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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6tqhLcLhkbjJSxL9Myyz4yb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001400017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900517</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012001400017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trombo biventricular e fibrose endomioc&#225;rdica na s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pide</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fl&#225;vio Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souto</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Maria Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faro</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sergipe</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Resson&#226;ncia Cardiovascular e Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e162</fpage>
      <lpage>e165</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Antifosfolip&#237;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticorpos</kwd>
        <kwd>Antifosfolip&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trombo biventricular e fibrose endomioc&#225;rdica na s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pide</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Fl&#225;vio Galv&#227;o Gon&#231;alves<sup>II</sup>; Fernanda Maria Silveira Souto<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Nascimento Faro<sup>I</sup>; Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira<sup>I, II</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Soares Barreto-Filho<sup>I</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, SE &#150; Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Servi&#231;o de Resson&#226;ncia Cardiovascular e Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia (ECOLAB) do Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE &#150; Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>S&#237;ndrome Antifosfolip&#237;dica; Anticorpos; Antifosfolip&#237;deos; Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica; Trombose; Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A SAF &#233; uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica autoimune caracterizada pela detec&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides, tais como o anticardiolipina e o anticoagulante l&#250;pico, que se manifesta clinicamente mediante: trombose arterial e/ou venosa recorrentes, trombocitopenia, abortamentos de repeti&#231;&#227;o e anemia hemol&#237;tica autoimune, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, neurol&#243;gicas e cut&#226;neas<sup>1</sup>. Constitui-se na principal causa adquirida de hipercoagulabilidade, ocorrendo em 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral e apresenta alta morbimortalidade<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pode ser classificada como prim&#225;ria quando n&#227;o h&#225; outra doen&#231;a subjacente e como secund&#225;ria quando ocorre associada a outras patologias, como o l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico. As altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas s&#227;o frequentes, sobretudo as valvopatias (espessamentos e vegeta&#231;&#245;es) e a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)<sup>2-4</sup>; tem sido tamb&#233;m relatada a presen&#231;a de trombos intracavit&#225;rios<sup>5</sup>. Todavia, o acometimento mioc&#225;rdico &#233; raramente descrito nesta patologia<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente relato descreve o caso de uma paciente l&#250;pica, com SAF e trombo cavit&#225;rio biventricular, diagnosticado pela RMC. Foi detectada, tamb&#233;m, a presen&#231;a de realce tardio endomioc&#225;rdico que pode ser manifesta&#231;&#227;o precoce da ocorr&#234;ncia de (EMF).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de paciente do sexo feminino, 22 anos, portadora de LES, admitida no hospital com queixas de mal estar geral e dispneia progressiva. Os exames laboratoriais revelaram hemoglobina de 6,9 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito de 24%, bilirrubina indireta e desidrogenase l&#225;tica elevadas e teste de Coombs direto positivo, compat&#237;vel, portanto, com anemia hemol&#237;tica autoimune. Foi realizada hemotransfus&#227;o associada &#224; corticoterapia. No entanto, a paciente evoluiu com piora da dispneia e queda da satura&#231;&#227;o venosa central de O<sub>2</sub>, sugerindo quadro cl&#237;nico de baixo d&#233;bito.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma de repouso revelou taquicardia sinusal, altera&#231;&#245;es difusas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e progress&#227;o "lenta" de onda "R" em deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais. O ecodopplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico realizado com equipamento Hewlett-Packard/Phillips SONOS 5500, com transdutor de 2,5 e 5- 7,5 mHz, revelou cavidades card&#237;acas com dimens&#245;es normais, espessura parietal e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) preservadas, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE de grau moderado e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar de grau leve (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica estimada em territ&#243;rio pulmonar de 40 mmHg). Constatou-se tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a de oblitera&#231;&#227;o em &#225;pices de ambos os