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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CX6xpsPRwwp7BwqYkJLXMgK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001400010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900510</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000100</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rede de infarto com supradesnivelamento de ST: sistematiza&#231;&#227;o em 205 casos diminui eventos cl&#237;nicos na rede p&#250;blica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caluza</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Christina Vellozo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alexandre L. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via Nascimento de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zeefried</surname>
            <given-names>Claus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio C&#233;lio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarkieltaub</surname>
            <given-names>Elcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia Maria R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Municipal Prof. Dr. Al&#237;pio Correa Netto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Prefeitura de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Secretaria de Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1040</fpage>
      <lpage>1048</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A principal causa de &#243;bitos na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo (SP) &#233; por eventos card&#237;acos. Em hospitais perif&#233;ricos de S&#227;o Paulo estima-se a mortalidade hospitalar no infarto agudo entre 15% e 20%, pelas dificuldades existentes. OBJETIVO: Descrever a mortalidade intra-hospitalar do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento de ST (IAMCSST) de pacientes admitidos via ambul&#226;ncia ou hospitais perif&#233;ricos, como resultado da organiza&#231;&#227;o de uma estruturada rede de treinamento. M&#201;TODOS: Equipes de quatro prontos-socorros (Ermelino Matarazzo, Campo Limpo, Tatuap&#233; e Saboya) e das ambul&#226;ncias avan&#231;adas do Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia (Samu) foram treinadas para uso de tenecteplase (TNK) ou para encaminhamento para angioplastia prim&#225;ria. Uma central de leitura de eletrocardiogramas foi usada quando necess&#225;rio. Ap&#243;s uso de trombol&#237;tico, um hospital terci&#225;rio recebia o paciente que era submetido a cinecoronariografia imediata (tromb&#243;lise sem sucesso) ou entre 6 e 24 h, caso est&#225;vel. Vari&#225;veis quantitativas, qualitativas foram avaliadas em an&#225;lise uni e multivari&#225;vel. RESULTADOS: De janeiro 2010 a junho 2011, 205 pacientes consecutivos utilizaram a rede de atendimento, ocorrendo 87 infartos de parede anterior, 11 bloqueios de ramo esquerdo, 14 bloqueios atrioventricular total, e em 14 houve reanima&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria inicial. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 6,8% (14 casos), a maioria por choque cardiog&#234;nico, um por acidente vascular encef&#225;lico hemorr&#225;gico e um por sangramento. CONCLUS&#195;O: A organiza&#231;&#227;o em institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas de uma rede de tratamento, envolvendo diagn&#243;stico, reperfus&#227;o, transporte imediato e hospital de retaguarda resultou em melhora imediata dos resultados de IAMCSST.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>diretrizes</kwd>
        <kwd>urg&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>qualidade da assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Rede de infarto com supradesnivelamento de ST: sistematiza&#231;&#227;o em 205 casos diminui eventos cl&#237;nicos na rede p&#250;blica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Christina Vellozo Caluza<sup>I</sup>; Adriano H. Barbosa<sup>I</sup>; Iran Gon&#231;alves<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Alexandre L. de Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; L&#237;via Nascimento de Matos<sup>I</sup>; Claus Zeefried<sup>II</sup>; Antonio C&#233;lio C. Moreno<sup>III</sup>; Elcio Tarkieltaub<sup>IV</sup>; Cl&#225;udia Maria R. Alves<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Carvalho<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>UNIFESP - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Disciplina de Cardiologia </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia - SAMU </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Coordenadoria T&#233;cnica de Cardiologia - Secretaria de Sa&#250;de da Prefeitura Municipal de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Hospital Municipal Prof. Dr. Al&#237;pio Correa Netto, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A principal causa de &#243;bitos na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo (SP) &#233; por eventos card&#237;acos. Em hospitais perif&#233;ricos de S&#227;o Paulo estima-se a mortalidade hospitalar no infarto agudo entre 15% e 20%, pelas dificuldades existentes. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever a mortalidade intra-hospitalar do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento de ST (IAMCSST) de pacientes admitidos via ambul&#226;ncia ou hospitais perif&#233;ricos, como resultado da organiza&#231;&#227;o de uma estruturada rede de treinamento. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Equipes de quatro prontos-socorros (Ermelino Matarazzo, Campo Limpo, Tatuap&#233; e Saboya) e das ambul&#226;ncias avan&#231;adas do Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia (Samu) foram treinadas para uso de tenecteplase (TNK) ou para encaminhamento para angioplastia prim&#225;ria. Uma central de leitura de eletrocardiogramas foi usada quando necess&#225;rio. Ap&#243;s uso de trombol&#237;tico, um hospital terci&#225;rio recebia o paciente que era submetido a cinecoronariografia imediata (tromb&#243;lise sem sucesso) ou entre 6 e 24 h, caso est&#225;vel. Vari&#225;veis quantitativas, qualitativas foram avaliadas em an&#225;lise uni e multivari&#225;vel. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> De janeiro 2010 a junho 2011, 205 pacientes consecutivos utilizaram a rede de atendimento, ocorrendo 87 infartos de parede anterior, 11 bloqueios de ramo esquerdo, 14 bloqueios atrioventricular total, e em 14 houve reanima&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria inicial. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 6,8% (14 casos), a maioria por choque cardiog&#234;nico, um por acidente vascular encef&#225;lico hemorr&#225;gico e um por sangramento. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A organiza&#231;&#227;o em institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas de uma rede de tratamento, envolvendo diagn&#243;stico, reperfus&#227;o, transporte imediato e hospital de retaguarda resultou em melhora imediata dos resultados de IAMCSST.