<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wDQbcQhLpDJ8mM58Zjqh9SF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001500007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900600007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis NT-Pro-BNP e resposta ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com fluxo lento coronariano</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yurtda&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zcan</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;smail T&#252;rkay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;amsar</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;i&#231;ek</surname>
            <given-names>Dilek</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tamer</surname>
            <given-names>L&#252;l&#252;fer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cin</surname>
            <given-names>Veli G&#246;khan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>D&#246;ven</surname>
            <given-names>Oben</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seyis</surname>
            <given-names>Ali Sabri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akku&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Necdet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Van</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Medisina Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology </institution>
        <country country="">Turquia</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Mersin</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Medical Park Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology </institution>
        <country country="">Turquia</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Mersin</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Mersin</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Biochemistry </institution>
        <country country="">Turquia</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Mersin</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Mersin</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology </institution>
        <country country="">Turquia</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1115</fpage>
      <lpage>1122</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos s&#227;o liberados pelo cora&#231;&#227;o em resposta ao estresse da parede. OBJETIVO: As concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-Pro-BNP em pacientes com Fluxo Lento Coronariano (FLC) foram avaliadas antes e depois do teste de exerc&#237;cio e comparados com os valores dos controles saud&#225;veis. M&#201;TODOS: A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi de 34 pacientes com FLC [22 homens (64,7%), com idade 51,0 &#177; 6,2 anos], e 34 indiv&#237;duos normais com art&#233;rias coronarianas normais [21 homens (61,8%), com idade 53,2 &#177; 6,6 anos]. As taxas de fluxo coronariano dos pacientes e controles foram determinadas pelo escore TIMI Tromb&#243;lise no Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em repouso e ap&#243;s o teste ergom&#233;trico. RESULTADOS: As concentra&#231;&#245;es basais de NT-Pro-BNP nos pacientes com FLC foram superiores &#224;s dos indiv&#237;duos-controle (NT-Pro-BNP: 49,7 &#177; 14,2 pg/mL vs. 25,3 &#177; 4,6 pg/mL p &lt;0,0001, respectivamente), e essa diferen&#231;a entre os grupos aumentou ap&#243;s o teste de exerc&#237;cio (NT-Pro-BNP: 69,5 &#177; 18,6 pg/mL vs. 30,9 &#177; 6,4 pg/mL, p &lt;0,0001). No grupo FLC ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de NT-Pro-BNP em 15 pacientes com angina foi maior do que aqueles sem angina (76,8 &#177; 17,8 pg/mL vs. 63,8 &#177; 17,5 pg/mL, p = 0,041).A concentra&#231;&#227;o de NT-Pro-BNP em 11 pacientes com infradesnivelamento do segmento ST foi tamb&#233;m maior do que aqueles sem infradesnivelamento do segmento ST (82,4 &#177; 17,3 pg/mL vs. 63,3 &#177; 16,1 pg/mL, p = 0,004). Os aumentos na mediana p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio no NT-Pro-BNP (&#916; NT-Pro-BNP) foram maiores no grupo FLC do que no grupo de controle (&#916; NT-Pro-BNP: 19,8 &#177; 7,7 pg/mL vs. 5,7 &#177; 4,5 pg/mL, p &lt; 0,0001). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que pode haver uma liga&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica importante entre a gravidade do FLC (microvascular ou disfun&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica) e o n&#237;vel de circula&#231;&#227;o de NT-Pro-BNP em pacientes com FLC.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriur&#233;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>N&#237;veis NT-Pro-BNP e resposta ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com fluxo lento coronariano</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mustafa Yurtda&#351;<sup>I</sup>; &#304;smail T&#252;rkay &#214;zcan<sup>II</sup>; Ahmet &#199;amsar&#305;<sup>II</sup>; Dilek &#199;i&#231;ek<sup>II</sup>; L&#252;l&#252;fer Tamer<sup>III</sup>; Veli G&#246;khan Cin<sup>II</sup>; Oben D&#246;ven<sup>II</sup>; Ali Sabri Seyis<sup>IV</sup>; Mehmet Necdet Akku&#351;<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Medisina Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Van &#150; Turquia </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>University of Mersin, Department of Cardiology, Mersin &#150; Turquia </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>University of Mersin, Department of Biochemistry, Mersin &#150; Turquia </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Medical Park Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Mersin &#150; Turquia</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos s&#227;o liberados pelo cora&#231;&#227;o em resposta ao estresse da parede. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> As concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-Pro-BNP em pacientes com Fluxo Lento Coronariano (FLC) foram avaliadas antes e depois do teste de exerc&#237;cio e comparados com os valores dos controles saud&#225;veis. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi de 34 pacientes com FLC [22 homens (64,7%), com idade 51,0 &#177; 6,2 anos], e 34 indiv&#237;duos normais com art&#233;rias coronarianas normais [21 homens (61,8%), com idade 53,2 &#177; 6,6 anos]. As taxas de fluxo coronariano dos pacientes e controles foram determinadas pelo escore TIMI Tromb&#243;lise no Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em repouso e ap&#243;s o teste ergom&#233;trico. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> As concentra&#231;&#245;es basais de NT-Pro-BNP nos pacientes com FLC foram superiores &#224;s dos indiv&#237;duos-controle (NT-Pro-BNP: 49,7 &#177; 14,2 pg/mL <italic>vs</italic>. 25,3 &#177; 4,6 pg/mL p &lt;0,0001, respectivamente), e essa diferen&#231;a entre os grupos aumentou ap&#243;s o teste de exerc&#237;cio (NT-Pro-BNP: 69,5 &#177; 18,6 pg/mL <italic>vs</italic>. 30,9 &#177; 6,4 pg/mL, p &lt;0,0001). No grupo FLC ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de NT-Pro-BNP em 15 pacientes com angina foi maior do que aqueles sem angina (76,8 &#177; 17,8 pg/mL <italic>vs</italic>. 63,8 &#177; 17,5 pg/mL, p = 0,041).A concentra&#231;&#227;o de NT-Pro-BNP em 11 pacientes com infradesnivelamento do segmento ST foi tamb&#233;m maior do que aqueles sem infradesnivelamento do segmento ST (82,4 &#177; 17,3 pg/mL <italic>vs</italic>. 63,3 &#177; 16,1 pg/mL, p = 0,004). Os aumentos na mediana p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio no NT-Pro-BNP (&#916; NT-Pro-BNP) foram maiores no grupo FLC do que no grupo de controle (&#916; NT-Pro-BNP: 19,8 &#177; 7,7 pg/mL <italic>vs</italic>. 5,7 &#177; 4,5 pg/mL, p &lt; 0,0001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que pode haver uma liga&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica importante entre a gravidade do FLC (microvascular ou disfun&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica) e o n&#237;vel de circula&#231;&#227;o de NT-Pro-BNP em pacientes com FLC. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana; Exerc&#237;cio; Natriur&#233;ticos; Angina Pectoris.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aproximadamente 10%-20% dos pacientes com angina do peito t&#237;pica t&#234;m art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais, e a maioria desses pacientes tem a s&#237;ndrome X<sup>1,2</sup>. No entanto, a s&#237;ndrome X &#233; um grupo heterog&#234;neo que inclui o Fluxo Lento Coronariano (FLC)<sup>3</sup>. O FLC &#233; caracterizado pela opacifica&#231;&#227;o tardia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas sem doen&#231;a oclusiva. Desde sua primeira descri&#231;&#227;o por Tambe e cols.<sup>4</sup>, em 1972, embora a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e vasomotora, disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e doen&#231;a das pequenas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram consideradas FLC<sup>4-7</sup>, a etiopatogenia do FLC ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem elucidada.</p>
    <p>Os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos s&#227;o uma fam&#237;lia de neuro-horm&#244;nios quimicamente relacionados, produzidos predominantemente no cora&#231;&#227;o. O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP), que tem a&#231;&#227;o diur&#233;tica, vasodilatadora e antagonista da renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, &#233; sintetizado como um pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio de 108 amino&#225;cidos denominado proBNP. Ap&#243;s a secre&#231;&#227;o, o pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo se divide no seu BNP biologicamente ativo e os restantes, em NT-Pro-BNP. &#201; segregado especialmente na parede ventricular em resposta a aumentos no estresse da parede<sup>8,9</sup>. Em situa&#231;&#245;es normais, a produ&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de NT-pro-BNP &#233; muito baixa. O estimulante mais significativo para a secre&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de NT-pro-BNP &#233; a tens&#227;o nos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos<sup>10,11</sup>. Um grande n&#250;mero de estudos tem revelado que o n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de BNP e o fragmento aminoterminal inativo do seu pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio (fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio [NT-pro-BNP]) s&#227;o elevados em uma variedade de anormalidades estruturais e funcionais ventriculares, direita e esquerda, como a Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC), doen&#231;a valvar importante e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>12-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de NT-Pro-BNP de pacientes com FLC, antes e depois do teste ergom&#233;trico, porque, at&#233; onde nosso conhecimento alcan&#231;a, n&#227;o h&#225; nenhum estudo que tenha avaliado as concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-pro-BNP em repouso e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, em pacientes com FLC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trinta e quatro pacientes com FLC comprovado angiograficamente, mas com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas normais, e 34 indiv&#237;duos sadios com coron&#225;rias angiograficamente normais, sem irregularidades luminais como grupo controle, foram selecionados de pacientes submetidos a angiografia coronariana por causa de sintomas t&#237;picos e quase t&#237;picos de angina. Nenhum dos indiv&#237;duos-controle tinha hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou outra doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, e todos eles apresentavam ecocardiografias e testes ergom&#233;tricos normais. Pacientes com alguma das seguintes doen&#231;as ou dist&#250;rbios associados foram exclu&#237;dos: doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca e/ou mioc&#225;rdica, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica, doen&#231;a ou dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial, arritmia card&#237;aca, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e contraindica&#231;&#227;o para o teste ergom&#233;trico. Uma vez obtido o consentimento informado, toda a medica&#231;&#227;o concomitante foi interrompida por pelo menos cinco meias-vidas antes do teste. O estudo foi realizado de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Investiga&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Mersin.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Escore TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para a medi&#231;&#227;o quantitativa do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano, o tempo decorrido desde o aparecimento do agente de contraste at&#233; atingir a extremidade distal das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em termos de contagem de quadros foi considerado o escore TIMI<sup>18</sup>. Depois disso, a contagem final foi subtra&#237;da da inicial e o escore TIMI exato foi calculado para a art&#233;ria em quest&#227;o. Os valores de corte para os escores TIMI foram tomados a partir do estudo de Gibson e cols.<sup>18</sup>, em que 78 art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais foram avaliadas. Os valores de corte, em raz&#227;o do per&#237;odo de tempo necess&#225;rio para a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o normal das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, foram de 36,2 &#177; 2,6 quadros para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria Descendente Anterior Esquerda (DAE), 22,2 &#177; 4,1 quadros para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria Circunflexa Esquerda (CxE), e 20,4 &#177; 3 quadros para a Art&#233;ria Coronariana Direita(ACD).</p>
