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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8zfZKy984ZVctVGFFcVmCFx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001500009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000108</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio n&#227;o previne a nefropatia de contraste: ensaio cl&#237;nico multic&#234;ntrico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lasevitch</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perez-Alva</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moulin</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Airton</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Intercath Meridional</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cariacica</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Unimed</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNIFESP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Paulo </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">PUCRS</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital General de Puebla</institution>
        <country country="">M&#233;xico</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Camilo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFRGS</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1129</fpage>
      <lpage>1134</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A exposi&#231;&#227;o ao meio de contraste radiogr&#225;fico pode causar comprometimento agudo da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias limitadas e conflitantes de que a hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio previne a Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste (NIC) em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar se o bicarbonato de s&#243;dio &#233; superior &#224; hidrata&#231;&#227;o com soro fisiol&#243;gico para evitar a nefropatia em pacientes de risco submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco. M&#201;TODOS: Trezentos e um pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea ou angiografia coronariana com creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 1,2 mg/dL ou Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular (TFG) &lt; 50 mL/min, foram randomizados para receber hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio a partir de 1 hora antes do procedimento, e 6 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, ou hidrata&#231;&#227;o com solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 0,9%. A NIC foi definida como um aumento de 0,5 mg/dL na creatinina em 48h. RESULTADOS: Dezoito pacientes (5,9%) desenvolveram nefropatia induzida por contraste: 9 pacientes no grupo do bicarbonato (6,1%) e 9 pacientes no grupo da solu&#231;&#227;o salina (6,0%), p = 0,97. A varia&#231;&#227;o na creatinina s&#233;rica foi semelhante em ambos os grupos, 0,01 &#177; 0,26 mg/dL no grupo do bicarbonato, e 0,01 &#177; 0,35 mg/dL no grupo da solu&#231;&#227;o salina, p = 0,9. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre a altera&#231;&#227;o na taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (0,89 &#177; 9 mL/ min vs. 2,29 &#177; 10 mL/min, p = 0,2, grupo do bicarbonato e grupo da solu&#231;&#227;o salina, respectivamente). CONCLUS&#195;O: A hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio n&#227;o foi superior ao soro fisiol&#243;gico na preven&#231;&#227;o a nefropatia induzida pelo contraste, em pacientes de risco submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Nefropatias</kwd>
        <kwd>hidrata&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>bicarbonato de s&#243;dio</kwd>
        <kwd>angiografia coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>ensaio cl&#237;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio n&#227;o previne a nefropatia de contraste: ensaio cl&#237;nico multic&#234;ntrico</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vitor O. Gomes<sup>I, VII</sup>; Ricardo Lasevitch<sup>I</sup>; Valter C. Lima<sup>II</sup>; F&#225;bio S. Brito Jr.<sup>III</sup>; Juan Carlos Perez-Alva<sup>IV</sup>; Bruno Moulin<sup>V</sup>; Airton Arruda<sup>VI</sup>; Denise Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Caramori<sup>I, VII</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Lucas - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Camilo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Hospital General de Puebla, M&#233;xico </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Hospital da Unimed, Cariacica </p>
    <p><sup>VI</sup>Hospital Intercath Meridional, Vit&#243;ria, ES </p>
    <p><sup>VII</sup>Curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A exposi&#231;&#227;o ao meio de contraste radiogr&#225;fico pode causar comprometimento agudo da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias limitadas e conflitantes de que a hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio previne a Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste (NIC) em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar se o bicarbonato de s&#243;dio &#233; superior &#224; hidrata&#231;&#227;o com soro fisiol&#243;gico para evitar a nefropatia em pacientes de risco submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p><bold> M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Trezentos e um pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea ou angiografia coronariana com creatinina s&#233;rica <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,2 mg/dL ou Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular (TFG) &lt; 50 mL/min, foram randomizados para receber hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio a partir de 1 hora antes do procedimento, e 6 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, ou hidrata&#231;&#227;o com solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 0,9%. A NIC foi definida como um aumento de 0,5 mg/dL na creatinina em 48h. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Dezoito pacientes (5,9%) desenvolveram nefropatia induzida por contraste: 9 pacientes no grupo do bicarbonato (6,1%) e 9 pacientes no grupo da solu&#231;&#227;o salina (6,0%), p = 0,97. A varia&#231;&#227;o na creatinina s&#233;rica foi semelhante em ambos os grupos, 0,01 &#177; 0,26 mg/dL no grupo do bicarbonato, e 0,01 &#177; 0,35 mg/dL no grupo da solu&#231;&#227;o salina, p = 0,9. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre a altera&#231;&#227;o na taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (0,89 &#177; 9 mL/ min vs. 2,29 &#177; 10 mL/min, p = 0,2, grupo do bicarbonato e grupo da solu&#231;&#227;o salina, respectivamente). </p>
