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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yrmVqcL4KQNVHnmFg8pWNjm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001400011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900511</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo do padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio e movimento toracoabdominal em valvopatia mitral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Satiko Shimada</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bardi</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Nubiato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feltrim</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ign&#234;z Zanetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1049</fpage>
      <lpage>1055</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: pacientes com valvopatia mitral podem evoluir com congest&#227;o pulmonar, que aumenta o trabalho dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios; essa sobrecarga pode alterar o padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio com predom&#237;nio do deslocamento tor&#225;cico ou presen&#231;a de movimentos paradoxais. OBJETIVO: a) estudar o padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio e movimento toracoabdominal (MTA) em pacientes com doen&#231;a mitral b) estudar o efeito do posicionamento nos par&#226;metros respirat&#243;rios c) correlacionar hipertens&#227;o pulmonar com presen&#231;a de incoordena&#231;&#227;o do MTA. M&#201;TODOS: o padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio e o MTA de pacientes com doen&#231;a mitral foram avaliados por pletismografia respirat&#243;ria por indut&#226;ncia, nas posi&#231;&#245;es dorsal e sentada, durante dois minutos de respira&#231;&#227;o tranquila. Analisou-se volume corrente (Vc) e tempos respirat&#243;rios e as vari&#225;veis do MTA. RESULTADOS: de 65 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 10 foram retirados, 29 participaram do grupo estenose mitral e 26 do grupo insufici&#234;ncia mitral. O Vc, a ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e o fluxo inspirat&#243;rio m&#233;dio aumentaram significantemente na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, sem diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. O MTA manteve-se coordenado entre os grupos e as posi&#231;&#245;es; no entanto, cinco pacientes na posi&#231;&#227;o dorsal apresentaram incoordena&#231;&#227;o (tr&#234;s no grupo estenose mitral; dois no grupo insufici&#234;ncia mitral) com correla&#231;&#227;o significante com valores de press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar (r = 0,992, p = 0,007). CONCLUS&#195;O: o padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio e o MTA n&#227;o apresentam diferen&#231;as entre pacientes com estenose ou insufici&#234;ncia mitral. A posi&#231;&#227;o sentada aumenta o Vc sem alterar os tempos respirat&#243;rios. A presen&#231;a de incoordena&#231;&#227;o toracoabdominal na posi&#231;&#227;o dorsal esteve associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estenose da valva mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia da valva mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo do padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio e movimento toracoabdominal em valvopatia mitral</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Satiko Shimada Franco; Paula Nubiato Bardi; Max Grinberg; Maria Ign&#234;z Zanetti Feltrim</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> pacientes com valvopatia mitral podem evoluir com congest&#227;o pulmonar, que aumenta o trabalho dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios; essa sobrecarga pode alterar o padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio com predom&#237;nio do deslocamento tor&#225;cico ou presen&#231;a de movimentos paradoxais. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> a) estudar o padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio e movimento toracoabdominal (MTA) em pacientes com doen&#231;a mitral b) estudar o efeito do posicionamento nos par&#226;metros respirat&#243;rios c) correlacionar hipertens&#227;o pulmonar com presen&#231;a de incoordena&#231;&#227;o do MTA. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> o padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio e o MTA de pacientes com doen&#231;a mitral foram avaliados por pletismografia respirat&#243;ria por indut&#226;ncia, nas posi&#231;&#245;es dorsal e sentada, durante dois minutos de respira&#231;&#227;o tranquila. Analisou-se volume corrente (Vc) e tempos respirat&#243;rios e as vari&#225;veis do MTA. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> de 65 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 10 foram retirados, 29 participaram do grupo estenose mitral e 26 do grupo insufici&#234;ncia mitral. O Vc, a ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e o fluxo inspirat&#243;rio m&#233;dio aumentaram significantemente na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, sem diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. O MTA manteve-se coordenado entre os grupos e as posi&#231;&#245;es; no entanto, cinco pacientes na posi&#231;&#227;o dorsal apresentaram incoordena&#231;&#227;o (tr&#234;s no grupo estenose mitral; dois no grupo insufici&#234;ncia mitral) com correla&#231;&#227;o significante com valores de press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar (r = 0,992, p = 0,007). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> o padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio e o MTA n&#227;o apresentam diferen&#231;as entre pacientes com estenose ou insufici&#234;ncia mitral. A posi&#231;&#227;o sentada aumenta o Vc sem alterar os tempos respirat&#243;rios. A presen&#231;a de incoordena&#231;&#227;o toracoabdominal na posi&#231;&#227;o dorsal esteve associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Estenose da valva mitral; insufici&#234;ncia da valva mitral; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar; insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estenose mitral (EMi) &#233; a valvopatia que provoca gradiente de press&#227;o entre o &#225;trio e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdos, levando ao aumento da press&#227;o atrial e &#224; congest&#227;o pulmonar. Sua gravidade pode ser avaliada pela &#225;rea valvar (AV), pelo gradiente transvalvar de press&#227;o (GT) (m&#233;dio) e pela press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP), par&#226;metros que s&#227;o obtidos com ecocardiografia e Doppler<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, na insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IMi) ocorre incompet&#234;ncia valvar provocando fluxo sangu&#237;neo regurgitante. A acentua&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga volum&#233;trica leva &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos compensat&#243;rios e menor complac&#234;ncia do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e o aparecimento da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar<sup>2</sup>, sintomas de dispneia ou fadiga<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim, o comprometimento da valva mitral pode induzir disfun&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias em decorr&#234;ncia de anormalidades na circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Essas disfun&#231;&#245;es se caracterizam por obstru&#231;&#227;o de pequenas vias a&#233;reas, diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de difus&#227;o, da complac&#234;ncia din&#226;mica pulmonar e aumento da ventila&#231;&#227;o para zonas apicais dos pulm&#245;es<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio (PR) e o movimento toracoabdominal (MTA) tamb&#233;m s&#227;o fatores relevantes para a compreens&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o do comprometimento pulmonar. Sabe-se que indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis respiram predominantemente com o abd&#244;men na posi&#231;&#227;o dorsal e com o t&#243;rax na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta<sup>4</sup>. Essas diferen&#231;as na contribui&#231;&#227;o toracoabdominal refletem o predom&#237;nio da a&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo diafragma na posi&#231;&#227;o dorsal e do recrutamento da musculatura tor&#225;cica em posi&#231;&#227;o ereta, em consequ&#234;ncia dos efeitos da gravidade na mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>No estudo de Kawagoe e cols.<sup>3</sup>, 62% dos pacientes com EMi apresentaram padr&#245;es respirat&#243;rios anormais, os quais foram associados &#224; maior gravidade da doen&#231;a valvar. Esses autores tamb&#233;m mostraram a presen&#231;a de hiperperfus&#227;o para zona superior pulmonar nesses pacientes, sugerindo que o PR pode refletir as altera&#231;&#245;es na distribui&#231;&#227;o regional da ventila&#231;&#227;o e da perfus&#227;o. No entanto, n&#227;o conhecemos registro desse comportamento em pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar, sobretudo com IMi com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>Este estudo se prop&#244;s a analisar o PR e o MTA em pacientes com EMi e IMi com o objetivo de verificar: a) diferen&#231;as de comportamentos decorrentes da les&#227;o valvar de base; b) o efeito da postura nos par&#226;metros analisados; e c) correlacionar hipertens&#227;o pulmonar com presen&#231;a de incoordena&#231;&#227;o do MTA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP). Todos os indiv&#237;duos tinham o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral (estenose ou insufici&#234;ncia), com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica sem comprometimento moderado ou grave de outras valvas avaliadas pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. O protocolo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projetos e Pesquisa do HC-FMUSP sob n<strike>&#186;</strike> 1179/06. Todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 70 anos, com classe funcional (CF) III e IV segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de New York Heart Association, que, sob tratamento cl&#237;nico, mantinham-se com estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e conforto respirat&#243;rio ao repouso. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo de Estenose Mitral (GEMi) constitu&#237;do por pacientes com AV <underline>&lt;</underline> 1,5 cm<sup>2</sup> e grupo de Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral (GIMi) constitu&#237;do por pacientes com IMi n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>Do prontu&#225;rio institucional coletaram-se dados pessoais, cl&#237;nicos e medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de AV, gradiente transvalvar (GT), PSAP), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FE%).</p>