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, diretrizes, urg&#234;ncias, qualidade da assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#233; a causa principal de &#243;bitos na grande maioria dos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e as estimativas s&#227;o de que isso tamb&#233;m venha a ocorrer nas pr&#243;ximas d&#233;cadas nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento<sup>1-2</sup>. No Brasil, os dados do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) indicam as causas cardiovasculares como respons&#225;veis por 35% dos &#243;bitos, sendo o acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) a principal causa nas regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, e o IAM a causa principal em S&#227;o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba e Porto Alegre<sup>3-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em S&#227;o Paulo, cidade com mais de 11 milh&#245;es de habitantes, h&#225; uma enorme heterogeneidade na distribui&#231;&#227;o de Prontos-Socorros (PS) e hospitais p&#250;blicos com grande car&#234;ncia em zonas perif&#233;ricas. Essa heterogeneidade de recursos envolve tamb&#233;m a qualidade do atendimento m&#233;dico. Como consequ&#234;ncia, h&#225; uma maior dificuldade de diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico com retardo no in&#237;cio da terap&#234;utica de emerg&#234;ncias cardiovasculares. No IAM com supradesnivelamento de ST (IAMCSST), em que a necessidade de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica imediata &#233; a base do tratamento, as dificuldades previamente mencionadas contribuem para que a mortalidade m&#233;dia por IAMCSST na capital paulista ainda esteja na faixa de 15% a 20%<sup>5</sup>; esses n&#250;meros est&#227;o muito distantes da mortalidade encontrada em centros que fazem reperfus&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e onde a mortalidade se encontra entre 5% e 7%<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este artigo se prop&#245;e a descrever o funcionamento piloto de uma rede de atendimento de IAMCSST, em um segmento da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, e os resultados hospitalares obtidos na rede p&#250;blica constituinte do projeto ap&#243;s a sistematiza&#231;&#227;o de uma s&#233;rie de condutas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este relato, como um Registro, compreende todos os casos que foram diagnosticados na rede, tratados como IAMCSST segundo o protocolo, sem exclus&#245;es, e onde o Hospital S&#227;o Paulo da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (Unifesp) foi a refer&#234;ncia terci&#225;ria; a nenhum paciente foi recusado transfer&#234;ncia. Esse projeto foi discutido e aprovado pelo Samu, na Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (Anvisa) e no Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Prefeitura e da Unifesp. O protocolo utiliza recomenda&#231;&#245;es de diretrizes nacionais e internacionais<sup>9-11</sup>, e &#233; basicamente o mesmo j&#225; seguido para atendimento de IAMCSST na Unifesp no tocante a indica&#231;&#245;es de trombol&#237;tico e angioplastias prim&#225;ria, resgate e terap&#234;utica f&#225;rmaco-invasiva. O projeto da rede de IAMCSST e o protocolo de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento s&#227;o descritos sumariamente a seguir.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Organiza&#231;&#227;o da rede</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Houve inicialmente a constitui&#231;&#227;o de uma central de leitura de eletrocardiogramas (ECG), funcionando 24 horas por dia, no Hospital S&#227;o Paulo, apta a receber exames enviados a partir de 126 ambul&#226;ncias do Samu, 16 avan&#231;adas e 110 b&#225;sicas, que cobrem toda a Regi&#227;o Metropolitana de S&#227;o Paulo. Os ECG s&#227;o transmitidos via celular, telefone fixo ou internet, e interpretados imediatamente por uma equipe de cardiologistas, utilizando-se diretrizes para o diagn&#243;stico eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de IAMCSST<sup>9,12</sup>. A central de ECG liga para o celular da ambul&#226;ncia identificada como transmissora e passa o resultado do exame; resultados desse material j&#225; foram apresentados<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m das ambul&#226;ncias avan&#231;adas, a Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Paulo disponibilizou o fibrinol&#237;tico tenecteplase (TNK) para quatro PS municipais que t&#234;m hist&#243;rico de grande volume de atendimento de infartados: Ermelino Matarazzo, Campo Limpo, Tatuap&#233; e Saboya. As equipes m&#233;dicas e de enfermagem desses locais fizeram uma reciclagem do diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, do reconhecimento de IAMCSST no ECG e das indica&#231;&#245;es de trombol&#237;tico e angioplastia prim&#225;ria em IAMCSST. Um contato direto, imediato, por um n&#250;mero de celular dedicado e exclusivo, entre as ambul&#226;ncias avan&#231;adas ou os quatro PS citados e a Unidade Coron&#225;ria (UCO) do Hospital S&#227;o Paulo foi estabelecido. Portanto, o paciente com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST que se encontrasse em um PS ou ambul&#226;ncia do Samu em condi&#231;&#245;es de estar na sala de hemodin&#226;mica em menos de 90 minutos era encaminhado para angioplastia prim&#225;ria. Se a ambul&#226;ncia avan&#231;ada estivesse muito na periferia ou o paciente de um dos PS da rede tinha perspectiva de demora maior que 90 minutos, recebia TNK; ap&#243;s tromb&#243;lise era transferido imediatamente para o Hospital S&#227;o Paulo, realizando angioplastia de resgate se necess&#225;rio, ou cineangiocoronariografia em 6 a 24 horas, mesmo que clinicamente est&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09512fig01">Figura 1</xref>). O trombol&#237;tico foi usado at&#233; um prazo m&#225;ximo de tr&#234;s horas nas ambul&#226;ncias avan&#231;adas e at&#233; seis horas nos PS municipais. A dose de TNK variou de 30 mg a 50 mg, observando-se os crit&#233;rios conhecidos de indica&#231;&#227;o e contraindica&#231;&#227;o de fibrinol&#237;ticos. Al&#233;m do TNK, os pacientes receberam como terap&#234;utica adjuvante doses recomendadas pelas diretrizes nacionais e internacionais de morfina, heparina de baixo peso molecular (essa com corre&#231;&#245;es apropriadas para peso e fun&#231;&#227;o renal), al&#233;m dos medicamentos via oral, como: nitrato, aspirina, antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio e betabloqueador (se em Killip I)<sup>9-11</sup>. Os pacientes das ambul&#226;ncias receberam antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio ap&#243;s a chegada ao PS ou hospital terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09512fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1040-00100-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Defini&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As defini&#231;&#245;es utilizadas neste artigo empregam a nomenclatura usual das diretrizes j&#225; citadas<sup>9-11</sup>. Angioplastia prim&#225;ria foi definida como reperfus&#227;o inicial, mec&#226;nica, no cateterismo card&#237;aco, durante um IAMCSST sem uso pr&#233;vio de fibrinol&#237;ticos ou inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIB/IIIa; Angioplastia de resgate como cateterismo de emerg&#234;ncia em decorr&#234;ncia de falha do uso do trombol&#237;tico, caracterizada por persist&#234;ncia da dor em n&#237;vel pelo menos 50% ao da apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial ou persist&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m maior do que 50% do supradesnivelamento no ECG nas deriva&#231;&#245;es acometidas inicialmente. Conduta f&#225;rmaco-invasiva foi definida como o uso de tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica na dose plena indicada, seguida de cateterismo card&#237;aco de rotina entre 6 e 24 horas, mesmo em pacientes est&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Elas foram definidas segundo as diretrizes j&#225; citadas, sendo todos os dados dos pacientes colocados em uma planilha Excel desenvolvida para essa finalidade, e compreendendo 91 pe&#231;as de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre cada caso<sup>12</sup>. Ser&#227;o descritas neste artigo: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) inicial; Killip II-IV; Bloqueio Atrioventricular Total (BAVT); recidiva de dor; novas altera&#231;&#245;es ao ECG e ou nos marcadores card&#237;acos durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o. Para o diagn&#243;stico de AVE isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico houve comprova&#231;&#227;o por tomografia computadorizada ou por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cerebral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados coletados tiveram as vari&#225;veis quantitativas expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas pelo teste de Wilcoxon ou t de Student. Vari&#225;veis qualitativas com o teste do qui-quadrado foram usadas para comparar a mortalidade hospitalar do PS de Ermelino Matarazzo pr&#233; e p&#243;s-estabelecimento da rede de IAMCSST. An&#225;lises uni e multivariada para identificar fatores possivelmente relacionados a &#243;bito hospitalar foram realizadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2010 a junho de 2011 foram atendidos 205 pacientes consecutivos da rede de infarto, sem exclus&#245;es, e que fizeram a sequ&#234;ncia completa, isto &#233;, do diagn&#243;stico &#224; transfer&#234;ncia ao hospital terci&#225;rio. Destes 205, 190 deles (92,7%) realizaram cateterismo card&#237;aco. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09512fig02">Figura 2</xref> demonstra o fluxograma da casu&#237;stica onde se constata que nessa rede, com suas peculiaridades, apenas 18,5% dos casos de IAMCSST foram encaminhados para o cateterismo card&#237;aco inicial sem uso pr&#233;vio de trombol&#237;tico; os demais 167 casos (81,5%) foram trombolisados, dos quais 43 fizeram angioplastia de resgate (25,7%) e os demais fizeram cineangiocoronariografia eletiva com uso de <italic>stents</italic> quando julgado necess&#225;rios.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09512fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1040-00100-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram encaminhados dos seguintes servi&#231;os: 46 pacientes das ambul&#226;ncias Samu; 59, do PS Ermelino Matarazzo; 41, do Tatuap&#233;; 31, do Saboya; e, finalmente, 24, do Campo Limpo. Houve quatro casos de outros PS com diagn&#243;stico via Central ECG que chamaram o Samu<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Demografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09512tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Houve uma predomin&#226;ncia de pacientes masculinos (71,7%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 58,8 anos (33 a 88 anos), e 24 (11,7%) pacientes tinham mais de 75 anos de idade. Havia 63,4% de hipertensos; 31,7% de diab&#233;ticos; 49,2% de tabagistas; 15,1% com IAM pr&#233;vio; e 7,8% com AVE pr&#233;vio. Em 17 pacientes a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca inicial estava acima de 100 batimentos por minuto, e em 16 pacientes (7,8%) a press&#227;o arterial estava abaixo de 100 mmHg.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09512tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1040-00100-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto ao ECG inicial, observamos supradesnivelamento de segmento ST maior que 1 mm em duas ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es nas seguintes paredes: 87 na parede anterior; 56 na parede inferior; e 51 nas paredes lateral, dorsal ou combina&#231;&#245;es; em 12 casos havia envolvimento de Ventr&#237;culo Direito (VD) e em 11 casos havia bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo de reperfus&#227;o coronariana</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trombol&#237;tico foi usado em 167 casos; TNK na quase totalidade dos pacientes. Em apenas quatro casos o TNK n&#227;o foi utilizado, por dificuldade de consegui-lo imediatamente na ocasi&#227;o do infarto; em 1 caso o trombol&#237;tico foi o ativador tecidual do plasminog&#234;nio (t-PA); e nos outros 3, a estreptoquinase (SK). Durante a transfer&#234;ncia de pacientes ao hospital terci&#225;rio, quer seja transfer&#234;ncia inter-hospitalar quer seja pr&#233;-hospitalar, n&#227;o houve nenhum &#243;bito. No entanto, houve reanima&#231;&#227;o pela equipe do Samu em 1 caso com PCR em 1 paciente que se encontrava na rua e que chegou vivo ao hospital de refer&#234;ncia. Esse paciente realizou cineangiocoronariografia, apresentava art&#233;ria coronariana direita oclu&#237;da e foi submetido a angioplastia, por&#233;m evoluiu com sofrimento neurol&#243;gico e foi a &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>A angioplastia prim&#225;ria foi indicada como procedimento de escolha em 38 casos seguindo as indica&#231;&#245;es da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09512fig01">Figura 1</xref>. A Angioplastia prim&#225;ria foi efetivamente realizada em 22 casos, pois em tr&#234;s pacientes a coron&#225;ria reperfundida apresentava les&#227;o residual pouco importante com evid&#234;ncia de trombo distal; em dois pacientes havia apenas ectasia coronariana e fluxo lento; seis pacientes apresentavam oclus&#227;o em vasos pequenos como diagonal, descendente posterior, segunda marginal de circunflexa ou les&#245;es difusas com leito distal ruim; em dois casos os pacientes apresentavam les&#227;o severa do tronco da art&#233;ria coronariana esquerda inadequada para a angioplastia; e em tr&#234;s casos a cineangiocoronariografia n&#227;o foi realizada ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente na chegada ao hospital refer&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09512fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco foi realizado de rotina nos casos submetidos a reperfus&#227;o qu&#237;mica pr&#233;via, na quase totalidade dos casos entre 6 e 24 horas ap&#243;s o fibrinol&#237;tico. Em 12 dos 167 pacientes trombolisados, o cateterismo card&#237;aco n&#227;o foi realizado por outras condi&#231;&#245;es m&#243;rbidas que n&#227;o recomendavam a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame ou por j&#225; haver exame recente. O cateterismo foi realizado como emerg&#234;ncia (resgate) em 43 casos (25,7%). Nos demais 112 casos p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise o cateterismo card&#237;aco foi realizado com o paciente est&#225;vel. Assim, nesse material, 75,6% dos pacientes (155 de 205 casos) tiveram uma conduta f&#225;rmaco-invasiva sistem&#225;tica, seja via eletiva, seja por resgate. Foram utilizados <italic>stents</italic> em 152 casos, sempre n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos, e realizadas sete dilata&#231;&#245;es apenas com bal&#227;o, o que corresponde a 77,5% de interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea imediata nessa amostra.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es do IAMCSST ou da conduta invasiva</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ocorreram as seguintes complica&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09512tab02">Tabela 2</xref>): 15 casos (7,3%) tiveram recidiva de dor precordial; houve tr&#234;s reinfartos (1,5%); al&#233;m de 20 casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (9,7%); 14 de BAVT (6,8%); 53 (25,8%) casos em Killip II-IV; 15 pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico (7,3%); 12 casos (5,8%) com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; um caso de AVE hemorr&#225;gico (0,5%); e um caso de AVE isqu&#234;mico. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do estudo hemodin&#226;mico, tivemos somente tr&#234;s casos de sangramento grave no local do acesso vascular (1,5%), dois deles com necessidade de transfus&#227;o e um caso de pseudoaneurisma femoral com corre&#231;&#227;o por fechamento cir&#250;rgico. Houve ainda sete casos de sangramento menor, um de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular na mesa de cateterismo prontamente revertido e um caso de deslocamento parcial do trombo localizado em les&#227;o ostial da art&#233;ria descendente anterior para a art&#233;ria circunflexa, provocando sua oclus&#227;o e PCR irrevers&#237;vel.