    <p>Foi proposto que o escore TIMI para a DAE fosse 1,7 vez mais elevado do que o da CxE e o da ACD. No estudo de Gibson e cols<sup>18</sup>, a raz&#227;o dada para essa diferen&#231;a era que a DAE &#233; de 1,5 vez mais longa que a ACD, e 1,6 vez mais longa que a CxE, do ponto de vista anat&#244;mico. Por conseguinte, a contagem o escore TIMI foi dividida por 1,7 quando era o caso da DAE, para a corre&#231;&#227;o ajustada. O valor de corte corrigido para a DAE foi de 21,1 &#177; 1,5 quadros. Todos os valores obtidos acima desses limiares foram considerados FLC no nosso estudo. O escore TIMI foi determinado separadamente por dois cardiologistas e, no caso de conflito, os quadros foram submetidos a um terceiro. Todos os escores TIMI foram medidos nas proje&#231;&#245;es correspondentes usando Tecnologia Medcon Telemedicine (vers&#227;o 1.900, Israel).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste na esteira ergom&#233;trica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os testes ergom&#233;tricos de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, com 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, foram realizados utilizando protocolos-padr&#227;o de esteira ergom&#233;trica consistentes com as diretrizes da American Heart Association<sup>19</sup>, com todos os medicamentos interrompidos por pelo menos cinco meias-vidas antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes foram estimulados a fazer o seu esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, mas n&#227;o para permitir que a angina atingisse n&#237;veis mais elevados dos experimentados anteriormente. Os resultados foram analisados e relatados usando um banco de dados informatizado (EXTRA; Mosby Publishers; Chicago, IL, EUA)<sup>20</sup>. A resposta do segmento ST considerado foi o infradesnivelamento do segmento ST mais horizontal ou descendente, em qualquer deriva&#231;&#227;o, exceto na aVR, durante o exerc&#237;cio ou recupera&#231;&#227;o. Uma resposta anormal foi definida como <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,1 mV em 0,08 s ap&#243;s o ponto J de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST horizontal ou descendente, e aparecimento de dor precordial durante o exerc&#237;cio. O tempo de amostragem foi determinado de acordo com o estudo de Foote e cols.<sup>15</sup>. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas da veia do antebra&#231;o em repouso, e de novo, 1 minuto ap&#243;s o teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise dos n&#237;veis de NT-Pro-BNP</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As amostras de sangue de repouso e p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio foram analisadas em lotes para NT-pro-BNP utilizando um imunoensaio por eletroquimioluminesc&#234;ncia (Roche Diagnostics, ManheimGmbH, Alemanha), em autoanalizador de horm&#244;nios E-170.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o software SPSS (vers&#227;o 15.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, EUA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como porcentagens. O teste de Kolmogorow-Smirnov foi utilizado para investigar se a distribui&#231;&#227;o das medi&#231;&#245;es era normal ou n&#227;o. Para comparar os dois grupos de acordo com as mudan&#231;as ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, nas vari&#225;veis que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e de acordo com medi&#231;&#245;es antes e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, o teste t independente foi utilizado. Em contraste, para as vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foi usado o teste U de Mann-Whitney. O teste t independente tamb&#233;m foi usado para comparar os paciente, com e sem dor precordial, bem como para compar&#225;-los em rela&#231;&#227;o a com infradesnivelamento do segmento ST e sem infradesnivelamento do segmento ST. O teste t pareado foi utilizado para determinar a signific&#226;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es observadas antes e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio em ambos, pacientes e controles. As rela&#231;&#245;es lineares entre as medidas em pacientes e controles foram analisadas pela correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Todos os testes de hip&#243;tese foram de duas caudas. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos grupos de pacientes e controles se apresentam na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, tabagismo, sexo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabete melito, hiperlipidemia e tabagismo. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o encontramos nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos em termos de &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), e n&#237;veis de colesterol total, colesterol HDL e triglicer&#237;deos. As press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram semelhantes nos dois grupos, medidas durante o teste ergom&#233;trico. Nos pacientes com FLC detectou-se um escore TIMI significativamente mais alto para cada art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica principal quando comparados com os indiv&#237;duos-controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1115-00102-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos basais de NT-Pro-BNP em pacientes com FLC foram significativamente mais elevados do que os dos indiv&#237;duos-controle. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio de NT-Pro-BNP em pacientes com FLC tamb&#233;m foram superiores. Os aumentos na mediana p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio no NT-Pro-BNP (&#916; NT-Pro-BNP) foram maiores no grupo FLC do que no grupo de controle (&#916; NT-Pro-BNP: 19,8 &#177; 7,7 pg/mL <italic>vs</italic>. 5,7 &#177; 4,5 pg/ mL, p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1115-00102-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico foi interrompido por causa de dor precordial e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST em 15 pacientes com FLC. Desses, 11 tiveram a dor precordial e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST, e 4 tinham apenas dor precordial. Os controles completaram todo o protocolo e nenhum deles apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST, taquiarritmias ou dor precordial durante o procedimento. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;xima e o produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o foram significativamente maiores no grupo controle do que no grupo de pacientes. Os par&#226;metros de exerc&#237;cio de ambos os grupos est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>. No grupo FLC, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de NT-Pro-BNP em 15 pacientes com angina foi maior do que aqueles sem angina, ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, (76,8 &#177; 17,8 pg/mL <italic>vs</italic>. 63,8 &#177; 17,5 pg/mL, p = 0,041) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref>). A concentra&#231;&#227;o de NT-Pro-BNP em 11 pacientes com infradesnivelamento do segmento ST foi tamb&#233;m maior do que aqueles sem infradesnivelamento do segmento ST (82,4 &#177; 17,3 pg/mL <italic>vs</italic>. 63,3 &#177; 16,1 pg/mL, p = 0,004) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">Figura 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, os valores de NT-Pro-BNP valor em 11 pacientes com angina e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST foram maiores do que aqueles somente com angina ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio (82,4 &#177; 17,3 pg/mL <italic>vs</italic>. 61,2 &#177; 7,4 pg/mL, p = 0,006). Apenas o produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o no exerc&#237;cio entre os par&#226;metros do teste ergom&#233;trico foi negativamente correlacionado com o NT-Pro-BNP p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, no grupo de pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">Figura 3</xref>). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros do teste ergom&#233;trico e os n&#237;veis NT-Pro-BNP em ambos os grupos. A m&#233;dia do escore TIMI foi de 51,3 &#177; 6,1 nos pacientes com FLC. A m&#233;dia do escore TIMI n&#227;o se correlacionou com valores de concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-Pro-BNP basais e/ou p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1115-00102-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1115-00102-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1115-00102-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1115-00102-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo t&#234;m tr&#234;s achados principais: 1) A concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de NT-Pro-BNP foi maior em pacientes com FLC do que em um grupo semelhante de indiv&#237;duos-controle; 2) As diferen&#231;as nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-Pro-BNP entre os dois grupos tornou-se maior ap&#243;s o teste ergom&#233;trico, como resultado de um aumento significativo no NT-Pro-BNP em pacientes com FLC; 3) No grupo FLC, as concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-Pro-BNP em pacientes com angina e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST foram maiores do que aqueles sem angina e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST, ap&#243;s o teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
    <p>O FLC &#233; um achado angiogr&#225;fico definido como o movimento lento do contraste ao longo do l&#250;men coronariano em aus&#234;ncia de estenose coronariana epic&#225;rdica. Embora o mecanismo subjacente n&#227;o seja conhecido com exatid&#227;o, muitos autores afirmam que o FLC est&#225; estreitamente relacionado com a doen&#231;as microvasculares e macrovasculares, e tem um processo din&#226;mico<sup>1-7,21-23</sup>. Mosseri e cols.<sup>6</sup> estudaram seis pacientes que sofriam de angina de peito, mas com as principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias angiograficamente normais, e conclu&#237;ram que a biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica direita revelou pequenas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias patol&#243;gicas, com hiperplasia fibromuscular, hipertrofia da m&#233;dia, prolifera&#231;&#227;o miointimal e degenera&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Al&#233;m disso, Mangieri e cols.<sup>7</sup> avaliaram amostras de biopsia ventricular esquerda em 10 pacientes com FLC, nenhum dos quais tinha doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou sist&#234;mica, e encontraram espessamento endotelial devido a edema celular, les&#227;o capilar e diminui&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro luminal. Contudo, Van Lierde e cols.<sup>21</sup> demonstraram velocidade de fluxo sangu&#237;neo extremamente lenta, confirmada atrav&#233;s de Doppler intracoronariano em pacientes com FLC, mas com reserva de fluxo coronariano e fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano dentro da faixa normal, e esses resultados sugerem que o FLC pode n&#227;o ser sempre uma doen&#231;a microvascular. Eles especularam que o FLC pode ser causado por doen&#231;a na art&#233;ria epic&#225;rdica, como ectasia coronariana. Alguns investigadores demonstraram recentemente que a &#225;rea m&#233;dia+&#237;ntima estava difusamente espessada ao longo de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria particular, em pacientes com FLC, usando ultrassonografia intravascular. Eles mostraram a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose prematura difusa, que n&#227;o causa irregularidades luminais na angiografia coronariana nesse grupo pacientes<sup>22,23</sup>. Em consequ&#234;ncia, o FLC provavelmente prepara um ambiente apropriado para o alongamento dos mi&#243;citos, devido &#224; fisiopatologia subjacente. Em um estudo anterior, Foote e cols.