    <p>O PR e o MTA foram registrados por meio do sistema de pletismografia respirat&#243;ria por indut&#226;ncia, <italic>Respitrace</italic>&#174; (<italic>Noninvasive Monitoring Systems).</italic> O sistema &#233; composto por duas faixas com transdutores, oscilador, calibrador e registrador. As faixas adequadas para cada paciente foram colocadas nas regi&#245;es tor&#225;cica e abdominal e conectadas ao aparelho (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09612fig01">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09612fig02">2</xref>). A calibra&#231;&#227;o seguiu protocolo estabelecido. Os pacientes foram orientados a respirar tranquilamente em cada posi&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos ciclos respirat&#243;rios, as curvas correspondentes aos deslocamentos abdominal, tor&#225;cico e a integrada de ambas (soma) foram registradas por dois minutos na posi&#231;&#227;o dorsal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09612fig03">Figura 3</xref>). A seguir, com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, p&#233;s apoiados a 90&#186; no solo e encostado confortavelmente, procedeu-se ao registro dos ciclos respirat&#243;rios por outros dois minutos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09612fig04">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09612fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1049-00101-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09612fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1049-00101-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09612fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1049-00101-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09612fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1049-00101-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os registros das curvas tor&#225;cica, abdominal e soma foram digitalizados em sistema de inform&#225;tica especialmente desenvolvido para esse fim, obtendo-se as vari&#225;veis de volume corrente (Vc) em mililitros; tempo total do ciclo respirat&#243;rio (TTOT) em segundos; tempo inspirat&#243;rio (TI) e tempo expirat&#243;rio (TE) em segundos; fluxo inspirat&#243;rio m&#233;dio (Vc/TI) em mililitros por segundo; tempo efetivo da respira&#231;&#227;o (TI/TTOT), frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (f) em ciclos por minuto e volume minuto (VE) em litros por minuto. Obteve-se tamb&#233;m, as curvas dos deslocamentos dos compartimentos abdominal e tor&#225;cico, para c&#225;lculo das rela&#231;&#245;es percentuais de volume abdominal (%Abd) e volume tor&#225;cico (%Tx) sobre o Vc. Analisou-se, tamb&#233;m, a raz&#227;o da amplitude compartimental m&#225;xima pelo volume corrente (MCA/Vc), a qual reflete a coordena&#231;&#227;o dos movimentos tor&#225;cico e abdominal e &#233; calculada pela equa&#231;&#227;o (VAbd+VTx/Vc). A movimenta&#231;&#227;o toracoabdominal sincr&#244;nica &#233; considerada quando essa raz&#227;o &#233; de 1,0, podendo variar at&#233; 1,10.</p>
    <p>Os resultados est&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Os dados de PR e MTA, a influ&#234;ncia do grupo (EMi e IMi), posi&#231;&#227;o (dorsal e sentada) e a intera&#231;&#227;o entre grupos e posi&#231;&#245;es foram analisadas pelo teste ANOVA de dupla entrada para medidas repetidas em um dos fatores. Para an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o utilizou-se o teste de Pearson para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O c&#225;lculo da amostra baseou-se no Vc; para uma diferen&#231;a significante de 15% do Vc entre os grupos, com desvio-padr&#227;o de 40, n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e teste com poder de 80%, o tamanho amostral foi estimado em 22 casos por grupo. Supondo uma perda de 10% dos casos foi delineado um total de, no m&#237;nimo, 50 casos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 65 pacientes, sendo 10 exclu&#237;dos. Os motivos da exclus&#227;o foram: presen&#231;a de ritmo respirat&#243;rio Cheyne-Stokes (n = 2); tontura e desconforto durante o protocolo (n = 1); falha na calibra&#231;&#227;o do pletism&#243;grafo (n = 7). Dos 55 indiv&#237;duos que conclu&#237;ram o estudo, 29 (8 homens e 21 mulheres) eram do GEMi e 26 (8 homens e 18 mulheres) do GIMi.</p>
    <p>Os dados antropom&#233;tricos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09612tab01">Tabela 1</xref>, para cada grupo de doen&#231;a valvar. Os valores m&#233;dios de FE e a PSAP n&#227;o diferiram estatisticamente entre os grupos. A &#225;rea valvar foi significantemente menor no GEMi, com o correspondente GT acentuadamente maior.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09612tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1049-00101-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09612tab02">tabela 2</xref> apresenta os valores correspondentes &#224;s vari&#225;veis do PR e da MTA durante a respira&#231;&#227;o tranquila, nas posi&#231;&#245;es dorsal e sentada. O Vc, a ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e o fluxo inspirat&#243;rio m&#233;dio aumentaram significantemente quando os pacientes adotaram a postura sentada, sem diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos. Os tempos respirat&#243;rios n&#227;o se alteraram com a mudan&#231;a corporal e com o tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09612tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1049-00101-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O deslocamento abdominal foi predominante em ambos os grupos e em ambas as posi&#231;&#245;es, por&#233;m com diminui&#231;&#227;o significante desse movimento na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. Inversamente, o componente tor&#225;cico aumentou significantemente sua participa&#231;&#227;o na gera&#231;&#227;o do Vc na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada.</p>
