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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hMPCfw6qkLGxSjMV9c4ZgND</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000099</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Papel do ecocardiograma na avalia&#231;&#227;o ventricular do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado versus rejei&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miguel</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Antonio Stanisci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rojas</surname>
            <given-names>Salom&#243;n Soriano Ordinola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Reinaldo Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Pedro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abensur</surname>
            <given-names>Henry</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Joaquim</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia de S&#227;o Paulo </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">An&#225;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Cardiologia e Medicina Avan&#231;ada</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardio Life</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1031</fpage>
      <lpage>1039</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O Transplante Card&#237;aco (TC) &#233; uma alternativa para os indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca terminal. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-transplante, a ocorr&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios de Rejei&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (RC) &#233; evento frequente que aumenta a morbimortalidade, sendo necess&#225;rio o emprego de exame n&#227;o invasivo com boa acur&#225;cia para seu diagn&#243;stico, pois a Bi&#243;psia Endomioc&#225;rdica (BEM) n&#227;o &#233; um procedimento isento de complica&#231;&#245;es. OBJETIVO: Comparar par&#226;metros obtidos com o princ&#237;pio Doppler, entre os pacientes transplantados com RC (TX1) e os pacientes transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o (TX0); utilizando como refer&#234;ncia o Grupo Controle (GC) e observando o comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda expressa por meio do &#205;ndice de Performance Mioc&#225;rdica (IPM). M&#201;TODOS: Foram realizados ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cicos no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2008, para a avalia&#231;&#227;o prospectiva de 47 pacientes, subdivididos em GC (36,2%), TX0 (38,3%) e TX1 (25,5%), comparando-se o IPM entre eles. Para a an&#225;lise dos dados foram realizados os testes exato de Fisher e o n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis, ambos com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. RESULTADOS: Os grupos n&#227;o diferiram em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, peso, altura e superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. Quando comparado ao GC, TX0 e TX1 apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, expressa como aumento do IPM, que foi mais intenso no TX1 [0,38 (0,29 - 0,44) X 0,47 (0,43 - 0,56) X 0,58 (0,52 - 0,74) p &lt; 0,001]. CONCLUS&#195;O: O ecocardiograma mostrou-se como exame de boa acur&#225;cia na detec&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado; entretanto, n&#227;o foi confi&#225;vel como m&#233;todo substituto da BEM para o diagn&#243;stico seguro de RC.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>rejei&#231;&#227;o de enxerto</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Papel do ecocardiograma na avalia&#231;&#227;o ventricular do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado versus rejei&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gabriel Antonio Stanisci Miguel<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Salom&#243;n Soriano Ordinola Rojas<sup>I,II</sup>; Reinaldo Wilson Vieira<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Henry Abensur<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia de S&#227;o Paulo - Hospital S&#227;o Joaquim, S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) - Comiss&#227;o de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o, Campinas, SP </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Cardio Life - Centro de Cardiologia e Medicina Avan&#231;ada LTDA, An&#225;polis, GO - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O Transplante Card&#237;aco (TC) &#233; uma alternativa para os indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca terminal. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-transplante, a ocorr&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios de Rejei&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (RC) &#233; evento frequente que aumenta a morbimortalidade, sendo necess&#225;rio o emprego de exame n&#227;o invasivo com boa acur&#225;cia para seu diagn&#243;stico, pois a Bi&#243;psia Endomioc&#225;rdica (BEM) n&#227;o &#233; um procedimento isento de complica&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar par&#226;metros obtidos com o princ&#237;pio Doppler, entre os pacientes transplantados com RC (TX1) e os pacientes transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o (TX0); utilizando como refer&#234;ncia o Grupo Controle (GC) e observando o comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda expressa por meio do &#205;ndice de Performance Mioc&#225;rdica (IPM). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram realizados ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cicos no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2008, para a avalia&#231;&#227;o prospectiva de 47 pacientes, subdivididos em GC (36,2%), TX0 (38,3%) e TX1 (25,5%), comparando-se o IPM entre eles. Para a an&#225;lise dos dados foram realizados os testes exato de Fisher e o n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis, ambos com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os grupos n&#227;o diferiram em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, peso, altura e superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. Quando comparado ao GC, TX0 e TX1 apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, expressa como aumento do IPM, que foi mais intenso no TX1 [0,38 (0,29 - 0,44) X 0,47 (0,43 - 0,56) X 0,58 (0,52 - 0,74) p &lt; 0,001]. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O ecocardiograma mostrou-se como exame de boa acur&#225;cia na detec&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado; entretanto, n&#227;o foi confi&#225;vel como m&#233;todo substituto da BEM para o diagn&#243;stico seguro de RC.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ecocardiografia; transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o; rejei&#231;&#227;o de enxerto / complica&#231;&#245;es; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de alta morbimortalidade que acomete aproximadamente 23 milh&#245;es de pessoas no mundo<sup>1</sup>. No Brasil, estima-se que haja cerca de 6,4 milh&#245;es de portadores de IC. Segundo o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, no per&#237;odo de janeiro a julho de 2008, houve 147.348 interna&#231;&#245;es decorrentes da IC, com taxa de mortalidade de 8,1% (11.978 pacientes) e gasto estimado de R$ 132 milh&#245;es, e no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo esse custo foi superior a R$ 25 milh&#245;es<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A principal complica&#231;&#227;o que interferiu no sucesso do Transplante Card&#237;aco (TC) em sua primeira d&#233;cada foi a Rejei&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (RC) celular aguda com elevada morbimortalidade e taxa de sobrevida inferior a 15% ao ano. As dificuldades para o reconhecimento precoce da RC e protocolos de imunossupress&#227;o insuficientes foram os fatores que mais contribu&#237;ram para a perda do enxerto naquela &#233;poca<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1980 representa tamb&#233;m o in&#237;cio da segunda fase do TC; conhecida como era p&#243;s-ciclosporina ou de controle da RC, fazendo aumentar o n&#250;mero desses procedimentos<sup>4 </sup>e permitindo uma eleva&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de