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09512tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1040-00100-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mortalidade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nessa s&#233;rie consecutiva de 205 pacientes com IAMCSST, diagnosticados em ambul&#226;ncia ou em prontos-socorros de locais perif&#233;ricos da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo e transferidos para um hospital p&#250;blico de refer&#234;ncia, ocorreram 14 &#243;bitos hospitalares (6,8%), conforme especificado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09512tab03">Tabela 3</xref>. A quase totalidade dos &#243;bitos envolveu ou pacientes idosos ou situa&#231;&#245;es de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; ocorreu ainda um &#243;bito por morte s&#250;bita pr&#233;-alta hospitalar; um por hemorragia digestiva alta; um por sofrimento neurol&#243;gico p&#243;s-PCR domiciliar no in&#237;cio do IAM; e um por AVE hemorr&#225;gico. Utilizamos an&#225;lise univariada para identificar elementos relacionados com &#243;bito hospitalar e, posteriormente, na multivari&#225;vel, apenas os fatores que permaneceram significantes (p &lt; 0,01); os itens identificados com suas respectivas raz&#245;es de chance e n&#237;vel de p foram: AVE pr&#233;vio (OR 8,7 - p = 0,002), art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto oclu&#237;da (OR 12,1 - p = 0,002), BAVT (OR 6,23 - p = 0.01), uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (OR 11,75 - p = 0,001), &#237;ndice de fluxo tecidual (<italic>blush</italic>) zero na inje&#231;&#227;o inicial na art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto (OR 13,7 - p = 0,001) e choque cardiog&#234;nico, o maior preditor com OR 308,3 e p &lt; 0,001. No ajuste final da multivariada todas as vari&#225;veis identificadas (exceto AVE pr&#233;vio) estavam associadas &#224; presen&#231;a de choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09512tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1040-00100-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mortalidade por s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, especialmente de IAMCSST, ainda &#233; um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, quer por sua preval&#234;ncia, quer por se constituir em desafio permanente em grandes metr&#243;poles, exigindo diversos n&#237;veis de integra&#231;&#227;o do sistema de sa&#250;de. Infelizmente, o pre&#231;o a pagar nessas situa&#231;&#245;es de falta de organiza&#231;&#227;o no atendimento geral &#233; uma morbimortalidade significantemente mais elevada<sup>5</sup>. Aumentar a taxa de reperfus&#227;o &#233; muito importante para tentar melhorar os resultados do tratamento de IAMCSST: embora n&#227;o haja nenhuma d&#250;vida de que a angioplastia prim&#225;ria oferece melhor resultado de pat&#234;ncia coronariana, com melhor fluxo distal, menor les&#227;o residual e menor mortalidade quando comparada ao uso de fibrinol&#237;ticos<sup>14-15</sup>, o uso de angioplastia prim&#225;ria sistem&#225;tica, para todos os casos com IAMCSST, esbarra em dificuldades log&#237;sticas consider&#225;veis, especialmente em grandes metr&#243;poles com tr&#226;nsito ca&#243;tico, dist&#226;ncias grandes da periferia &#224; &#225;rea com maior concentra&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e heterogeneidade de funcionamento 24 horas, sete dias por semana, das salas de hemodin&#226;mica instaladas na cidade. Vale ressaltar que esse n&#227;o &#233; um problema apenas brasileiro, ele ocorre tamb&#233;m em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. Consequentemente, v&#225;rias publica&#231;&#245;es recentes mostram que a taxa de reperfus&#227;o por angioplastia, dentro de um intervalo de tempo abaixo de 60 minutos, fica em torno de 20% a 30% da totalidade dos casos com IAMCSST<sup>7,12,13,16-18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim, esse projeto procurou normatizar os passos que habitualmente s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo atraso no atendimento do IAM ou de suas complica&#231;&#245;es: diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico r&#225;pido, ECG imediato no paciente com dor precordial, com leitura de apoio na Central de TeleECG se necess&#225;rio, defini&#231;&#227;o imediata de conduta (angioplastia prim&#225;ria ou uso de TNK), uso imediato de adjuvantes terap&#234;uticos e disponibilidade imediata de hospital de refer&#234;ncia, mesmo com o paciente est&#225;vel; empregou ainda uso sistem&#225;tico de cateterismo card&#237;aco, seja de resgate ou em 6 a 24 horas no paciente est&#225;vel. Essa op&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerada pela Diretriz Europeia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, em 2010, que considerou a terap&#234;utica f&#225;rmaco-invasiva, como indica&#231;&#227;o classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A, para IAMCSST, em intervalo de 3 a 24 horas ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o<sup>13,19,20,21-25</sup>.</p>
    <p>O funcionamento da rede teve resultados extremamente promissores, para um projeto inicial, envolvendo operacionalmente e de forma efetiva v&#225;rios elos de uma cadeia previamente n&#227;o operante. O celular dedicado a UCO eliminou os problemas de demora no contato e n&#227;o houve dificuldades ou recusa de vaga no hospital refer&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Os 205 pacientes com IAMCSST desta amostra s&#227;o representativos do perfil de gravidade geralmente observado nessa condi&#231;&#227;o: encontramos 31,7% de diab&#233;ticos, 63,4% de hipertensos e metade da amostra (45,2%) de tabagistas ativos; al&#233;m disso, 15,1% e 7,8%, respectivamente, j&#225; apresentavam diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de IAM e AVE. Observamos, ainda, 12 casos de IAM de VD, 14 casos de BAVT, 14 casos de PCR e 15 casos de choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
    <p>Como poderia ser previsto, pelas dificuldades log&#237;sticas de S&#227;o Paulo e as dist&#226;ncias entre os centros envolvidos nessa rede, apenas 18,5% da amostra foram encaminhados diretamente para o cateterismo com a expectativa de realizar angioplastia prim&#225;ria. Os demais (81,5%) receberam trombol&#237;tico e imediatamente a seguir o contato j&#225; foi feito para serem transferidos, mesmo que est&#225;veis. Por outro lado, dos 46 casos transferidos pelo Samu, apenas oito (20%) realizaram tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar, n&#250;mero que, embora baixo, &#233; encontrado com frequ&#234;ncia em outros pa&#237;ses<sup>26</sup>. &#201; importante notar que quase 25% dos trombolisados desenvolveram necessidade de cateterismo de resgate, alguns ainda na ambul&#226;ncia (sa&#237;ram est&#225;veis da origem e no trajeto desenvolveram piora do supradesnivelamento de ST, recidiva de dor ou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica), enfatizando a necessidade de transfer&#234;ncia imediata para um hospital de referencia ap&#243;s o uso de trombol&#237;tico. Apenas 12 pacientes foram encaminhados para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no per&#237;odo hospitalar (6,3 % dos 205 casos).</p>
    <p>Os resultados iniciais deste projeto foram extremamente encorajadores por mostrarem uma mortalidade hospitalar de apenas 6,8%. A sequ&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, ECG com interpreta&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida, decis&#227;o sobre uso de fibrinol&#237;tico ou angioplastia prim&#225;ria, uso de TNK e transfer&#234;ncia com coronariografia sistem&#225;tica, imediata ou em curto prazo (6 a 24 horas), parece ter mudado para melhor a evolu&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Fizemos tamb&#233;m uma an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica para o pronto-socorro do Hospital Ermelino Matarazzo comparando os resultados da mortalidade hospitalar na institui&#231;&#227;o em 2009, antes da rede de infarto, e no per&#237;odo 2010-2011, com a rede institu&#237;da (o Ermelino foi escolhido por possuir a maior casu&#237;stica e os melhores registros de admiss&#227;o e alta hospitalar). Em 2009, em 88 IAMCSST tratados no Ermelino, a mortalidade foi de 26,1%, ao passo que, em 2010-2011, de todos os 65 pacientes que iniciaram tratamento no Ermelino e o completaram no Hospital S&#227;o Paulo, houve 6,1% de &#243;bitos hospitalares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09512fig03">Figura 3</xref> - &#967;<sup>2</sup> pr&#233; e p&#243;s - 8,94 - p = 0,0028).