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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nRwG8ZnyrgJgZZfWZ5Bf7kz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001500008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900600008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da endoteliza&#231;&#227;o de hastes de stents em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takimura</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Kiyochi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Watanabe</surname>
            <given-names>Ii-sei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurindo</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Rafael Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morato</surname>
            <given-names>Spero Penha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor)</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Pesquisas Energ&#233;ticas e Nucleares </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Innovatech Medical Ltda</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1123</fpage>
      <lpage>1128</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A r&#225;pida endoteliza&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-implante de stent &#233; ocorr&#234;ncia desej&#225;vel por teoricamente reduzir a possibilidade de trombose do stent. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a extens&#227;o da endoteliza&#231;&#227;o de hastes de stents eluidores de sirolimus (liberados da face luminal e abluminal e abluminal exclusivamente) em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram implantados em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de 10 coelhos quatro stents eluidores de sirolimus na face luminal e abluminal, tr&#234;s stents eluidores de sirolimus na face abluminal, seis stents recobertos com pol&#237;mero e quatro stents sem recobrimento. Ap&#243;s quatro semanas, foi realizada eutan&#225;sia e utilizou-se microscopia eletr&#244;nica de varredura para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de hastes de stent exposta e da porcentagem de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: A &#225;rea (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) (mm&#178;) de hastes expostas de stent sem recobrimento, stent recoberto com pol&#237;mero, stent eluidor de sirolimus na face luminal e abluminal e stent eluidor de sirolimus na face abluminal foi de 0,12 &#177; 0,08; 0,09 &#177; 0,12; 0,60 &#177; 0,67 e 0,05 &#177; 0,04 respectivamente (p = 0,120). A porcentagem de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) (%) de stent sem recobrimento, stent recoberto com pol&#237;mero, stent eluidor de sirolimus na face luminal e abluminal e stent eluidor de sirolimus na face abluminal foi de 99 &#177; 01; 99 &#177; 0; 97 &#177; 03 e 99 &#177; 0 respectivamente (p = 0,133). CONCLUS&#195;O: Ap&#243;s quatro semanas de implante em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos, os stents com libera&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus tanto da face luminal e abluminal quanto da face abluminal exclusivamente apresentaram taxas de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o de hastes de stent semelhantes aos apresentados nos demais tipos de stents sem elui&#231;&#227;o de medicamento.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Stents farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>art&#233;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>sirolimo</kwd>
        <kwd>microscopia eletr&#244;nica de varredura</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da endoteliza&#231;&#227;o de hastes de <italic><bold>stents</bold></italic> em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Celso Kiyochi Takimura<sup>I</sup>; Ii-sei Watanabe<sup>II</sup>; Francisco Rafael Martins Laurindo<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez<sup>I</sup>; Vera Demarchi Aiello<sup>I</sup>; Spero Penha Morato<sup>III</sup>; Pedro Alves Lemos Neto<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto de Pesquisas Energ&#233;ticas e Nucleares da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e Innovatech Medical Ltda, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A r&#225;pida endoteliza&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-implante de stent &#233; ocorr&#234;ncia desej&#225;vel por teoricamente reduzir a possibilidade de trombose do stent. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar a extens&#227;o da endoteliza&#231;&#227;o de hastes de stents eluidores de sirolimus (liberados da face luminal e abluminal e abluminal exclusivamente) em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Foram implantados em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de 10 coelhos quatro stents eluidores de sirolimus na face luminal e abluminal, tr&#234;s stents eluidores de sirolimus na face abluminal, seis stents recobertos com pol&#237;mero e quatro stents sem recobrimento. Ap&#243;s quatro semanas, foi realizada eutan&#225;sia e utilizou-se microscopia eletr&#244;nica de varredura para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de hastes de stent exposta e da porcentagem de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A &#225;rea (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) (mm<sup>2</sup>) de hastes expostas de stent sem recobrimento, stent recoberto com pol&#237;mero, stent eluidor de sirolimus na face luminal e abluminal e stent eluidor de sirolimus na face abluminal foi de 0,12 &#177; 0,08; 0,09 &#177; 0,12; 0,60 &#177; 0,67 e 0,05 &#177; 0,04 respectivamente (p = 0,120). A porcentagem de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) (%) de stent sem recobrimento, stent recoberto com pol&#237;mero, stent eluidor de sirolimus na face luminal e abluminal e stent eluidor de sirolimus na face abluminal foi de 99 &#177; 01; 99 &#177; 0; 97 &#177; 03 e 99 &#177; 0 respectivamente (p = 0,133). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Ap&#243;s quatro semanas de implante em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos, os stents com libera&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus tanto da face luminal e abluminal quanto da face abluminal exclusivamente apresentaram taxas de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o de hastes de stent semelhantes aos apresentados nos demais tipos de stents sem elui&#231;&#227;o de medicamento.