sobrevida de um e de cinco anos em aproximadamente 80% e 65%, respectivamente, de acordo com os &#250;ltimos registros da International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT); entretanto, apesar de a RC n&#227;o ser mais uma restri&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do transplante, &#233; ainda respons&#225;vel por 12% das mortes entre adultos no per&#237;odo de 30 a 360 dias ap&#243;s TC<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, segundo os registros da primeira diretriz para TC da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), a taxa de sobrevida em um e quatro anos &#233; de 66% e 54%, respectivamente. A RC foi respons&#225;vel por 18% das mortes nessa s&#233;rie de 778 pacientes<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Muitas t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas para diagn&#243;stico da rejei&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m sido investigadas, mas nenhuma mostrou ser suficientemente confi&#225;vel para substituir a Bi&#243;psia Endomioc&#225;rdica (BEM) na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica; entretanto, a bi&#243;psia de rotina &#233; uma grande inconveni&#234;ncia para os pacientes e tamb&#233;m acarreta riscos e custos. A estrat&#233;gia de realizar bi&#243;psias ap&#243;s o primeiro ano p&#243;s-transplante tem sido questionada, e tentativas de reduzir sua frequ&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido relatadas. Contudo, a identifica&#231;&#227;o da rejei&#231;&#227;o &#233; extensamente baseada na bi&#243;psia realizada a intervalos pr&#233;-definidos<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma &#233; um exame fundamental no manuseio do paciente transplantado; pois no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato &#233; capaz de avaliar as fun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica global, a contratilidade segmentar e analisar os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos de ambos os ventr&#237;culos, al&#233;m de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e diagn&#243;stico de altera&#231;&#245;es valvares ou peric&#225;rdicas com grande acur&#225;cia, sendo ideal para acompanhamento e avalia&#231;&#245;es seriadas<sup>8</sup>. Apresenta vantagens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; BEM por ser m&#233;todo mais barato, n&#227;o restrito apenas a grandes centros, de mais r&#225;pida execu&#231;&#227;o, menor custo e isento de complica&#231;&#245;es; entretanto, n&#227;o &#233; capaz de diagnosticar o tipo de rejei&#231;&#227;o e exige profissional corretamente treinado em sua an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Comparar par&#226;metros obtidos com o princ&#237;pio Doppler, entre os pacientes transplantados com RC (TX1) e os pacientes transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o (TX0); utilizando como refer&#234;ncia o Grupo Controle (GC) e observando o comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda expressa por meio do &#205;ndice de <italic>Performance</italic> Mioc&#225;rdica (IPM).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2008, foram avaliados pacientes com TC ortot&#243;pico pela t&#233;cnica bicaval bipulmonar, recrutados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o na Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia de S&#227;o Paulo (SP), sendo esses encaminhados para realiza&#231;&#227;o de BEM; padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o, no Centro Integrado de Patologia desse mesmo hospital. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre-esclarecido e o estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa sob registro de n&#186; 376-08 em 28/5/2008.</p>
    <p>Dentre as medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas por esses pacientes, inclu&#237;a-se o esquema tr&#237;plice com corticosteroide, inibidor de calcineurina e antiproliferativo, nas seguintes doses: prednisolona com 1 mg/kg/dia<sup>9</sup>; micofenolato de mofetila com 500 mg a cada 12 h; ciclosporina com 2 mg/kg/dia; alguns pacientes em uso de azatioprina e metotrexate.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: pacientes com TC ortot&#243;pico de qualquer etiologia com, no m&#237;nimo, sete dias de cirurgia; idade superior a 18 anos; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma em no m&#225;ximo sete dias ap&#243;s a BEM; e presen&#231;a de ritmo card&#237;aco regular. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: pacientes com janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica tecnicamente inadequada para satisfat&#243;ria qualidade de exame; presen&#231;a de ritmo card&#237;aco irregular; pacientes em uso de Marca-Passo card&#237;aco (MP); BEM com material insuficiente ou de diagn&#243;stico inconclusivo; e febre no momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
    <p>Nenhum receptor possu&#237;a quaisquer informa&#231;&#245;es a respeito do doador e de seus familiares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho de estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este foi um estudo prospectivo e controlado com grupo de indiv&#237;duos normais. Todos os pacientes transplantados foram submetidos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma e de BEM. Os pesquisadores envolvidos em cada uma das duas t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o tinham conhecimento dos resultados da outra. Os achados do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foram correlacionados com os resultados da BEM, considerando-se a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de RC.</p>
    <p>O GC foi constitu&#237;do de indiv&#237;duos volunt&#225;rios h&#237;gidos e assintom&#225;ticos; com exame cl&#237;nico, eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso e ecodopplercardiograma normais e sem antecedentes de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou sist&#234;mica. O grupo de pacientes transplantados foi subdividido em transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o (TX0) e transplantados com rejei&#231;&#227;o (TX1). Os dados demogr&#225;ficos analisados foram: homens, mulheres, brancos, pardos e negros. Todos os grupos apresentavam a mesma distribui&#231;&#227;o de idade, peso, altura e Superf&#237;cie Corporal (SC).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Por ocasi&#227;o da indica&#231;&#227;o da BEM, os pacientes eram submetidos a anamnese, exame cl&#237;nico, quando foram classificados de acordo com a classe funcional segundo a New York Heart Association (NYHA), para quantificar a extens&#227;o da IC, mediante a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional quanto &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica<sup>10 </sup>e pesquisada a etiologia da miocardiopatia para a indica&#231;&#227;o do TC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo direito</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As bi&#243;psias foram realizadas um dia ap&#243;s o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico e atrav&#233;s da pun&#231;&#227;o da veia jugular interna, sob radioscopia; sendo retirados fragmentos do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular e enviados para an&#225;lise anatomopatol&#243;gica por patologista experiente, e revisados imediatamente por outro, que desconhecia o resultado do primeiro exame. Caso houvesse diferen&#231;a de resultado, as amostras seriam enviadas para an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia por um terceiro profissional; entretanto, n&#227;o foi necess&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>Os resultados foram descritos segundo os crit&#233;rios da ISHLT<sup>11</sup>: grau 0 = sem rejei&#231;&#227;o; grau IA = infiltrado focal (perivascular ou intersticial) sem dano aos mi&#243;citos; grau IB = infiltrado difuso, mas esparso sem dano aos mi&#243;citos; grau II = um foco apenas com infiltrados agressivos e/ou dano aos mi&#243;citos; grau IIIA = infiltrados multifocais agressivos e/ou dano aos mi&#243;citos; grau IIIB = processo inflamat&#243;rio difuso com necrose de mi&#243;citos; grau IV = infiltrado polimorfo agressivo difuso com hemorragia e necrose de mi&#243;citos. Foram adequados quando se obtiveram pelo menos tr&#234;s fragmentos de mioc&#225;rdio para serem analisados por microscopia &#243;ptica, ap&#243;s fixa&#231;&#227;o em formalina a 10% e colora&#231;&#227;o das laminas por hematoxilina e eosina. Ap&#243;s remo&#231;&#227;o da bainha, foi obtida hemostasia por compress&#227;o local.