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09512fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1040-00100-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Por se tratar de resultados obtidos em pacientes SUS, provenientes de locais perif&#233;ricos de S&#227;o Paulo e envolvendo a rede p&#250;blica municipal e federal da cidade, atuando de forma conjunta, esses resultados merecem ser mais valorizados ainda. Por outro lado, confirmam a experi&#234;ncia recente de v&#225;rias publica&#231;&#245;es que demonstram que a organiza&#231;&#227;o de uma rede de atendimento de infarto propicia melhora imediata nos resultados, o que motivou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um estudo, em andamento (estudo STREAM), comparando diretamente o tratamento f&#225;rmaco-invasivo contra angioplastia prim&#225;ria<sup>27-35,36</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo, no entanto, demonstra que qualquer projeto para tratamento do IAMCSST deve estar atento a interpretar as necessidades e caracter&#237;sticas locais e n&#227;o apenas copiar modelos de realidades distintas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo n&#227;o foi randomizado e cego e n&#227;o pretende sugerir que esses resultados sejam definitivos ou que essa estrat&#233;gia &#233; melhor ou equivalente ao uso sistem&#225;tico de angioplastia prim&#225;ria. Ele envolveu PS municipais e ambul&#226;ncias que ap&#243;s treinamento pr&#233;vio submeteram os casos identificados como IAMCSST ao hospital de refer&#234;ncia. N&#227;o temos como avaliar se houve casos atendidos nos quais o servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia n&#227;o tenha sido chamado e o projeto n&#227;o envolveu a rede completa de atendimento p&#250;blico da cidade. Por outro lado, um dos pontos positivos desta s&#233;rie &#233; o fato de nenhum caso ter sido recusado pelo hospital de refer&#234;ncia e, portanto, ter se constitu&#237;do em uma s&#233;rie consecutiva, como um registro, sem fatores de exclus&#227;o quanto a idade, sexo, fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A sistematiza&#231;&#227;o de atendimento de IAMCSST, com capacita&#231;&#227;o das equipes de atendimento inicial, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de agentes trombol&#237;ticos e antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios segundo protocolos de atendimento e o transporte para hospital terci&#225;rio, demonstrou mortalidade hospitalar inferior &#224;quela observada nos pacientes com IAMCSST, atendidos de forma convencional na rede p&#250;blica municipal da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Ana Christina Vellozo Caluza pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="corresp" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ana Christina Vellozo Caluza </p>
        <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo 544, Vila Clementino </p>
        <p> CEP 04039-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="acvcaluza@cardiol.br">acvcaluza@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="acvcaluza@yahoo.com.br">acvcaluza@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 30/11/11; revisado em 08/12/11; aceito em 04/07/12</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">ST-Elevation myocardial infarction network: systematization in 205 cases reduced clinical events in the public health care system</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The major cause of death in the city of S&#227;o Paulo (SP) is cardiac events. At its periphery, in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction is estimated to range between 15% and 20% due to difficulties inherent in large metropoles. OBJECTIVE:To describe in-hospital mortality in ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) of patients admitted via ambulance or peripheral hospitals, which are part of a structured training network (STEMI Network). METHODS: Health care teams of four emergency services (Ermelino Matarazzo, Campo Limpo, Tatuap&#233; and Saboya) of the periphery of the city of S&#227;o Paulo and advanced ambulances of the Emergency Mobile Health Care Service (abbreviation in Portuguese, SAMU) were trained to use tenecteplase or to refer for primary angioplasty. A central office for electrocardiogram reading was used. After thrombolysis, the patient was sent to a tertiary reference hospital to undergo cardiac catheterization immediately (in case of failed thrombolysis) or in 6 to 24 hours, if the patient was stable. Quantitative and qualitative variables were assessed by use of uni- and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: From January 2010 to June 2011, 205 consecutive patients used the STEMI Network, and the findings were as follows: 87 anterior wall infarctions; 11 left bundle-branch blocks; 14 complete atrioventricular blocks; and 14 resuscitations after initial cardiorespiratory arrest. In-hospital mortality was 6.8% (14 patients), most of which due to cardiogenic shock, one hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident, and one bleeding. CONCLUSION: The organization in the public health care system of a network for the treatment of STEMI, involving diagnosis, reperfusion, immediate transfer, and tertiary reference hospital, resulted in immediate improvement of STEMI outcomes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>guidelines</kwd>
        <kwd>emergencies</kwd>
        <kwd>quality of health care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="inicio-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>ST-Elevation myocardial infarction network: systematization in 205 cases reduced clinical events in the public health care system</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ana Christina Vellozo Caluza<sup>I</sup>; Adriano H. Barbosa<sup>I</sup>; Iran Gon&#231;alves<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Alexandre L. de Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; L&#237;via Nascimento de Matos<sup>I</sup>; Claus Zeefried<sup>II</sup>; Antonio C&#233;lio C. Moreno<sup>III</sup>; Elcio Tarkieltaub<sup>IV</sup>; Cl&#225;udia Maria R. Alves<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Carvalho<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>UNIFESP - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Disciplina de Cardiologia</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia - SAMU</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Coordenadoria T&#233;cnica de Cardiologia - Secretaria de Sa&#250;de da Prefeitura Municipal de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Hospital Municipal Prof. Dr. Al&#237;pio Correa Netto, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Adress</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The major cause of death in the city of S&#227;o Paulo (SP) is cardiac events. At its periphery, in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction is estimated to range between 15% and 20% due to difficulties inherent in large metropoles.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold>To describe in-hospital mortality in ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) of patients admitted via ambulance or peripheral hospitals, which are part of a structured training network (STEMI Network).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Health care teams of four emergency services (Ermelino Matarazzo, Campo Limpo, Tatuap&#233; and Saboya) of the periphery of the city of S&#227;o Paulo and advanced ambulances of the Emergency Mobile Health Care Service (abbreviation in Portuguese, SAMU) were trained to use tenecteplase or to refer for primary angioplasty. A central office for electrocardiogram reading was used. After thrombolysis, the patient was sent to a tertiary reference hospital to undergo cardiac catheterization immediately (in case of failed thrombolysis) or in 6 to 24 hours, if the patient was stable. Quantitative and qualitative variables were assessed by use of uni- and multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> From January 2010 to June 2011, 205 consecutive patients used the STEMI Network, and the findings were as follows: 87 anterior wall infarctions; 11 left bundle-branch blocks; 14 complete atrioventricular blocks; and 14 resuscitations after initial cardiorespiratory arrest. In-hospital mortality was 6.8% (14 patients), most of which due to cardiogenic shock, one hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident, and one bleeding.