    <p><bold> CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio n&#227;o foi superior ao soro fisiol&#243;gico na preven&#231;&#227;o a nefropatia induzida pelo contraste, em pacientes de risco submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco.  </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Nefropatias; hidrata&#231;&#227;o; bicarbonato de s&#243;dio; angiografia coron&#225;ria; ensaio cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste (NIC) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o potencial e importante na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de agentes de contraste radiol&#243;gicos iodados. O desenvolvimento da NIC est&#225; associado com maiores taxas de morbimortalidade<sup>1-4</sup> e aumento no tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o<sup>4</sup> em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Uma das defini&#231;&#245;es mais utilizadas da NIC &#233; um aumento na creatinina s&#233;rica maior que 0,5 mg/dL, nas 48 horas ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o aos meios de contraste<sup>1,5</sup>. Em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos radiogr&#225;ficos com contraste, a incid&#234;ncia da NIC &#233; de cerca de 3,5%<sup>1</sup>, variando de 1% em doentes anteriormente saud&#225;veis para mais de 50% em grupos de alto risco<sup>6-8</sup>. Os principais fatores de risco para NIC s&#227;o insufici&#234;ncia pr&#233;via da fun&#231;&#227;o renal<sup>1,9-11</sup> e diabete melito<sup>1</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, outros fatores de risco importantes s&#227;o a idade<sup>1</sup> e o volume de meio de contraste administrado durante o procedimento<sup>1,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora medidas preventivas eficazes tenham sido exaustivamente procuradas<sup>12</sup>, apenas alguns, tais como hidrata&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup> e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de agentes de contraste de baixa osmolalidade<sup>14</sup> ou isomolares<sup>15</sup>, provaram ser &#250;teis.</p>
    <p>Em um estudo inicial, a hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio demonstrou ser superior &#224; hidrata&#231;&#227;o com infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina para a preven&#231;&#227;o da NIC<sup>16</sup>. No entanto, h&#225; dados limitados e controversos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia do bicarbonato de s&#243;dio em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco<sup>17-23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este &#233; um ensaio cl&#237;nico multic&#234;ntrico, randomizado, que foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio na preven&#231;&#227;o da NIC, em pacientes com ligeiro a moderado risco de desenvolver NIC submetidos a angiografia coronariana ou Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Percut&#226;nea (ICP).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo randomizou 301 pacientes com risco moderado a elevado para desenvolver NIC, que foram encaminhados para angiografia coronariana ou PCI eletivas, em seis centros.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes eram eleg&#237;veis para o estudo se tinham um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: creatinina s&#233;rica <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,2 mg/dL ou Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular (TFG) &lt; 50 mL/min. A TFG foi calculada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD (Modifica&#231;&#227;o da Dieta na Doen&#231;a Renal)<sup>24</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: idade &lt; 18 anos, uso de meios de contraste radiogr&#225;ficos durante os &#250;ltimos 21 dias, hist&#243;rico de di&#225;lise, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe III-IV da NYHA, e procedimentos de emerg&#234;ncia. Os comit&#234;s de &#233;tica dos nove hospitais aprovaram o protocolo do estudo. O termo de consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo do Estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram randomizados para receber hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio, ou solu&#231;&#227;o salina 0,9%, aleatoriamente mediante envelopes lacrados. A randomiza&#231;&#227;o foi forma estratificada pelo tipo do procedimento a ser realizado (angiografia coronariana ou ICP). Os pacientes randomizados para o grupo de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio receberam 154 mEq/L de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio em dextrose a 5% e H<sub>2</sub>O, e os pacientes randomizados para solu&#231;&#227;o salina receberam hidrata&#231;&#227;o com infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina 0,9%, de acordo com o protocolo relatado por Merten e cols.<sup>16</sup>. O <italic>bolus</italic> intravenoso inicial foi de 3 mL/kg/h durante 1 hora imediatamente antes da inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste. Depois disso, os pacientes receberam o mesmo fluido a uma taxa de 1 mL/kg/h durante a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao contraste e durante 6 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento. Os dois fluidos foram administrados em r&#243;tulo aberto.</p>
    <p>Todos os procedimentos foram realizados com meio de contraste i&#244;nico de baixa osmolalidade (Hexabrix<sup>&#174;</sup>, Ioxaglate; Guerbet Ltda., Rio de Janeiro, Brasil).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A creatinina s&#233;rica foi medida 24 horas antes (creatinina basal) e 48 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento (creatinina p&#243;s-procedimento).</p>