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado com equipamento Toshiba, modelo Nemio 30 (Otawara-Shi, Tochigi, Jap&#227;o), equipado com transdutor multifrequencial de 2,5 a 5,0 MegaHeartz (MHz). Os pacientes foram posicionados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo para aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens nos planos paraesternal e apical. Durante todo o exame, o ritmo e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram monitorados por uma deriva&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. Todas as medidas das estruturas card&#237;acas foram realizadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)<sup>12-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os exames foram realizados por um observador e revisados imediatamente por outro, que desconhecia o resultado do primeiro exame, para a exclus&#227;o da variabilidade intra e interobservador; caso houvesse discord&#226;ncia de resultado, o exame seria realizado por um terceiro observador para an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia. Os ecocardiografistas foram os mesmos durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de todo o estudo, apresentavam alto grau de experi&#234;ncia e possu&#237;am treinamento n&#237;vel III segundo a SBC<sup>15</sup>. Foram obtidas tr&#234;s medidas de cada vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica e sua m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica foi utilizada para an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis avaliadas foram: Di&#226;metro Diast&#243;lico do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (DDVE); Volume Diast&#243;lico do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VDVE); espessura do septo interventricular (Sepdias); espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (Ppdias); espessura relativa de parede (EspR); &#237;ndice de massa ventricular indexado &#224; superf&#237;cie corporal (IndM/sc); fra&#231;&#227;o eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FE); tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (DT); Tempo de Relaxamento Isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV); rela&#231;&#227;o entre as ondas de enchimento r&#225;pido e de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial do fluxo mitral (E/A); pico da velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce ao Doppler tecidual (E'); rela&#231;&#227;o entre as velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do fluxo mitral e a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce ao Doppler tecidual (Rel E/E'mit); s&#237;stole ventricular esquerda (a); tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (b); e IPM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>&#205;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Recentemente foi proposto um novo &#237;ndice de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica ventricular obtido a partir do estudo com Doppler, que combina intervalos sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos do ciclo card&#237;aco, o &#205;ndice de Performance Mioc&#225;rdica (IPM), apresentando valor inferior a 0,39 &#177; 0,05 em indiv&#237;duos normais<sup>16</sup> e aumentado de acordo com a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09712fig01">Figura 1</xref>). Esse &#237;ndice permite avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em repouso ou durante o estresse farmacol&#243;gico<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09712fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1031-00099-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o desse &#237;ndice n&#227;o h&#225; necessidade da an&#225;lise dos bordos ventriculares, indispens&#225;veis para o c&#225;lculo da FE, sendo dependente apenas dos fluxos transmitral e transa&#243;rtico, consistindo na soma do TRIV e de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, dividido pelo tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o dele e pr&#225;tico para o diagn&#243;stico da disfun&#231;&#227;o global card&#237;aca; pois quanto maior seu valor num&#233;rico, maior &#233; o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e pior o estado cl&#237;nico do paciente, tendo sido considerado como indicador de alto risco para IC congestiva e de morte por origem card&#237;aca<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>O IPM parece ser independente da geometria da c&#226;mara, de altera&#231;&#245;es da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea<sup>19,20 </sup>e da gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, embora parcialmente dependente das varia&#231;&#245;es de enchimento<sup>20</sup>; sendo m&#233;todo reprodut&#237;vel e correlacionando-se intimamente com medidas invasivas das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>Para a determina&#231;&#227;o do fluxo transvalvar mitral, a amostra volume foi posicionada no n&#237;vel das extremidades das c&#250;spides dessa valva, obtendo-se um padr&#227;o bif&#225;sico (acima da linha de base). O in&#237;cio do fluxo reflete a abertura da valva mitral, com a primeira onda correspondente &#224; fase de enchimento ventricular r&#225;pido e segunda onda correspondente &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o atrial. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o do fluxo transvalvar a&#243;rtico, a amostra volume foi posicionada imediatamente abaixo do plano valvar, obtendo-se um fluxo unif&#225;sico (abaixo da linha de base) que traduz a eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#149; s&#237;stole ventricular esquerda (a) - intervalo medido do t&#233;rmino da segunda onda diast&#243;lica ao in&#237;cio da primeira onda diast&#243;lica no fluxo transvalvar mitral.</p>
    <p>&#149; tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (b) - intervalo medido entre o in&#237;cio e o t&#233;rmino da onda no fluxo transvalvar a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p> A an&#225;lise dos dados foi feita com o m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows vers&#227;o 12 e R: A language and environment for statistical computing<sup>23</sup>. Todos os testes foram realizados considerando hip&#243;teses bilaterais e assumindo um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &#945; = 5%.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente foi utilizada a estat&#237;stica descritiva para avaliar a frequ&#234;ncia, mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico das vari&#225;veis de interesse. Os dados quantitativos foram apresentados na forma de mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico; os dados qualitativos foram representados por meio de frequ&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>O teste Exato de Fisher foi utilizado para verificar se as propor&#231;&#245;es de homens e mulheres e de brancos e negros/pardos nos grupos GC, TX0 e TX1 eram homog&#234;neas. Optou-se pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico, pois os requisitos necess&#225;rios para o uso do teste param&#233;trico n&#227;o foram atendidos.</p>