ventr&#237;culos, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel, todavia, fazer a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre trombo e endomiocardiofibrose, apesar da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de mapeamento de fluxo a cores e transdutor de alta frequ&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Para elucida&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, foi ent&#227;o realizada RMC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a17fig01">Figura 1</xref>) em aparelho <italic>Philips Achieva</italic>de 1,5 T. Foram obtidas sequ&#234;ncias de cine (<italic>balance Steady-StateFreePrecession</italic>- BSSFP) e realce tardio (<italic>turbo-fieldecho</italic> com pulso de invers&#227;o e recupera&#231;&#227;o, 10 minutos ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de 0,2 mmol/kg de contraste com Gd; TE: 6,1, TR 3,0). Verificou-se a presen&#231;a de cavidades ventriculares reduzidas nos eixos longitudinais devido ao preenchimento de seus &#225;pices por trombos (5,0 x 2,5 cm em VE e 2,0 x 1,0 cm em VD). Al&#233;m disso, foi notada a presen&#231;a de realce tardio subendoc&#225;rdico em por&#231;&#245;es apicais biventriculares nos segmentos acometidos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a17fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-e162-00017-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Para explicar a presen&#231;a de trombo intracavit&#225;rio, foi levantada a hip&#243;tese de SAF, confirmada pela detec&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides e anticardiolipina no soro da paciente. O achado de realce tardio poderia ser explicado por afec&#231;&#227;o endomioc&#225;rdica ou por DAC. Todavia, a cinecoronariografia demonstrou coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas livres de obstru&#231;&#227;o. A paciente foi submetida &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com heparina de baixo peso molecular, seguida de warfarina em dose adequada para manter o INR (TP) entre 2,0-3,0. Houve a evolu&#231;&#227;o com melhora cl&#237;nica progressiva.</p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s semanas ap&#243;s a institui&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica, foi realizada RMC de controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a17fig02">Figura 2</xref>) que revelou trombos com contornos mais regulares e realce irregular, sugerindo organiza&#231;&#227;o e diminui&#231;&#227;o importante de tamanho (VE: 2,5 x 2,1 cm; VD: 0,9 x 0,7 cm). Houve persist&#234;ncia do contraste endoc&#225;rdico, refor&#231;ando, portanto, a suspeita da presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a endomioc&#225;rdica associada. Foi descartada a realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, pelo risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o do trombo com a manipula&#231;&#227;o do cateter e, sobretudo, porque este procedimento n&#227;o mudaria a conduta terap&#234;utica. A paciente recebeu alta hospitalar para acompanhamento ambulatorial.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a17fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-e162-00017-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tromboembolismo venoso &#233; a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais comum da SAF, ocorrendo em 30 a 70% dos pacientes<sup>3</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao territ&#243;rio arterial, as car&#243;tidas s&#227;o os principais vasos acometidos e os seus trombos podem evoluir para um acidente vascular cerebral. As principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas encontradas nesta s&#237;ndrome s&#227;o as valvopatias e a DAC, representando dois ter&#231;os dos casos<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A trombose intracard&#237;aca ocorre raramente, exceto, na vig&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular; pode ser encontrada em qualquer c&#226;mara card&#237;aca, sendo, todavia, mais comum no lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o e se constituindo potencial causa de embolia pulmonar ou sist&#234;mica<sup>5</sup>. Segundo o nosso conhecimento, esse &#233; o primeiro relato da presen&#231;a de trombo intracavit&#225;rio biventricular associado &#224; SAF, diagnosticado mediante RMC.</p>
    <p>Ainda n&#227;o est&#225; definida qual a melhor terap&#234;utica para esses pacientes &#150; administra&#231;&#227;o de heparina, tromb&#243;lise, anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com warfarin ou excis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do trombo<sup>6</sup>. A paciente foi submetida &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com heparina seguida de wafarin, apresentando evolu&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>O acometimento endomioc&#225;rdico tamb&#233;m &#233; raro em portadores de SAF. Azeem e cols.