    <p>Os valores m&#233;dios da raz&#227;o MCA/Vc, par&#226;metro de coordena&#231;&#227;o do MTA, mantiveram-se entre 1,0 e 1,10 sem altera&#231;&#245;es significantes entre os grupos e entre as posi&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, 10 pacientes (cinco do GEMi e cinco GIMi) apresentaram movimentos respirat&#243;rios incoordenados com MCA/Vc acima de 1,10: tr&#234;s casos (GEMi) somente na posi&#231;&#227;o dorsal; cinco casos somente na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada (dois GEMi; tr&#234;s GIMi); dois casos em ambas as posi&#231;&#245;es (GIMi). Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, observamos que os casos com incoordena&#231;&#227;o na posi&#231;&#227;o dorsal (n = 5) apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o significante com os valores de PSAP (r = 0,992, p = 0,007), conforme mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09612tab03">Tabela 3</xref>. Aqueles pacientes com incoordena&#231;&#227;o na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada n&#227;o atingiram valores de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;sitca (r = 0,319, p = 0,537).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09612tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1049-00101-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em nossa amostra, prevaleceu o g&#234;nero feminino (70%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 45 anos. &#201; nessa popula&#231;&#227;o que a estenose mitral tem maior incid&#234;ncia em uma rela&#231;&#227;o de 2:1 quanto ao g&#234;nero masculino<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>As restri&#231;&#245;es significativas provocadas pela EMi na classe funcional ocorrem por volta da quarta d&#233;cada de vida, o que, em geral, &#233; determinante para a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<sup>6</sup>. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico &#233; exame <italic>gold standard</italic> para o diagn&#243;stico de valvopatias com dados anat&#244;micos e funcionais em tempo real e de forma n&#227;o invasiva<sup>1</sup>. Valores de PSAP, medida pelo ECO, acima de 30 mmHg &#233; indicativo de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com EMi podem apresentar maior perfus&#227;o nas zonas superiores dos pulm&#245;es em virtude da eleva&#231;&#227;o sustentada da press&#227;o venosa pulmonar com consequente edema nas por&#231;&#245;es dependentes. Esse processo pode aumentar a resist&#234;ncia vascular nas zonas pulmonares inferiores. O ingurgitamento vascular e o edema em bases pulmonares reduzem a complac&#234;ncia e aumentam a resist&#234;ncia das vias a&#233;reas, o que diminui a ventila&#231;&#227;o e causa hipoxemia, com vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o dessas regi&#245;es<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para Kawagoe e cols.<sup>3</sup>, o PR anormal pode ocorrer em indiv&#237;duos com estenose mitral em virtude do baixo rendimento card&#237;aco, um dos grandes respons&#225;veis pela fadiga dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios. Em seu estudo de 37 pacientes com estenose mitral, em ortostatismo, 23 apresentaram MTA anormal (74% com predom&#237;nio tor&#225;cico e 26% com movimento paradoxal). Naqueles com padr&#227;o paradoxal, havia valores maiores de PSAP e menores de AV. Para esses autores o comprometimento esten&#243;tico mitral foi o respons&#225;vel por aumentar a circula&#231;&#227;o &#224;s regi&#245;es apicais dos pulm&#245;es e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o V/Q (sigla n&#227;o especificada) foi determinante para o maior acionamento da musculatura tor&#225;cica.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, pacientes com EMi e IMi apresentaram semelhan&#231;as de comportamento referente ao PR e MTA. O tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar n&#227;o influenciou esse comportamento, que foi alterado somente pela varia&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o corporal: a posi&#231;&#227;o sentada provocou aumento acentuado no Vc, ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e fluxo inspirat&#243;rio m&#233;dio, enquanto os tempos respirat&#243;rios permaneceram inalterados, independentemente da posi&#231;&#227;o e da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar. Nossos dados apresentam comportamento semelhante aos padr&#245;es de pessoas saud&#225;veis. Feltrim<sup>5</sup> estudou, com o mesmo m&#233;todo, o PR e o MTA de 40 jovens saud&#225;veis e verificou que a mudan&#231;a de dorsal para sentada provocava aumento dos componentes de volume e fluxo inspirat&#243;rio, sem alterar os tempos respirat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>O deslocamento abdominal foi predominante em ambos os grupos e em ambas as posi&#231;&#245;es, com diminui&#231;&#227;o na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, inversamente ao componente tor&#225;cico. O PR e o MTA se alteram com a mudan&#231;a corporal: em dorsal h&#225; predom&#237;nio do compartimento abdominal enquanto na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada prevalece o deslocamento tor&#225;cico<sup>4</sup>. Isso ocorre pela maior complac&#234;ncia abdominal na posi&#231;&#227;o dorsal; o diafragma encontra-se mais alongado, e suas fibras se contraem com maior efici&#234;ncia, o que favorece sua maior excurs&#227;o. Na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta, por conta da a&#231;&#227;o da gravidade, o diafragma se rebaixa, aumenta o di&#226;metro vertical e favorece o acionamento dos m&#250;sculos intercostais<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dos 55 pacientes da nossa amostra, 25 do GEMi e 19 do GIMi apresentaram PSAP acima de 30 mmHg. Esse dado mostra que a maioria de nossos pacientes tinham hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, por&#233;m o seu PR se assemelhou aos encontrados em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tipo de doen&#231;a valvar n&#227;o interferiu no PR. O momento da indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e o controle cl&#237;nico podem estar contribuindo para que a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, nesses pacientes, ainda n&#227;o seja capaz de alterar significantemente o padr&#227;o de perfus&#227;o pulmonar que levaria ao predom&#237;nio do componente tor&#225;cico.</p>