    <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es das medianas das vari&#225;veis idade, altura, peso e SC entre os tr&#234;s grupos foram realizadas por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido pelo teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas para identificar quais grupos apresentam diferen&#231;as (quando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis apresenta diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa). Foi tamb&#233;m utilizado um teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico, pois as vari&#225;veis em quest&#227;o n&#227;o possu&#237;am distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e a normalidade dos dados foi testada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov<sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos indiv&#237;duos analisados notamos que a propor&#231;&#227;o entre mulheres e homens nos GC, TX0 e TX1 &#233; diferente; logo, os grupos n&#227;o s&#227;o homog&#234;neos segundo o g&#234;nero. O mesmo n&#227;o ocorre para a vari&#225;vel ra&#231;a, pois notamos que os grupos mostram-se homog&#234;neos segundo a etnia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09712tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09712tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1031-00099-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os grupos tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferiram estatisticamente em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, peso, altura e SC, demonstrando portanto a mesma homogeneidade entre essas propor&#231;&#245;es, tornando-as semelhantes entre si (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09712tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09712tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1031-00099-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>No momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o das BEM, 15 pacientes encontravam-se em classe funcional II da NYHA e tr&#234;s encontravam-se em classe funcional III dentre os TX0; dois pacientes encontravam-se em classe funcional I, nove encontravam-se em classe funcional II, e um encontrava-se em classe funcional III entre os TX1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09712gra01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). Entre os 30 pacientes transplantados estudados, 18 n&#227;o apresentaram RC (60%); quatro apresentaram rejei&#231;&#227;o IA (13,3%); seis, rejei&#231;&#227;o IB (20%); e dois, rejei&#231;&#227;o II (6,6%).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09712gra01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1031-00099-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A etiologia mais frequente para indica&#231;&#227;o de TC foi a cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica (31%); seguida da chag&#225;sica (29%); da isqu&#234;mica (25%); da cardiopatia valvar (7%); da cardiomiopatia restritiva (4%); e de causa indeterminada (4%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra analisada foi constitu&#237;da por um total de 47 pacientes, sendo 17 (36,2%) indiv&#237;duos h&#237;gidos pertencentes ao GC e 30 indiv&#237;duos submetidos a TC; sendo esses subdivididos em 18 (38,3%) pertencentes a TX0 e 12 (25,50%) pertencentes a TX1.</p>
    <p>Dentre os pacientes transplantados, seis foram exclu&#237;dos deste estudo e n&#227;o considerados na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; sendo um, por janela ac&#250;stica inadequada; dois, por ritmo card&#237;aco irregular; um, por presen&#231;a de MP; e dois, por BEM insuficiente.</p>
    <p>Algumas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas tamb&#233;m foram analisadas de modo comparativo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09712tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09712tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1031-00099-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Com o intuito de avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mediante o c&#225;lculo do IPM, foram avaliados o intervalo sist&#243;lico e o tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular do ciclo card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09712tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09712tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1031-00099-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Mediante essa exposi&#231;&#227;o, foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as medianas das vari&#225;veis Sepdias, Ppdias, IndM/sc, EspR e FE, entre os tr&#234;s grupos, de modo que para as vari&#225;veis Sepdias, Ppdias e IndM/sc foi observado que a mediana do GC &#233; menor que a mediana do TX0, e que para a vari&#225;vel FE, observou-se que a mediana do GC &#233; maior que a mediana do grupo TX0.</p>
    <p>Para a vari&#225;vel EspR, foi observado que a mediana do GC &#233; menor que a mediana do TX1 e tamb&#233;m &#233; menor que a mediana doTX0.</p>
    <p>Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa tamb&#233;m foi verificada entre as medianas das vari&#225;veis E', DT e E/A entre os tr&#234;s grupos, de modo que para a vari&#225;vel E', foi observado que a mediana do GC &#233; maior que a mediana do TX0. J&#225; para a vari&#225;vel E/A foi verificado que a mediana do GC &#233; menor que a mediana do TX1 e tamb&#233;m &#233; menor que a mediana do TX0.</p>
    <p>No que se refere especificamente ao c&#225;lculo do IPM, percebe-se que h&#225; diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nas medianas das vari&#225;veis (a), (b) e IPM entre os tr&#234;s grupos, de modo que para a vari&#225;vel (a) foi observado que a mediana do GC &#233; maior que a mediana do TX0. J&#225; para a vari&#225;vel (b) foi verificado que a mediana do GC &#233; maior que a mediana do TX0 e tamb&#233;m &#233; maior que a mediana do TX1.</p>
    <p>Para a vari&#225;vel IPM foi verificado que a mediana do GC &#233; menor que a mediana do TX0 e tamb&#233;m &#233; menor que a mediana do TX1; entretanto, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre as medianas dos dois grupos de pacientes transplantados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09712gra02">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09712gra02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1031-00099-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Analisando-se apenas os TX, em nossa s&#233;rie, 40% apresentaram rejei&#231;&#227;o e 60% n&#227;o apresentaram rejei&#231;&#227;o. No que se refere aos TX1, 50% desses apresentaram RC grau IB, 33,33% grau IA, 16.66% grau II segundo os crit&#233;rios da ISHLT. N&#227;o obtivemos resultados de BEM com demais graus de RC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desde a realiza&#231;&#227;o do primeiro TC em 1967 na &#193;frica do Sul ocorreram avan&#231;os que permitiram maior sobrevida dos pacientes transplantados. A principal melhoria foi a introdu&#231;&#227;o, na d&#233;cada de 1980, do agente imunossupressor ciclosporina, que reativou o interesse para recome&#231;ar o programa de TC em grande escala, hoje limitado especialmente pelo n&#250;mero de doadores dispon&#237;veis<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com a era da ciclosporina a rejei&#231;&#227;o passou a provocar menos edema mioc&#225;rdico, de modo que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda tem se tornado obsoleta como crit&#233;rio isolado de RC<sup>27</sup>. Nosso estudo demonstrou uma maior mediana da Sepdias, da Ppdias e do IndM/sc para os transplantados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC aqu&#233;m dos limites estabelecidos para hipertrofia ventricular; entretanto, n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para a mediana do DDVE e para o c&#225;lculo do VDVE, permitindo inferir que o aumento da massa ventricular em pacientes transplantados ocorre em virtude do espessamento das paredes ventriculares.</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE pode ser avaliada mediante a an&#225;lise da Rel E/A, DT, do TRIV e do E'.</p>
    <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as medianas do GC, TX0 e TX1 quanto &#224; an&#225;lise do TRIV; entretanto, algum grau de altera&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pode ser percebido com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, pela compara&#231;&#227;o das medianas e dos intervalos interquart&#237;licos das vari&#225;veis E', DT e Rel E/A entre os tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica j&#225; s&#227;o conhecidas nos pacientes ap&#243;s TC. Os achados deste trabalho est&#227;o de acordo com os demonstrados na literatura<sup>26</sup>, os quais evidenciaram a presen&#231;a de um padr&#227;o de fisiologia restritiva e parcialmente revers&#237;vel nas primeiras semanas ap&#243;s o implante do enxerto.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; mais sens&#237;vel na detec&#231;&#227;o de rejei&#231;&#227;o, pelo fato de as altera&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;licas serem mais precoces que qualquer evid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica segundo informa&#231;&#245;es da literatura<sup>9</sup>, corroborando com os dados encontrados nesta s&#233;rie; pois a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global ventricular esquerda encontrava-se com suas medianas acima do valor de normalidade (FE &gt; 50%) em todos os grupos de pacientes avaliados.</p>
