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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LpykSFZDThxqh7xLcnNdd5P</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001500001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900600001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012001500001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Novas perspectivas do tratamento das arritmias card&#237;acas e sua aplica&#231;&#227;o no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1071</fpage>
      <lpage>1074</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Novas perspectivas do tratamento das arritmias card&#237;acas e sua aplica&#231;&#227;o no Brasil</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mauricio Scanavacca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC- FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Arritmias Card&#237;acas / terapia; An&#225;lise de Custo Benef&#237;cio; Publica&#231;&#245;es Cient&#237;ficas e T&#233;cnicas.</p>
    <p>As arritmias card&#237;acas s&#227;o frequentes na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, mas em particular nos pacientes com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Seus portadores podem passar a vida sem manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas espec&#237;ficas ou ter sua qualidade significativamente comprometida e,em casos extremos, ser suscet&#237;veis &#224; morte s&#250;bita. Esse amplo espectro de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e riscos torna o manuseio dos pacientes com arritmias card&#237;acas um desafio constante para m&#233;dicos das unidades de emerg&#234;ncia, cl&#237;nicos gerais, cardiologistas e at&#233; mesmo especialistas. Al&#233;m disso, o constante avan&#231;o do conhecimento e sua tradu&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica torna necess&#225;ria a atualiza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua nesse campo do conhecimento. A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia reavalia periodicamente as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para tratamento das arritmias card&#237;acas em nosso pa&#237;s com o objetivo de adequar o custo/efetividade desses tratamento e ajust&#225;-los &#224; realidade da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Os <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (<italic>ABC</italic>) representam o principal ve&#237;culo de transmiss&#227;o da experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica dos cardiologistas brasileiros envolvidos ou n&#227;o em pesquisa para seus pares, tornando-se um importante ve&#237;culo de informa&#231;&#227;o da experi&#234;ncia nacional. O objetivo deste artigo &#233; revisar as caracter&#237;sticas das publica&#231;&#245;es sobre tratamento das arritmias card&#237;acas nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s anos nos <italic>ABC</italic> e avaliar o perfil da revista nessa &#225;rea de atua&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de 2010 a 2012, foram publicados 28 artigos com foco em arritmias card&#237;acas, representando 3,6% das publica&#231;&#245;es nos <italic>ABC</italic> no per&#237;odo. Essa taxa de publica&#231;&#227;o reflete a progressiva redu&#231;&#227;o na propor&#231;&#227;o de artigos de arritmia no total de publica&#231;&#245;es nos <italic>ABC </italic>ao longo da &#250;ltima d&#233;cada: 8,9% em 2002, 6,5% em 2007, 2,7% em 2010, com discreto aumento em 2011 (4,1%) e 2012 (4,8%). Essa baixa propor&#231;&#227;o de publica&#231;&#245;es sobre temas de arritmias card&#237;acas contrasta com a de outros jornais com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes aos <italic>ABC</italic>, como principal representante da especialidade no pa&#237;s. Em 2011, a <italic>Revista Espanhola de Cardiologia</italic> publicou 47 (12,8%) artigos sobre arritmias card&#237;acas e a <italic>Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia</italic> publicou 12 (10,1%) artigos sobre arritmias card&#237;acas no mesmo ano. Os motivos para a redu&#231;&#227;o de artigos de arritmias card&#237;acas nos <italic>ABC</italic> n&#227;o est&#227;o claros, mas pode ser motivada por alguns fatores, como a redu&#231;&#227;o na submiss&#227;o de artigos pela prefer&#234;ncia dos grupos geradores de artigo por jornais internacionais com maior fator de impacto, competi&#231;&#227;o interna com outras revistas de sociedades regionais ou da especialidade ou devido &#224; diferen&#231;a de crit&#233;rios adotados na sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos a serem publicados. Por outro lado, tamb&#233;m pode refletir aumento proporcional na produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica das outras &#225;reas da cardiologia. Nesse sentido, a revis&#227;o das submiss&#245;es pela secretaria executiva dos <italic>ABC </italic>indica que a taxa de aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo corpo editorial tem se mantido em torno de 25% (um artigo em cada quatro), propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; de outras &#225;reas de atua&#231;&#227;o da revista. A rela&#231;&#227;o de submiss&#245;es das outras &#225;reas aumentou significativamente nesse per&#237;odo, provavelmente devido ao maior volume de teses defendidas pelos alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o nas v&#225;rias subespecialidades da cardiologia. Portanto, o principal motivo da redu&#231;&#227;o reside na redu&#231;&#227;o da propor&#231;&#227;o de submiss&#245;es pelos grupos geradores de artigos de arritmias, contrastando com o progressivo aumento de submiss&#245;es das outras &#225;reas, em particular relacionadas &#224; epidemiologia.</p>