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Stents farmacol&#243;gicos; art&#233;rias; sirolimo; microscopia eletr&#244;nica de varredura.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudos em animais de experimenta&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o fundamentais para melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>1</sup>. Esses experimentos permitem o desenvolvimento de novos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos, al&#233;m de avaliar a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia desses m&#233;todos, precedendo a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o em seres humanos<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A introdu&#231;&#227;o dos stents coronarianos no arsenal terap&#234;utico da cardiologia intervencionista resultou em grande evolu&#231;&#227;o no tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, com evolu&#231;&#227;o ainda maior quando a esses stents foram adicionados medicamentos antiproliferativos<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O stent eluidor de sirolimus Inspiron<sup>&#174; </sup>(Scitech<sup>&#174;</sup> Produtos M&#233;dicos, Goi&#226;nia, Brasil) tem base em um stent de liga met&#225;lica cromo-cobalto (Cro-Co) de hastes finas (stent Cronus<sup>&#174;</sup>)<sup>4</sup>. Foi concebido e desenvolvido no Brasil e recentemente obteve a aprova&#231;&#227;o para uso cl&#237;nico pela Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (Anvisa). O sirolimus &#233; liberado exclusivamente da superf&#237;cie abluminal, ou seja, da face do stent voltada para a parede do vaso, de pol&#237;meros biodegrad&#225;veis e em estudo pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico com implante de vers&#227;o anterior desse stent farmacol&#243;gico, com sirolimus desprendido tanto da superf&#237;cie luminal (face do stent voltada para a luz do vaso) quanto da superf&#237;cie abluminal do stent em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de porcos. Isso demonstrou efetiva inibi&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o neointimal<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a do medicamento sirolimus apenas na face abluminal do stent teoricamente &#233; mais vantajosa em rela&#231;&#227;o a stents eluidores de sirolimus em sua face luminal e abluminal por permitir uma endoteliza&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida dos stents<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que a presen&#231;a de hastes met&#225;licas de stent n&#227;o recobertas pelo endot&#233;lio possivelmente tem um papel importante na predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de trombose tardia<sup>7-10</sup>. Portanto, para uma estimativa da seguran&#231;a cl&#237;nica de stents farmacol&#243;gicos, torna-se importante a estimativa em estudo pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico da magnitude da taxa de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o de stents ap&#243;s a sua implanta&#231;&#227;o<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Objetivamos avaliar a endoteliza&#231;&#227;o das hastes de stents farmacol&#243;gicos eluidores de sirolimus produzidos pela Scitech<sup>&#174;</sup> (com sirolimus liberados da superf&#237;cie luminal e abluminal e da superf&#237;cie abluminal exclusivamente) em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos por meio de microscopia eletr&#244;nica de varredura comparando-se com a endoteliza&#231;&#227;o ocorrida em stents n&#227;o liberadores de medicamentos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em todos os procedimentos foram respeitadas as normas de prote&#231;&#227;o e cuidados para animais de experimenta&#231;&#227;o estabelecidos nos Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos na Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do Servi&#231;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa e Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), assim como do <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic> do Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Comission on Life Sciences and National Research Council, National Academy Press (Washington, D.C., 1996) e dos Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos na Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA). Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa sob n&#250;mero SDC 2929/07/004.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Angiografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dez coelhos machos adultos da ra&#231;a New Zealand, com peso m&#233;dio de 3345 g (2860 a 3897 g), n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;ticos, provenientes do biot&#233;rio da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), foram submetidos &#224; pr&#233;-medica&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica com cloridrato de cetamina (Ketalar<sup>&#174;</sup>, Crist&#225;lia) e cloridrato de xylazina 2% (Rompum<sup>&#174;</sup>, Bayer) por via intramuscular e anestesia com administra&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de pentobarbital s&#243;dico (Nembutal<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
    <p>Os animais receberam oxig&#234;nio a 3 l/min por via inalat&#243;ria e tinham a sua frequ&#234;ncia arterial e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio determinadas por ox&#237;metro de pulso com sensor colocado na cauda do animal.</p>
    <p>Foi dissecada a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida direita de cada animal e sob a vis&#227;o direta foi inserida uma bainha vascular 4F. Por essa bainha foi administrada heparina n&#227;o fracionada 250 UI/kg e direcionado um fio hidrof&#237;lico 0,035" at&#233; a aorta descendente sob fluoroscopia por meio do equipamento de angiografia digital Phillips BV Pulsera<sup>&#174;</sup>, e ent&#227;o foi avan&#231;ado um cateter angiogr&#225;fico 4F at&#233; a aorta distal. Realizou-se infus&#227;o de nitroglicerina 200 <italic>&#181;</italic>g seguida por angiografia da aorta descendente distal e das art&#233;rias il&#237;acas. Em seguida foi introduzido um fio guia 0,014" Choice<sup>&#174;</sup> PT (Boston Scientific Corporation) pelo lume do cateter angiogr&#225;fico at&#233; uma das art&#233;rias il&#237;acas. Retirado o cateter, foi introduzido por sobre a guia um stent pr&#233;-montado 2,5x14 mm e liberado na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca por insufla&#231;&#227;o