    <p>Os resultados prim&#225;rios foram predefinidos como segue: 1) a ocorr&#234;ncia da NIC, definida como um aumento da creatinina s&#233;rica <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,5 mg/dL, 48 horas ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao meio de contraste; 2) a varia&#231;&#227;o na creatinina s&#233;rica (Cr p&#243;s-procedimento - Cr basal), e 3) a varia&#231;&#227;o na TFG (TFG p&#243;s-procedimento - TFG basal). </p>
    <p>Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram; necessidade de di&#225;lise durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, dura&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>O efeito do bicarbonato de s&#243;dio tamb&#233;m foi avaliado nos seguintes subgrupos predefinidos: TFG basal <underline>&lt;</underline> 40 mL/min, diabete melito, idade &gt; 70 anos, e pacientes que recebem um volume de meio de contraste <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,5 mL/kg.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise foi realizada sobre a base da inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas com o teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes. Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica, o teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado, expressando os dados como mediana (percentil 25- percentil 75). O tamanho da amostra foi calculado em 298 indiv&#237;duos, para detectar uma altera&#231;&#227;o de 50% no risco relativo para NIC, associada com a hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio<sup>16,18</sup>, considerando uma incid&#234;ncia de 10% da NIC no grupo randomizados para solu&#231;&#227;o salina, com uma pot&#234;ncia de 80% e erro a de 0,05.</p>
    <p>A raz&#227;o de chances e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% foram calculados para os resultados de desfecho prim&#225;rio, para os subgrupos pr&#233;-especificados. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o software SPSS, vers&#227;o 11.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois, EUA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um total de 301 pacientes foi distribu&#237;do aleatoriamente, 151 para receber infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina e 150 para bicarbonato de s&#243;dio. As m&#233;dias de creatinina s&#233;rica e TFG basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foram 1,50 &#177; 0,49 mg/dL e 51,2 &#177; 13 mL/min, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais e vari&#225;veis relacionadas com o procedimento s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. A m&#233;dia de idade foi 65,2 anos. Os grupos foram bem equilibrados em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, sexo, press&#227;o arterial, diabete melito, e terapia farmacol&#243;gica. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1129-00108-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O volume de meio de contraste utilizado durante os procedimentos, e a distribui&#231;&#227;o de angiografia diagn&#243;stica e ICP foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Todos os pacientes completaram o protocolo do estudo. Nenhuma rea&#231;&#227;o adversa &#224; hidrata&#231;&#227;o foi relatada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos Prim&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio n&#227;o foi superior &#224; solu&#231;&#227;o salina para a preven&#231;&#227;o da NIC. A incid&#234;ncia da NIC foi similar nos dois grupos, ocorrendo em 9 pacientes (6,1%) no grupo do bicarbonato de s&#243;dio, e em 9 pacientes (6,0%) no grupo da solu&#231;&#227;o salina (p = 1,0) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1129-00108-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es na creatinina s&#233;rica da condi&#231;&#227;o basal para 48 h ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao contraste nos grupos de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio e solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamb&#233;m foram semelhantes (0,01 &#177; 0,26 mg/dL <italic>vs</italic>. 0,01 &#177; 0,35 mg/dL, p = 0,9, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa quando se compararam as altera&#231;&#245;es na taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular entre os grupos (0,9 &#177; 8,0 mL/min no grupo do bicarbonato de s&#243;dio e 2,3 &#177; 10 mL/min no grupo da solu&#231;&#227;o salina, p = 0,2) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos Secund&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos secund&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). Tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, necessidade de hemodi&#225;lise e morte intra-hospitalar foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. Um total de 13 (4,3%) pacientes faleceu no hospital, 6 no grupo do bicarbonato de s&#243;dio e 7 no grupo da solu&#231;&#227;o salina. No grupo do bicarbonato de s&#243;dio, 2 pacientes foram a &#243;bito ap&#243;s complica&#231;&#245;es na ICP; 2 pacientes morreram por complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM); e 2 pacientes morreram de causas n&#227;o card&#237;acas. Apenas uma dessas mortes ocorreu em paciente que desenvolveu NIC.</p>
    <p>Dos sete &#243;bitos ocorridos nos pacientes com infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina, quatro foram relacionados a complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias em pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, 2 morreram de causas card&#237;acas e 1 paciente morreu por causa n&#227;o card&#237;aca. Nenhum dos pacientes que morreu desse grupo tinha desenvolvido NIC. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Subgrupos de An&#225;lise</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A falta de efic&#225;cia do bicarbonato de s&#243;dio quando comparada com a solu&#231;&#227;o salina normal foi consistente entre os subgrupos predefinidos, incluindo ambos os pacientes de baixo e de alto risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1129-00108-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O achado principal deste ensaio cl&#237;nico multic&#234;ntrico &#233; que, em doentes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, a hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio n&#227;o &#233; superior &#224; infus&#227;o de soro fisiol&#243;gico para reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de NIC ap&#243;s o cateterismo card&#237;aco. Al&#233;m disso, a hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio n&#227;o demonstrou nenhum benef&#237;cio em quaisquer dos subgrupos predefinidos.</p>