    <p>Epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o frequentes ap&#243;s TC, e se repetidos, podem causar fibrose e altera&#231;&#227;o da cavidade ventricular. Sob a a&#231;&#227;o da dobutamina, Bellotti e cols.<sup>28</sup> relataram contratilidade normal em pacientes transplantados sem rejei&#231;&#227;o; entretanto, em vig&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o, a contratilidade estava diminu&#237;da<sup>29</sup>, sugerindo que a ecocardiografia com dobutamina poderia auxiliar na correla&#231;&#227;o com epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A acur&#225;cia e compara&#231;&#227;o do IPM com o m&#233;todo considerado <italic>gold standard </italic>para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da FE foi estudada por Lax e cols.<sup>30 </sup>que desenvolveram a f&#243;rmula, FE = 60 - (34 x IPM), transformando o IPM em uma vari&#225;vel de ampla dissemina&#231;&#227;o e conhecimento pelos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, muitos esfor&#231;os t&#234;m sido dedicados &#224; descoberta de uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o invasiva para substituir a BEM em pacientes submetidos a TC. Como a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica est&#227;o presentes durante os epis&#243;dios de RC, o &#237;ndice de Tei foi investigado como seu poss&#237;vel pren&#250;ncio de rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie, o IPM foi maior nos TX0 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC e maior nos TX1 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC, ambos com significado estat&#237;stico. Percebeu-se tamb&#233;m que o IPM foi maior no TX1 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TX0, sugerindo que possa haver uma piora da fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica nos casos de RC; entretanto, essa suposi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o p&#244;de ser confirmada, j&#225; que n&#227;o foi acompanhada de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Na literatura, Bellotti e cols.<sup>28</sup> evidenciaram que, na presen&#231;a de epis&#243;dio de rejei&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes podem apresentar depress&#227;o da reserva de contratilidade.</p>
    <p>Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para os valores aumentados do IPM reside no fato de o tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerdo ser mais curto em pacientes transplantados, encurtando-se com maior intensidade em casos com RC, pela pr&#243;pria fisiopatologia do enxerto, sem altera&#231;&#227;o significativa do TRIV, confirmando os achados j&#225; relatados em estudo pr&#233;vio de Toumanidis e cols. em 2002<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>A boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e os resultados da BEM sugerem que a ecocardiografia Doppler deve ser usada como t&#233;cnica de primeira op&#231;&#227;o para o aux&#237;lio do diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo de RC<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi evidenciado que o IPM encontra-se aumentado nos pacientes transplantados, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos de pacientes transplantados; portanto, o ecocardiograma mostrou-se como exame de boa acur&#225;cia na detec&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica do cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado, e n&#227;o foi confi&#225;vel como m&#233;todo substituto da BEM para o diagn&#243;stico seguro de RC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Gabriel Antonio Stanisci Miguel pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) - Comiss&#227;o de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cirurgia.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="corresp" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Gabriel Antonio Stanisci Miguel </p>
        <p> Av. Senador Jos&#233; Louren&#231;o Dias, 798, sala 12, Centro M&#233;dico Maria Am&#233;lia, Centro </p>
        <p> CEP 75020-010, An&#225;polis, GO - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="gasmiguel@cardiol.br">gasmiguel@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gasmiguel@ibest.com.br">gasmiguel@ibest.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 20/03/12; revisado em 22/03/12; aceito em 04/07/12</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Role of echocardiography in the ventricular assessment of the transplanted heart versus heart rejection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Heart transplantation is an alternative for individuals with end-stage heart disease. However, episodes of heart rejection (HR) are frequent and increase morbidity and mortality, requiring the use of an accurate non-invasive exam for their diagnosis, since endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is not a complication-free procedure. OBJECTIVE: To compare the parameters obtained by use of Doppler echocardiography in a group of transplanted patients with HR (TX1) and another group of transplanted patients without rejection (TX0), having as reference a control group (CG) and observing the behavior of the left ventricular systo-diastolic function expressed as the myocardial performance index (MPI) METHODS: Transthoracic echocardiographies were performed from January 2006 to January 2008 to prospectively assess 47 patients divided into three groups: CG (36.2%); TX0 (38.3%); and TX1 (25.5%). The MPI was compared between the groups, and data were analyzed by use of Fisher exact test and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test, both with significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The groups did not differ regarding age, weight, height, and body surface. When compared to GC, TX0 and TX1 showed a change in the left ventricular systo-diastolic function, expressed as an increase in MPI, which was greater in TX1 [0.38 (0.29 - 0.44); 0.47 (0.43 - 0.56); 0.58 (0.52 - 0.74), respectively; p &lt; 0.001]. CONCLUSION: Echocardiography was a very accurate test to detect changes in the systo-diastolic function of the transplanted heart; however, it did not prove to be reliable to replace BEM in the safe diagnosis of HR.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>heart transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>graft rejection</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="inicio-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Role of echocardiography in the ventricular assessment of the transplanted heart versus heart rejection</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Gabriel Antonio Stanisci Miguel<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Salom&#243;n Soriano Ordinola Rojas<sup>I,II</sup>; Reinaldo Wilson Vieira<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Henry Abensur<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia de S&#227;o Paulo - Hospital S&#227;o Joaquim, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) - Comiss&#227;o de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o, Campinas, SP</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Cardio Life - Centro de Cardiologia e Medicina Avan&#231;ada LTDA, An&#225;polis, GO - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Adress</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Heart transplantation is an alternative for individuals with end-stage heart disease. However, episodes of heart rejection (HR) are frequent and increase morbidity and mortality, requiring the use of an accurate non-invasive exam for their diagnosis, since endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is not a complication-free procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare the parameters obtained by use of Doppler echocardiography in a group of transplanted patients with HR (TX1) and another group of transplanted patients without rejection (TX0), having as reference a control group (CG) and observing the behavior of the left ventricular systo-diastolic function expressed as the myocardial performance index (MPI)</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Transthoracic echocardiographies were performed from January 2006 to January 2008 to prospectively assess 47 patients divided into three groups: CG (36.2%); TX0 (38.3%); and TX1 (25.5%). The MPI was compared between the groups, and data were analyzed by use of Fisher exact test and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test, both with significance level of 5%.