<sup>15</sup> compararam 74 pacientes com DAC com 21 volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis (com fun&#231;&#245;es normais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) em termos de n&#237;veis de repouso de NT-Pro-BNP e BNP. Eles descobriram que pacientes com DAC conhecida tiveram maiores n&#237;veis de NT-Pro-BNP do que os indiv&#237;duos normais, sem DAC, em repouso. Novamente, em outro estudo, foi demonstrado que os n&#237;veis de NT-Pro-BNP eram 4 vezes maiores em pacientes com DAC do que indiv&#237;duos-controle<sup>16</sup>. Outro est&#237;mulo crucial para a secre&#231;&#227;o de NT-Pro-BNP card&#237;aco &#233; a hip&#243;xia, a qual, independentemente da tens&#227;o, pode tamb&#233;m induzir a libera&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo<sup>24</sup>. De fato, Beltrame e cols.<sup>25</sup> revelaram que a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio no seio coronariano, em repouso, foi baixa em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos-controle, refletindo um t&#244;nus vasomotor coronariano aumentado, em repouso, em vasos coronarianos de resist&#234;ncia em pacientes com FLC. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es podem ser importantes para explicar por que os pacientes com FLC t&#234;m n&#237;veis maiores de NT-Pro-BNP do que os indiv&#237;duos-controle em repouso. At&#233; agora, uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o FLC e os n&#237;veis de NT-Pro-BNP foi mostrada em um s&#243; estudo, em que os n&#237;veis de NT-Pro-BNP foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com FLC do que os indiv&#237;duos-controle<sup>26</sup>, e eles conclu&#237;ram que essa associa&#231;&#227;o pode sugerir um baixo grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica em pacientes com FLC. Assim, no estado pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio, presen&#231;as de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana epic&#225;rdica, hip&#243;xia e inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica podem atuar em conjunto no aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de NT-Pro-BNP em pacientes com FLC.</p>
    <p>Um dos achados importantes observados em nosso estudo foi o aumento dos n&#237;veis de NT-Pro-BNP ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, em pacientes com FLC. Os efeitos da estimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica, como o exerc&#237;cio, no t&#244;nus microvascular coronariano s&#227;o controversos. O estresse provocado pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico induz um aumento de apenas 10% na concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de NT-Pro-BNP em condi&#231;&#245;es normais<sup>15</sup>. Mas, em condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, tais como a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, o exerc&#237;cio pode dar origem a um aumento significativo do n&#237;vel de NT-Pro-BNP. O aumento da estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica pode causar constri&#231;&#227;o microvascular anormal<sup>27</sup> e promover o fluxo coronariano indiretamente atrav&#233;s da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica secund&#225;ria, at&#233; um aumento na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e contractilidade mioc&#225;rdica<sup>28</sup> e, parcialmente, a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente<sup>29</sup>. Por sua vez, ele pode ter a&#231;&#227;o tanto vasoconstritora direta e vasodilatadora atrav&#233;s da estimula&#231;&#227;o de receptores &#945; e &#946;, respectivamente<sup>29</sup>. O efeito resultante &#233; prov&#225;vel que dependa do estado fisiopatol&#243;gico das pequenas art&#233;rias coronarianas. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nas pequenas art&#233;rias coronarianas (concentra&#231;&#245;es de ET-1 aumentadas) em pacientes com angina e arteriografia coronariana normal pode aumentar a resist&#234;ncia coronariana e, consequentemente, conduzir a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>22,30,31</sup>. Depois disso, a isquemia pode dar origem a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica transit&#243;ria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), e pode tamb&#233;m ocorrer um aumento na tens&#227;o da parede diast&#243;lica final do VE, conduzindo assim a uma eleva&#231;&#227;o extrema dos n&#237;veis de NT-Pro-BNP. Al&#233;m disso, alguns horm&#244;nios, tais como angiotensina II, catecolaminas, e endotelina-1, podem ainda aumentar a secre&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP atrav&#233;s de mecanismos par&#225;crinos e possivelmente end&#243;crinos<sup>10,11,14</sup>. Estudos anteriores<sup>22,31</sup> mostram que a endotelina-1 (ET-1) &#233; maior e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO &#233; menor em pacientes com FLC do que em um grupo correspondente de indiv&#237;duos-controle, com fluxo coronariano normal, e que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ser de grande import&#226;ncia na etiopatogenia do FLC. De acordo com esses dados, &#233; razo&#225;vel afirmar que a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema end&#243;crino e a isquemia, atrav&#233;s dos mecanismos discutidos antes, poderiam ser um fator importante de disparo dos elevados n&#237;veis de NT-Pro-BNP em pacientes com FLC ap&#243;s o teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
    <p>Outro achado importante em nosso estudo foi que os pacientes com angina e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST apresentaram maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-Pro-BNP do que aqueles sem angina e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST, ap&#243;s o teste ergom&#233;trico, em pacientes com FLC. Al&#233;m disso, embora n&#227;o haja correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore TIMI e as concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-Pro-BNP em ambos os grupos, encontramos uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio e concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-Pro-BNP p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, no grupo de FLC. O consumo de oxig&#234;nio do mioc&#225;rdio est&#225; correlacionado com o produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca x press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica). Assim, a incapacidade de fornecer oxig&#234;nio ao mioc&#225;rdio, quando a demanda &#233; elevada, pode resultar em eventos cardiovasculares importantes, tais como isquemia mioc&#225;rdica transit&#243;ria, levando a n&#237;veis aumentados de NT-Pro-BNP. At&#233; recentemente, um estudo examinou os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio sobre os n&#237;veis de NT-Pro-BNP e/ou BNP em pacientes com DAC, em que os aumentos da mediana p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio nos NT-Pro-BNP e BNP foram maiores no grupo isqu&#234;mico do que no grupo n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica<sup>15</sup>, um achado consistente com os resultados do presente estudo. Ndrepepa e cols.<sup>16</sup> demonstraram que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-Pro-BNP s&#227;o elevadas em todo o espectro de DAC e paralelas &#224; gravidade cl&#237;nica ou angiogr&#225;fica da DAC. Do mesmo modo, Sabatine e cols.<sup>17</sup> tamb&#233;m determinaram que a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica transit&#243;ria foi associada com um aumento imediato no n&#237;veis de circula&#231;&#227;o de BNP, em menor grau, dos n&#237;veis de NT-Pro-BNP, e que o grau de aumento foi proporcional &#224; gravidade da isquemia. Com base nessas opini&#245;es, considera-se geralmente que a gravidade da isquemia causada pelo exerc&#237;cio pode estar estreitamente relacionada com um aumento na tens&#227;o ou les&#227;o da parede ventricular, assim contribuindo para a indu&#231;&#227;o de NT-Pro-BNP em pacientes com FLC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Algumas das principais limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foram que o tamanho total da amostra &#233; pequeno, e os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, como d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a press&#227;o atrial direita n&#227;o foram medidos por aspectos &#233;ticos. Al&#233;m disso, outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi que os n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial (ANP) n&#227;o puderam ser medidos simultaneamente com os n&#237;veis de NT-Pro-BNP. Estudos com amostras maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos achados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Descobrimos que pacientes com FLC apresentam n&#237;veis aumentados de NT-Pro-BNP antes e depois do exerc&#237;cio, em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos-controle. Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m demonstrou que pacientes com FLC, com angina e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST durante o teste ergom&#233;trico apresentaram maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-Pro-BNP do que aqueles sem angina e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Esses achados podem sugerir uma liga&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica importante entre a gravidade da FLC (microvascular ou disfun&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica) e o n&#237;vel de circula&#231;&#227;o de NT-Pro-BNP, nesse grupo de pacientes. O presente estudo pode ser de grande valor, pois pela primeira vez &#233; demonstrada tal associa&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conflito Potencial de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito potencial de interesses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve fontes de financiamento externas para este estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o de Estudos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo n&#227;o est&#225; associado a nenhum programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Kemp HG, Kronmal RA, Vlietstra RE, Frye RL. Seven year survival of patients with normal or near normal coronary arteriograms: a CASS registry study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7(3):479-83. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Kemp HG Jr. Left ventricular function in patients with the anginal syndrome and normal coronary arteriograms. Am J Cardiol. 1973;32(3):375-6. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Voelker W, Euchaner U, Dittmann H, Karsch KR. Long-term clinical course of patients with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Clin Cardiol. 1991;14(4):4307-11. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Tambe AA, Demany MA, Zimmerman HA, Mascarenhas E. Angina pectoris and slow flow velocity of dye in coronary arteries: a new angiographic finding. Am Heart J. 1972;84(1):66-71. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Gunes Y, Gumrukcuoglu HA, Akdag S, Simsek H, Sahin M, Tuncer M. Vascular endothelial function in patients with slow coronary flow and the effects of Nebivolol. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(4):275-80. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. Mosseri M, Yarom R, Gotsman MS, Hasin Y. Histologic evidence for small vessel coronary artery disease in patients with angina pectoris and patent large coronary arteries. Circulation. 1986;74(5):964-72. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Mangieri E, Macchiarelli G, Ciavolella M, Barilla F, Avella A, Martinotti A, et al. Slow coronary flow: clinical and histopathological features in patients with otherwise normal epicardial coronary arteries. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1996;37(4):375-81. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Munagala VK, Burnett JC, Redfield MM. The natriuretic peptides in cardiovascular medicine. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2004;29(12):707-69. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">9. Yeo KT, Lee HK, Wong KC, Foote RS. Can exercise-induced changes in B-type natriuretic peptides be used to detect cardiac ischemia? J Card Fail. 2005;11(5 Suppl):S59-64. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Kuwahara K, Saito Y, Ogawa Y, Tamura N, Ishikawa M, Harada M, et al. Interaction of myocytes and nonmyocytes is necessary for mechanical stretch to induce ANP/BNP production in cardiocyte culture. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998;31(Suppl 1):S357-9. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Bruneau BG, Piazza LA, De Bold AJ. BNP gene expression is specifically modulated by stretch and ET-1 in a new model of isolated rat atria. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 1997;273(6 Pt 2):H2678-86. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. Yasue H, Yoshimura M, Sumida H, Kikuta K, Kugiyama K, Jougasaki M, et al. Localization and mechanism of secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide in comparison with those of A-type natriuretic peptide in normal subjects and patients with heart failure. Circulation. 1994;90(1):195-203. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Ikeda T, Matsuda K, Itoh H, Shirakami G, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimasa T, et al. Plasma levels of brain and atrial natriuretic peptides elevate in proportion to left ventricular end systolic wall stress in patients with aortic stenosis. Am Heart J. 1997;133(3):307-14. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">14. Magga J, Marttila M, Mantymaa P, Vuolteenaho O, Ruskoaho H. Brain natriuretic peptide in plasma, atria, and ventricles of vasopressin and phenylephrine-infused conscious rats. Endocrinology. 1994;134(6):2505-15. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">15. Foote RS, Pearlman JD, Siegel AH, Yeo KT. Detection of Exercise-Induced Ischemia by Changes in B-type natriuretic peptides. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(10):1980-7. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">16. Ndrepepa G, Braun S, Mehilli J, von Beckerath N, Vogt W, Schomig A, et al. Plasma levels of n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with coronary artery disease and relation to clinical presentation, angiographic severity, and left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(5):553-7. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, Omland T, Desai MY, Tansyevic N, et al. Acute changes in circulating natriuretic peptide levels in relation to myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(10):1988-95. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">18. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Daley WL, Dodge JT Jr, Alexandr B Jr, Marble SJ, et al. TIMI frame count: a quantitative method of assessing coronary artery flow. Circulation. 1996;93(5):879-88. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">19. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Froelicher VF, Hartley LH, Haskell WL, Pollock ML. Exercise standards: a statement for health care professionals from the American Heart Association Writing Group. Circulation. 1995;91(2):580-615. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">20. Shue P, Froelicher V. Extra: an expert system for exercise reporting. J Noninvasive Test. 1998;II-4:21-7. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">21. Van Lierde J, Vrolix M, Sionis D, De Geest H, Piessens J. Lack of evidence for small vessel disease in a patient with 'slow dye progression' in the coronary arteries. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1991;23(2):117-20. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">22. Pekdemir H, Polat G, Cin VG, Camsari A, Cicek D, Akkus MN, et al. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 levels in coronary sinus during rapid right atrial pacing in patients with slow coronary flow. Int J Cardiol. 2004;97(1):35-41. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">23. Cin VG, Pekdemir H, Camsari A, Cicek D, Akkus MN, Parmaksyz T, et al. Diffuse intimal thickening of coronary arteries in slow coronary flow. Jpn Heart J. 2003;44(6):907-19. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">24. Hopkins WE, Chen Z, Fukagawa NK, Hall C, Knot HJ, LeWinter MM. Increased atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease: enhanced understanding of the relationship between hypoxia and natriuretic peptide secretion. Circulation. 2004;109(23):2872-7. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">25. Beltrame JF, Limaye SB, Wuttke RD, Horowitz JD. Coronary hemodynamic and metabolic studies of the coronary slow flow phenomenon. Am Heart J. 2003;146(1):84-90. </p>
    <p>26. Madak N, Nazl&#305; Y, Mergen H, Aysel S, Kandaz M, Yanik E, et al. Acute phase reactants in patients with coronary slow flow phenomenon. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2010;10(5):416-20.</p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">27. Cordero DL, Cagin NA, Natelson BH. Neurocardiology update: Role of the nervous system in coronary vasomotion. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;29(3):319-28. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">28. Feigl EO. Adrenergic control of transmural coronary blood flow. Basic Res Cardiol. 1990;85 Suppl I:167-76. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">29. Zehier AM, Drexler H, Wollschlaeger H, Saurbier B, Just H. Coronary vasomotion in response to sympathetic stimulation in humans: Importance of the functional integrity of the endothelium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14(5):1181-90. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">30. Kaski JC, Cox ID, Crook JR, Salomone OA, Fredericks S, Hann C, et al. Differential plasma endothelin concentrations in subgroups of patients with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries: Coronary Artery Disease Research Group. Am Heart J. 1998;136(3):412-7. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">31. Camsari A, Pekdemir H, Cicek D, Polat G, Akkus MN, Doven O, et al. Endothelin-1 and nitric oxide concentrations and their response to exercise in patients with slow coronary flow. Circ J. 2003;67(12):1022-8. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Mustafa Yurtda&#351; </p>
        <p> Medisina Hospital </p>
        <p> Department of Cardiology </p>
        <p> CEP 65200, Van &#150; Turquia </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mustafayurtdas@yahoo.com">mustafayurtdas@yahoo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/02/12 </p>
    <p> revisado em 13/04/12 </p>
    <p> aceito em 23/05/12</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Kemp HG, Kronmal RA, Vlietstra RE, Frye RL. Seven year survival of patients with normal or near normal coronary arteriograms: a CASS registry study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7(3):479-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Seven year survival of patients with normal or near normal coronary arteriograms: a CASS registry study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>479</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kemp</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kronmal</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vlietstra</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frye</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Kemp HG Jr. Left ventricular function in patients with the anginal syndrome and normal coronary arteriograms. Am J Cardiol. 1973;32(3):375-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left ventricular function in patients with the anginal syndrome and normal coronary arteriograms</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1973</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>375</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kemp Jr</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Voelker W, Euchaner U, Dittmann H, Karsch KR. Long-term clinical course of patients with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Clin Cardiol. 1991;14(4):4307-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term clinical course of patients with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>4307</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Voelker</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Euchaner</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dittmann</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karsch</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Tambe AA, Demany MA, Zimmerman HA, Mascarenhas E. Angina pectoris and slow flow velocity of dye in coronary arteries: a new angiographic finding. Am Heart J. 1972;84(1):66-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Angina pectoris and slow flow velocity of dye in coronary arteries: a new angiographic finding</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1972</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>66</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tambe</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demany</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmerman</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mascarenhas</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Gunes Y, Gumrukcuoglu HA, Akdag S, Simsek H, Sahin M, Tuncer M. Vascular endothelial function in patients with slow coronary flow and the effects of Nebivolol. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(4):275-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Vascular endothelial function in patients with slow coronary flow and the effects of Nebivolol</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>275</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gunes</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gumrukcuoglu</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akdag</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simsek</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sahin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuncer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Mosseri M, Yarom R, Gotsman MS, Hasin Y. Histologic evidence for small vessel coronary artery disease in patients with angina pectoris and patent large coronary arteries. Circulation. 1986;74(5):964-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Histologic evidence for small vessel coronary artery disease in patients with angina pectoris and patent large coronary arteries</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>964</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mosseri</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yarom</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gotsman</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hasin</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Mangieri E, Macchiarelli G, Ciavolella M, Barilla F, Avella A, Martinotti A, et al. Slow coronary flow: clinical and histopathological features in patients with otherwise normal epicardial coronary arteries. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1996;37(4):375-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Slow coronary flow: clinical and histopathological features in patients with otherwise normal epicardial coronary arteries</article-title>
          <source>Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>375</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mangieri</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macchiarelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ciavolella</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barilla</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avella</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinotti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Munagala VK, Burnett JC, Redfield MM. The natriuretic peptides in cardiovascular medicine. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2004;29(12):707-69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The natriuretic peptides in cardiovascular medicine</article-title>
          <source>Curr Probl Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>707</fpage>
          <lpage>69</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Munagala</surname>
              <given-names>VK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burnett</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redfield</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Yeo KT, Lee HK, Wong KC, Foote RS. Can exercise-induced changes in B-type natriuretic peptides be used to detect cardiac ischemia? J Card Fail. 2005;11(5 Suppl):S59-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Can exercise-induced changes in B-type natriuretic peptides be used to detect cardiac ischemia</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S59</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yeo</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foote</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Kuwahara K, Saito Y, Ogawa Y, Tamura N, Ishikawa M, Harada M, et al. Interaction of myocytes and nonmyocytes is necessary for mechanical stretch to induce ANP/BNP production in cardiocyte culture. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998;31(Suppl 1):S357-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Interaction of myocytes and nonmyocytes is necessary for mechanical stretch to induce ANP/BNP production in cardiocyte culture</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S357</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuwahara</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saito</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogawa</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamura</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ishikawa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harada</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Bruneau BG, Piazza LA, De Bold AJ. BNP gene expression is specifically modulated by stretch and ET-1 in a new model of isolated rat atria. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 1997;273(6 Pt 2):H2678-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>BNP gene expression is specifically modulated by stretch and ET-1 in a new model of isolated rat atria</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>H2678</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