    <p>Dos 28 artigos publicados no per&#237;odo de 2010 a 2012, 10 (38,4%) tratavam de aspectos cl&#237;nicos, sete (25%) de tratamento intervencionista, cinco (17,8%) de avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva, quatro (14,2%) de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial e dois (7,1) de ci&#234;ncia b&#225;sica. Desses artigos, 18 (64,2%) eram artigos originais; seis (21,4%) eram relatos de casos; tr&#234;s (10,7%) eram artigos de atualiza&#231;&#227;o e em editorial (3,8%). Essa distribui&#231;&#227;o reflete a nova pol&#237;tica dos <italic>ABC</italic> em privilegiar os artigos originais e limitar os artigos de revis&#227;o, proporcionando um perfil mais cient&#237;fico &#224; revista. </p>
    <p>Os seis relatos de caso selecionados s&#227;o muito interessantes e vale a pena serem destacados. Sarabanda e cols.<sup>1</sup> descreveram caso bem ilustrado de um paciente submetido a abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) persistente que resultou em estenose da veia pulmonar superior esquerda,tratada efetivamente com angioplastia com stent. O artigo revisa a incid&#234;ncia dessa complica&#231;&#227;o na fase contempor&#226;nea da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA e a import&#226;ncia do seguimento cl&#237;nico desses pacientes. Almeida e cols.<sup>2</sup> relatam um caso incomum de eletrodo de marca-passo, equivocadamente implantado no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo atrav&#233;s do forame oval. A import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico precoce &#233; ressaltada para reposicionamento do eletrodo evitando o risco de embolia sist&#234;mica ou a necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica. Tavares e cols.<sup>3</sup> relatam tr&#234;s casos de tireotoxicose induzida por amiodarona. Discutem os aspectos cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais e as diferentes abordagens para controle cl&#237;nico adequado dos casos. Chemello e cols.<sup>4</sup> tamb&#233;m relatam um caso incomum de paciente com linfoma n&#227;o Hodgkin com acometimento card&#237;aco que resultou em taquicardia ventricular sustentada. Revisaram a literatura, descreveram os aspectos do diagn&#243;stico e a evolu&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria ap&#243;s o tratamento quimioter&#225;pico. Garcia-Diaz e cols.<sup>5</sup> descrevem um caso de taquicardia juncional n&#227;o parox&#237;stica fetal evoluindo com hidropsia. O ecocardiograma era muito interessante e mostrava ritmo ventricular taquic&#225;rdico e dissociado dos &#225;trios. Discutem o diagn&#243;stico diferencial com taquicardia ventricular e o manuseio cl&#237;nico dessa situa&#231;&#227;o incomum. Benvenuti e cols.<sup>6</sup> tamb&#233;m relataram um caso raro de miocardiopatia por dep&#243;sito de desmina que evoluiu com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca restritiva, bloqueio atrioventricular total, choque cardiog&#234;nico e &#243;bito. Demonstraram que a causa do bloqueio era fibrose no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, localizada na por&#231;&#227;o ramificante do feixe de His e nas por&#231;&#245;es iniciais dos feixes dos ramos direito e esquerdo. A fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a ainda n&#227;o &#233; bem conhecida, mas promove tamb&#233;m extensa fibrose no mioc&#225;rdio contr&#225;til.</p>
    <p>Dos artigos originais da &#225;rea cl&#237;nica, cinco merecem destaque: dois tratam do uso de antagonistas da vitamina K na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos emb&#243;licos, um &#233; sobre estrat&#233;gias de tratamento cl&#237;nico da FA e dois tratam do uso de medicamentos sem efeito prim&#225;rio antiarr&#237;tmico para a preven&#231;&#227;o de arritmias card&#237;acas. Leiria e cols.<sup>7</sup> relataram a experi&#234;ncia de ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com o uso de antagonistas da vitamina K para a preven&#231;&#227;o de embolia em 127 pacientes. Observaram que a femprocumona foi o anticoagulante mais utilizado (60% dos pacientes) e que os pacientes sob essa medica&#231;&#227;o mantiveram-se em n&#237;vel terap&#234;utico superior quando comparados com aqueles que tomavam varfarina (60% <italic>versus</italic> 45%, respectivamente).Os pacientes com varfarina tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior taxa de sangramento que os pacientes com femprocumona (18,8 <italic>versus</italic> 5,5/100 pacientes/ano). Destacaram que os pacientes sob varfarina mantiveram-se mais tempo fora da faixa terap&#234;utica e que os pacientes sob femprocumona eram mais jovens, com uso mais prolongado da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e tiveram menos efeitos adversos da droga. Lavitola e cols.