por 10 segundos &#224; press&#227;o m&#233;dia de 7 ATM, procurando-se obter uma rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria de 1,2:1. Nas art&#233;rias il&#237;acas (direita e esquerda) de cada animal foi implantado um tipo de stent sem que o operador soubesse dessa informa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Foram implantados no total 20 stents (Innovatech Medical Ltda, S&#227;o Paulo e Scitech<sup>&#174;</sup> Produtos M&#233;dicos, Goi&#226;nia, Brasil) sendo quatro stents Cro-Co sem recobrimento, seis stents Cro-Co recobertos com pol&#237;mero na face luminal e abluminal, tr&#234;s stents Cro-Co recobertos com pol&#237;mero apenas na face abluminal, quatro stents com elui&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus na superf&#237;cie luminal e abluminal e tr&#234;s stents com elui&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus na face abluminal exclusivamente. Ap&#243;s o implante era retirada a bainha vascular, ligada &#224; art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e administrada antibioticoterapia profil&#225;tica com uma solu&#231;&#227;o de gentamicina e benzilpenicilina intramuscular.</p>
    <p>O animal era ent&#227;o reconduzido ao biot&#233;rio e mantido por quatro semanas sob dieta padr&#227;o e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic>, quando ent&#227;o era submetido a reestudo por dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria carot&#237;dea esquerda e realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia de controle.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eutan&#225;sia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A eutan&#225;sia foi realizada ap&#243;s a angiografia de controle por <italic>overdose</italic> de anest&#233;sico com pentobarbital s&#243;dico, logo ap&#243;s hepariniza&#231;&#227;o na dose de 250 UI/kg. Era realizada ent&#227;o laparotomia mediana e exposi&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal e da veia cava inferior com infus&#227;o via cateter de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica 0,9% pela aorta abdominal <italic>in situ</italic> at&#233; que pela veia cava inferior seccionada retornasse uma solu&#231;&#227;o clara. A seguir era infundida sob press&#227;o de 100 mmHg por 30 minutos uma solu&#231;&#227;o fixadora de Karnovsky modificada contendo 2,0% de paraformalde&#237;do e 2,5% de glutaralde&#237;do em solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o cacodilato de s&#243;dio a 0,1 M e pH=7,4<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Microscopia eletr&#244;nica de varredura</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O segmento da art&#233;ria il&#237;aca contendo o stent era dissecado, removido e submetido a uma bissec&#231;&#227;o longitudinal, com uma das metades enviada para estudo anatomopatol&#243;gico e a outra metade encaminhada para processamento espec&#237;fico e posterior an&#225;lise em microsc&#243;pio eletr&#244;nico de varredura.</p>
    <p>O hemissegmento contendo o stent era imerso em solu&#231;&#227;o de Karnovsky modificada por 12 horas a 4 &#186;C, lavado em solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o cacodilato de s&#243;dio, p&#243;s-fixado em solu&#231;&#227;o tamponada de tetr&#243;xido de &#243;smio a 1% e desidratado em s&#233;ries crescentes de alco&#243;is at&#233; o absoluto. A secagem das amostras foi feita ao ponto cr&#237;tico no aparelho Balzers CPD 030 e estas eram metalizadas com &#237;ons de ouro em aparelho Balzers SCD 040 e analisadas no microsc&#243;pio eletr&#244;nico de varredura modelo JSM 7401S (JEOL, Jap&#227;o) com a tomada de imagens com aumento de 25 vezes. As imagens obtidas foram arquivadas e submetidas &#224; an&#225;lise por meio dos softwares Adobe<sup>&#174;</sup> Photoshop<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 7.0 (Adobe Systems Inc.) e ImageJ vers&#227;o 1.42q para Windows (NIH, Bethesda, EUA), sendo mensuradas as &#225;reas de hastes expostas dos stents (mm<sup>2</sup>) e calculados os porcentuais de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o (%) para cada tipo de stent.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n&#250;mero (porcentagem). Compara&#231;&#245;es das m&#233;dias entre os tipos de stents foram realizadas por meio da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com um fator (<italic>One-Way ANOVA</italic>). Se o teste de raz&#227;o das vari&#226;ncias (teste F) fosse significante a an&#225;lise <italic>pos hoc</italic> das diferen&#231;as das m&#233;dias entre os grupos seria realizada por meio do teste de Dunnet. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% (&#945;). Utilizou-se para an&#225;lise dos dados o programa estat&#237;stico IBM<sup>&#174;</sup> SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> Statistics vers&#227;o 20.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os 10 coelhos sobreviveram inicialmente ao procedimento de implante de stents e nenhum animal evoluiu com qualquer d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico decorrente da ligadura da art&#233;ria carot&#237;dea.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s quatro semanas de implante de stents, nove coelhos/18 stents foram submetidos &#224; angiografia de controle. Um animal (coelho 8), no qual foram implantados dois stents recobertos com pol&#237;mero apenas na face abluminal, foi encontrado morto (<italic>causa mortis</italic> n&#227;o determinada) na 3&#170; semana p&#243;s-implante de stent. Isso resultou em um n&#250;mero amostral insuficiente para an&#225;lise da endoteliza&#231;&#227;o do stent recoberto com pol&#237;mero apenas na face abluminal, sendo exclu&#237;dos os dados oriundos do outro stent do mesmo tipo (stent recoberto com pol&#237;mero apenas na face abluminal) implantado na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca esquerda do coelho 7 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1123-00103-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Angiografia de controle</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os stents estavam p&#233;rvios e sem reestenose angiogr&#225;fica ou imagem sugestiva de trombo no momento do reestudo ap&#243;s quatro semanas de implante dos stents.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Microscopia eletr&#244;nica de varredura</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As &#225;reas analisadas (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) mediram 17,03 &#177; 4,82; 15,89 &#177; 3,90; 17,97 &#177; 3,25 e 10,40 &#177; 4,54 referentes ao stent sem recobrimento, stent recoberto com pol&#237;mero na face luminal e abluminal, stent com elui&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus na face luminal e abluminal e stent com elui&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus apenas na face abluminal, respectivamente (p = 0,219).</p>