          <issue>6 Pt 2</issue>
          <volume>273</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bruneau</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piazza</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Bold</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Yasue H, Yoshimura M, Sumida H, Kikuta K, Kugiyama K, Jougasaki M, et al. Localization and mechanism of secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide in comparison with those of A-type natriuretic peptide in normal subjects and patients with heart failure. Circulation. 1994;90(1):195-203.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Localization and mechanism of secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide in comparison with those of A-type natriuretic peptide in normal subjects and patients with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>195</fpage>
          <lpage>203</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yasue</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshimura</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sumida</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kikuta</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kugiyama</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jougasaki</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Ikeda T, Matsuda K, Itoh H, Shirakami G, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimasa T, et al. Plasma levels of brain and atrial natriuretic peptides elevate in proportion to left ventricular end systolic wall stress in patients with aortic stenosis. Am Heart J. 1997;133(3):307-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Plasma levels of brain and atrial natriuretic peptides elevate in proportion to left ventricular end systolic wall stress in patients with aortic stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>307</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ikeda</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsuda</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Itoh</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shirakami</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyamoto</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshimasa</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Magga J, Marttila M, Mantymaa P, Vuolteenaho O, Ruskoaho H. Brain natriuretic peptide in plasma, atria, and ventricles of vasopressin and phenylephrine-infused conscious rats. Endocrinology. 1994;134(6):2505-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Brain natriuretic peptide in plasma, atria, and ventricles of vasopressin and phenylephrine-infused conscious rats</article-title>
          <source>Endocrinology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2505</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>134</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Magga</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marttila</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mantymaa</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vuolteenaho</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruskoaho</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Foote RS, Pearlman JD, Siegel AH, Yeo KT. Detection of Exercise-Induced Ischemia by Changes in B-type natriuretic peptides. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(10):1980-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Detection of Exercise-Induced Ischemia by Changes in B-type natriuretic peptides</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1980</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Foote</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pearlman</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siegel</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeo</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Ndrepepa G, Braun S, Mehilli J, von Beckerath N, Vogt W, Schomig A, et al. Plasma levels of n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with coronary artery disease and relation to clinical presentation, angiographic severity, and left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(5):553-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Plasma levels of n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with coronary artery disease and relation to clinical presentation, angiographic severity, and left ventricular ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>553</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ndrepepa</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braun</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehilli</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>von Beckerath</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vogt</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schomig</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, Omland T, Desai MY, Tansyevic N, et al. Acute changes in circulating natriuretic peptide levels in relation to myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(10):1988-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Acute changes in circulating natriuretic peptide levels in relation to myocardial ischemia</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1988</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sabatine</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morrow</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Lemos</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omland</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desai</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tansyevic</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Daley WL, Dodge JT Jr, Alexandr B Jr, Marble SJ, et al. TIMI frame count: a quantitative method of assessing coronary artery flow. Circulation. 1996;93(5):879-88.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>TIMI frame count: a quantitative method of assessing coronary artery flow</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>879</fpage>
          <lpage>88</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gibson</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daley</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dodge Jr</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexandr Jr</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marble</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Froelicher VF, Hartley LH, Haskell WL, Pollock ML. Exercise standards: a statement for health care professionals from the American Heart Association Writing Group. Circulation. 1995;91(2):580-615.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise standards: a statement for health care professionals from the American Heart Association Writing Group</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>580</fpage>
          <lpage>615</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balady</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Froelicher</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hartley</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haskell</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pollock</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Shue P, Froelicher V. Extra: an expert system for exercise reporting. J Noninvasive Test. 1998;II-4:21-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Extra: an expert system for exercise reporting</article-title>
          <source>J Noninvasive Test</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>21</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>II-4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shue</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Froelicher</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Van Lierde J, Vrolix M, Sionis D, De Geest H, Piessens J. Lack of evidence for small vessel disease in a patient with 'slow dye progression' in the coronary arteries. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1991;23(2):117-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Lack of evidence for small vessel disease in a patient with 'slow dye progression' in the coronary arteries</article-title>
          <source>Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>117</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van Lierde</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vrolix</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sionis</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Geest</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piessens</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Pekdemir H, Polat G, Cin VG, Camsari A, Cicek D, Akkus MN, et al. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 levels in coronary sinus during rapid right atrial pacing in patients with slow coronary flow. Int J Cardiol. 2004;97(1):35-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Elevated plasma endothelin-1 levels in coronary sinus during rapid right atrial pacing in patients with slow coronary flow</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pekdemir</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polat</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cin</surname>
              <given-names>VG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camsari</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cicek</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akkus</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Cin VG, Pekdemir H, Camsari A, Cicek D, Akkus MN, Parmaksyz T, et al. Diffuse intimal thickening of coronary arteries in slow coronary flow. Jpn Heart J. 2003;44(6):907-19.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diffuse intimal thickening of coronary arteries in slow coronary flow</article-title>
          <source>Jpn Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>907</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cin</surname>
              <given-names>VG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pekdemir</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camsari</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cicek</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akkus</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parmaksyz</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Hopkins WE, Chen Z, Fukagawa NK, Hall C, Knot HJ, LeWinter MM. Increased atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease: enhanced understanding of the relationship between hypoxia and natriuretic peptide secretion. Circulation. 2004;109(23):2872-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Increased atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease: enhanced understanding of the relationship between hypoxia and natriuretic peptide secretion</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2872</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hopkins</surname>
              <given-names>WE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fukagawa</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knot</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LeWinter</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Beltrame JF, Limaye SB, Wuttke RD, Horowitz JD. Coronary hemodynamic and metabolic studies of the coronary slow flow phenomenon. Am Heart J. 2003;146(1):84-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary hemodynamic and metabolic studies of the coronary slow flow phenomenon</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>84</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beltrame</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Limaye</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wuttke</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horowitz</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Acute phase reactants in patients with coronary slow flow phenomenon</article-title>