<sup>7</sup> descreveram um caso de EMF causando insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita em uma paciente de 50 anos de idade, portadora de SAF. Esse tipo de miocardiopatia ainda &#233; de etiologia desconhecida e est&#225; relacionada com diversos fatores neuro-humorais e de crescimento<sup>8</sup>. Alguns autores sugerem que a EMF resulta de les&#227;o prim&#225;ria da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, do mi&#243;cito, do fibroblasto subendoc&#225;rdico ou do pr&#243;prio endoc&#225;rdio. Tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido detectados anticorpos contra prote&#237;nas mioc&#225;rdicas em portadores desse tipo de patologia, sugerindo, portanto, que a resposta autoimune pode estar implicada na sua etiopatogenia<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>A demonstra&#231;&#227;o de realce tardio por interm&#233;dio da RMC tem se associado &#224; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica irrevers&#237;vel (fibrose ou necrose), notadamente em portadores de DAC; todavia, existe relato de que esta metodologia possibilita tamb&#233;m a detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose subendoc&#225;rdica, com boa correla&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica, em portador de EMF<sup>10</sup>. Tal constata&#231;&#227;o possibilita, em tese, o diagn&#243;stico de EMF na sua fase inicial j&#225; que se trata de exame n&#227;o invasivo e de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Portanto, no caso em quest&#227;o, &#233; poss&#237;vel especular que o achado de realce tardio, na aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es obstrutivas em coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas, traduza manifesta&#231;&#227;o precoce de EMF, em portadora de SAF.</p>
    <p>A bi&#243;psia ajudaria a confirmar o achado e a esclarecer a patologia adjacente, embora seja um procedimento de risco, em decorr&#234;ncia da trombose intracavit&#225;ria, que n&#227;o mudaria a conduta. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa </p>
        <p> Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Av. Coronel Stanley Silveira, n&#186; 73, sala 210, S&#227;o Jos&#233; </p>
        <p> CEP 49015-400, Aracaju, SE &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="acssousa@terra.com.br">acssousa@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/01/12; revisado em 01/02/12; aceito em 09/04/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Biventricular thrombus and endomyocardial fibrosis in antiphospholipid syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Antiphospholipid Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Antibodies</kwd>
        <kwd>Antiphospholipid</kwd>
        <kwd>Endomyocardial Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Biventricular thrombus and endomyocardial fibrosis in antiphospholipid syndrome</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Fl&#225;vio Galv&#227;o Gon&#231;alves<sup>II</sup>; Fernanda Maria Silveira Souto<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Nascimento Faro<sup>I</sup>; Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira<sup>I, II</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Soares Barreto-Filho<sup>I</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, SE &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Servi&#231;o de Resson&#226;ncia Cardiovascular e Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia (ECOLAB) do Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>Antiphospholipid Syndrome; Antibodies; Antiphospholipid; Endomyocardial Fibrosis; thrombosis; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by plasma detection of antiphospholipid antibodies such as anticardiolipin and lupus anticoagulant, which clinically manifests as: recurrent arterial and/or venous thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, recurrent miscarriage and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, in addition to cardiac, neurological and skin alterations<sup>1</sup>. It constitutes the main acquired cause of hypercoagulability, occurring in 2% of the general population and has high morbidity and mortality<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>It can be classified as primary when there is no other underlying disease as secondary when it occurs associated with other pathologies, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The cardiac alterations are frequently observed, especially valvular heart disease (thickening and vegetations) and coronary artery disease (CAD)<sup>2-4</sup>; the presence of thrombi has been also reported<sup>5</sup>. However, myocardial involvement is rarely described in this pathology<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>This report describes the case of a lupus patient with APS and biventricular cavitary thrombus, diagnosed by MRI. The presence of endomyocardial delayed enhancement was also observed, which may be early onset of the occurrence of endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This patient was a 22-year-old female with SLE, admitted to the hospital with complaints of malaise, and progressive dyspnea. Laboratory tests showed hemoglobin of 6.9 g/dL, hematocrit of 24%, elevated levels of indirect bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase and positive Coombs test, thus consistent with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The patient was submitted to blood transfusion associated with corticosteroid therapy. However, the patient developed worsening of dyspnea and decreased central venous O<sub>2</sub> saturation, suggesting clinical picture of low output. </p>
      <p>The resting electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia, diffuse ventricular repolarization alterations and "slow" progression of "R" waves in the precordial leads. The transthoracic Doppler echocardiography performed in a Hewlett-Packard/Phillips SONOS 5500 equipment, with a transducer of 2.5 and 5 to 7.5 mHz, showed cardiac chambers with normal dimensions, preserved wall thickness and systolic function of left ventricle (LV) moderate LV diastolic dysfunction and mild pulmonary hypertension (systolic pulmonary pressure estimated at 40 mmHg). It was also observed the presence of obstruction in the apices of the two ventricles; it was not possible, however, to differentiate between thrombus and endomyocardial fibrosis, in spite of the use of color flow mapping and a high frequency transducer. </p>