    <p>As &#225;reas de hastes de stent expostas (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) (mm<sup>2</sup>) foram de 0,12 &#177; 0,08; 0,09 &#177; 0,12; 0,60 &#177; 0,67 e 0,05 &#177; 0,04 (stent sem recobrimento, stent recoberto com pol&#237;mero na face luminal e abluminal, stent com elui&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus na face luminal e abluminal e stent com elui&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus apenas na face abluminal, respectivamente) (p = 0,120).</p>
    <p>A porcentagem de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o foi de 99%; 99%; 97% e 99% (stent sem recobrimento, stent recoberto com pol&#237;mero na face luminal e abluminal, stent com elui&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus na face luminal e abluminal e stent com elui&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus na face abluminal, respectivamente) (p = 0,133) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1123-00103-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1123-00103-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste experimento evidenciaram que os stents com elui&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus da face luminal e abluminal e abluminal exclusivamente apresentaram ap&#243;s quatro semanas de implante em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;ticos uma taxa de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o das hastes de stent semelhante &#224; ocorrida em stents sem elui&#231;&#227;o de drogas.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios stents coronarianos eluidores de f&#225;rmacos antiproliferativos demonstraram efetiva inibi&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o neointimal e redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de reestenose e necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o no vaso alvo. Uma das preocupa&#231;&#245;es quanto ao emprego desses stents farmacol&#243;gicos refere-se &#224; probabilidade, ainda que rara, da ocorr&#234;ncia de trombose tardia<sup>8</sup>. A r&#225;pida endoteliza&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-implante de um stent farmacol&#243;gico &#233; um fen&#244;meno desej&#225;vel por teoricamente reduzir o risco de trombose precoce e tardia<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica da reendoteliza&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-implante de stent farmacol&#243;gico realiza-se preferencialmente com o implante desses stents em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos por apresentar resultados que se aproximam mais com o que se observam em seres humanos<sup>11</sup>. As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de porcos reendotelizam muito rapidamente ap&#243;s o implante de stents e prestam-se mais para avalia&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a do implante. Al&#233;m disso, atualmente recomenda-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos com implante de stents em animais com aterosclerose induzida<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quando se comparam os dados de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o do stent Inspiron<sup>&#174;</sup> eluidor de sirolimus (Scitech<sup>&#174;</sup>, Goi&#226;nia, Brasil) com os dados experimentais do estudo de Joner e cols.<sup>14</sup>, no quesito endoteliza&#231;&#227;o sobre as hastes dos stents, verifica-se que a taxa de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o do stent Inspiron<sup>&#174;</sup> (99%) foi superior em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros stents farmacol&#243;gicos (Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup>: 64%, Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup>: 68%, Endeavor<sup>&#174;</sup>: 76% e Xience V<sup>&#174;</sup>: 80%) para o mesmo per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o de quatro semanas p&#243;s-implante. Essa diferen&#231;a pode ser decorrente de elui&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus exclusivamente da superf&#237;cie abluminal no stent Inspiron<sup>&#174;</sup>, enquanto nos demais stents os medicamentos antiproliferativos s&#227;o liberados de ambas as faces do stent. Outro fator que poderia explicar essa diferen&#231;a &#233; que n&#227;o realizamos denuda&#231;&#227;o previamente ao implante de stent, minimizando a ocorr&#234;ncia de espasmo arterial, trauma e dissec&#231;&#227;o arterial. Pudemos analisar dessa forma apenas a endoteliza&#231;&#227;o sobre as hastes dos stents, n&#227;o analisando com essa metodologia a endoteliza&#231;&#227;o entre as hastes dos stents. Outra diferen&#231;a metodol&#243;gica de nosso estudo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao trabalho de Joner e cols.<sup>14</sup> &#233; que utilizamos como via de acesso a car&#243;tida enquanto estes utilizaram a via femoral. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da via femoral com ligadura dessa art&#233;ria ao final do implante de stents em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas pode resultar em lentifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo arterial &#224; montante da ligadura, teoricamente repercutindo em v&#225;rios aspectos da coagula&#231;&#227;o e possivelmente da endoteliza&#231;&#227;o dos stents, o que nos motivou a utilizarmos a via carot&#237;dea<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Utilizamos no presente estudo animais n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;ticos. Entretanto, em virtude de especificidades do processo ateroscler&#243;tico (multifatorial, doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica), esse modelo animal com aterosclerose que reproduza fielmente essa anormalidade em seres humanos ainda n&#227;o foi desenvolvido.</p>