          <source>Anadolu Kardiyol Derg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>416</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Madak</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nazli</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mergen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aysel</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kandaz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yanik</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Cordero DL, Cagin NA, Natelson BH. Neurocardiology update: Role of the nervous system in coronary vasomotion. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;29(3):319-28.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Neurocardiology update: Role of the nervous system in coronary vasomotion</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>319</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cordero</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cagin</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Natelson</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Feigl EO. Adrenergic control of transmural coronary blood flow. Basic Res Cardiol. 1990;85 Suppl I:167-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Adrenergic control of transmural coronary blood flow</article-title>
          <source>Basic Res Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Feigl</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Zehier AM, Drexler H, Wollschlaeger H, Saurbier B, Just H. Coronary vasomotion in response to sympathetic stimulation in humans: Importance of the functional integrity of the endothelium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14(5):1181-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary vasomotion in response to sympathetic stimulation in humans: Importance of the functional integrity of the endothelium</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1181</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zehier</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drexler</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wollschlaeger</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saurbier</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Just</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Kaski JC, Cox ID, Crook JR, Salomone OA, Fredericks S, Hann C, et al. Differential plasma endothelin concentrations in subgroups of patients with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries: Coronary Artery Disease Research Group. Am Heart J. 1998;136(3):412-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Differential plasma endothelin concentrations in subgroups of patients with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries: Coronary Artery Disease Research Group</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>412</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>136</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaski</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cox</surname>
              <given-names>ID</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crook</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salomone</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fredericks</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hann</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Camsari A, Pekdemir H, Cicek D, Polat G, Akkus MN, Doven O, et al. Endothelin-1 and nitric oxide concentrations and their response to exercise in patients with slow coronary flow. Circ J. 2003;67(12):1022-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Endothelin-1 and nitric oxide concentrations and their response to exercise in patients with slow coronary flow</article-title>
          <source>Circ J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1022</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Camsari</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pekdemir</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cicek</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polat</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akkus</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doven</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">NT-Pro-BNP levels and their response to exercise in patients with slow coronary flow</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Natriuretic peptides are released by the heart in response to wall stress. OBJECTIVE: The NT-Pro-BNP concentrations in slow coronary flow (SCF) patients were assessed before and after the exercise test and compared with the values of healthy controls. METHODS: The study population was 34 patients with SCF [22 males (64.7%), aged 51.0&#177;6.2 years], and 34 normal subjects with normal coronary arteries [21 males (61.8%), aged 53.2&#177;6.6 years]. Coronary flow rates of all patients and control subjects were documented as Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) frame count. Blood samples were drawn at rest and after the exercise testing. RESULTS: The baseline NT-Pro-BNP concentrations of the SCF patients were higher than those of the control subjects (NT-Pro-BNP: 49.7&#177;14.2 pg/mL vs. 25.3&#177;4.6 pg/mL p&lt;0.0001, respectively), and this difference increased after exercise test between the groups (NT-Pro-BNP: 69.5&#177;18.6 pg/mL vs. 30.9&#177;6.4 pg/mL p&lt;0.0001). In SCF group after exercise, NT-Pro-BNP concentration in 15 patients with angina was higher than those without angina (76.8 &#177; 17.8 pg/mL vs. 63.8&#177;17.5 pg/mL p=0.041). NT-Pro-BNP concentration in 11 patients with ST depression was also higher than those without ST depression (82.4 &#177; 17.3 pg/mL vs. 63.3 &#177; 16.1 pg/mL p=0.004). Median post-exercise increases in NT-Pro-BNP (&#916; NT-Pro-BNP) were higher in the SCF group than in the control group (&#916; NT-Pro-BNP: 19.8&#177;7.7 pg/mL vs. 5.7&#177;4.5 pg/mL p&lt;0.0001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that there may be an important pathophysiologic link between the severity of SCF (microvascular or epicardial coronary artery dysfunction) and the level of circulating NT-Pro-BNP in SCF patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>NT-Pro-BNP levels and their response to exercise in patients with slow coronary flow</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mustafa Yurtda&#351;<sup>I</sup>; &#304;smail T&#252;rkay &#214;zcan<sup>II</sup>; Ahmet &#199;amsar&#305;<sup>II</sup>; Dilek &#199;i&#231;ek<sup>II</sup>; L&#252;l&#252;fer Tamer<sup>III</sup>; Veli G&#246;khan Cin<sup>II</sup>; Oben D&#246;ven<sup>II</sup>; Ali Sabri Seyis<sup>IV</sup>; Mehmet Necdet Akku&#351;<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Medisina Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Van &#150; Turquia</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>University of Mersin, Department of Cardiology, Mersin &#150; Turquia</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>University of Mersin, Department of Biochemistry, Mersin &#150; Turquia</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Medical Park Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Mersin &#150; Turquia</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Natriuretic peptides are released by the heart in response to wall stress. </p>
      <p><bold> OBJECTIVE: </bold>The NT-Pro-BNP concentrations in slow coronary flow (SCF) patients were assessed before and after the exercise test and compared with the values of healthy controls.</p>
      <p><bold> METHODS: </bold> The study population was 34 patients with SCF [22 males (64.7%), aged 51.0&#177;6.2 years], and 34 normal subjects with normal coronary arteries [21 males (61.8%), aged 53.2&#177;6.6 years]. Coronary flow rates of all patients and control subjects were documented as Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) frame count. Blood samples were drawn at rest and after the exercise testing. </p>
      <p><bold> RESULTS: </bold> The baseline NT-Pro-BNP concentrations of the SCF patients were higher than those of the control subjects (NT-Pro-BNP: 49.7&#177;14.2 pg/mL vs. 25.3&#177;4.6 pg/mL p&lt;0.0001, respectively), and this difference increased after exercise test between the groups (NT-Pro-BNP: 69.5&#177;18.6 pg/mL vs. 30.9&#177;6.4 pg/mL p&lt;0.0001). In SCF group after exercise, NT-Pro-BNP concentration in 15 patients with angina was higher than those without angina (76.8 &#177; 17.8 pg/mL vs. 63.8&#177;17.5 pg/mL p=0.041). NT-Pro-BNP concentration in 11 patients with ST depression was also higher than those without ST depression (82.4 &#177; 17.3 pg/mL vs. 63.3 &#177; 16.1 pg/mL p=0.004). Median post-exercise increases in NT-Pro-BNP (&#916; NT-Pro-BNP) were higher in the SCF group than in the control group (&#916; NT-Pro-BNP: 19.8&#177;7.7 pg/mL vs. 5.7&#177;4.5 pg/mL p&lt;0.0001).</p>
      <p><bold> CONCLUSION: </bold> The results of this study suggest that there may be an important pathophysiologic link between the severity of SCF (microvascular or epicardial coronary artery dysfunction) and the level of circulating NT-Pro-BNP in SCF patients. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold> Coronary circulation; Exercise; Natriuretic Agents; Angina Pectoris.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Approximately 10&#150;20% of patients with typical angina pectoris have normal coronary arteries, and most of these patients are syndrome X<sup>1,2</sup>. However, syndrome X is a heterogeneous group that includes slow coronary flow (SCF)<sup>3</sup>. SCF is characterized by late opacification of the epicardial coronary arteries without occlusive disease. Since its first description by Tambe et al<sup>4</sup> in 1972, although endothelial and vasomotor dysfunction, microvascular dysfunction, and disease of small coronary arteries have been convicted in SCF<sup>4-7</sup>, the etiopathogenesis of SCF has not been exactly understood yet.</p>
      <p>The natriuretic peptides are a family of chemically related neurohormones that are produced predominantly in the heart. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), which has vasodilatory, diuretic, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone antagonist effects, is synthesized as a 108-aminoacid-long prohormone termed proBNP. After secretion, this propeptide is divide into its biologically active BNP and the remaining NT-Pro-BNP. It is secreted mainly from the ventricular wall in response to increases in wall stress<sup>8,9</sup>. In the normal situation, cardiac production and plasma concentration of NT-pro-BNP is very low. The most significant stimulant for cardiac secretion of NT-pro-BNP is stretch of cardiac myocytes<sup>10,11</sup>. A great number of studies have revealed that the plasma level of BNP and the inactive amino-terminal fragment of its prohormone (N-terminal fragment of B-type natriuretic peptide pro-hormone [NT-pro-BNP]) elevate in a variety of right and left ventricular functional and structural abnormalities such as coronary artery disease (CAD), severe valve disease and heart failure<sup>12-17</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we aimed to investigate the plasma NT-Pro-BNP concentrations of SCF patients before and post-exercise testing because, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study that has evaluated NT-pro-BNP concentrations at rest and post-exercise in SCF patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty-four patients with angiographically proven SCF but normal epicardial coronary arteries and thirty-four healthy subjects with angiographically normal coronary arteries without luminal irregularities as control group were selected from patients who had undergone coronary angiography because of typical and quasi-typical symptoms of angina. All control subjects with no history of cardiovascular disease and other systemic illness had normal echocardiographic and exercise studies. Patients who suffered from one of the following diseases or associated disorders were excluded: myocardial and/or valvular heart disease, systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction, atrial disease or enlargement, cardiac arrhythmia such as atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy and contraindication for exercise testing. After signed informed consent was obtained, all concomitant medication was stopped for at least five half lives before the test. The study was carried out according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Investigational Review Board of Mersin University, School of Medicine.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) Frame Count</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For the quantitative measurement of coronary blood flow, the time elapsed from the appearance of contrast agent until it reached the distal end of the coronary arteries in terms of cineframe count was considered to be the TIMI frame count<sup>18</sup>. Thereafter, the final count was subtracted from the initial and the exact TIMI frame was calculated for the given artery. The cut-off values for the TIMI frame counts are taken from the study of Gibson et al<sup>18</sup>, in which 78 normal coronary arteries were evaluated.