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The groups did not differ regarding age, weight, height, and body surface. When compared to GC, TX0 and TX1 showed a change in the left ventricular systo-diastolic function, expressed as an increase in MPI, which was greater in TX1 [0.38 (0.29 - 0.44); 0.47 (0.43 - 0.56); 0.58 (0.52 - 0.74), respectively; p &lt; 0.001].</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Echocardiography was a very accurate test to detect changes in the systo-diastolic function of the transplanted heart; however, it did not prove to be reliable to replace BEM in the safe diagnosis of HR.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Echocardiography; heart transplantation; graft rejection / complications; ventricular function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a clinical condition of high morbidity and mortality that affects approximately 23 million people worldwide<sup>1</sup>. In Brazil, approximately 6.4 million individuals are estimated to have HF. According to the Brazilian Ministry of Health, from January to July 2008, there were 147,348 hospitalizations due to HF, with mortality rate of 8.1% (11,978 patients) and estimated expenditure of R$ 132 million; in the Brazilian state of S&#227;o Paulo, that cost exceeded R$ 25 million<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The major complication of heart transplantation (HT) in its first decade was acute cellular rejection (heart rejection - HR) with elevated morbidity and mortality, and a survival rate lower than 15% per year. The difficulties for the early recognition of HR and of insufficient immunosuppression protocols were the factors that contributed most for graft loss at that time<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The beginning of the 1980s represents the beginning of the second phase of HT. It is known as the post-cyclosporine era or the era of HR control, in which an increase in the following was observed: the number of HT<sup>4</sup>; and one-year and five-year survival rates to approximately 80% and 65%, respectively, according to the most recent registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). However, although HR is no longer a restriction for transplantation, it still accounts for 12% of the adult deaths in the period between 30 and 360 days after HT<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, according to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC, in Portuguese) first guideline for HT registry, the one-year and four-year survival rates are 66% and 54%, respectively. Heart rejection has accounted for 18% of the deaths in that case series of 778 patients<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several non-invasive techniques for the diagnosis of rejection have been investigated, but, in clinical practice, none has proved to be sufficiently reliable to replace endomyocardial biopsy (EMB). However, routine biopsy is extremely inconvenient to patients, has risks, and increases costs. The strategy of performing biopsy one year after transplantation has been questioned, and attempts to reduce its frequency have been reported. However, the identification of rejection is based on performing biopsy at predefined intervals<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography is fundamental to manage transplanted patients. In the immediate postoperative period it enables the assessment of global systolic and diastolic functions, segmentary contractility, and hemodynamic parameters of both ventricles. In addition, echocardiography provides extremely accurate information about the severity of pulmonary hypertension and the diagnosis of valvular or pericardial changes, being ideal for follow-up and serial assessments<sup>8</sup>. Echocardiography has advantages over EMB because it is less expensive, not restricted to large centers, rapidly performed, and has no complications. However, it cannot diagnose the type of rejection and requires properly trained professionals.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objective</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to compare Doppler echocardiographic parameters in transplanted patients with HR (TX1) and without HR (TX0), using a control group (CG) as reference, and assessing the behavior of the left ventricular systo-diastolic function expressed by use of myocardial performance index (MPI).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January 2006 to January 2008, patients who had undergone orthotopic HT according to the bicaval bipulmonary technique were assessed. They were recruited during hospitalization at the Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia de S&#227;o Paulo, in the city of S&#227;o Paulo, and were referred to EMB, which is the reference standard for the diagnosis of HR, at the Integrated Pathology Center of that hospital. All patients provided written informed consent, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research (n&#186; 376-08) on 5/28/2008.</p>
      <p>The patients used the triple regimen consisting of corticosteroids, a calcineurin inhibitor and antiproliferative drugs as follows: prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day)<sup>9</sup>; mycophenolate mofetil (500 mg, every 12 h); and cyclosporine (2 mg/kg/day). Some patients used azathioprine and methotrexate.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: patients with orthotopic HT due to cardiomyopathy of any etiology, at least seven days after surgery; age greater than 18 years; echocardiography performed at least seven days after EMB; and regular heart rhythm. Patients with the following characteristics were excluded: echocardiographic window technically inadequate to the satisfactory quality of the test; irregular heart rhythm; cardiac pacemaker (PM); EMB with insufficient material or inconclusive diagnosis; and fever at the time of the test.</p>
      <p>The recipients had no information about the donors or their families.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a prospective study, controlled with a group of healthy individuals. All transplanted patients underwent echocardiography and EMB, and the researchers involved in each of the two techniques knew nothing about the results of the other. The echocardiographic findings were correlated with the results of the EMB, considering the presence or absence of HR.</p>
      <p>The CG consisted of healthy asymptomatic volunteers, with normal clinical exam, resting electrocardiography (ECG) and Doppler echocardiography, and history of neither cardiovascular nor systemic disease. The group of transplanted patients was subdivided into transplanted patients with HR (TX1) and without HR (TX0). The demographic data analyzed were as follows: sex (men, women); and color (white, mixed, and black). The groups had the same distribution of age, weight, height, and body surface (BS).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At the time EMB was indicated, the patients underwent anamnesis and clinical examination, and were classified according to New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class to quantify the extension of HF, by use of the functional assessment regarding physical activity<sup>10</sup>. The etiology of the cardiomyopathy was investigated for HT indication.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The EMBs were performed one day after echocardiography, via internal jugular vein puncture with radioscopic monitoring. Fragments of ventricular myocardium were obtained, sent to anatomical-pathological study by an experienced pathologist, and immediately reviewed by another pathologist, who ignored the report of the first pathologist. If the results disagreed, the samples would be sent to analysis of concordance by a third professional, which, however, was not necessary.</p>