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The organization in the public health care system of a network for the treatment of STEMI, involving diagnosis, reperfusion, immediate transfer, and tertiary reference hospital, resulted in immediate improvement of STEMI outcomes.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Myocardial infarction; guidelines; emergencies; quality of health care.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the major cause of death in the majority of developed countries, which is expected to occur in the next decades in developing countries<sup>1-2</sup>. In Brazil, data of the Unified Public Health Care System (abbreviation in Portuguese, SUS) have shown that cardiovascular causes account for 35% of the deaths, cerebrovascular accident (CVA) being the major cause in the North and Northeastern regions, and AMI in the cities of S&#227;o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, and Porto Alegre<sup>3-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In S&#227;o Paulo, a city with more than 11 million inhabitants, the distribution of emergency services (ESs) and public hospitals is heterogeneous, with scarcity in peripheral zones. That heterogeneity of resources also involves the quality of the medical care provided. Consequently, there is great difficulty in the clinical and electrocardiographic diagnosis of AMI, which delays the beginning of the treatment for cardiovascular emergencies. The ST-segment elevation AMI (STEMI) has immediate myocardial reperfusion as the basis of its treatment. The difficulties previously mentioned in the city of S&#227;o Paulo contribute to maintain the mean mortality due to STEMI ranging from 15% to 20%<sup>5</sup>. Such figures are very different from the mortality found in centers that perform systematic reperfusion, where mortality ranges from 5% to 7%<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>This article aimed at describing the pilot operation of the STEMI network in the periphery of the city of S&#227;o Paulo. In addition, this study also provides the results obtained at the hospital of the public health care system, which is part of the project, after systematization of STEMI management.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This report, as a registry, comprises all cases diagnosed in the STEMI network and treated as STEMI according to a protocol, with no exclusion. The Hospital S&#227;o Paulo of the Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (Unifesp) was the tertiary reference hospital of the project. No patient was denied transfer to another institution. This project was discussed with and approved by the Emergency Mobile Health Care Service (abbreviation in Portuguese, SAMU) at the Brazilian Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (abbreviation in Portuguese, Anvisa) and the Ethics Committees of the S&#227;o Paulo City Hall and Unifesp. The protocol uses recommendations of Brazilian and international guidelines<sup>9-11</sup>, and is the same adopted for the management of STEMI at Unifesp regarding the indications for thrombolytic agents, primary and rescue percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and pharmacoinvasive therapy. The project of the STEMI network and the diagnostic and treatment protocol are briefly described.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Organization of the STEMI network</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Initially, a 24-hour central office for electrocardiogram (ECG) reading was installed at the Hospital S&#227;o Paulo to receive exams sent from 126 SAMU ambulances (16 advanced and 110 basic ambulances), covering the entire S&#227;o Paulo metropolitan region. The ECGs are transmitted to the central office via mobile phone, fixed phone or internet, and immediately interpreted by a team of cardiologists, by using guidelines for STEMI ECG diagnosis<sup>9,12</sup>. The ECG reports are sent to the mobile phone of the transmitting ambulance; a study on that topic has already been published<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>In addition to advanced ambulances, the S&#227;o Paulo Municipal Health Secretariat has made the fibrinolytic agent tenecteplase (TNK) available at four municipal ESs with a history of a large number of infarcted patients: Ermelino Matarazzo, Campo Limpo, Tatuap&#233;, and Saboya. The medical and nursing teams of those ESs were trained and updated on the clinical diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, ECG recognition of STEMI, and indications of thrombolytic agents and primary PTCA in STEMI. A direct and immediate contact via a dedicated and exclusive mobile phone line was established between the advanced ambulances or the four ESs assessed and the Coronary Unit (COU) of the Hospital S&#227;o Paulo. Thus, a patient diagnosed with STEMI, who was at an ES or SAMU ambulance and could be in a catheterization laboratory in less than 90 minutes was referred for primary PTCA. If the advanced ambulance was very far away or if the estimated travel time for a patient at one of the ESs was longer than 90 minutes, he/she would receive TNK; after thrombolysis, the patient would be immediately transferred to the Hospital S&#227;o Paulo, and would undergo either rescue PTCA, if necessary, or cardiac catheterization within 6 to 24 hours, if clinically stable (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09512fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The thrombolytic agent was used for as much as three hours in the advanced ambulances or for as much as six hours in the municipal ESs. The dose of TNK ranged from 30 mg to 50 mg, meeting the known criteria for indication and contraindication of fibrinolytic drugs. In addition to TNK, the patients received as adjuvant therapy and according to the Brazilian and international guidelines the recommended doses of morphine, low-molecular weight heparin (properly corrected to weight and renal function), and oral medications, such as nitrate, aspirin, antiplatelet drugs, and beta-blockers (if Killip I)<sup>9-11</sup>. The patients of the ambulances underwent antiplatelet therapy after their arrival at the ES or tertiary reference hospital.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Definitions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study adopted the definitions used in the already cited guidelines<sup>9-11</sup>. Primary PTCA was defined as initial mechanical reperfusion during cardiac catheterization for a STEMI with no previous use of fibrinolytic drugs or glycoprotein IIB/IIIa inhibitors. Rescue PTCA was defined as an emergency cardiac catheterization due to ineffective thrombolysis, characterized by persistence of pain at an intensity of at least 50% of that at onset or persistence of at least 50% of the ST-segment elevation on ECG in the leads initially involved. Pharmacoinvasive strategy was defined as the use of full-dose chemical thrombolysis, followed by routine cardiac catheterization within 6 to 24 hours, even in stable patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Complications</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The complications were defined according to the already cited guidelines, and all data from the patients were entered to an Excel sheet developed for that purpose and comprising 91 pieces of information on each case<sup>12</sup>. The following complications are described in this article: initial cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA); Killip II-IV; complete atrioventricular block (CAVB); pain recurrence; and new ECG changes or changes in cardiac markers during disease progression. The diagnosis of ischemic or hemorrhagic CVA was confirmed by use of computed tomography or cerebral magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the data collected, quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation and compared by use of Wilcoxon test or Student <italic>t</italic> test. The chi-square test was used to compare the qualitative variables regarding in-hospital mortality at the Ermelino Matarazzo ES before and after establishing the STEMI network. Uni- and multivariate analyses to identify factors possibly related to in-hospital death were performed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study assessed 205 consecutive patients cared for at the STEMI network, with no exclusions, and who underwent the complete sequence, that is, from diagnosis to transfer to the tertiary reference hospital, from January 2010 to June 2011. Of those 205 patients, 190 (92.7%) underwent cardiac catheterization. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09512fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the flowchart of the case series, in which only 38 (18.5%) patients with STEMI were referred for initial cardiac catheterization without previous thrombolysis. The other 167 patients with STEMI (81.5%) underwent thrombolysis; 43 of them (25.7%) underwent rescue PTCA and the others underwent elective cardiac catheterization with stent implantation, when necessary.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop09512fig02-body2">
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      </p>
      <p>The origins of the patients were as follows: SAMU ambulances, 46 patients; Ermelino Matarazzo ES, 59; Tatuap&#233; ES, 41; Saboya ES, 31; and Campo Limpo ES, 24. Four other patients originated from other ESs, were diagnosed via the ECG central office, and were transferred in SAMU ambulances<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Demografhy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The demographic data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09512tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Most patients (71.7%) were males. Their mean age was 58.8 years (range, 33 to 88), and 24 patients (11.7%) were over the age of 75 years. Their characteristics were as follows: 63.4% had hypertension; 31.7% had diabetes; 49.2% smoked; 15.1% had had a previous AMI; and 7.8% had had a previous CVA. Seventeen patients had an initial heart rate over 100 beats per minute, and 16 (7.8%) had blood pressure levels under 100 mm Hg.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>Regarding initial ECG, an ST-segment elevation greater than 1 mm was observed in two or more leads in the following walls: anterior, 87; inferior, 56; and lateral, dorsal or combinations, 51. Involvement of the right ventricle (RV) was observed in 12 patients, and complete left bundle-branch block in 11 patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Coronary reperfusion method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thrombolytic agents were used in 167 patients, TNK in almost all of them. Only four patients did not receive TNK, because of lack of immediate availability at the time of the infarction, as follows: in one patient, the thrombolytic used was tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA); and, in the other three, streptokinase (SK). No death occurred during patients' transfer to the tertiary reference hospital, either inter-hospital or pre-hospital transfer. However, one patient had CRA on the street and was resuscitated by the SAMU team, arriving alive at the tertiary reference hospital. That patient underwent cardiac catheterization, which evidenced occlusion of the right coronary artery, being submitted to PTCA. The patient had neurological complications and died.</p>
      <p>Primary PTCA was indicated as the procedure of choice to 38 patients, in accordance with the flowchart in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09512fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>, but was effectively performed in 22 patients. In the remaining 16 patients, PTCA was not performed due to the following reasons: three patients showed a residual lesion of little importance and evidence of distal thrombus in the reperfused coronary artery; two patients had only coronary ectasia and slow flow; six patients showed occlusion in small vessels, such as the diagonal artery, posterior descending artery, and second marginal branch of the circumflex artery, or diffuse lesions with poor distal coronary bed; two patients had severe lesion in the left main coronary artery not amenable to PTCA; and three patients did not undergo cardiac catheterization after assessment at arrival at the reference hospital (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09512fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Cardiac catheterization was routinely performed in patients undergoing previous chemical thrombolysis, and in almost all cases within 6 to 24 hours after receiving the fibrinolytic agent. Of the 167 thrombolysed patients, 12 did not undergo cardiac catheterization because of the presence of either other morbid conditions contraindicating the exam or a recent exam. Cardiac catheterization was performed on an emergency basis (rescue) in 43 patients (25.7%). In the remaining 112 thrombolysed patients, cardiac catheterization was performed under stable conditions. Of the 205 patients, 155 (75.6%) underwent a pharmacoinvasive strategy, either elective or rescue. Stents were placed in 152 patients (all bare-metal stents), and seven balloon dilations were performed, corresponding to 77.5% of the immediate percutaneous intervention in the entire sample.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Complications of STEMI or of its invasive management</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following complications were observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09512tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>): recurrence of chest pain, 15 patients (7.3%); reinfarctions, three patients (1.5%); congestive heart failure, 20 patients (9.7%); CAVB, 14 patients (6.8%); Killip II-IV, 53 patients (25.8%); cardiogenic shock, 15 patients (7.3%); use of intraaortic balloon, 12 patients (5.8%); hemorrhagic CVA, one patient (0.5%); and ischemic CVA, one patient (0.5%). The complications due to the hemodynamic study were as follows: three patients (1.5%) had severe bleeding at the vascular access site, two of whom required transfusion; and one patient had a femoral pseudoaneurysm, corrected with surgery. In addition, the following were observed: seven minor bleedings; one ventricular fibrillation on the catheterization table, which was promptly reverted; and partial displacement of one thrombus from an ostial lesion of the anterior descending artery to the circumflex artery, causing its occlusion and irreversible CRA.</p>
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mortality</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this consecutive case series of 205 patients with STEMI, diagnosed either in an ambulance or at ESs of the periphery of the S&#227;o Paulo city and transferred to a public reference hospital, 14 in-hospital deaths (6.8%) occurred, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09512tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. Almost all deaths involved either elderly patients or situations of low cardiac output. In addition, other deaths were as follows: one sudden death prior to hospital discharge; one death due to upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage; one due to neurological injury following CRA at home at the beginning of AMI; and one due to hemorrhagic CVA. Univariate analysis was used to identify elements related to in-hospital death, and, later, only the factors that remained significant (p &lt; 0.01) were used on multivariate analysis. The items identified, their respective odds ratios, and p values were as follows: previous CVA (OR 8.7; p = 0.002); occluded infarct-related artery (OR 12.1; p = 0.002); CAVB (OR 6.23; p = 0.01); use of intraaortic balloon (OR 11.75; p = 0.001); myocardial flow index (blush) of zero on the initial injection in the infarct-related artery (OR 13.7; p = 0.001); and cardiogenic shock, the best predictor (OR 308.3; p &lt; 0.001). On the final adjustment of the multivariate analysis, all variables identified (except previous CVA) were associated with the presence of cardiogenic shock.</p>