      <p>To achieve the diagnosis, MRI was then performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a17fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>) in a Philips Achieva equipment with 1.5 T. Cine sequences were obtained (balance Steady-StateFreePrecession - BSSFP) and delayed enhancement (turbo-field-echo with inversion pulse and recovery, 10 minutes after the injection of 0.2 mmol/ kg of Gd contrast, TE: 6.1, TR 3.0). We observed reduced ventricular cavities at the longitudinal axes, due to the filling of their apices by thrombi (5.0 x 2.5 cm in LV and 2.0 x 1.0 cm in the RV). Additionally, we observed the presence of subendocardial delayed enhancement in the biventricular apical portions in the affected segments.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a17fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-e162-00017-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>To explain the presence of intracavitary thrombus the hypothesis of APS was raised, and then confirmed by the detection of antiphospholipid antibodies and anticardiolipin antibodies in the patient's serum. The finding of delayed enhancement could be explained by endomyocardial disease or CAD. However, coronary angiography showed epicardial coronary arteries free of obstruction. The patient was submitted to anticoagulation with low molecular-weight heparin, followed by an adequate dose of warfarin to maintain INR values (TP) from 2.0 to 3.0. The patient showed progressive clinical improvement. </p>
      <p>Three weeks after start of therapy, the control MRI was performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a17fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>), which disclosed thrombi with regular contours and irregular enhancement, suggesting organization and a significant decrease in size (LV: 2.5 x 2.1 cm, RV: 0 9 x 0.7 cm). There was persistence of endocardial contrast, thus reinforcing the suspicion of associated endomyocardial disease. An endomyocardial biopsy was discarded due to the risk of thrombus embolization with catheter manipulation and, above all, because this procedure would not change the therapeutic approach. The patient was discharged to outpatient follow-up.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a17fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-e162-00017-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Venous thromboembolism is the most common clinical presentation of APS, occurring in 30-70% of patients<sup>3</sup>. In relation to arteries, the carotid arteries are the main affected vessels and their thrombi may develop into a stroke. The main cardiac manifestations found in this syndrome are valvular diseases and CAD, representing two thirds of cases<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>Intracardiac thrombosis rarely occurs, except in the presence of ventricular dysfunction; it can be found in any heart chamber, being, however, more common on the right side of the heart and constituting potential cause of systemic or pulmonary embolism<sup>5</sup>. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of an intracavitary thrombus associated with biventricular APS, diagnosed by MRI.</p>
      <p>It is yet to be clarified what constitutes the best therapy for these patients - heparin administration, thrombolysis, anticoagulation with warfarin or surgical excision of the thrombus<sup>6</sup>. Our patient was submitted to anticoagulation with heparin followed by warfarin, showing satisfactory progress.</p>
      <p>Endomyocardial involvement is also rare in patients with APS. Azeem et al.<sup>7</sup> described a case of EMF causing right heart failure in a 50-year-old patient that had APS. This type of cardiomyopathy still has an unknown etiology and is associated with several neurohumoral and growth factors<sup>8</sup>. Some authors suggest that EMF results from the primary lesion of the coronary microcirculation, the myocyte, the subendocardial fibroblast or the endocardium itself. Antibodies have also been detected in myocardial proteins of patients with this type of pathology, thus suggesting that the autoimmune response may be implicated in its etiopathogenesis<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>The demonstration of delayed enhancement at the MRI has been associated with irreversible myocardial injury (fibrosis or necrosis), especially in patients with CAD; however, there has been a report that this methodology also allows the detection of subendocardial fibrosis, with good histopathological correlation in patients with EMF<sup>10</sup>. This finding allows, in theory, the diagnosis of EMF in its early stages, as it is a noninvasive and easy to perform examination. </p>
      <p>Therefore, in this case, it is possible to speculate that the finding of delayed enhancement, in the absence of obstructive lesions in epicardial coronary arteries, reflect an early manifestation of EMF, in a patient with APS. </p>
      <p>The biopsy would help to confirm this finding and to clarify the adjacent pathology, although it is a risky procedure as a result of intracavitary thrombosis, which would not alter the conduct.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