<sup>8</sup> apresentam o resultado de estudo cl&#237;nico conduzido em 229 pacientes com FA reum&#225;tica, 110 randomizados para tomar aspirina e 129 para varfarina. Observaram grande dificuldade na ader&#234;ncia dos pacientes no grupo varfarina que motivou n&#250;mero substancial de pacientes fora da faixa terap&#234;utica e alta taxa de eventos emb&#243;licos. Entretanto, os pacientes com adequa&#231;&#227;o no uso do anticoagulante oral apresentaram significativa redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos quando comparados &#224;queles que tomavam aspirina. Outra observa&#231;&#227;o interessante foi relatada por Oliveira e cols.<sup>9</sup>, que estudaram o perfil dos pacientes com FA e as estrat&#233;gias aplicadas em n&#237;vel ambulatorial. Observaram que 54% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentava FA parox&#237;stica ou persistente, e 46%, FA permanente. A maioria apresentava alto risco de eventos emb&#243;licos (60% com CHADS2 <underline>&gt;</underline> 2) e 96% recebiam inibidores da vitamina K ou aspirina. A estrat&#233;gia de tratamento mais utilizada foi o controle de FC em 80% dos pacientes, os quais apresentavam maior disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, CHADS2 mais elevado e presen&#231;a de valvopatias.</p>
    <p>Alves e cols.<sup>10</sup> estudaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca em pacientes em uso ou n&#227;o de estatinas. Documentaram 39% de ocorr&#234;ncia de FA, superior (45%) nos que n&#227;o usavam estatina em compara&#231;&#227;o com 23% naqueles que utilizavam estatina por pelo menos 6 meses antes da cirurgia. N&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;a nos fatores preditores cl&#225;ssicos de FA entre os grupos. Falco e cols.<sup>11</sup> tamb&#233;m fizeram uma comunica&#231;&#227;o instigante sobre o efeito do pidolato de magn&#233;sio na redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de extrass&#237;stoles em indiv&#237;duos sem cardiopatia. O estudo foi randomizado e duplo-cego, envolvendo 60 pacientes ingerindo 3,0g de pidolato de magn&#233;sio por dia ou placebo. O crit&#233;rio de sucesso foi a redu&#231;&#227;o de 70% no n&#250;mero de extrass&#237;stoles no Holter ap&#243;s 30 dias. Observaram redu&#231;&#227;o expressiva no n&#250;mero de extrass&#237;stoles (70% atingiram crit&#233;rio de sucesso) e dos sintomas (93,3%) nos pacientes com tratamento ativo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% e 16,7%, respectivamente, nos pacientes que receberam placebo. O resultado do estudo sugere que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com pidolato de magn&#233;sio pode ser &#250;til no tratamento de pacientes com extrass&#237;stoles sintom&#225;ticas, pelo menos em curto per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o. Um estudo com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes e observa&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo &#233; necess&#225;rio para confirmar essa interessante observa&#231;&#227;o preliminar.</p>
    <p>Na &#225;rea de tratamento intervencionista das arritmias, seis trabalhos se destacaram. Ribeiro e cols.<sup>12</sup> avaliaram o custo/efetividade do implante de cardioversor implant&#225;vel (CDI) em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no Brasil. Estudos semelhantes j&#225; tinham sido realizados em outros pa&#237;ses, mas n&#227;o se aplicam ao Brasil devido &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas distintas. Observaram que, no cen&#225;rio p&#250;blico, o custo do CDI &#233; em torno de R$ 68.000 ajustado para o tempo e a qualidade de vida, e no setor privado &#233; de R$ 90.000, com custo/efetividade incompat&#237;vel para a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o, pois esses valores s&#227;o muito superiores ao valor de corte sugerido pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de, ou seja, tr&#234;s vezes o valor <italic>per capita</italic> do pa&#237;s (no Brasil seriam R$40.000). Entretanto, se o perfil dos pacientes for ajustado ao perfil dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo MADIT I<sup>13</sup> (estratifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e invasiva), o custo efetividade ajustado cair&#225; para R$23.000 no servi&#231;o p&#250;blico e R$33.000 no privado, portanto mais aceit&#225;veis para a realidade nacional. </p>
    <p>Saad e cols.<sup>14</sup> avaliaram um aspecto pr&#225;tico da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes que se submetem &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FA. Compararam duas estrat&#233;gias. Na convencional, o paciente sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com antagonista da vitamina K faz ponte para a interven&#231;&#227;o com enoxiparina e depois retorna para o anticoagulante oral. A testada consistiu na realiza&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o com INR terap&#234;utico, sem a suspens&#227;o do anticoagulante oral. Confirmaram observa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via<sup>15</sup> de que o procedimento pode ser realizado com seguran&#231;a no paciente com INR terap&#234;utico, pois n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;a significativa na taxa de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos ou emb&#243;licos nas duas estrat&#233;gias avaliadas. </p>
