45.2%). Blood glucose (OR = 1.014; 95%CI: 1.004 - 1.023), previous myocardial infarction (OR = 2.320; 95%CI: 1.1103 - 4.892) and therapeutic response to ASA (OR = 1.057; 95%CI: 1.017 - 1.099) were the variables independently associated with clopidogrel resistance.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The prevalence of clopidogrel resistance was high. Glycemia, acute myocardial infarction and response to ASA were variables associated with it. A better understanding of this phenomenon is necessary considering the new antiplatelet aggregant agents. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Platelet aggregation inhibitors; drug resistance; stents; coronary disease; angioplasty, balloon, coronary.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and thienopyridines is a cornerstone in the treatment of patients undergoing coronary stent implantation<sup>1</sup>. Although it was the drug initially used in combination with aspirin, ticlopidine<sup>2</sup> was quickly replaced by clopidogrel due to its better safety and tolerability profile<sup>3</sup>. Thus, currently, in spite of new antiplatelet agents, aspirin (81 to 300 mg/day)<sup>4</sup> and clopidogrel (75 mg/day) is the most widely used regimen after coronary stent implantation.</p>
      <p>For some years, it has been known that the antiaggregant response of clopidogrel varies individually according to a number of factors such as genetics<sup>4</sup>, drug interactions<sup>5,6</sup> and clinical conditions such as diabetes<sup>7</sup>. The incapacity of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation measured at the laboratory is known as clopidogrel resistance<sup>8</sup>. Regardless of the reasons for resistance, the prognostic impact of this condition has been shown in four meta-analyses<sup>9-12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the prognostic importance and growing scientific interest, according to our knowledge, there are no national publications that have described the occurrence of clopidogrel resistance.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and conditions related to this phenomenon in patients undergoing elective coronary angioplasty with stent implantation, pretreated with aspirin and clopidogrel.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Material and Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a cross-sectional retrospective cohort study of patients admitted for elective angioplasty in the period between January 2007 and January 2010. Inclusion criteria were use of aspirin and clopidogrel for a period <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 days (self-reported), hospitalization on the day of angioplasty, angiographic success<sup>1</sup> and platelet aggregation measurement in the first hour after angioplasty. Patients using oral anticoagulants or any other antiaggregant drugs, those using glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors during angioplasty, those with platelet count &lt;100,000 cells/mm<sup>3</sup> and hematocrit &lt; 30% were excluded.</p>
      <p>As part of an institutional protocol, patients within the first hour after angioplasty were submitted to blood sampling for assessment of platelet aggregation, blood glucose, hematocrit, platelets, and creatinine levels. Platelet function was quantified by the optical aggregometry method in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) using the four-channel aggregometer Chronolog &#174; 470VS (Chronolog, Havertown, PA, USA). This method is still currently the most widely used in studies of clopidogrel resistance, and in spite of more recent assessment methods of platelet function, still remains the gold standard<sup>13</sup>. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was used as agonist to measure the therapeutic effect of clopidogrel at a concentration of 5 mmoles/L (Chronolog, Havertown, PA, USA). The pre-analytical and analytical phases followed all international recommendations for measuring platelet aggregation (PA)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Individuals with PA value <underline>&gt;</underline> 43% were considered resistant to clopidogrel<sup>15</sup>. The following variables were analyzed: a) clinical-demographic: age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking or former smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, prior acute myocardial infarction (AMI), prior cerebrovascular accident (CVA), prior coronary angioplasty (CA), prior myocardial revascularization (CABG) and chronic renal failure requiring dialysis, body mass index (BMI), medications (proton pump inhibitors, statins and calcium channel blockers); b) interventionist: number of approached vessels, approached vessels, number of implanted stents, overall stent length and procedure duration; c) laboratory: therapeutic response to aspirin measured by optical aggregometry using arachidonic acid as agonist at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL (Helena Platelet Aggregation System, Helena Laboratories Corp., Beaumont, TX, USA), glycemia, hematocrit, platelet count and creatinine clearance. Aspirin resistance was determined by a value <underline>&gt;</underline> 20%.</p>