    <p>O per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-implante de stents em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos foi de 30 dias. Observamos desvios-padr&#245;es baixos (m&#237;nimo de 0 e m&#225;ximo de 0,03) para as taxas de endoteliza&#231;&#227;o sobre as hastes dos stents estudados, assim calculamos, com poder do teste de 80% e admitindo-se um erro beta de 5%, que o n&#250;mero amostral de cada um dos tipos de stents foi suficiente, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o do grupo de stents recobertos com pol&#237;mero na face abluminal, que foi retirado desta an&#225;lise comparativa. Entretanto grupos de animais adicionais poderiam ser estudados com per&#237;odos de observa&#231;&#245;es menores (sete e/ou 14 dias), os quais n&#227;o foram objetos desta investiga&#231;&#227;o inicial.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram avaliados no presente estudo os aspectos funcionais da neo&#237;ntima que recobriu as hastes dos stents ap&#243;s quatro semanas de implantados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s quatro semanas de implante em art&#233;rias il&#237;acas de coelhos os stents farmacol&#243;gicos com libera&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus da face luminal e abluminal e abluminal exclusivamente apresentaram endoteliza&#231;&#227;o sobre as hastes quase completa (97% a 99%), n&#227;o diferindo estatisticamente da endoteliza&#231;&#227;o ocorrida nos stents n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos (stents sem recobrimento e stents recobertos com pol&#237;mero na face luminal e abluminal) (99%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem &#224; Sra. Adriana Palombo Nunes da Central Anal&#237;tica do Instituto de Qu&#237;mica e ao Sr. Sebasti&#227;o Aparecido Boleta, do Laborat&#243;rio de Microscopia Eletr&#244;nica do Departamento de Anatomia Humana do Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo pelo aux&#237;lio prestado na prepara&#231;&#227;o das amostras e obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens de microscopia eletr&#244;nica de varredura e &#224;s Sras. Andr&#233;a R. de Carvalho e Fernanda Giordano pelo trabalho de gest&#227;o de projetos em ci&#234;ncia, tecnologia e inova&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo faz parte do Programa de Desenvolvimento Nacional de Endopr&#243;teses Vasculares (stents) &#150; PDNS, iniciado em 2004-2005. Conta com o suporte da Secretaria de Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Insumos Estrat&#233;gicos (SCTIE)/Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (DECIT) do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (MS), do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) e da Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) do Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (MCT). O desenvolvimento do processo de corte a laser de stents contou com o apoio da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP; Forma de Apoio: Inova&#231;&#227;o Tecnol&#243;gica &#150; Pesquisa Inovativa na Pequena e Micro Empresa [PIPE]).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold> Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Celso Kiyochi Takimura </p>
        <p> Av. A&#231;oc&#234;, 92, apto 162, Indian&#243;polis </p>
        <p> CEP 04075020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="celsotakimura@hotmail.com">celsotakimura@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 09/02/12 </p>
    <p> revisado em 10/07/12 </p>
    <p> aceito em 31/07/12</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of stent strut endothelialization in iliac arteries of rabbits</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Fast post-implantation stent endothelialization is desirable for theoretically reducing the possibility of stent thrombosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the extent of sirolimus-eluting stent strut endothelialization (delivered from the luminal and abluminal aspects or abluminal aspect only) in the iliac arteries of rabbits. METHODS: The iliac arteries of 10 rabbits were implanted with four sirolimus-eluting stents in the luminal and abluminal aspects, three sirolimus-eluting stents in the abluminal aspect, six polymer-coated stents, and four uncoated stents. After four weeks, the rabbits were euthanized and scanning electron microscopy was performed to quantify the area of exposed stent strut as well as the percentage of endothelialization. RESULTS: The area (mean &#177; SD) (mm&#178;) of exposed uncoated stent struts, polymer-coated stents, sirulimus-eluting stent in the abluminal and luminal aspects and sirolimus-eluting stent in the abluminal aspect was 0.12 &#177; 0.08, 0.09 &#177; 0.12, 0.60 &#177; 0.67 and 0.05 &#177; 0.04, respectively (p = 0.120). The percentage of endothelialization (mean &#177; SD) (%) of uncoated stents, polymer-coated stents, sirolimus-eluting stents in the luminal and abluminal aspects and sirolimus-eluting stents in the abluminal aspect was 99 &#177; 01, 99 &#177; 0. 97 &#177; 03 and 99 &#177; 0, respectively (p = 0.133). CONCLUSION: After four weeks of implantation in the iliac arteries of rabbits, both the sirolimus-eluting stents in the luminal plus abluminal aspects and those in the abluminal aspect only showed stent strut endothelialization rates similar to those of the other types of non-drug eluting stents.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Drug eluting stents</kwd>
        <kwd>arteries</kwd>
        <kwd>sirolimus</kwd>
        <kwd>microscopy</kwd>
        <kwd>electron</kwd>
        <kwd>scanning</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Assessment of stent strut endothelialization in iliac arteries of rabbits</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Celso Kiyochi Takimura<sup>I</sup>; Ii-sei Watanabe<sup>II</sup>; Francisco Rafael Martins Laurindo<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez<sup>I</sup>; Vera Demarchi Aiello<sup>I</sup>; Spero Penha Morato<sup>III</sup>; Pedro Alves Lemos Neto<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto de Pesquisas Energ&#233;ticas e Nucleares da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e Innovatech Medical Ltda, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Fast post-implantation stent endothelialization is desirable for theoretically reducing the possibility of stent thrombosis.</p>
      <p><bold> OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the extent of sirolimus-eluting stent strut endothelialization (delivered from the luminal and abluminal aspects or abluminal aspect only) in the iliac arteries of rabbits. </p>