      <p>Cellular rejection was graded according to the ISHLT criteria as follows<sup>11</sup>: grade 0 = no rejection; grade IA = focal (perivascular or interstitial) infiltrate with no myocyte damage; grade IB = diffuse but sparse infiltrate with no myocyte damage; grade II = one focus only with aggressive infiltrates and/or myocyte damage; grade IIIA = multifocal aggressive infiltrates and/or myocyte damage; grade IIIB = diffuse inflammatory process with myocyte necrosis; and grade IV = diffuse aggressive polymorphous infiltrate with hemorrhage and myocyte necrosis. The biopsy specimens were considered adequate when at least three myocardial fragments were obtained for optical microscopy analysis, after formalin fixation and slide staining with hematoxylin and eosin. After sheath withdrawal, hemostasis was obtained with local compression.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiography was performed with the Toshiba Nemio 30 Ultrasound System (Otawara-Shi, Tochigi, Japan), equipped with a 2.5- to 5.0-MHz multifrequency transducer. The patients were positioned in a left lateral decubitus for image acquisition in the parasternal and apical views. During the exam, heart rhythm and frequency were monitored by use of an electrocardiographic lead. All heart structures were measured according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)<sup>12-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The exams were performed by an observer and immediately reviewed by another, who was blind to the first assessment to exclude intra- and interobserver variability. If the results disagreed, the exam would be performed by a third observer for concordance analysis. The echocardiographers were the same during the entire study, were highly experienced, with SBC level III training<sup>15</sup>. Three measurements for each echocardiographic variable were obtained, and their arithmetic mean was used for analysis.</p>
      <p>The variables assessed were as follows: left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD); left ventricular diastolic volume (LVDV); interventricular septum thickness (IVST); left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT); relative wall thickness (RWT); ventricular mass indexed to body surface (VM/bs); left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); E wave deceleration time (EWDT); isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT); ratio between the early and late ventricular filling velocities (E/A); peak early diastolic velocity on tissue Doppler echocardiography (E'); ratio between the early diastolic velocity of mitral flow and early diastolic velocity on tissue Doppler echocardiography (mitE/E'); left ventricular systole (LVS); left ventricular ejection time (LVET); and MPI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Myocardial performance index</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A new index for assessing the ventricular systo-diastolic function has been recently proposed, the MPI. Obtained by using Doppler echocardiography, and combining systolic and diastolic intervals of the cardiac cycle, the MPI value is lower than 0.39 &#177; 0.05 in normal individuals<sup>16</sup>, and increases as left ventricular function worsens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09712fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). That index allows assessing ventricular function at rest or during pharmacological stress<sup>17</sup>.</p>
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      </p>
      <p>The MPI does not require the analysis of ventricular borders, which is indispensable for calculating EF. Its measurement depends only on transmitral and transaortic flows, consisting in adding the left ventricular isovolumetric relaxation and contraction times, divided by LVET. It is adequate for diagnosing global cardiac dysfunction, because the greater its numerical value, the greater the grade of left ventricular dysfunction and worse the patient's clinical status, being considered an indicator of high risk for congestive HF and death due to cardiac cause<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The MPI seems to be independent of the geometry of the chamber, of changes in heart rate or blood pressure<sup>19,20</sup>, and of the severity of mitral regurgitation, although it depends partially on variations in filling<sup>20</sup>. The MPI is a reproducible method that closely correlates with invasive measures of systolic and diastolic functions.</p>
      <p>To determine mitral transvalvular flow, the volume sample was positioned at the level of the extremities of the mitral cusps, and a biphasic pattern (above baseline) was obtained. The beginning of the flow reflects mitral valve opening, the first wave corresponding to the rapid ventricular filling phase, and the second wave corresponding to atrial contraction. To determine aortic transvalvular flow, the volume sample was positioned immediately below the valvular plane, and a monophasic pattern (below baseline), corresponding to ventricular ejection, was obtained<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>&#149; left ventricular systole (a) - interval between the end of the second diastolic wave and the beginning of the first diastolic wave in mitral transvalvular flow.</p>
      <p>&#149; left ventricular ejection time (b) - interval between the beginning and end of the wave in aortic transvalvular flow.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Data analysis was performed by using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software for Windows, version 12, and <italic>R: A language and environment for statistical computing</italic><sup>23</sup>. All tests were performed considering bilateral hypotheses and adopting the significance level of &#945; = 5%.</p>
      <p>Initially, descriptive statistics was used to assess the frequency, median and interquartile interval of the variables studied. Quantitative data were shown as median and interquartile interval. Qualitative data were shown as frequencies.</p>
      <p>Fisher exact test was used to assess the homogeneity of the proportions of men and women and of white and black/mixed individuals in the groups CG, TX0 and TX1. The nonparametric test was used, because the requirements for the parametric test were not met.</p>
      <p>The medians of the variables age, height, weight, and BS in the three groups were compared by use of the Kruskal-Wallis test, and, in the presence of a statistically significant difference, that test was followed by the multiple comparison test to identify which groups differed. A nonparametric test was also used, because those variables had no normal distribution, and the normality of the data was tested by use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test<sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our sample, the proportion between women and men in groups CG, TX0 and TX1 differed. Thus, the groups were not homogeneous regarding sex. The same did not apply to the variable ethnicity, according to which the groups were homogeneous (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09712tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
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      </p>
      <p>In addition, the groups did not statistically differ regarding age, weight, height, and BS, being thus similar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09712tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
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      </p>
      <p>At the time of EMB, of the TX0 patients, 15 were NYHA functional class II and three were NYHA functional class III; of the TX1 patients, two were NYHA functional class I, nine were NYHA functional class II, and one was NYHA functional class III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09712cha01-body2">Chart 1</xref>). Of the 30 transplanted patients studied, HR was as follows: no HR, 18 patients (60%); grade IA HR, four patients (13.3%); grade IB HR, six patients (20%); and grade II HR, two patients (6.6%).</p>