      <p>The use of omeprazole and lipophilic statins (simvastatin and atorvastatin) has been attributed to clopidogrel resistance<sup>5,16</sup>. In order to evaluate a different effect of these drugs, proton pump inhibitors and statins were analyzed while grouped and stratified as omeprazole and others and lipophilic and hydrophilic statins (pravastatin and rosuvastatin), respectively.</p>
      <p>Using the rule of events per variables for binary logistic regression<sup>17</sup> and estimating a prevalence of clopidogrel resistance of 45%<sup>15</sup> so that it would be possible to include up to eight variables in the multivariate model, the sample would have to include at least 178 patients.</p>
      <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range according to the presence or absence of normal distribution evaluated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages. In the univariate analysis, the association between clopidogrel resistance and covariates was carried out using Student's <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney "U" test for continuous and Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. To identify independent associations with clopidogrel resistance, multivariate logistic model was built using as independent variables the ones that had an alpha error value <underline>&lt;</underline> 10% at the univariate analysis. The statistical significance was determined by an alpha error value &lt; 5%. All statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) release 17.0.</p>
      <p>The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho-UFRJ, registration # 1120/11.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the analyzed period, 458 patients underwent elective angioplasty at our service. Of these, 205 (44.7%) were included in the analysis. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_10512fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> summarizes the reasons for patient exclusion. The mean platelet aggregation was 37 &#177; 16%. Seventy-nine patients were resistant to clopidogrel (38.5% 95% CI: 31.9 - 45.2%). The mean platelet aggregation in this group was 54 &#177; 7% <italic>vs</italic>. 24.6 &#177; 12% in the non-resistant group (p &lt;0.001). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_10512cht01-body2">Chart 1</xref> illustrates this difference. Only 3.9% of patients showed resistance to aspirin and clopidogrel.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_10512fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1135-00107-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_10512cht01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1135-00107-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The general characteristics of the population and univariate analysis are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10512tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. The value of glycemia, previous AMI and response to aspirin were associated with greater occurrence of resistance (96.5 [IQ = 88-112.3] <italic>versus</italic> 103 [IQ = 95-130] p &lt;0.001, 15.1 x 26.6%, p = 0.043 and 4 [IQ = 2-6] 6 x [IQ = 4-12], p &lt;0.001, respectively for non-resistants and resistants). There was no association between use of proton pump inhibitors (12.7 x 8.9%, p = 0.397) or lipophilic statins, atorvastatin and simvastatin (56.3 x 46.8%, p = 0.375) and clopidogrel resistance.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10512tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1135-00107-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In the multivariate analysis, all three were independently associated with resistance to clopidogrel. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10512tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> summarizes the multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10512tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1135-00107-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We observed a high prevalence of resistance to clopidogrel (38.5%) in this population, higher than the values found in the four meta-analyzes: 33.2<sup>9</sup>, 25<sup>10</sup>, 26.4<sup>11</sup>, and 21%<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Aradi et al.<sup>9</sup> analyzed the stratified prevalence through a diagnostic method and the clinical context. When selecting studies involving stable patients on chronic therapy with clopidogrel and whose platelet aggregation was measured with light transmission aggregometry (LTA) with ADP of 5 &#181;moles/L, considering the maximum aggregation value as defining resistance, the result is extremely similar: 37.5% (95% CI: 30.9 - 44.1%)<sup>18,19</sup>. The high variability in prevalence of clopidogrel resistance found in the literature may therefore be attributed to the heterogeneity of assessment methods, treatment regimens and clinical settings studied. </p>