    <p>Silva e cols.<sup>16</sup> avaliaram o papel do mapeamento simult&#226;neo endoc&#225;rdico e epic&#225;rdico com m&#250;ltiplos cateteres em pacientes com taquicardia ventricular sustentada recorrente com cardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica (85% de origem chag&#225;sica). Observaram que, das 20 taquicardias que puderam ser induzidas e mapeadas, 11 tinham origem epic&#225;rdica, e nove, endoc&#225;rdica, confirmando que os circuitos epic&#225;rdicos s&#227;o frequentes nas taquicardias ventriculares sustentadas da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica e que a realiza&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea do mapeamento epic&#225;rdico e endoc&#225;rdico aumenta a probabilidade de identifica&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio de origem da taquicardia<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Melo e cols.<sup>19</sup> descreveram a experi&#234;ncia de abla&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as com idades entre 44 dias e 15 anos, realizada no per&#237;odo de 1991 a 2010. Os resultados de 125 crian&#231;as foram avaliados e confirmaram que a abla&#231;&#227;o &#233; um tratamento eficaz e seguro em crian&#231;as com diferentes idades, com taquicardias refrat&#225;rias ao tratamento cl&#237;nico. Os resultados esperados s&#227;o melhores nas taquicardias envolvendo vias acess&#243;rias da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular ou por reentrada nodal; entretanto, 20% necessitaram de nova interven&#231;&#227;o, na maioria por recorr&#234;ncia das taquicardias. Em seguimento m&#233;dio de 5 anos, 88% das crian&#231;as permaneceram sem recorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas ou complica&#231;&#245;es graves. </p>
    <p>Vale a pena tamb&#233;m citar dois artigos avaliando uma nova perspectiva de preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos emb&#243;licos em pacientes com FA. A oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do ap&#234;ndice auricular tem sido considerada em pacientes com alto risco de eventos emb&#243;licos, mas sem condi&#231;&#245;es para manter a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral adequada. Estudo preliminar comparativo mostrou que um tipo de oclusor auricular (Watchman) &#233; t&#227;o eficaz quanto a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com antagonistas da vitamina K, mas com elevado n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es na fase de treinamento do implante<sup>20</sup>. J&#225; Gu&#233;rios e cols.<sup>21</sup> relataram a experi&#234;ncia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Berna, na Su&#237;&#231;a, incluindo 86 pacientes com contra indica&#231;&#227;o para o uso de anticoagulates orais. Os pacientes tinham, em m&#233;dia, CHADS2 de 2,6, e a pr&#243;tese utilizada foi o Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP). Houve cinco acidentes importantes relacionados ao implante (dois hemoperic&#225;rdios, dois acidentes emb&#243;licos e um deslocamento de pr&#243;tese, retirada percutaneamente), mas nenhum &#243;bito relacionado ao procedimento. Seis pacientes apresentaram trombo sobre a pr&#243;tese, que desapareceu ap&#243;s introdu&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulante oral por tr&#234;s meses. N&#227;o foram detectados novos eventos durante o seguimento ambulatorial. Montenegro e cols.<sup>22</sup> relataram a primeira experi&#234;ncia nacional envolvendo cinco pacientescom FA n&#227;o valvar submetidos a implante do ACP com contraindica&#231;&#227;o para uso cr&#244;nico de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, sem complica&#231;&#245;es imediatas. Apesar disso, concluem que s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos cl&#237;nicos prospectivos comparativos envolvendo grande n&#250;mero de pacientes antes que essas pr&#243;teses sejam utilizadas como alternativas aos anticoagulantes orais.</p>
    <p>Na &#225;rea de avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva, o trabalho de Mello e cols.<sup>23</sup> &#233; digno de nota. Estudaram 41 pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (26 portadores de taquicardia ventricular sustentada e 15 com taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada). Todos foram submetidos a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o com infus&#227;o de gadol&#237;neo e avalia&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio, que discrimina as &#225;reas de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Observaram que, embora todos apresentassem algum grau de realce tardio em diferentes localiza&#231;&#245;es dos ventr&#237;culos, os pacientes com TVS apresentavam &#225;reas de fibrose transmural mais extensas. A presen&#231;a de dois ou mais segmentos com fibrose transmural foi altamente associada com ocorr&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de taquicardia ventricular sustentada.</p>