    <p>A fisiopatologia da NIC &#233; pouco compreendida. Ela certamente envolve a intera&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos fatores; no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos celulares subjacentes<sup>25</sup>. A evid&#234;ncia sugere que os radicais livres t&#234;m um papel importante no desenvolvimento da NIC associada com les&#227;o direta do epit&#233;lio tubular<sup>26-28</sup>. Uma vez que o ambiente &#225;cido t&#237;pico dos t&#250;bulos renais propicia a forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres &#233; poss&#237;vel que a alcaliniza&#231;&#227;o da urina possa reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de NIC. Em modelos animais de insufici&#234;ncia renal isqu&#234;mica aguda, o bicarbonato de s&#243;dio &#233; mais protetor do que a solu&#231;&#227;o salina<sup>29</sup>. </p>
    <p>Merten e cols.<sup>16</sup> foram os primeiros a relatar uma redu&#231;&#227;o importante do risco da NIC em pacientes hidratados com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio (1,7% <italic>vs.</italic> 13,6% p = 0,02, bicarbonato de s&#243;dio e solu&#231;&#227;o salina, respectivamente). No entanto, esse foi um estudo de um &#250;nico centro, que envolveu apenas 119 pacientes submetidos a v&#225;rios tipos de procedimentos com contraste radiol&#243;gico e n&#227;o apenas cateterismo card&#237;aco. Al&#233;m disso, eles utilizaram mais de um tipo de contraste e via de administra&#231;&#227;o do agente de contraste, n&#227;o foi apenas intra-arterial.</p>
    <p>Estudos posteriores avaliaram o bicarbonato de s&#243;dio na preven&#231;&#227;o da NIC em pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia e/ou ICP produzindo resultados conflitantes<sup>17-23</sup>. Alguns desses estudos avaliaram o uso de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio mais N-acetilciste&#237;na<sup>17,19,21,23</sup> e, portanto, n&#227;o permitem uma conclus&#227;o definitiva sobre o benef&#237;cio do bicarbonato de s&#243;dio isolado na profilaxia da NIC, uma vez que a avalia&#231;&#227;o de duas drogas simultaneamente representa um vi&#233;s de confus&#227;o importante. Entre os estudos que compararam apenas bicarbonato de s&#243;dio e solu&#231;&#227;o salina os resultados tamb&#233;m s&#227;o inconsistentes<sup>18,20,22</sup>. O presente estudo &#233; o &#250;nico multic&#234;ntrico e tem o maior tamanho de amostra entre os estudos que avaliaram a hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato como uma abordagem &#250;nica para profilaxia da NIC.</p>
    <p>Existem diferen&#231;as importantes entre os estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio para profilaxia da NIC. Em primeiro lugar, diferentes defini&#231;&#245;es de NIC t&#234;m sido utilizadas. Estudos anteriores definem NIC como um aumento absoluto da creatinina s&#233;rica de 0,5 mg/dL, ou um aumento de 25% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal. Neste estudo, optamos por usar um aumento absoluto de creatinina s&#233;rica de 0,5 mg/dL como desfecho prim&#225;rio, porque consideramos que essa defini&#231;&#227;o tem relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica superior. Essa defini&#231;&#227;o determina que o diagn&#243;stico da NIC esteja limitada a um n&#250;mero menor de pacientes. &#201; plaus&#237;vel a obten&#231;&#227;o de resultados diferentes, se utilizada uma defini&#231;&#227;o de NIC diferente<sup>30,31</sup>.</p>
    <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o nos protocolos de hidrata&#231;&#227;o pode ser respons&#225;vel pelos resultados diferentes. N&#243;s utilizamos o mesmo protocolo de hidrata&#231;&#227;o e administra&#231;&#227;o de bicarbonato realizada pelo estudo inicial de Merten e cols.<sup>16</sup>. Apenas um estudo adicional avaliou o mesmo protocolo de bicarbonato e mostrou superioridade do bicarbonato. Contudo, esse foi um estudo de um &#250;nico centro e que incluiu apenas 59 pacientes<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outra potencial fonte de variabilidade &#233; o tipo de contraste utilizado em estudos que avaliam a profilaxia da NIC. Em nosso estudo, todos os pacientes receberam meios de contraste i&#244;nicos de baixa osmolalidade. Estudos anteriores tinham testado o bicarbonato de s&#243;dio em pacientes que receberam agentes de contraste i&#244;nicos e n&#227;o i&#244;nicos com osmolalidades diferentes. Isso pode tamb&#233;m contribuir para os resultados inconsistentes vistos na literatura, uma vez que agentes de contraste diferentes t&#234;m riscos diferentes de NIC<sup>32</sup>. </p>
    <p>Duas meta-an&#225;lises recentemente publicadas apontam superioridade da hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio na preven&#231;&#227;o da NIC. Em ambos, os autores demonstraram uma significativa heterogeneidade entre os estudos e evid&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o favorecendo a terapia com bicarbonato<sup>33,34</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, os achados foram muito influenciados pelo efeito dram&#225;tico do tratamento, demonstrado em estudos de pequenas dimens&#245;es. Portanto, os resultados dessas meta-an&#225;lises devem ser interpretados com cautela devido a essas limita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo n&#227;o encontrou nenhum benef&#237;cio na hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal leve a moderada. No entanto, isso n&#227;o permite tirar uma conclus&#227;o definitiva sobre o efeito do bicarbonato de s&#243;dio em pacientes de risco muito elevado, uma vez que apenas 3,6% dos pacientes tinham creatinina s&#233;rica <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,5 mg/dL. No entanto, considerando-se que apenas 4% da popula&#231;&#227;o submetida a cateterismo card&#237;aco apresenta creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 2,0 mg/dL<sup>1</sup>, os presentes achados podem ser aplicados para a maioria dos pacientes em risco de desenvolver NIC.