      <p>Glycemia, history of AMI and antiaggregant response to aspirin showed an independent association with the occurrence of clopidogrel resistance. </p>
      <p>Diabetes and glucose control determine the predictors of clopidogrel resistance in most studies<sup>20,21</sup>. Within the diabetic population, some studies show that glycemic control, in most of them measured by glycosylated hemoglobin, has an even more deleterious effect on the antiplatelet therapy profile than the disease itself<sup>22,23</sup>. Angiolillo et al.<sup>24</sup> showed that in diabetic patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy, a high value of platelet aggregation increases the risk of major cardiac events (OR = 3.96 95% CI: 1.8 - 8.7). </p>
      <p>We, however, observed an association between the occurrence of clopidogrel resistance and blood glucose level (OR = 1.014, 95% CI: 1.004 - 1.023) and not with the presence of diabetes. The effect remains when only nondiabetic patients are included in the multivariate model (OR = 1.021 95% CI: 1.007 - 1.036).</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular risk is related to glycemic control, regardless of diabetes diagnosis. In the study by Selvin et al.<sup>25</sup>, each percentage point of HbA1c &gt; 4.6% has a RR = 2.36 (95% CI: 1.43 - 3.90) in nondiabetic patients. Although there are no studies that attribute the increased risk to platelet hyperreactivity or antiplatelet resistance, this is biologically plausible. </p>
      <p>Other authors also observed a positive correlation between resistance to clopidogrel and aspirin resistance. Gori et al.<sup>26</sup>, using a platelet aggregation assessment method similar to that used in this study, showed a correlation coefficient of 0.536 (p &lt; 0.001). Half of clopidogrel-resistant patients were also resistant to aspirin. The occurrence of dual resistance was an independent predictor of stent thrombosis and cardiac death. </p>
      <p>Lev et al.<sup>27</sup>, using another method for platelet aggregation assessment, showed that 47.4% of patients resistant to aspirin were also clopidogrel-resistant.</p>
      <p>The presence of a previous history of AMI as one of the independent associations with clopidogrel resistance is a unique finding of this study. However, Gurbel et al.<sup>8</sup> found some data that might explain it. In their study, there was a trend toward greater use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in resistant patients (57 <italic>vs</italic>. 81%, p = 0.08). Moreover, there was a difference of 18% of patients with previous AMI in the resistant group, when compared to the non-resistant one (44 x 26%). In absolute numbers, this represents a difference greater than that found in this study (11.5%). This difference did not reach statistical significance due to the small sample size (n = 100). Patients with prior AMI have a higher likelihood of using ACE inhibitors. Unfortunately we cannot prove this hypothesis, as the use of ACE inhibitors was not one of the analyzed variables. </p>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first national study to determine the prevalence and associations of clopidogrel resistance. A rational incorporation of new antiplatelet aggregation strategies starts with a better understanding of the clinical significance of this condition in our country. </p>
      <p>This study has some limitations:</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>&#149; Retrospective design that hinders variable control;</p>
        <p>&#149; Absolute majority of the patients were Caucasian, making it difficult to extrapolate these results to other ethnicities;</p>
        <p>&#149; PA can increase up to 7% immediately after stent implantation<sup>28</sup>;</p>
        <p>&#149; PA improvement may be a temporary effect. A recent study suggests that the value 30 days after stent implantation has a better correlation with long-term events<sup>29</sup>;</p>
        <p>&#149; There was no genetic evaluation of patients in order to assess other causes of resistance;</p>
        <p>&#149; Although it was carried out in the usual investigation format, the prior use of clopidogrel could have been assessed through an adherence questionnaire;</p>
        <p>&#149; We did not evaluate the use of other medications already associated with clopidogrel resistance, such as losartan and imidazole derivatives.</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this sample we found a high prevalence of clopidogrel resistance in patients who underwent elective angioplasty. The levels of blood glucose, history of previous AMI and response to aspirin were independently associated with this condition.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p> This article is part of the master thesis submitted by Fabr&#237;cio Braga da Silva, from UFRJ.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