    <p>Apenas dois trabalhos foram publicados na &#225;rea de pesquisa b&#225;sica de arritmia. Curty e cols.<sup>24</sup> realizaram investiga&#231;&#227;o molecular com sequenciamento das regi&#245;es codificantes dos genes KCNQ1, KCNH2 e SCN5A de duas fam&#237;lias com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da s&#237;ndrome do intervalo QT prolongado. Encontraram duas variantes g&#234;nicas previamente associadas &#224; SQTL e foi desenvolvida uma estrat&#233;gia para identifica&#231;&#227;o de variantes dos genes KCNQ1, KCNH2 e SCN5A, m&#233;todo importante para o treinamento de pessoal t&#233;cnico para futura aplica&#231;&#227;o na rotina diagn&#243;stica. Nascimento e cols.<sup>25</sup> estudaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre dois polimorfismos do gene ADBR1 do receptor beta<sub>1</sub>-adren&#233;rgico, Ser49Gly e Arg 389Gly, com a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 144 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (24 com FA e 120 sem FA). A investiga&#231;&#227;o foi baseada em observa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias que associam o gen&#243;tipo Arg389Arg &#224; exacerba&#231;&#227;o da resposta adren&#233;rgica em estados fisiol&#243;gicos ou n&#227;o e com maior incid&#234;ncia de taquicardia ventricular. O gen&#243;tipo Ser49Ser &#233; associado a menor <italic>down-regulation</italic>dos receptores beta<sub>1</sub>-adren&#233;rgicos com altos n&#237;veis de express&#227;o agonista em condi&#231;&#245;es com eleva&#231;&#227;o da atividade adren&#233;rgica. Nesse estudo, encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa dos dois genes com FA mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para idade e tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo. A implica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dessa observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; que, se esse achado for confirmado em novos estudos, poder&#225; contribuir para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e a preven&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento de FA em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>Assim, a an&#225;lise dos artigos publicados nos <italic>ABC</italic> nos &#250;ltimos anos mostra uma rela&#231;&#227;o desproporcional de artigos sobre arritmias card&#237;acas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero total de publica&#231;&#245;es. Os artigos versam predominantemente sobre diferentes formas de tratamento. Os trabalhos cl&#237;nicos e os artigos originais predominam dentre as publica&#231;&#245;es. Os artigos sobre interven&#231;&#245;es em arritmias s&#227;o pr&#225;ticos e atuais, em conformidade com o desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico na &#225;rea em quest&#227;o e apontam para a progressiva incorpora&#231;&#227;o dessas novas tecnologias pelos diversos servi&#231;os brasileiros, sem perder a dimens&#227;o dos riscos, benef&#237;cios e custo/efetividade.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia: </bold>
        </label>
        <p> Mauricio Scanavacca </p>
        <p> Av. Joaquim C. A. Marques, 1205, Morumbi </p>
        <p> CEP 05688-021, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="mibrahim@cardiol.br">mibrahim@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com">mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 13/11/12; revisado em 13/11/12; aceito em 13/11/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">New perspectives in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and their application in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>New perspectives in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and their application in Brazil</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Mauricio Scanavacca</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC- FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Arrhythmias, Cardiac / therapy; Cost Benefit Analysis; Scientific and Technical Publications.</p>
      <p>Cardiac arrhythmias are common in the general population, especially in patients with heart disease. Patients can spend life without any specific clinical manifestations or have their quality of life significantly adversely affected and, in extreme cases, be susceptible to sudden death. This broad spectrum of presentation and risk makes the management of patients with cardiac arrhythmias a constant challenge for emergency medical units, general practitioners, cardiologists and even specialists. Moreover, the constant advancement of knowledge and its quick translation into clinical practice calls for the continuous updating of knowledge in this field. The Brazilian Society of Cardiology regularly reassesses the recommendations for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in our country in order to adjust the cost/effectiveness of these treatments and adapt them to the reality of our population. The Brazilian Archives of Cardiology (ABC) represent the main vehicle of transmission of clinical experience of Brazilian cardiologists involved or not in research to their peers, becoming an important channel for disseminating the Brazilian experience. The purpose of this article is to review the characteristics of publications on the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in the last three years in ABC and evaluate the profile of the journal in this area. </p>