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      </p>
      <p>The most frequent etiologies of heart disease with HT indication were as follows: idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (31%); Chagas cardiomyopathy (29%); ischemic cardiomyopathy (25%); valvular heart disease (7%); restrictive cardiomyopathy (4%); and undetermined cause (4%).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study's sample comprised 47 patients as follows: 17 (36.2%) healthy individuals (CG); and 30 transplanted individuals, 18 (38.3%) in the TX0 group and 12 (25.50%) in the TX1 group.</p>
      <p>Of the transplanted patients, six were excluded from the study and not considered in the statistical analysis as follows: one due to technically inadequate echocardiographic window; two due irregular heart rhythm; one due to the presence of PM; and two due to insufficient EMB material.</p>
      <p>Some echocardiographic variables were also compared (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09712tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
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      </p>
      <p>Aiming at assessing the left ventricular systo-diastolic function by use of MPI, the LVS and the LVET of the cardiac cycle were assessed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09712tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
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      </p>
      <p>A statistically significant difference was observed in the medians of the variables IVST, LVPWT, VM/bs, RWT and LVEF in the three groups as follows: the medians of the variables IVST, LVPWT, and VM/bs were lower in the CG than those in the TX0; the median of the variable LVEF was greater in the CG than that in the TX0.</p>
      <p>Regarding the variable RWT, its median in the CG was lower than those in the TX1 and TX0.</p>
      <p>A statistically significant difference was also observed in the medians of the variables E', EWDT and E/A in the three groups as follows: the median of the variable E' was greater in the CG than that in the TX0; the median of the variable E/A was lower in the CG than those in the TX1 and TX0.</p>
      <p>Regarding specifically the calculation of MPI, there was a statistically significant difference in the medians of the variables LVS, LVET and MPI between the three groups as follows: the median of the variable LVS was greater in CG than that in TX0; the median of the variable LVET was greater in CG than those in TX0 and TX1; the median of the variable MPI was lower in CG than those in TX0 and TX1. However, no difference in the medians of the two groups of transplanted patients was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09712cha02-body2">Chart 2</xref>).</p>
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      </p>
      <p>Assessing only the groups of transplanted patients, 40% had rejection and 60%, no rejection. Regarding the TX1, HR according to the ISHLT criteria was as follows: grade IB, 50%; grade IA, 33.33%; and grade II, 16.66%. No other HR grade was observed on EMB.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Since the first HT was performed in South Africa in 1967, advances have provided longer survival to transplanted patients. The major improvement was the introduction, in the 1980s, of the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine, which has boosted the interest in restarting the large-scale HT program, today limited due especially to the scarcity of donors available<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the era of cyclosporine, rejection began to cause less myocardial edema, and, thus, measuring left ventricular mass has become obsolete as an isolated criterion to assess HR<sup>27</sup>. Our study has shown greater medians of IVST, LVPWT and VM/bs for transplanted patients as compared with those in the CG below the limits established for ventricular hypertrophy; however, no statistical significance was observed for the median of LVDD and for the calculation of LVDV, allowing us to infer that the increase in ventricular mass in transplanted patients occurs due to ventricular wall thickening.</p>
      <p>Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction can be assessed by use of E/A, EWDT, IVRT and E'.</p>
      <p>In our case series, no statistically significant difference was observed between the medians of the CG, TX0 and TX1 regarding the analysis of IVRT; however, some statistically significant change in diastolic function could be identified, by comparing the medians and the interquartile intervals of the variables E', EWDT and E/A between the three groups of patients.</p>
      <p>Changes in diastolic function after HT are well known. The findings of this study are in accordance with those of the literature<sup>26</sup>, which have evidenced a pattern of restrictive and partially reversible physiology in the first weeks after graft implantation.</p>
      <p>Assessing diastolic function is more sensitive in detecting rejection, because, according to the literature, diastolic changes precede any evidence of systolic dysfunction<sup>9</sup>. This is in accordance with data from this case series, whose medians of global left ventricular systolic function were increased (LVEF &gt; 50%) in all groups assessed.</p>
      <p>Episodes of rejection are frequent after HT, and, when repeated, can cause fibrosis and ventricular cavity changes. By use of dobutamine, Bellotti et al.<sup>28</sup> have reported normal contractility in transplanted patients with no rejection; however, in the presence of rejection, contractility was reduced<sup>29</sup>, suggesting that dobutamine echocardiography could aid in correlating with episodes of rejection.</p>
      <p>The accuracy of MPI and its comparison with the method considered gold standard for quantifying EF have been studied by Lax et al.<sup>30</sup>, who have developed the formula, EF = 60 - (34 x MPI), transforming MPI into a widely known variable among clinicians.</p>
      <p>In recent years, a lot of effort has been put into discovering a non-invasive technique to replace EMB in patients undergoing HT. Because systolic and diastolic dysfunctions are present during episodes of HR, the Tei index has been investigated as a potential predictor of acute rejection<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our case series, MPI was greater in TX0 and in TX1 than in CG, both with statistical significance. In addition, MPI was greater in TX1 than in TX0, suggesting a possible worsening of systo-diastolic function in cases of HR; that hypothesis, however, could not be confirmed, because there was no statistical significance. Bellotti et al.<sup>28</sup> have reported that, in the presence of an episode of rejection, the patients can have a reduction in the contractility reserve.</p>
      <p>A possible explanation for the increased values of MPI lies in the fact that the LVET is shorter in transplanted patients, and much shorter in the presence of HR, because of the pathophysiology of the graft, with no significant change in the IVRT, corroborating the findings of the study by Toumanidis et al. in 2008<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p>The good correlation between echocardiographic changes and EMB results have suggested that Doppler echocardiography should be used as a first choice technique to aid in the non-invasive diagnosis of HR<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It has been shown that MPI is increased in transplanted patients as compared with a control group, and no significant difference was observed between the two groups of transplanted patients. Echocardiography showed good accuracy to detect changes in the systo-diastolic function of the transplanted heart; however, it did not prove to be reliable to replace BEM in the safe diagnosis of HR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the doctoral thesis submitted by Gabriel Antonio Stanisci Miguel, from Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) - Comiss&#227;o de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cirurgia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