    <p>Nossos pacientes apresentaram m&#233;dias de MCA/Vc, par&#226;metro de coordena&#231;&#227;o toracobadominal, dentro da normalidade sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos. O MTA esteve coordenado na maioria dos casos, por&#233;m oito indiv&#237;duos apresentaram incoordena&#231;&#227;o em alguma das posi&#231;&#245;es (dorsal ou sentado) e, dois em ambas as posi&#231;&#245;es. Aqueles que apresentaram incoordena&#231;&#227;o em dorsal tiveram forte associa&#231;&#227;o com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (9% da amostra).</p>
    <p>Pela limita&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero desses pacientes e pelas vari&#225;veis estudadas, n&#227;o pudemos estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o que identificasse caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas ou fisiopatol&#243;gicas desses pacientes. &#201; poss&#237;vel supor que, nesses indiv&#237;duos, a posi&#231;&#227;o dorsal contribuiu para o aumento acentuado do fluxo sangu&#237;neo pulmonar nas regi&#245;es dependentes, com fechamento de vias a&#233;reas e redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade residual funcional; nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, o aumento do trabalho dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios favoreceu o aparecimento da incoordena&#231;&#227;o toracoabdominal.</p>
    <p>A escassez de publica&#231;&#227;o sobre o tema nesta popula&#231;&#227;o limita a amplia&#231;&#227;o da discuss&#227;o para identifica&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos que pudessem associar &#224; mudan&#231;a do PR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes com estenose e insufici&#234;ncia mitral n&#227;o apresentam diferen&#231;as quanto ao PR e MTA. A posi&#231;&#227;o sentada aumenta os volumes pulmonares sem alterar os tempos respirat&#243;rios. Uma pequena parcela de valvopatas apresentam incoordena&#231;&#227;o toracoabdominal associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="corresp" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maria Ign&#234;z Zanetti Feltrim </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 2&#186; andar, Cerqueira C&#233;sar </p>
        <p> CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="mi.feltrim@incor.usp.br">mi.feltrim@incor.usp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mi.feltrim@yahoo.com.br">mi.feltrim@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 07/02/12; revisado em 07/02/12; aceito em 24/08/12</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Study of breathing pattern and thoracoabdominal movement in mitral valve disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: patients with mitral valve disease can progress to having pulmonary congestion, which increases the work the respiratory muscles. This overload can change the breathing pattern with a predominance of rib cage displacement or presence of paradoxical movements. OBJECTIVE: a) to study the breathing pattern and thoracoabdominal movement of patients with mitral valve disease; b) to study the effect of body position on breathing parameters; and c) to correlate pulmonary hypertension with lack of coordination of thoracoabdominal movement. METHODS: the breathing pattern and thoracoabdominal movement of patients with mitral valve disease were assessed using respiratory inductive plethysmography during quiet breathing in the dorsal decubitus and sitting positions for two minutes. The variables assessed were tidal volume, breathing time and thoracoabdominal movement. RESULTS: of the 65 patients selected, 10 were excluded, 29 were in the mitral stenosis group and 26 in the mitral regurgitation group. Tidal volume, pulmonary ventilation and mean inspiratory flow significantly increased in the sitting position, with no difference between the groups. The thoracoabdominal movement remained coordinated in all groups and positions; except for five patients in the dorsal decubitus position, who lacked coordination (three in the mitral stenosis group; two in the mitral regurgitation group). A significant correlation with pulmonary artery pressure values was observed (r = 0.992; p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: No difference in breathing pattern or thoracoabdominal movement was found between patients with mitral stenosis and regurgitation. The sitting position increased tidal volume without altering breathing times. The lack of coordination of the thoracoabdominal movement in the dorsal decubitus position was associated with pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral valve stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>mitral valve regurgitation</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>respiratory insufficiency</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="inicio-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Study of breathing pattern and thoracoabdominal movement in mitral valve disease</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Satiko Shimada Franco; Paula Nubiato Bardi; Max Grinberg; Maria Ign&#234;z Zanetti Feltrim</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Adress</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> patients with mitral valve disease can progress to having pulmonary congestion, which increases the work the respiratory muscles. This overload can change the breathing pattern with a predominance of rib cage displacement or presence of paradoxical movements.