      <p>From 2010 to 2012, 28 articles were published focusing on cardiac arrhythmias, representing 3.6% of the ABC publications in this period. This publication rate reflects the gradual reduction in the proportion of papers on arrhythmia in total papers published by the ABC over the last decade: 8.9% in 2002, 6.5% in 2007, 2.7% in 2010, with a slight increase in 2011 (4.1%) and 2012 (4.8%). This low rate of publications on topics related to cardiac arrhythmias contrasts with that of other journals that are similar to the ABC, as the main representative of the cardiology specialty in Brazil. In 2011, the Spanish Journal of Cardiology published 47 (12.8%) papers on cardiac arrhythmias and the Portuguese Journal of Cardiology published 12 (10.1%) articles on cardiac arrhythmias in the same year. The reasons for the reduction of cardiac arrhythmias papers in the ABC are unclear, but it may be motivated by factors such as the reduction in the submission of papers due to the preference of paper-writing groups from international journals with high impact factors, internal competition with other journals of regional or specialty societies or due to differences in criteria used in the selection of papers to be published. On the other hand, it may also reflect a proportional increase in the scientific production of other cardiology areas. Accordingly, the review of submissions by the executive department of the ABC indicates that the rate of approval by the editorial staff has remained around 25% (one out of every four papers), which is similar to other areas of the journal. The ratio of submissions from other areas increased significantly during this period, probably due to the higher volume of theses presented by graduate students in various subspecialties of cardiology. Therefore, the main reason for the reduction is the reduced rate of submissions by the groups that write papers on arrhythmias, contrasting with the progressive increase in submissions from other areas, particularly those related to epidemiology.</p>
      <p>Out of the 28 papers published between 2010 and 2012, 10 (38.4%) involved clinical aspects, seven (25%) involved interventional treatment, five (17.8%) addressed the issue of noninvasive assessment, four (14.2%) dealt with cardiac pacing and two (7.1), basic science. Of these papers, 18 (64.2%) were original papers; six (21.4%) were case reports; three (10.7%) were clinical updates and editorial articles (3.8%). This distribution reflects the new ABC policy in favor of original papers and towards restricting review papers, adding a stronger scientific profile to the journal. </p>
      <p>All of the six case reports selected are very interesting and are worth being highlighted. Sarabanda et al<sup>1</sup> described a well illustrated case of a patient who underwent persistent ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF), which resulted in stenosis of the left superior pulmonary vein, effectively treated with stenting angioplasty. The paper reviews the incidence of this complication in the contemporary phase of AF ablation and the importance of clinically following up these patients. Almeida et al<sup>2</sup> report an unusual case of pacemaker electrode mistakenly implanted in the left ventricle through the foramen ovale. The importance of early diagnosis is stressed to reposition the electrode avoiding the risk of systemic embolism or the need for chronic anticoagulation. Tavares et al<sup>3</sup> reported three cases of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. They discuss the clinical and laboratory aspects and different approaches to properly control clinical cases. Chemello et al<sup>4</sup> also report an unusual case of a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma with cardiac involvement that resulted in sustained ventricular tachycardia. They reviewed the literature, described the aspects of diagnosis and the satisfactory outcome after chemotherapy. Garcia-Diaz et al<sup>5</sup> described a case of fetal non-paroxysmal junctional tachycardia not evolving with hydrops. Echocardiography was very interesting and showed ventricular tachycardia rhythm decoupled from the atria. They discuss the differential diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia and clinical management of this unusual situation. Benvenuti et al<sup>6</sup> also reported a rare case of cardiomyopathy due to deposit of desmin which evolved to restrictive heart failure, atrioventricular block, cardiogenic shock and death. They showed that the cause of the block was fibrosis of the conduction system located in the branching portion of the His bundle and in the initial portions of the right and left branch bundles. The pathophysiology of the disease is not yet well known, but it also promotes extensive fibrosis in the contractile myocardium.</p>