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de NIC observada no presente estudo foi menor em ambos os grupos comparada com a de estudos anteriores com uma popula&#231;&#227;o semelhante de pacientes<sup>23,35</sup>. H&#225; uma s&#233;rie de poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para essa diferen&#231;a. Nosso estudo foi projetado especificamente para comparar dois protocolos de hidrata&#231;&#227;o que foram rigorosamente executados em grupos controle e bicarbonato. &#201; plaus&#237;vel supor que a hidrata&#231;&#227;o adequada determinou a baixa incid&#234;ncia de NIC independentemente do uso de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que o aumento da creatinina &#233; um desfecho substituto, n&#243;s tamb&#233;m avaliamos o efeito da hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio em resultados s&#243;lidos (mortalidade intra-hospitalar, necessidade de di&#225;lise e tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o). Nosso estudo n&#227;o mostrou nenhuma vantagem do bicarbonato de s&#243;dio sobre a infus&#227;o de soro fisiol&#243;gico. A mortalidade hospitalar, maior que o esperado, observada neste estudo, pode ser explicada pelo alto risco cardiovascular dos pacientes, uma vez que a maioria das mortes se deu por complica&#231;&#245;es na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es potenciais. A creatinina s&#233;rica foi medida 48 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento; embora a maioria dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos de medidas preventivas para NIC tenha avaliado creatinina durante esse per&#237;odo, &#233; poss&#237;vel que um posterior aumento da creatinina s&#233;rica possa ter passado despercebido em alguns pacientes. O pH urin&#225;rio n&#227;o foi medido ap&#243;s o procedimento para determinar a efic&#225;cia de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio. Apenas meios de contraste i&#244;nicos de baixa osmolalidade foram usados e, portanto, as conclus&#245;es deste estudo podem n&#227;o ser aplicadas a pacientes que recebem outro tipo de contraste. Finalmente, o tamanho da amostra foi calculado visando atingir diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica no desfecho prim&#225;rio. Portanto, embora n&#227;o tenham sido observadas tend&#234;ncias nos subgrupos, nosso estudo tem o poder estat&#237;stico limitado para essa an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo multic&#234;ntrico indicaram que a hidrata&#231;&#227;o com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio n&#227;o &#233; superior &#224; hidrata&#231;&#227;o com infus&#227;o de soro fisiol&#243;gico, em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal leve a moderada que foram submetidos a angiografia coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold> Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold> Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Vitor Os&#243;rio Gomes pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Vitor O. Gomes </p>
        <p> Av. Lageado, 969, Apto. 401, Petr&#243;polis </p>
        <p> CEP 90460-110, Porto Alegre, RS &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vigomes@terra.com.br">vigomes@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 06/02/12 </p>
    <p> revisado em 08/02/12 </p>
    <p> aceito em 15/03/12</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hydration with sodium bicarbonate does not prevent contrast nephropathy: a multicenter clinical trial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Radiographic contrast media exposition can cause acute renal function impairment. There is limited and conflicting evidence that hydration with sodium bicarbonate prevents contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at determining whether sodium bicarbonate is superior to hydration with saline to prevent nephropathy in patients at risk undergoing cardiac catheterization. METHODS: Three hundred and one patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention with serum creatinine &gt; 1.2mg/dL or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) &lt; 50ml/min were randomized to receive hydration with sodium bicarbonate starting 1 hour before the procedure and 6 hours after the procedure, or hydration with 0.9% saline. CIN was defined as an increase of 0.5mg/dL in creatinine in 48h RESULTS: Eighteen patients (5.9%) developed contrast induced nephropathy: 9 patients in the bicarbonate group (6.1%) and 9 patients in the saline group (6.0%), p = 0.97. The change in serum creatinine was similar in both groups, 0.01 &#177; 0.26 mg/dL in the bicarbonate group and 0.01 &#177; 0.35 mg/dL in the saline group, p = 0.9. No statistical difference was observed between the change in glomerular filtration rate (0.89 &#177; 9 ml/min vs. 2.29 &#177; 10 ml/min, p = 0.2 bicarbonate group and saline group, respectively). CONCLUSION: Hydration with sodium bicarbonate was not superior to saline to prevent contrast media induced nephropathy in patients at risk undergoing cardiac catheterization.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Kidney diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>fluid therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>sodium bicarbonate</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>clinical trial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Hydration with sodium bicarbonate does not prevent contrast nephropathy: a multicenter clinical trial</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vitor O. Gomes<sup>I,VII</sup>; Ricardo Lasevitch<sup>I</sup>; Valter C. Lima<sup>II</sup>; F&#225;bio S. Brito Jr.<sup>III</sup>; Juan Carlos Perez-Alva<sup>IV</sup>; Bruno Moulin<sup>V</sup>; Airton Arruda<sup>VI</sup>; Denise Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Caramori<sup>I,VII</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Lucas - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Camilo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Hospital General de Puebla, M&#233;xico</p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Hospital da Unimed, Cariacica</p>
      <p><sup>VI</sup>Hospital Intercath Meridional, Vit&#243;ria, ES</p>