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> a) to study the breathing pattern and thoracoabdominal movement of patients with mitral valve disease; b) to study the effect of body position on breathing parameters; and c) to correlate pulmonary hypertension with lack of coordination of thoracoabdominal movement.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> the breathing pattern and thoracoabdominal movement of patients with mitral valve disease were assessed using respiratory inductive plethysmography during quiet breathing in the dorsal decubitus and sitting positions for two minutes. The variables assessed were tidal volume, breathing time and thoracoabdominal movement.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> of the 65 patients selected, 10 were excluded, 29 were in the mitral stenosis group and 26 in the mitral regurgitation group. Tidal volume, pulmonary ventilation and mean inspiratory flow significantly increased in the sitting position, with no difference between the groups. The thoracoabdominal movement remained coordinated in all groups and positions; except for five patients in the dorsal decubitus position, who lacked coordination (three in the mitral stenosis group; two in the mitral regurgitation group). A significant correlation with pulmonary artery pressure values was observed (r = 0.992; p = 0.007).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> No difference in breathing pattern or thoracoabdominal movement was found between patients with mitral stenosis and regurgitation. The sitting position increased tidal volume without altering breathing times. The lack of coordination of the thoracoabdominal movement in the dorsal decubitus position was associated with pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Mitral valve stenosis; mitral valve regurgitation; hypertension pulmonary; respiratory insufficiency.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mitral stenosis (MS) is the valvular heart disease which causes a pressure gradient between the left atrium and left ventricle, leading to an increase in atrial pressure and pulmonary congestion. Its severity can be assessed by use of the valvular area (VA), mean transvalvular pressure gradient (TG), and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), parameters obtained by use of Doppler echocardiography<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>In mitral regurgitation (MR), however, valvular incompetence occurs, causing blood regurgitation. The increase in volume overload leads to deterioration of compensatory mechanisms, lower compliance of the left atrium, and appearance of pulmonary hypertension <sup>2</sup>, dyspnea or fatigue<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, mitral valve impairment can induce ventilatory dysfunctions due to abnormalities in pulmonary circulation. Those dysfunctions are characterized by small airways obstruction, a reduction in diffusion capacity and in dynamic pulmonary compliance, and an increase in ventilation in the upper zones of the lung<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In addition, the breathing pattern (BP) and rib cage-abdominal movement are relevant factors in understanding and assessing pulmonary impairment. Healthy individuals are known to display abdominal dominant BP in the dorsal decubitus position and rib-cage dominant BP in the standing position<sup>4</sup>. These differences in the rib cage-abdominal contribution reflect the predominant action of the diaphragm in the dorsal decubitus position and the recruiting of the thoracic musculature in the standing position consequent to the effects of gravity on breathing mechanics<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a study by Kawagoe et al.<sup>3</sup>, 62% of the patients with MS had abnormal BPs, which were associated with more severe valvular heart disease. Those authors have reported the presence of hyperperfusion in the upper zone of the lungs of those patients, suggesting that the BP can reflect changes in the regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion. However, we have no record of that condition in patients with a valvular heart disease, especially MR with surgical referral.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing the BP and thoracoabdominal movement of patients with MS and MR to evaluate: a) the differences in those parameters resulting from the underlying valvular heart lesion; and b) the effect of posture on the parameters analyzed. In addition, this study aimed to correlate pulmonary hypertension with the lack of coordination of thoracoabdominal movements.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was performed at the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Medical School of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP). All individuals had been diagnosed with mitral valve dysfunction (stenosis or regurgitation), with a referral for surgery, and neither moderate nor severe impairment of any other heart valve assessed by use of transthoracic echocardiography. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee for the Analysis of Projects and Research of the HC-FMUSP (n<strike>&#186;</strike> 1179/06). All participants provided written informed consent.</p>
      <p>This study included patients of both gender, aged between 18 and 70 years, with New York Heart Association functional classes III and IV, who, due to clinical treatment, maintained hemodynamic stability and comfortable breathing at rest. The patients were divided into the following two groups: MS group (MSG), consisting of patients with VA <underline>&lt;</underline> 1.5 cm<sup>2</sup>; and MR group (MRG), consisting of patients with non-ischemic MR.</p>
      <p>From the medical records, personal and clinical data were collected, as were the following echocardiographic measures: VA; TG; PASP; and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF).</p>