      <p>Among the original papers dealing with clinical issues, five stand out: two of them deal with the use of vitamin K antagonists in the prevention of embolic events, one is on strategies for clinical treatment of AF and two deal with the use of drugs without primary antiarrhythmic effect for the prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Leiria et al<sup>7</sup> reported the outpatient experience of anticoagulation with the use of vitamin K antagonists for the prevention of embolism in 127 patients. They observed that phenprocoumon was the most commonly used anticoagulant (60% of patients) and patients on this medication remained at a higher therapeutic level compared to those who were taking warfarin (60% versus 45% respectively). Patients on warfarin also had a higher rate of bleeding than patients on phenprocoumon (18.8 vs. 5.5/100 patients/year). They noted that patients on warfarin remained longer outside the therapeutic range and that patients under phenprocoumon were younger, with prolonged use of anticoagulation and had fewer adverse drug effects. Lavitola et al<sup>8</sup> present the results of a clinical study conducted on 229 patients with rheumatic AF, 110 of which were randomized to take aspirin and 129 to take warfarin. They noted great difficulty faced by the patients in the warfarin group, which led to a substantial number of patients outside the therapeutic range and high rate of embolic events. However, patients with adjustment in the use of oral anticoagulants showed significant reduction in events compared to those who took aspirin. Another interesting observation was reported by Oliveira et al<sup>9</sup> who studied the profile of patients with AF and the strategies applied at an outpatient level. They observed that 54% of the study population had paroxysmal or persistent AF, and 46%, permanent AF. Most had a high risk of embolic events (60% with CHADS2 <underline>&gt;</underline> 2) and 96% received vitamin K inhibitors or aspirin. The most used treatment strategy was HR control in 80% of patients, who had higher left ventricular dysfunction, higher CHADS2 and valvulopathy.</p>
      <p>Alves et al<sup>10</sup> studied the occurrence of postoperative AF after cardiac surgery in patients using statins or not. They documented 39% occurrence of FA, higher (45%) in those who did not use statin compared to 23% in those who used statin for at least 6 months prior to surgery. They did not observe any differences in the classic predictors of AF between the groups. Falco et al<sup>11</sup> also submitted a compelling paper about the effect of magnesium pidolate in the reduction of the frequency of extrasystoles in individuals without heart disease. The study was randomized and double-blind, involving 60 patients taking 3.0 g magnesium pidolate per day or placebo. The criterion for success was a 70% reduction in the number of extrasystoles on Holter after 30 days. They observed a significant reduction in the number of extrasystoles (70% achieved success criteria) and symptoms (93.3%) in patients with active treatment compared to a reduction of 30% and 16.7%, respectively, in patients who received placebo. The study results suggest that supplementation with magnesium pidolate may be useful in treating patients with symptomatic extrasystoles, at least in a short period of observation. A study with a larger number of patients and long-term observation is needed to confirm this interesting preliminary observation.</p>
      <p>In the field of interventional treatment of arrhythmias, six works stood out. Ribeiro et al<sup>12</sup> evaluated the cost/effectiveness of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in patients with heart failure in Brazil. Similar studies have already been conducted in other countries, but they do not apply to Brazil due to different economic conditions. They observed that, in the public scenario, the cost of ICD is around R$ 68,000 adjusted for the length and quality of life, and in the private sector, it is R$ 90,000, with cost/effectiveness incompatible for its application, because these amounts are much higher than the cutoff value suggested by the World Health Organization, i.e., three times the country's per capita (in Brazil, this would be R$ 40,000.) However, if the patient profile is set to the profile of patients enrolled in the MADIT I<sup>13</sup> study (clinical and invasive stratification), the adjusted cost/effectiveness would fall to R$ 23,000 in public service and R$ 33,000 in the private service, hence more acceptable to the national reality. </p>
      <p>Saad et al<sup>14</sup> evaluated a practical aspect of anticoagulation in patients undergoing AF ablation. They compared two strategies. In the conventional strategy, patients under oral anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonist undergo intervention with enoxaparin, then returns to the oral anticoagulant. The tested strategy consisted in carrying out the intervention with therapeutic INR, without discontinuation of oral anticoagulants. They confirmed a previous observation<sup>15</sup> that the procedure can be performed safely in patients with therapeutic INR, because there were no significant differences in the rate of hemorrhagic or embolic events in the two strategies evaluated. </p>
      <p>Silva et al<sup>16</sup> evaluated the role of epicardial and endocardial simultaneous mapping with multiple catheters in patients with recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (85% of Chagas' disease). They observed that, of the 20 tachycardias that could be induced and mapped, 11 had epicardial origin, and nine were endocardial, confirming that the epicardial circuits are common in sustained ventricular tachycardias of chronic Chagas heart disease and that the simultaneous epicardial and endocardial mapping increases probability of identifying the site of origin of tachycardia.<sup>17, 18</sup></p>