      <p><sup>VII</sup>Curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Radiographic contrast media exposition can cause acute renal function impairment. There is limited and conflicting evidence that hydration with sodium bicarbonate prevents contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The present study was aimed at determining whether sodium bicarbonate is superior to hydration with saline to prevent nephropathy in patients at risk undergoing cardiac catheterization.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Three hundred and one patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention with serum creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.2mg/dL or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) &lt; 50ml/min were randomized to receive hydration with sodium bicarbonate starting 1 hour before the procedure and 6 hours after the procedure, or hydration with 0.9% saline. CIN was defined as an increase of 0.5mg/dL in creatinine in 48h</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Eighteen patients (5.9%) developed contrast induced nephropathy: 9 patients in the bicarbonate group (6.1%) and 9 patients in the saline group (6.0%), p = 0.97. The change in serum creatinine was similar in both groups, 0.01 &#177; 0.26 mg/dL in the bicarbonate group and 0.01 &#177; 0.35 mg/dL in the saline group, p = 0.9. No statistical difference was observed between the change in glomerular filtration rate (0.89 &#177; 9 ml/min vs. 2.29 &#177; 10 ml/min, p = 0.2 bicarbonate group and saline group, respectively).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Hydration with sodium bicarbonate was not superior to saline to prevent contrast media induced nephropathy in patients at risk undergoing cardiac catheterization. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Kidney diseases; fluid therapy; sodium bicarbonate; coronary angiography; clinical trial.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is a potential and important complication of the use of iodized radiological contrast agents. The development of CIN is associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates (1-4) and increased length of hospitalization (4) in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.</p>
      <p>One of the most used definition of CIN is an increase in serum creatinine greater than 0.5 mg/dL, occurring 48 hours after exposure to contrast media (1,5). In patients undergoing contrast-enhanced radiographic procedures, the incidence of CIN is approximately 3.5% (1), ranging from 1% in previously healthy patients to more than 50% in high-risk groups (6-8). The main risk factors for CIN are previously impaired renal function (1,9-11) and diabetes mellitus (1). Moreover, other important risk factors are age (1) and the volume of contrast media administered during the procedure (1,10).</p>
      <p>Although effective preventive measures have been exhaustively sought (12), only a few, such as hydration (13) and the use of low-osmolality (14) or isosmolar (15) contrast agents, have proved useful.</p>
      <p>In an initial study, hydration with sodium bicarbonate demonstrated to be superior to hydration with saline infusion for the prevention of CIN (16). However, there is limited and controversial data regarding assessing the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization (17-23).</p>
      <p>This is a multicenter, randomized clinical trial, which was carried out to evaluate the effect of hydration with sodium bicarbonate for prevention of CIN in patients at mild to moderate risk for developing CIN undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study randomized 301 patients at moderate to high risk for developing CIN who were referred for elective coronary angiography or PCI at 6 centers.</p>
      <p>Patients were eligible for the study if they had one of the following criteria: serum creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.2 mg/dL or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) &lt; 50 mL/min. The GFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease group equation (MDRD) (24). The exclusion criteria were as follows: age &lt; 18 years, use of radiographic contrast media during the last 21 days, history of dialysis, cardiac insufficiency class III-IV NYHA, and emergency procedures. The ethics committees of the 9 hospitals approved the study protocol. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients included in the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Protocol of the Study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients were randomized to receive hydration with sodium bicarbonate, or 0,9% saline by randomly drawing sealed envelopes. Randomization was stratified manner by the type of the procedure to be performed (coronary angiography or PCI). The patients randomized for the sodium bicarbonate group received 154 mEq/l of sodium bicarbonate in 5% dextrose and H<sub>2</sub>O, and patients randomized for saline solution received hydration with 0.9% saline infusion, according to the protocol reported by Merten et al (16). The initial intravenous bolus was 3 mL/ kg/ h for 1 hour immediately before contrast injection. After that, patients received the same fluid at a rate of 1 mL/kg/h during contrast exposure and for 6 hours after the procedure. The 2 fluids were administered in an open-label basis.</p>
      <p>All the procedures were performed with low-osmolality ionic contrast medium (Hexabrix<sup>&#210;</sup>, Ioxaglate; Guerbet Ltda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Outcomes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Serum creatinine was measured 24 hours before (baseline creatinine) and 48 hours after the procedure (post-procedure creatinine).</p>
      <p>The primary outcomes were predefined as follow: 1) the occurrence of CIN, defined as an increase in serum creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.5 mg/dL 48 hours after exposure to contrast medium; 2) the variation in serum creatinine (post-procedure Cr &#150; baseline Cr); and 3) the variation in GFR (post-procedure GFR &#150; baseline GFR).</p>
      <p>Secondary outcomes were need for dialysis during hospitalization, length of hospitalization, and in-hospital mortality.</p>