<sup>18</sup> Their cut-off values because of the length of time needed for normal visualization of the coronary arteries were 36.2 &#177; 2.6 frames for the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), 22.2 &#177; 4.1 frames for the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) and 20.4 &#177; 3 frames for the right coronary artery (RCA). They proposed that the TIMI frame count for the LAD was 1.7-fold higher than those of the LCX and RCA. In their study, the reason given for these differences was that the LAD is 1.5-fold longer than RCA and 1.6-fold longer than LCX anatomically. Therefore, the TIMI frame count was divided by 1.7 when the LAD was the case, for adjusted correction. The corrected cut-off value for the LAD was 21.1 &#177; 1.5 frames. Any values obtained above these thresholds were considered to be SCF in our study. The TIMI frame counting was undertaken separately by 2 cardiologists and in the case of conflict, the frames were referred to a third one. All TIMI frame counts were measured in matched projections using Medcon Telemedicine Technology (version 1.900, Israel).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exercise Treadmill Testing</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The 12-lead maximal effort exercise tests were performed using standard graduated treadmill protocols consistent with American Heart Association guidelines<sup>19</sup>, with all medications discontinued for at least 5 half lives before evaluation. Patients were encouraged to give their maximal effort, but not to allow their angina to reach levels higher than previously experienced. The results were analyzed and reported using a computerized database (EXTRA; Mosby Publishers; Chicago, IL, USA)<sup>20</sup>. The ST segment response considered was the most horizontal or downsloping ST-segment depression in any lead, except for aVR, during exercise or recovery. An abnormal response was defined as <underline>&gt;</underline>0.1 mV at 0.08 s after the J point of horizontal or downsloping ST-segment depression and chest pain onset during exercise. Sampling time was determined according to study by Foote et al.<sup>15</sup> Blood samples were drawn from the forearm vein at rest and again at 1 minute post-exercise testing.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of NT-Pro-BNP levels</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Resting and post-exercise blood samples were analyzed in batches for NT-pro-BNP using an electrochemiluminescent immunoassay (Roche diagnostics, Manheim GmbH, Germany) on an E-170 hormone autoanalyzer.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software package (Version 15.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as means &#177; SD. Categorical variables were expressed as percentage. Kolmogorow-Smirnov test was used to investigate whether the distribution of measurements was normal or not. To compare the two groups according to changes after the exercise in the variables that show normal distribution and according to measurements before and after exercise, independent t test was used. In contrast, for the variables that do not show normal distribution, Mann-Whitney U test was used. Also in the patients according to these measurements for comparison of that with chest pain and no pain; and also for comparison of that had ST segment depression and without ST depression, independent-t test was used. Paired-t test was used to determine the significance of changes observed before and after exercise in both patients and controls. Linear relations between measurements in both patients and controls were examined by Pearson's correlation. All hypothesis testing was 2-tailed. A p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical characteristics of control and patient groups were presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_0112tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups in respect to age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and cigarette smoking. Besides, we found no significant difference between two groups in terms of body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were similar in both groups measured during the exercise testing. Patients with SCF were detected to have significantly higher TIMI frame count for each major epicardial coronary artery compared to control subjects (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_0112tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_0112tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1115-00102-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Plasma baseline NT-Pro-BNP levels of patients with SCF were found to be significantly higher than those of control subjects. Post-exercise plasma NT-Pro-BNP levels of SCF patients were also higher. Median post-exercise increases in NT-Pro-BNP (&#916;NT-Pro-BNP) were higher in the SCF group than in the control group (&#916;NT-Pro-BNP: 19.8 &#177; 7.7 pg/mL vs. 5.7 &#177; 4.5 pg/mL; p&lt;0.0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_0112tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_0112tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1115-00102-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Exercise test was stopped because of chest pain and ST segment depression in 15 SCF patients. Of them, 11 had both chest pain and ST segment depression, 4 had only chest pain. Control subjects completed the whole protocol and none showed ST-segment changes, tachyarrhythmia or chest pain throughout the procedure. Peak exercise heart rate, peak exercise systolic blood pressure and rate &#150; pressure product were significantly higher in the control group than in the patient group. The exercise parameters of both groups are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_0112tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. In SCF group, NT-Pro-BNP concentrations in 15 patients with angina was higher than those without angina after exercise (76.8 &#177; 17.8 pg/mL vs. 63.8&#177;17.5 pg/mL; p=0.041) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_0112fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). NT-Pro-BNP concentration in 11 patients with ST segment depression was also higher than those without ST segment depression after exercise (82.4 &#177; 17.3 pg/mL vs. 63.3 &#177; 16.1 pg/mL; p=0.004) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_0112fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). In addition, NT-Pro-BNP value in 11 patients with both angina and ST segment depression was greater than those with only angina after exercise (82.4 &#177; 17.3 pg/mL vs. 61.2 &#177; 7.4 pg/mL; p=0.006). Only the exercise rate-pressure product among exercise testing parameters was negatively correlated with post-exercise NT-Pro-BNP in patient group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_0112fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). There was no correlation between exercise testing parameters and NT-Pro-BNP levels in both groups. The mean TIMI frame count was 51.3 &#177; 6.1 in the SCF patients. The mean TIMI frame count was not correlated with baseline and/or post-exercise NT-Pro-BNP concentrations.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_0112tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1115-00102-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_0112fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1115-00102-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_0112fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1115-00102-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_0112fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-06-1115-00102-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of our study have three main findings; 1) NT-Pro-BNP plasma concentration was higher in patients with SCF than in a matched group of control subjects, 2) The differences in the NT-Pro-BNP concentrations between the two groups became greater after the exercise treadmill test, as a result of a significant increase in NT-Pro-BNP in patients with SCF, 3) In SCF group, NT-Pro-BNP concentrations in patients with angina and ST segment depression were higher than those without angina and ST segment depression after exercise test.</p>
      <p>SCF is an angiographic finding defined as the slow movement of contrast throughout the coronary lumen in the absence of epicardial coronary stenosis. Although the underlying mechanism is not exactly known, many authors state that SCF is closely related to the microvascular and macrovascular disease, and has a dynamic process<sup>1-7,21-23</sup>. Mosseri et al<sup>6</sup> studied six patients who suffered from angina pectoris but had angiographically patent major coronary arteries, and they concluded that right endomyocardial biopsy revealed pathologic small coronary arteries with fibromuscular hyperplasia, hypertrophy of the media, myointimal proliferation, and endothelial degeneration. Additionally, Mangieri et al<sup>7</sup> evaluated left ventricular biopsy samples of 10 patients with SCF, none of whom had a cardiac or systemic illness, and found endothelial thickening due to cell edema, capillary damage, and decreased luminal diameter. However, Van Lierde et al<sup>21</sup> have shown that extremely slow blood flow velocity confirmed by intracoronary Doppler measurements in patients with SCF, but coronary flow reserve and coronary blood flow were within the normal range, and these findings suggest that SCF may not always be a microvascular disease. They speculated that SCF may be caused by epicardial artery disease such as coronary ectasia. Some investigators have recently demonstrated that the intima+media area was thickened diffusely throughout the given coronary artery in patients with SCF by using intravascular ultrasound. They have shown the presence of diffuse early atherosclerosis which does not cause luminal irregularities in the coronary angiography of this group of patients<sup>22,23</sup>. As a result, SCF probably prepares a suitable environment for the myocyte stretch due to its underlying pathophysiology. In a previous study, Foote et al<sup>15</sup> have compared 74 CAD patients with 21 healthy volunteers (with normal left ventricular functions) in terms of resting levels of NT-Pro-BNP and BNP. They found that patients with known CAD had higher NT-Pro-BNP levels than normal subject without CAD at rest. Again, in other study, it was showed that NT-Pro-BNP levels were &gt; 4 times higher in patients with CAD than in control subjects<sup>16</sup>. Another crucial stimulus for cardiac NT-Pro-BNP secretion is hypoxia, which, independently of stretch, may also induce peptide release<sup>24</sup>. Indeed, Beltrame et al<sup>25</sup> have revealed that resting coronary sinus oxygen saturation was low compared with control subjects, reflecting an increased resting coronary vasomotor tone in coronary resistance vessels in patients with SCF. This information may be important to explain why SCF patients have higher NT-Pro-BNP levels than control subjects at rest. So far, an association between the SCF and the levels of NT-Pro-BNP has been showed in the only one study, in which NT-Pro-BNP levels has been significantly higher in patients with SCF than normal control subjects<sup>26</sup>, and they have concluded that this association could be suggestive of a low grade chronic inflammation in SCF patients. Thus, in the pre-exercise state, presence of microvascular dysfunction, epicardial coronary artery disease, hypoxia and chronic inflammation may act together on increased NT-Pro-BNP concentration in the SCF patients.</p>
      <p>One of the important findings observed in our study was increased levels of NT-Pro-BNP after exercise in SCF patients. The effects of adrenergic stimulation, such as exercise, on the coronary microvascular tone are controversial. Physical exercise stress induces only a 10% increase in plasma NT-Pro-BNP concentration in the normal conditions<sup>15</sup>. But, in pathological conditions such as endothelial dysfunction, exercise may give rise to marked increases in NT-Pro-BNP level. Increased sympathetic stimulation may cause abnormal microvascular constriction<sup>27</sup> and promotes coronary flow indirectly through the metabolic vasodilation secondary to an increase in heart rate and myocardial contractility<sup>28</sup> and, in part, to endothelium-mediated vasodilation<sup>29</sup>. On the other hand, it may have both direct vasoconstrictor and vasodilator effects through &#945;- and &#946;- receptor stimulation, respectively<sup>29</sup>. The net effect likely depending on the pathophysiologic state of the small coronary arteries. The endothelial dysfunction in the small coronary arteries (increased ET-1 concentrations) in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteriography may increase coronary resistance and hence lead to myocardial ischemia <sup>22,30,31</sup>. Thereafter, ischemia may give rise to transient left ventricle (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and may also cause an increase in LV end-diastolic wall tension, thus leading to an extreme elevation of NT-Pro-BNP levels. In addition, some hormones such as angiotensin II, catecholamines, and endothelin-1 may further magnify secretion of NT-ProBNP through the paracrine and possibly endocrine mechanisms<sup>10,11,14</sup>. Previous studies<sup>22,31</sup> have shown that endothelin-1 (ET-1) is higher and NO concentration is lower in patients with SCF than in a matched group of control subjects with normal coronary flow, and that endothelial dysfunction could be of great importance in the etiopathogenesis of SCF. In line with these data, it is reasonable to state that endocrine activation and ischemia, through the mechanisms discussed above, could be a major triggering factor for the elevated NT-Pro-BNP levels in patients with SCF after exercise testing.</p>