      <p>The BP and thoracoabdominal movement were recorded by use of respiratory inductive plethysmography (Respitrace&#174; - Noninvasive Monitoring Systems<italic>).</italic> The system comprises two bands with transducers, oscillator, calibrator, and recorder. Adequate bands for each patient were placed in their thoracic and abdominal regions and connected to the device (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09612fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09612fig02-body2">2</xref>). Calibration followed the protocol established. The patients were instructed to breathe quietly in each position. After stabilizing the breathing cycles, the curves corresponding to the abdominal movement, rib cage movement, and the integration of both movements (sum) were recorded for two minutes in the dorsal decubitus position (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09612fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). Then, with the patient comfortably reclined in the sitting position, feet planted on the floor and knees at a right angle, the respiratory cycles were recorded for two more minutes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09612fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
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      <p>The records of the curves of the rib cage and abdominal movements, and that of their sum were entered into an information system specially developed for that purpose, and the following variables were obtained: tidal volume (VT) in milliliters; total breathing cycle time (TTOT) in seconds; inspiratory time (TI) in seconds; expiratory time (TE) in seconds; mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI) in milliliters per second; effective breathing time (TI/TTOT); respiratory frequency (f) in cycles per minute; and minute volume (VE) in liters per minute. In addition, the percentages of abdominal volume (%Abd) and rib cage volume (%RC) over TV were obtained. The maximal compartmental amplitude/VT ratio (MCA/VT), which reflects the coordination of the rib cage and abdominal movements, was calculated using the equation (Abd+RC/VT). The thoracoabdominal movements are considered synchronic when that ratio is 1.0, and it can range up to 1.10.</p>
      <p>The results are shown as mean and standard deviation. The BP and thoracoabdominal movement data, the influence of the group (MS and MR), position (dorsal decubitus and sitting), and the interaction between groups and positions were assessed by use of the two-way ANOVA for repeated measures in one of the factors. In correlation analysis a Pearson test was used for normal distribution data. Sample size calculation was based on VT; for 15% a significant difference of VT between the groups, with a standard deviation of 40, significance level of 5% and statistical power of 80%, the size sample was estimated as 22 cases per group. Assuming a loss ratio of 10%, a minimum total population of 50 patients was delineated.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study assessed 65 patients, and ten were excluded. The reasons for exclusion were as follows: Cheyne-Stokes respiration (n = 2); dizziness and discomfort during the protocol (n = 1); and failure in plethysmograph calibration (n = 7). Of the 55 individuals completing the study, 29 (8 men and 21 women) were in the MSG and 26 (8 men and 18 women) were in the MRG.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09612tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the anthropometric and echocardiographic data for each valvular heart disease group. The mean EF and PASP values showed no statistical difference between the groups. The VA was significantly smaller in MSG, with the corresponding TG markedly higher.</p>
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      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09612tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the values of BP and thoracoabdominal movement during quiet breathing in the dorsal decubitus and sitting positions. Tidal volume, pulmonary ventilation, and mean inspiratory flow increased significantly when the patients adopted the sitting position, with no statistically significant differences between the groups. The breathing times did not vary with the change in body position and the type of valvular dysfunction.</p>
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      <p>Abdominal displacement predominated in both groups and in both positions, but significantly decreased in the sitting position. Inversely, the rib cage component significantly increased its participation in VT generation in the sitting position.</p>
      <p>The mean MCA/VT ratio values, a parameter of coordination of thoracoabdominal movements, remained between 1.0 and 1.10, with no significant differences between neither the groups nor the positions. However, ten patients (five in MSG and five in MRG) had uncoordinated breathing movements with MCA/TV ratio over 1.10 as follows: three MSG patients only in the dorsal decubitus position; five patients (two in MSG, three in MRG) only in the sitting position; and two MRG patients in both positions. On statistical analysis, the lack of coordination in the dorsal decubitus position (n = 5) showed a significant correlation with the PASP values (r = 0.992; p = 0.007), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09612tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. This correlation did not reach statistically significant values (r = 0.319; p = 0.537). in patients who lacked coordination in the sitting position.</p>