      <p>The effect of sodium bicarbonate was also assessed in the following predefined subgroups: baseline GFR <underline>&lt;</underline> 40 ml/min, diabetes mellitus, age &gt; 70 years, and patients receiving a contrast media volume <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.5 ml/Kg.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis Statistics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Analysis was conducted on an intention to treat basis. The categorical variables were analyzed with the chi-square test or Fisher exact test as appropriate, and the continuous variables were analyzed with the Student <italic>t </italic>test for independent samples. Data were expressed as mean &#177; SD. For variables with nonparametric distribution, the Mann-Whitney test was used, data being expressed as median (25 percentile &#150; 75 percentile). Sample size was calculated as 298 individuals, to detect a 50% change in the relative risk for CIN associated with the hydration with sodium bicarbonate (16,18), assuming a 10% incidence of CIN in the group randomized to saline, with a power of 80% and a error of 0.05.</p>
      <p>Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the primary end-point outcomes for prespecified subgroups. Statistical analysis was carried out with the SPSS software, version 11.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois, USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 301 patients were randomized, 151 to receive saline infusion and 150 to sodium bicarbonate. The mean baseline serum creatinine and GFR of the study population were 1.50 &#177; 0.49mg/dL and 51.2 &#177; 13mL/min respectively.</p>
      <p>The baseline clinical characteristics and procedure related variables are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10612tab01-body2">table 1</xref>. The mean age was 65.2 years. The groups were well balanced with respect to age, gender, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and drug therapy.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10612tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1129-00108-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The volume of contrast medium used during the procedures and the distribution of diagnostic angiography and PCI were similar in both groups. All patients completed the study protocol. No adverse reaction to hydration was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Primary Outcomes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hydration with sodium bicarbonate was not superior to saline for prevention of CIN. The incidence of CIN was similar in the 2 groups, occurring in 9 patients (6.1%) in the sodium bicarbonate group and in 9 patients (6.0%) in the saline group (p = 1.0) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10612tab02-body2">table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10612tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1129-00108-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The changes in serum creatinine from baseline to 48h after contrast exposition in the sodium bicarbonate and saline groups were also similar (0.01 &#177; 0.26 mg/dL vs. 0.01 &#177; 0.35 mg/dL, p = 0.9 respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10612tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>No significant difference was found when the changes in GFR were compared between the groups (0.9 &#177; 8.0 ml/min in the sodium bicarbonate group and 2.3 &#177; 10 ml/min in the saline group, p = 0.2) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10612tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Secondary Outcomes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No difference in secondary outcomes was observed between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10612tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). The length of hospitalization, need for hemodialysis, and in-hospital death were similar in both groups. A total of 13 (4.3%) patients died in hospital, six in the sodium bicarbonate group and seven in the saline group. In the sodium bicarbonate group, 2 patients died following PCI complications, 2 patients died by postoperative complications of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and 2 patients died of no cardiac causes. Only 1 of these deaths occurred in patients who developed CIN.</p>
      <p>Of the 7 deaths that had occurred in the saline infusion patients, four were related to postoperative complications in patients who underwent CABG, two died of cardiac causes and 1 patient died due to no cardiac cause. None of the patients of this group who died developed CIN.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sub-Groups Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The lack of efficacy of sodium bicarbonate compared to normal saline was consistent among the prespecified subgroups including both low and high-risk patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10612tab03-body2">table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10612tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1129-00108-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main finding of this multicenter clinical trial is that, in patients with mild renal dysfunction, hydration with sodium bicarbonate is not superior to saline infusion to reduce the incidence of CIN after cardiac catheterization. Moreover, hydration with sodium bicarbonate demonstrated no benefit in any of the predefined subgroups.</p>
      <p>The pathophysiology of CIN is poorly understood. It certainly involves the interplay of multiples factors; however, little is known about the underlying cellular mechanisms (25). Evidence suggests that free radicals have important role in the development of CIN associated with direct injury to the tubular epithelium (26-28). Once the acidic environment typical of renal tubules propitiates the formation of free radicals is possible that alkalinization of urine may reduce the incidence of CIN. In animal models of ischemic acute renal insufficiency, sodium bicarbonate is more protective than saline solution (29).</p>