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mortality due to acute coronary syndrome, especially STEMI, is a severe public health problem, due to its high prevalence and the fact that it is a permanent challenge in great metropoles, requiring several levels of integration of the health care system. Unfortunately, the price paid in such situations, which lack organization of the general health care provided, is significantly higher morbidity and mortality<sup>5</sup>. To increase the reperfusion rate is extremely important to improve the results of STEMI therapy: although there is no doubt that primary PTCA provides better coronary patency, with better distal flow, smaller residual lesion, and lower mortality as compared with the use of fibrinolytic drugs<sup>14-15</sup>, the systematic use of primary PTCA for all STEMI patients involves considerable logistic difficulties, especially in great metropoles with chaotic traffic, large distances from the periphery to the area with higher hospital concentration, and heterogeneous 24/7 operation of catheterization laboratories. It is worth noting that this is not an exclusively Brazilian problem, it also occurs in developed countries. Consequently, several recent publications have shown that PTCA performed within 60 minutes is the reperfusion strategy in around 20% to 30% of all STEMI cases<sup>7,12,13,16-18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The STEMI network project aimed at standardizing the steps usually accounting for the delay in the treatment of AMI or its complications: rapid clinical diagnosis; immediate ECG for the patient with chest pain, with reading support from an ECG central office if necessary; immediate definition of management (primary PTCA or TNK use); immediate use of therapeutic adjuvants; and immediate availability of a reference hospital, even for stable patients. In addition, the project systematically comprised rescue PTCA and cardiac catheterization within 6 to 24 hours for stable patients. This option was considered in the 2010 European Society of Cardiology guidelines on myocardial revascularization, in which pharmacoinvasive therapy was ranked class I and level of evidence A for STEMI, 3 to 24 hours after reperfusion<sup>13,19,20,21-25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The STEMI network had extremely promising results for an initial project, operationally and effectively involving several links of a previously non-operating chain. The COU-dedicated mobile phone eliminated the problems of contact delay and there was neither difficulty nor refusal of admission at the tertiary reference hospital.</p>
      <p>The 205 patients with STEMI in this sample represented the severity profile usually observed in that condition, as we found 31.7% of diabetic patients, 63.4% of hypertensives, and almost half of the sample (45,2%) of active smokers. In addition, 15.1% and 7.8% of the patients had already been diagnosed with AMI and CVA, respectively. The following were also observed: 12 patients with AMI of the RV; 14 patients with CAVB; 14 CRA; and 15 cardiogenic shocks.</p>
      <p>As expected, due to the logistic difficulties of the city of S&#227;o Paulo and the distances between the centers involved in the STEMI network, only 18.5% of the sample was directly referred for cardiac catheterization to undergo primary PTCA. The remaining patients (81.5%) received a thrombolytic agent, and the contact for their transfer was immediately performed, even when they were stable. On the other hand, of the 46 patients transferred in the SAMU ambulances, only eight (20%) underwent pre-hospital thrombolysis, a number that, although low, is frequently found in other countries<sup>26</sup>. It is worth noting that almost 25% of the thrombolysed patients required rescue PTCA, some still while in the ambulance (they left their origin stable and, on the way, their ST-segment elevation worsened, pain recurred, or hemodynamic instability occurred), emphasizing the need for immediate transfer to a reference hospital after thrombolysis. Only 12 patients were referred for coronary artery bypass graft surgery during hospitalization (6.3% of the 205 patients).</p>
      <p>The initial results of the STEMI network project were extremely encouraging because in-hospital mortality was only 6.8%. The sequence comprising clinical diagnosis, rapid ECG interpretation, decision about the use of either fibrinolytic drugs or primary PTCA, TNK use, and transfer with systematic cardiac catheterization, performed immediately or within 6 to 24 hours, seems to have improved the outcome of those patients.</p>
      <p>A specific analysis of the ES of the Hospital Ermelino Matarazzo was performed, comparing the results of in-hospital mortality at the institution in 2009, before the STEMI network, and that in the 2010-2011 period, with the STEMI network installed. The Hospital Ermelino Matarazzo was chosen because it had the largest case series and the best records on hospital admission and discharge. In 2009, in 88 STEMIs treated at the Hospital Ermelino Matarazzo, mortality was 26.1%, while in the 2010-2011 period, among all 65 patients who initiated treatment there and completed it at the Hospital S&#227;o Paulo, the in-hospital mortality was 6.1% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09512fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref> - pre and post &#967;<sup>2</sup> : 8.94; p = 0.0028).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop09512fig03-body2">
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      </p>
      <p>It is worth emphasizing the importance of those results, because they were obtained in patients of the SUS, from the periphery of the city of S&#227;o Paulo, involving the municipal and federal public health care systems. In addition, they confirm recent publications showing that organizing a myocardial infarction network determines an immediate improvement in outcomes, which motivated an on-going study (STREAM study), comparing directly pharmacoinvasive therapy <italic>versus</italic> primary PTCA<sup>27-35,36</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study, however, shows that any project to treat STEMI should consider and interpret local needs and characteristics, and not only copy models of distinct realities.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was not a randomized blind study. It does not suggest that the results obtained are definitive or that the strategy is better or equivalent to the systematic use of primary PTCA. This study involved municipal ESs and ambulances, which, after training, submitted the cases identified as STEMI to the tertiary reference hospital. We could not assess whether there were cases in which the tertiary reference hospital was not contacted. In addition, the project did not encompass the entire public health care system of the city. One of the positive aspects of this case series is that no patient was denied admission to the tertiary reference hospital, being, thus, a consecutive case series, similar to a registry, with no exclusion factors, such as age, sex, and renal function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Systematization of the treatment of STEMI with training of the teams involved in the initial care, use of thrombolytic and antiplatelet agents according to protocols, and patient's transfer to the tertiary reference hospital showed in-hospital mortality lower than that observed for patients with STEMI treated conventionally in the municipal public health care system of the city of S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p> This article is part of the doctoral dissertation submitted by Ana Christina Vellozo Caluza, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