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      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study's sample, the female gender predominated (70%), and the mean age was 45 years. The highest incidence of MS occurs in that population, at a female:male ratio of 2:1<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The significant restriction in functional class caused by MS occurs around the fourth decade of life, and this usually leads to referral for surgery<sup>6</sup>. Transthoracic echocardiography is the gold standard test for diagnosing valvular heart diseases, providing anatomical and functional data in real time and noninvasively<sup>1</sup>. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure values, measured by use of echocardiography, greater than 30 mm Hg indicate pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      <p>Patients with MS can have greater perfusion in the upper zones of the lung because of the sustained elevation in pulmonary venous pressure and consequent edema in dependent regions. This process can increase vascular resistance in the lower zones of the lung. Vascular ingurgitation and edema in lung bases reduce compliance and increase airway resistance, which decrease ventilation and cause hypoxemia, resulting in vasoconstriction in those regions<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to Kawagoe et al.<sup>3</sup>, abnormal BP can occur in individuals with MS because of low cardiac output, being one of the major causes of breathing muscle fatigue. In their study with 37 patients with MS in the standing position, 23 showed abnormal thoracoabdominal movement (74% had a thoracic dominant pattern, and 26% had a paradoxical pattern). Those with a paradoxical pattern showed higher PASP values and lower VA values. According to those authors, MS accounted for increasing blood flow to the apical lung regions, and an elevation in the ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) led to greater recruiting of the thoracic musculature.</p>
      <p>In the present study, patients with MS and MR showed similar BP and thoracoabdominal movement. The type of heart valvular dysfunction did not influence these parameters, which varied only with body position: the sitting position caused a marked increase in TV, pulmonary ventilation, and mean inspiratory flow, while the breathing times remained unaltered, regardless of the position and heart valvular dysfunction. Our data are similar to those obtained from healthy people. Feltrim<sup>5</sup> has assessed, by using the same method, the BP and thoracoabdominal movement of 40 healthy young individuals, and has reported that the change from the dorsal decubitus to the sitting position increased inspiratory volume and flow, without changing breathing times.</p>
      <p>The abdominal movement predominated in both groups and in both positions, and decreased in the sitting position, inversely to the thorax component. The BP and thoracoabdominal movement vary with the change in body position: in the dorsal decubitus position, the abdominal compartment predominates, while, in the sitting position, the rib cage movement predominates<sup>4</sup>. This results from the higher abdominal compliance in the dorsal decubitus position, in which the diaphragm is more elongated, and its fibers contract more efficiently, favoring its greater excursion. In the standing position, due to gravity, the diaphragm lowers, increasing the vertical diameter and favoring the action of intercostal muscles<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Of the 55 patients in our study, 25 of the MSG and 19 of the MRG had PASP over 30 mm Hg. This shows that the majority of our patients had pulmonary hypertension, but their BP was similar to that found in healthy individuals<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The type of valvular heart disease did not interfere with the BP. The timing of referral surgery and clinical control might explain why pulmonary hypertension in those patients could not significantly alter the pulmonary perfusion pattern that would lead to the rib-cage component predominance.</p>
      <p>In our patients, the mean MCA/VT, a parameter of coordination of the thoracoabdominal movements, was within the normal range and did not significantly differ between the groups. In most patients, thoracoabdominal movement was coordinated, but eight individuals lacked coordination in one of the positions (either dorsal decubitus or sitting), while two lacked it in both positions. Those who lacked coordination in the dorsal decubitus position had a strong association with pulmonary hypertension (9% of the sample).</p>
      <p>Because of the limited size of the sample and the variables studied, a relationship identifying clinical or pathophysiological characteristics of those patients could not be established. One can assume that, in those individuals, the dorsal decubitus position contributed to markedly increase pulmonary blood flow in the dependent regions, with airway closure and a reduction in the residual functional capacity. In such a situation, the increase in the breathing muscle work would have favored the appearance of lack of thoracoabdominal movement coordination.</p>
      <p>The scarcity of studies on the topic in that population limits the extension of the discussion to identify possible clinical parameters that could be associated with the change in BP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with MS and MR show no difference regarding the BP and thoracoabdominal movement. The sitting position increases pulmonary volumes without altering breathing times. A small number of patients with valvular heart disease lack coordination of thoracoabdominal movement, which is associated with pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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