      <p>Merten and cols (16) were the first to report an important reduction in the risk of CIN in patients hydrated with sodium bicarbonate (1.7% versus 13.6% p= 0.02, sodium bicarbonate and saline solution, respectively). However, that was a single-center study that involved only 119 patients who underwent many types of procedures with radiological contrast and not only cardiac catheterization. Moreover, they used more than one type of contrast and the administration route of the contrast agent was not only intra-arterial.</p>
      <p>Posterior studies evaluated sodium bicarbonate in the prevention of CIN in patients submitted to the angiography and/or PCI produced conflicting results (17-23). Some of these studies evaluated the use of sodium bicarbonate plus N-acetylcysteine (17,19,21,23) and, therefore, do not allow for a definitive conclusion regarding the benefit of isolated sodium bicarbonate in CIN prophylaxis, once the evaluation of two drugs simultaneously is an important confusion bias. Among studies that compared only sodium bicarbonate and saline solution, the results are also inconsistent (18,20,22). The present study is the only multicenter and has the largest sample size among the studies that evaluated hydration with bicarbonate as a single approach for CIN prophylaxis.</p>
      <p>There are important differences among studies assessing sodium bicarbonate for CIN prophylaxis. First, different definitions of CIN have been used. Previous studies define CIN either as an absolute rise in serum creatinine of 0,5 mg/dl, or an increase of 25% in relation to baseline. In this study, we elect to use an absolute increase in serum creatinine of 0.5mg/dl as primary end point because we consider this definition has superior clinical relevance. This definition determines that the diagnosis of CIN is restricted to a smaller number of patients. It is conceivable that diverse results were obtained if a different CIN definition was used (30,31).</p>
      <p>Variation in hydration protocols may account for different results. We use the same hydration protocol and bicarbonate administration carried out by the initial study of Merten and cols (16). Only one additional study evaluated the same bicarbonate protocol and showed superiority of bicarbonate. However, that was a single-center study and that included only 59 patients (20).</p>
      <p>Another potential source of variability is the type of contrast used by studies evaluating CIN prophylaxis. In our study, all patients received ionic low osmolality contrast media. Previous studies had tested sodium bicarbonate in patients that received ionic and nonionic contrast agents with different osmolality. This may also contribute to the inconsistent results seen in literature, as different contrast agents have different risk of CIN (32).</p>
      <p>Two meta-analyses recently published indicate superiority of the hydration with sodium bicarbonate in the prevention of the CIN. In both of them, the authors demonstrated significant heterogeneity between studies and evidence of publication bias favoring sodium bicarbonate therapy (33,34). Moreover, the findings were importantly influenced by the dramatic effect of the treatment demonstrated in small studies. Therefore, the results of these meta-analyses must be interpreted with caution because of those limitations.</p>
      <p>Our study found no benefit of hydration with sodium bicarbonate in patients with mild to moderate renal dysfunction. However, this does not allow us to draw definite conclusion about the effect of sodium bicarbonate on very high-risk patients, once only 3.6% of the patients had serum creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.5 mg/dl. Nevertheless, considering that only 4% of the population who undergo cardiac catheterization present serum creatinine &gt; 2,0 mg/dl (1), the present findings can be applied to the majority of the patients at risk for developing CIN.</p>
      <p>The incidence of CIN observed in our study was lower in both groups compared to that of previous studies with a similar patient population (23,35). There are a number of possible explanations for this difference. Our study was specifically designed to compare two hydration protocols that were rigorously executed in the control and bicarbonate groups. It is conceivable to assume that adequate hydration determined the low incidence of NIC regardless of sodium bicarbonate use.</p>
      <p>Once the rise of creatinine is a surrogate end-point, we also evaluate the effect of hydration with sodium bicarbonate in hard outcomes (in-hospital mortality, necessity of dialysis and length of hospitalization). Our study did not show any advantage of sodium bicarbonate over saline infusion. Higher than expected in-hospital mortality observed in this study can be explained by the high cardiovascular risk of patients, since that most deaths were due to complications of CABG.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations of the Study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study has some potential limitations. Serum creatinine was measured 48h after the procedure; although most clinical trials on preventive measures for CIN have assessed creatinine during that period, it is possible that a later increase in serum creatinine may have passed unnoticed in some patients. Urinary pH was not measured after the procedure to determine the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate. Only ionic low osmolality contrast media was used; therefore, the findings of this study may not be applied to patients who receive another type of contrast. Finally, sample size was calculated aiming at reaching statistical difference in primary outcomes. Therefore, although no trends were observed in subgroups, our study has limited statistical power for that analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of this multicenter study indicated that hydration with sodium bicarbonate is not superior to hydration with saline infusion in patients with mild to moderate renal dysfunction who were undergoing coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the doctoral dissertation submitted by Vitor Os&#243;rio Gomes, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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