      <p>Melo et al<sup>19</sup> described the experience of ablation in children aged 44 days and 15 years, conducted from 1991 to 2010. The results of 125 children were evaluated and confirmed that ablation is a safe and effective treatment in children of different ages, with tachycardia refractory to medical treatment. The expected results are the better in tachycardias involving accessory pathways of atrioventricular conduction or through nodal reentrant; however, 20% required further intervention, mostly due to recurrence of tachycardias. At mean follow-up of 5 years, 88% of children remained without clinical recurrences or serious complications. </p>
      <p>It is also worth citing two articles evaluating a new approach for prevention of embolic events in patients with AF. The percutaneous closure of the atrial appendage has been considered in patients at high risk of embolic events, but unable to maintain adequate oral anticoagulation. A preliminary comparative study showed that a type of atrial occluder (Watchman) is as effective as oral anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists, but with a high number of complications in the training phase<sup>20</sup>. Gu&#233;rios et al<sup>21</sup> reported the experience of the University Hospital of Bern, Switzerland, including 86 patients with contraindications to the use of oral anticoagulants. The patients had an average 2.6 CHADS2 and the prosthesis used was AmplatzerCardiacPlug (ACP). There were five severe events related to the implant (two hemopericardial accidents, two embolic events and a displacement of prosthesis removed percutaneously), but no deaths related to the procedure. Six patients had thrombus on the prosthesis, which disappeared after introduction of oral anticoagulants for three months. No new events were detected during outpatient follow-up. Montenegro et al<sup>22</sup> reported the first national experiment involving five patients with nonvalvular AF who underwent implantation of ACP with contraindications for the chronic use of oral anticoagulation without immediate complications. Nevertheless, they conclude that comparative prospective clinical studies are needed involving a large number of patients before these prostheses are used as alternatives to oral anticoagulants.</p>
      <p>In the field of non-invasive assessment, the work of Mello et al<sup>23</sup> is noteworthy. They studied 41 patients with chronic Chagas heart disease (26 patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia and 15 with non-sustained ventricular tachycardia). All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the heart with the infusion of gadolinium and delayed enhancement detailing the areas of myocardial fibrosis. They observed that, although all groups presented some degree of delayed enhancement at different ventricular sites, patients with SVT had areas of more extensive transmural fibrosis. The presence of two or more segments with transmural fibrosis was highly associated with clinical occurrence of sustained ventricular tachycardia.</p>
      <p>Only two studies were published in the area of basic research of arrhythmia. Curty et al<sup>24</sup> conducted molecular research with sequencing of the coding regions of genes KCNQ1, KCNH2, and SCN5A of two families with clinical features of long QT syndrome. They found two gene variants previously associated with LQTS and developed a strategy to identify variants of genes KCNQ1, KCNH2, and SCN5A, an important method for the training of technical personnel for future application in routine practice. Nascimento et al<sup>25</sup> studied the association between two polymorphisms of gene ADBR1 of beta<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptor, Ser49Gly and Arg 389Gly, with the presence of atrial fibrillation in 144 patients with heart failure (24 with AF and 120 without AF). The research was based on previous observations that associate genotype Arg389Arg to exacerbation of adrenergic response in physiological states or not and with a higher incidence of ventricular tachycardia. The genotype Ser49Ser is associated with a lower down-regulation of beta<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors with high levels of expression agonist under high adrenergic activity. In this study, they found a significant association of the two genes with AF even after adjustment for age and size of the left atrium. The clinical implication of this observation is that if this finding is confirmed in future studies, it may contribute to risk stratification and prevention of the development of AF in patients with heart failure. </p>
      <p>Thus, the analysis of articles published in the ABC over the last few years shows a relative disproportion of papers on cardiac arrhythmias compared to the total number of publications. The papers deal predominantly with different forms of treatment. Clinical works and original papers predominate among the publications. The papers focused on arrhythmias are practical and current, in accordance with the technological development in the area in question and point to the progressive incorporation of these new technologies by the various Brazilian services, without losing the scale of the risks, benefits and costs/effectiveness.</p>
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        <bold>References</bold>
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