      <p><bold> METHODS: </bold> The iliac arteries of 10 rabbits were implanted with four sirolimus-eluting stents in the luminal and abluminal aspects, three sirolimus-eluting stents in the abluminal aspect, six polymer-coated stents, and four uncoated stents. After four weeks, the rabbits were euthanized and scanning electron microscopy was performed to quantify the area of exposed stent strut as well as the percentage of endothelialization.</p>
      <p><bold> RESULTS: </bold> The area (mean &#177; SD) (mm<sup>2</sup>) of exposed uncoated stent struts, polymer-coated stents, sirulimus-eluting stent in the abluminal and luminal aspects and sirolimus-eluting stent in the abluminal aspect was 0.12 &#177; 0.08, 0.09 &#177; 0.12, 0.60 &#177; 0.67 and 0.05 &#177; 0.04, respectively (p = 0.120). The percentage of endothelialization (mean &#177; SD) (%) of uncoated stents, polymer-coated stents, sirolimus-eluting stents in the luminal and abluminal aspects and sirolimus-eluting stents in the abluminal aspect was 99 &#177; 01, 99 &#177; 0. 97 &#177; 03 and 99 &#177; 0, respectively (p = 0.133).</p>
      <p><bold> CONCLUSION: </bold>After four weeks of implantation in the iliac arteries of rabbits, both the sirolimus-eluting stents in the luminal plus abluminal aspects and those in the abluminal aspect only showed stent strut endothelialization rates similar to those of the other types of non-drug eluting stents. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold> Drug eluting stents; arteries; sirolimus; microscopy, electron, scanning.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Studies in laboratory animals are fundamental for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases<sup>1</sup>. These essays enable the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic methods, in addition to the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of these methods before they are applied in humans<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The introduction of coronary stents in the therapeutic armamentarium of interventional cardiology has resulted in remarkable advance in the treatment of coronary artery disease, especially after antiproliferative drugs have been added to these stents<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Inspiron&#174; sirolimus-eluting stent (Scitech&#174; Medical Products, Goi&#226;nia, Brazil) is based on a fine-strut chromium-cobalt (Cro-co) metallic-bond stent (Cronus<sup>&#174; </sup>stent)<sup>4</sup>. It was conceived and developed in Brazil and has recently obtained approval from the National Health Surveillance Agency (<italic>Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria</italic> &#150; Anvisa) for clinical use. Sirolimus is exclusively delivered from the abluminal surface, i.e., from the stent aspect facing the vessel wall, of biodegradable polymers and in pre-clinical studies with implantation of a previous version of this drug-eluting stent, with sirolimus being delivered from both the luminal (stent aspect facing the vessel lumen) and the abluminal stent aspect in the coronary arteries of pigs. This showed effective inhibition of neointimal proliferation<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p> The presence of sirolimus only in abluminal stent aspect is theoretically more advantageous in relation to sirolimus-eluting stents in the luminal and abluminal aspects for promoting faster stent endothelialization<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The presence of bare-metal stent struts uncovered by endothelium is known to possibly have an important role in predisposition to the occurrence of late thrombosis<sup>7-10</sup>. Therefore, in order to estimate the clinical safety of drug-eluting stents, it is important to estimate, in pre-clinical studies, the magnitude of stent endothelialization rates after their implantation<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to evaluate Scitech<sup>&#174;</sup> sirolimus-eluting stent strut endothelialization (with sirolimus delivered from the luminal and abluminal aspects or abluminal aspect only) in the iliac arteries of rabbits by means of scanning electron microscopy in comparison to non-drug eluting stent endothelialization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All procedures were in accordance with the guidelines of protection and care of research animals established in the Ethical Principles in Animal Research of the Service of Support to Animal Research of <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> (HCFMUSP), as well as in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Commission on Life Sciences and National Research Council, National Academy Press (Washington, D.C., 1996) and in the Ethical Principles in Animal Research of the Brazilian College of Animal Research (<italic>Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal</italic> &#150; COBEA). This study was approved by the Research Ethics Commission under number SDC 2929/07/004.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Angiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ten adult male New Zealand non-atherosclerotic rabbits with mean weight of 3345 g (2860g to 3897 g) from the vivarium of <italic>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> (FMUSP) received pre-anesthetic medication with intramuscular Ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar<sup>&#174;</sup>, Crist&#225;lia) and xylazine hydrochloride 2% (Rompun<sup>&#174;</sup>, Bayer), and anesthetic medication with intravenous sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
      <p>The animals received inhaled oxygen 3 l/min and their arterial rate and oxygen saturation was determined by a pulse oximeter whose sensor was placed in their tails.</p>
      <p>The right carotid artery of each animal was dissected, and a 4F vascular sheath was inserted within the artery under direct view. Through this sheath, unfractionated heparin 250 IU/kg was administered, and a 0.035" hydrophilic wire was directed toward the descending aorta under fluoroscopic guidance by means of Phillips BV Pulsera<sup>&#174;</sup> digital angiography equipment. A 4F-angiography catheter was then advanced up to the distal aorta. Nitroglycerin 200 <italic>&#181;</italic>g was infused, followed by angiographic imaging of the distal descending aorta and iliac arteries. A 0.014" Choice<sup>&#174;</sup> PT guidewire (Boston Scientific Corporation) was then introduced through the lumen of the angiography catheter up to one of the iliac arteries. After removal of the catheter, a 2.5x14-mm pre-mounted stent was introduced over the guide and deployed in the iliac artery by inflating for 10 seconds at a mean pressure of 7 ATM, with a targeted balloon/artery ratio of 1.2:1. The operator was blinded to the type of stent implanted in the iliac arteries (right and left) of each animal.</p>