      <p>Another important finding in our study was that patients with angina and ST segment depression had higher NT-Pro-BNP concentrations than those without angina and ST segment depression after exercise test in SCF patients. Furthermore, although there is no correlation between the mean TIMI frame count and NT-Pro-BNP concentrations in both groups, we found a negative correlation between the exercise rate-pressure product and post-exercise NT-Pro-BNP concentrations in SCF group. Myocardial oxygen consumption is correlated with the rate-pressure product (heart rate x systolic blood pressure). Hence, inability to supply oxygen to myocardium, when demand is high, may result in severe cardiovascular events such as transient myocardial ischemia, leading to increased NT-Pro-BNP levels. Until recently, one study has examined the effects of exercise on the levels of NT-Pro-BNP and/or BNP in patients with CAD, in which median post-exercise increases in NT-Pro-BNP and BNP were higher in the ischemic group than in the non-ischemic group<sup>15</sup>, a finding consistent with the results of the present study. Ndrepepa et al<sup>16</sup> have shown that NT-Pro-BNP concentrations are high across the entire spectrum of CAD and parallel the clinical or angiographic severity of CAD. Similarly, Sabatine et al<sup>17</sup> also determined that transient myocardial ischemia was associated with an immediate rise in circulation BNP levels, to lesser extent, NT-Pro-BNP levels, and that the degree of rise was proportional to the severity of ischemia. Based on these notions, it is generally considered that the severity of ischemia caused by exercise may closely be related with increased ventricular wall stress or damage, thus, further contributing to inducing NT-Pro-BNP in SCF patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Some of the main limitations of this study were that the overall sample size is small and, hemodynamic parameters such as cardiac output, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and right atrial pressure were not measured due to ethical concerns. Additionally, another limitation was that the levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) could not be measured simultaneously with NT-Pro-BNP levels. Further studies with larger samples are required to confirm our findings.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We found that patients with SCF had increased levels of NT-Pro-BNP pre- and after exercise compared with control subjects. Our study also demonstrated that SCF patients with angina and ST segment depression during exercise testing had higher NT-Pro-BNP concentrations than those without angina and ST segment depression. These findings might suggest an important pathophysiologic link between the severity of SCF (microvascular or epicardial coronary artery dysfunction) and the level of circulating NT-Pro-BNP in this group of patients. The present study may be of great value for the first time to demonstrate such an pathophysiologic association.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is no potential conflict of interest.</p>
      <p>
        <bold> Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Kemp HG, Kronmal RA, Vlietstra RE, Frye RL. Seven year survival of patients with normal or near normal coronary arteriograms: a CASS registry study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7(3):479-83. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Kemp HG Jr. Left ventricular function in patients with the anginal syndrome and normal coronary arteriograms. Am J Cardiol. 1973;32(3):375-6. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Voelker W, Euchaner U, Dittmann H, Karsch KR. Long-term clinical course of patients with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Clin Cardiol. 1991;14(4):4307-11. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Tambe AA, Demany MA, Zimmerman HA, Mascarenhas E. Angina pectoris and slow flow velocity of dye in coronary arteries: a new angiographic finding. Am Heart J. 1972;84(1):66-71. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Gunes Y, Gumrukcuoglu HA, Akdag S, Simsek H, Sahin M, Tuncer M. Vascular endothelial function in patients with slow coronary flow and the effects of Nebivolol. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(4):275-80. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. Mosseri M, Yarom R, Gotsman MS, Hasin Y. Histologic evidence for small vessel coronary artery disease in patients with angina pectoris and patent large coronary arteries. Circulation. 1986;74(5):964-72. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Mangieri E, Macchiarelli G, Ciavolella M, Barilla F, Avella A, Martinotti A, et al. Slow coronary flow: clinical and histopathological features in patients with otherwise normal epicardial coronary arteries. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1996;37(4):375-81. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Munagala VK, Burnett JC, Redfield MM. The natriuretic peptides in cardiovascular medicine. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2004;29(12):707-69. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">9. Yeo KT, Lee HK, Wong KC, Foote RS. Can exercise-induced changes in B-type natriuretic peptides be used to detect cardiac ischemia? J Card Fail. 2005;11(5 Suppl):S59-64. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Kuwahara K, Saito Y, Ogawa Y, Tamura N, Ishikawa M, Harada M, et al. Interaction of myocytes and nonmyocytes is necessary for mechanical stretch to induce ANP/BNP production in cardiocyte culture. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998;31(Suppl 1):S357-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Bruneau BG, Piazza LA, De Bold AJ. BNP gene expression is specifically modulated by stretch and ET-1 in a new model of isolated rat atria. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 1997;273(6 Pt 2):H2678-86. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. Yasue H, Yoshimura M, Sumida H, Kikuta K, Kugiyama K, Jougasaki M, et al. Localization and mechanism of secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide in comparison with those of A-type natriuretic peptide in normal subjects and patients with heart failure. Circulation. 1994;90(1):195-203. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Ikeda T, Matsuda K, Itoh H, Shirakami G, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimasa T, et al. Plasma levels of brain and atrial natriuretic peptides elevate in proportion to left ventricular end systolic wall stress in patients with aortic stenosis. Am Heart J. 1997;133(3):307-14. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">14. Magga J, Marttila M, Mantymaa P, Vuolteenaho O, Ruskoaho H. Brain natriuretic peptide in plasma, atria, and ventricles of vasopressin and phenylephrine-infused conscious rats. Endocrinology. 1994;134(6):2505-15. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">15. Foote RS, Pearlman JD, Siegel AH, Yeo KT. Detection of Exercise-Induced Ischemia by Changes in B-type natriuretic peptides. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(10):1980-7. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">16. Ndrepepa G, Braun S, Mehilli J, von Beckerath N, Vogt W, Schomig A, et al. Plasma levels of n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with coronary artery disease and relation to clinical presentation, angiographic severity, and left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(5):553-7. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, Omland T, Desai MY, Tansyevic N, et al. Acute changes in circulating natriuretic peptide levels in relation to myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(10):1988-95. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">18. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Daley WL, Dodge JT Jr, Alexandr B Jr, Marble SJ, et al. TIMI frame count: a quantitative method of assessing coronary artery flow. Circulation. 1996;93(5):879-88. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">19. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Froelicher VF, Hartley LH, Haskell WL, Pollock ML. Exercise standards: a statement for health care professionals from the American Heart Association Writing Group. Circulation. 1995;91(2):580-615. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">20. Shue P, Froelicher V. Extra: an expert system for exercise reporting. J Noninvasive Test. 1998;II-4:21-7. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">21. Van Lierde J, Vrolix M, Sionis D, De Geest H, Piessens J. Lack of evidence for small vessel disease in a patient with 'slow dye progression' in the coronary arteries. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1991;23(2):117-20. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">22. Pekdemir H, Polat G, Cin VG, Camsari A, Cicek D, Akkus MN, et al. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 levels in coronary sinus during rapid right atrial pacing in patients with slow coronary flow. Int J Cardiol. 2004;97(1):35-41. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">23. Cin VG, Pekdemir H, Camsari A, Cicek D, Akkus MN, Parmaksyz T, et al. Diffuse intimal thickening of coronary arteries in slow coronary flow. Jpn Heart J. 2003;44(6):907-19. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">24. Hopkins WE, Chen Z, Fukagawa NK, Hall C, Knot HJ, LeWinter MM. Increased atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease: enhanced understanding of the relationship between hypoxia and natriuretic peptide secretion. Circulation. 2004;109(23):2872-7. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">25. Beltrame JF, Limaye SB, Wuttke RD, Horowitz JD. Coronary hemodynamic and metabolic studies of the coronary slow flow phenomenon. Am Heart J. 2003;146(1):84-90. </p>
      <p>26. Madak N, Nazl&#305; Y, Mergen H, Aysel S, Kandaz M, Yanik E, et al. Acute phase reactants in patients with coronary slow flow phenomenon. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2010;10(5):416-20.</p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">27. Cordero DL, Cagin NA, Natelson BH. Neurocardiology update: Role of the nervous system in coronary vasomotion. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;29(3):319-28. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">28. Feigl EO. Adrenergic control of transmural coronary blood flow. Basic Res Cardiol. 1990;85 Suppl I:167-76. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">29. Zehier AM, Drexler H, Wollschlaeger H, Saurbier B, Just H. Coronary vasomotion in response to sympathetic stimulation in humans: Importance of the functional integrity of the endothelium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14(5):1181-90. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">30. Kaski JC, Cox ID, Crook JR, Salomone OA, Fredericks S, Hann C, et al. Differential plasma endothelin concentrations in subgroups of patients with angina and angiographically normal coronary arteries: Coronary Artery Disease Research Group. Am Heart J. 1998;136(3):412-7. </p>
      <p>31. Camsari A, Pekdemir H, Cicek D, Polat G, Akkus MN, Doven O, et al. Endothelin-1 and nitric oxide concentrations and their response to exercise in patients with slow coronary flow. Circ J. 2003;67(12):1022-8.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="nt-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p>Mustafa Yurtda&#351;</p>
          <p> Medisina Hospital</p>
          <p> Department of Cardiology</p>
          <p> Postal Code 65200, Van &#150; Turkey</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mustafayurtdas@yahoo.com">mustafayurtdas@yahoo.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manucript received February 16, 2012</p>
      <p> manuscript revised April 13, 2012</p>
      <p> accepted May 23, 2012</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