      <p>A total of 20 stents (Innovatech Medical Ltda, S&#227;o Paulo and Scitech<sup>&#174;</sup> Medical Products, Goi&#226;nia, Brazil) were implanted, of which four were uncovered Cro-Co stens, six were polymer-covered Cro-Co stents in the luminal and abluminal aspects, three were polymer-covered Cro-Co stents only in the abluminal aspect, four were sirolimus-eluting stents in the luminal and abluminal aspects, and three were sirolimus-eluting stents in the abluminal aspect only. After implantation, the vascular sheath was removed, the carotid artery was ligated, and prophylactic antibiotic therapy with intramuscular gentamicin and benzylpenicillin solution was administered.</p>
      <p>The animal was then sent back to the vivarium and kept for four weeks under standard diet and ad libitum water. It would later be restudied by means of dissection of the left carotid artery and control angiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Euthanasia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The animal was euthanized after control angiography by means of an overdose of the anesthetic agent sodium pentobarbital, soon after heparinization at a dose of 250 IU/kg. Median laparotomy was then performed with exposure of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava; saline solution 0.9% was infused in situ via catheter through the abdominal aorta until the content of the sectioned inferior vena cava was a clear solution. Next, a modified Karnovsky's fixative solution containing paraformaldehyde 2.0% and glutaraldehyde 2.5% in sodium cacodylate buffer solution 0.1 M and pH = 7.4 was infused at 100 mmHg pressure for 30 minutes<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Scanning electron microscopy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The iliac artery segment containing the stent was dissected, removed and bisected longitudinally; one of the halves was sent to pathological study and the other to specific processing and further analysis on a scanning electron microscope.</p>
      <p>The half-segment containing the stent was immersed into modified Karnovsky's solution for 12 hours at 4&#186;C, washed in sodium cacodylate buffer solution, post-fixed in osmium tetraoxide 1% buffer solution and dehidrated in titrated alcohol up to absolute alcohol. The specimens were dried to the critical point in a Balzers CPD 030 device, then metalized with gold ions in a Balzers SCD 040 device, and analyzed in a JSM 7401S (JEOL, Japan) scanning electron microscope with 25x magnification. The images obtained were filed and analyzed by means of the Adobe<sup>&#174;</sup> Photoshop<sup>&#174;</sup> version 7.0 (Adobe Systems Inc.) and ImageJ version 1.42q for Windows (NIH, Bethesda, USA) software programs; the areas of exposed stent strut were measured (mm<sup>2</sup>), and the percentages of endothelialization (%) for each type of stent were calculated.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data are described as means &#177; SD or numbers (percentages). Comparison of the means between the types of stents was made using one-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA). If the variance ratio test (F test) were significant, the post-hoc analysis of the difference of the means between the groups would be made using the Dunnett's test. The significance level was set at 5% (&#945;). The IBM<sup>&#174;</sup> SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> Statistics version 20 statistical program was used for data analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All 10 rabbits initially survived the procedure of stent implantation, and none of them developed any neurological deficit as a result of the carotid artery ligation.</p>
      <p>Four weeks after stent implantation, nine rabbits/18 stents underwent control angiography. One animal (rabbit 8), in which two polymer-coated stents only in the abluminal aspect had been implanted, was found dead (undetermined cause of death) in the 3rd week post stent implantation. This resulted in an insufficient sample size for the analysis of endothelialization of polymer-coated stents only in the abluminal aspect, and data regarding the other stent of the same type (polymer-coated stent only in the abluminal aspect) implanted in the left iliac artery of rabbit 7 were excluded (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_0012tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_0012tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1123-00103-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Control angiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All stents were patent and without angiographic restenosis or image suggestive of thrombus at the moment of the restudy after four weeks of stent implantation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Scanning electron microscopy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The areas analyzed (mean &#177; SD) measured 17.03 &#177; 4.82; 15.89 &#177; 3.90; 17.97 &#177; 3.25 and 10.40 &#177; 4.54 regarding the uncoated stent, polymer-coated stent in the luminal and abluminal aspects, sirolimus-eluting stent in luminal and abluminal aspects and sirolimus-eluting stent in the abluminal aspect only, respectively (p = 0.219).</p>
      <p>The areas of stent strut exposed (mean &#177; SD) (mm<sup>2</sup>) were 0.12 &#177; 0.08; 0.09 &#177; 0.12; 0.60 &#177; 0.67 and 0.05 &#177; 0.04 (uncoated stent, polymer-coated stent in the luminal and abluminal aspects, sirolimus-eluting stent in luminal and abluminal aspects and sirolimus-eluting stent in the abluminal aspect only, respectively) (p = 0.120).</p>
      <p>Percentages of endothelialization were 99%; 99%; 97% and 99% (uncoated stent, polymer-coated stent in the luminal and abluminal aspects, sirolimus-eluting stent in luminal and abluminal aspects and sirolimus-eluting stent in the abluminal aspect only, respectively) (p = 0.133) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_0012tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_0012tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1123-00103-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1123-00103-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of this study showed that sirolimus-eluting stents in the luminal and abluminal aspects and exclusively in abluminal aspect had a rate of stent-strut endothelialization similar to that found in non-eluting stents after four weeks of implantation in the iliac arteries of non-atherosclerotic rabbits.</p>
      <p>Several coronary stents eluted in antiproliferative drugs showed effective inhibition of neointimal proliferation and reduction of restenosis rates, as well as the need for target-vessel reintervention. One of the concerns related to the use of these drug stents is the probability, albeit rare, of the occurrence of late thrombosis<sup>8</sup>. Fast post-implantation endothelialization of drug stents is a desirable phenomenon for theoretically reducing the risk of both early and late thrombosis<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Pre-clinical evaluation of post-implantation reendothelialization of drug stents is preferably made by implanting these stents in the iliac arteries of rabbits, since the results obtained with these animals are the ones that are most similar to those observed in humans<sup>11</sup>. The coronary arteries of pigs reendothelialize very quickly after stent implantation and are more useful for the assessment of implant safety. Additionally, pre-clinical studies with stent implantation in animals with induced atherosclerosis are currently recommended<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>When endothelialization data from Inspiron<sup>&#174;</sup> sirolimus-eluting stents (Scitech<sup>&#174;</sup>, Goi&#226;nia, Brazil) are compared to the experimental data from Joner et al's study<sup>14</sup> as regards stent strut endothelialization, we verify that the Inspiron<sup>&#174;</sup> stent endothelialization rate (99%) is higher than that of other drug stents (Cypher<sup>&#174;</sup>: 64%, Taxus<sup>&#174;</sup>: 68%, Endeavor<sup>&#174;</sup>: 76% and Xience V<sup>&#174;</sup>: 80%) for the same observation period of four weeks post-implantation. This difference may result from the sirolimus elution only in the abluminal aspect in the Inspiron<sup>&#174;</sup> stent, whereas the antiproliferative drugs are released from both stent aspects in the other stents. Another factor that could explain this difference is that we did not perform denudation prior to the stent implantation, thus minimizing the occurrence of arterial spasm, trauma, and arterial dissection. Thus, using this methodology, we could only analyze endothelialization on the stent struts, but not between the stent struts. Another methodological difference of our study in relation to Joner et al's study<sup>14</sup> is that we used the carotid approach whereas they used the femoral approach. The use of the femoral approach with artery ligation at the end of stent implantation in iliac arteries may cause the arterial flow to slow down upstream from the ligation point, and this would theoretically have an impact on several aspects of coagulation and possibly on stent endothelialization; for this reason we chose the carotid approach<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Non-atherosclerotic animals were used in the present study. However, because of the atherosclerotic process specificities (multifactorial, chronic disease), an animal model with atherosclerosis reliably reproducing this abnormality as seen in humans has not yet been developed.</p>
      <p>The observation period post-stent implantation in iliac arteries of rabbits was 30 days. We observed low standard-deviations (minimum of 0 and maximum of 0.03) for the rates of endothelialization on the stent struts studied; thus, by using a test power of 80% and admitting a beta error of 5%, we calculated that the sample number for each type of stent was sufficient, except for the group of polymer-coated stents in the abluminal aspect, which was removed from this comparative analysis. However, groups of additional animals could have been studied for shorter observation periods (seven and/or 14 days), but this was not the object of this initial investigation.</p>
      <p>The functional aspects of the neointima recovering the stent struts after four weeks of implantation were not assessed in the present study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After four weeks of implantation in the iliac arteries of rabbits, the drug stents releasing sirolimus from the luminal and abluminal aspects and abluminal aspect only showed almost complete endothelialization on struts (97% to 99%) with no statistically difference from endothelialization occurring in non-drug eluting stents (uncoated stents and polymer-coated stents in the luminal and abluminal aspects) (99%).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors wish to express their thanks to Mrs. Adriana Palombo Nunes, of the Analytics Center of the Chemistry Institute and to Mr. Sebasti&#227;o Aparecido Boleta, of the Electronic Microscopy Laboratory of the Anatomy Department of the Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of S&#227;o Paulo for all the help given in the preparation of samples and obtentions of images in electronic scanning microscopy. We extend our thanks to Mmes. Andr&#233;a R. de Carvalho and Fernanda Giordano for all their work in the administration of science, technology and innovation projects.</p>
      <p>The present study is part of the National Development of Vascular Endoprotheses (stents)-PDNS &#150; created in 2004-2005. It counts on the support of the Secretariat of Science, Technology and Strategic Inputs(SCTIE)/Department of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Health(MS); the National Council for Scientific and Technologic Development(CNPq), as well as of the Financier of studies and Projects(FINEP) of the Ministry of Science and Technology(MCT). The development of the stents laser cutting process counted on the support of the Foundation of Research Support of the State of S&#227;o Paulo(FAPESP; Type of support: Technological Innovation - innovative Research in Small and Micro-sized Companies [PIPE]).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold> Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold> Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
