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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rqdMSjCS8rmnKTGdG4K4HkQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900508</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000094</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Emiss&#227;o de laudos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos a dist&#226;ncia: experi&#234;ncia da rede catarinense de telemedicina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giuliano</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela de Carlos Back</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barcellos Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Cloves Langendorf</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>von Wangenheim</surname>
            <given-names>Aldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coutinho</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio S&#233;rgio Soares de Azeredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Santa Catarina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Pediatria </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Santa Catarina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Inform&#225;tica e Estat&#237;stica </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Bioestat&#237;stica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Santa Catarina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1023</fpage>
      <lpage>1030</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Cresce o uso da Telemedicina, especialmente no envio e na avalia&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma (ECG). &#201; um procedimento de baixo custo, com alto potencial de salvar vidas. OBJETIVO: Descrever a forma de an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica e o perfil do usu&#225;rio da Rede Catarinense de Telemedicina quando o laudo era emitido de forma livre. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo observacional, transversal, determinando as associa&#231;&#245;es entre caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e diagn&#243;sticos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos emitidos, dentre os usu&#225;rios da Rede Catarinense de Telemedicina quando o laudo era fornecido de forma livre. Esse sistema estava conectado a 287 cidades de Santa Catarina, os exames eram feitos nos locais de origem e emitidos os laudos em tr&#234;s hospitais terci&#225;rios. Entre 2005 e 2010, os laudos eram emitidos de forma livre e foi criado um m&#233;todo probabil&#237;stico para an&#225;lise dos dados. Um cardiologista experiente avaliou todos os ECG para aferir a chance de anormalidade. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 243.363 ECG. A maioria (58%) foi realizada em pacientes com mais de 50 anos e proveniente da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (72%). Houve diferen&#231;as de frequ&#234;ncia por regi&#227;o, parcialmente relacionado com n&#250;mero de cardiologistas/regi&#227;o (r = -0,551), com a dist&#226;ncia dos centros terci&#225;rios e com poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as de aceita&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo. Cerca de 53% do ECG foram anormais, com maior frequ&#234;ncia quanto maior a idade (r2 = 0,8166), e com diferen&#231;as regionais tamb&#233;m significantes (p &lt; 0,0001). CONCLUS&#195;O: Foi constru&#237;do um sistema de an&#225;lise dos dados integrando termos prevalentes, an&#225;lise probabil&#237;stica e dicion&#225;rios especializados. O sistema tem atendido uma parcela significativa da popula&#231;&#227;o catarinense, principalmente idosos, da rede b&#225;sica e de regi&#245;es remotas do estado.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Telemedicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Emiss&#227;o de laudos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos a dist&#226;ncia: experi&#234;ncia da rede catarinense de telemedicina</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Isabela de Carlos Back Giuliano<sup>I</sup>; Cloves Langendorf Barcellos Junior<sup>II</sup>; Aldo von Wangenheim<sup>II</sup>; M&#225;rio S&#233;rgio Soares de Azeredo Coutinho<sup>III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Pediatria, Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva - UFSC, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Inform&#225;tica e Estat&#237;stica, Laborat&#243;rio de Bioestat&#237;stica - UFSC, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - UFSC, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Cresce o uso da Telemedicina, especialmente no envio e na avalia&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma (ECG). &#201; um procedimento de baixo custo, com alto potencial de salvar vidas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever a forma de an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica e o perfil do usu&#225;rio da Rede Catarinense de Telemedicina quando o laudo era emitido de forma livre. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo observacional, transversal, determinando as associa&#231;&#245;es entre caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e diagn&#243;sticos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos emitidos, dentre os usu&#225;rios da Rede Catarinense de Telemedicina quando o laudo era fornecido de forma livre. Esse sistema estava conectado a 287 cidades de Santa Catarina, os exames eram feitos nos locais de origem e emitidos os laudos em tr&#234;s hospitais terci&#225;rios. Entre 2005 e 2010, os laudos eram emitidos de forma livre e foi criado um m&#233;todo probabil&#237;stico para an&#225;lise dos dados. Um cardiologista experiente avaliou todos os ECG para aferir a chance de anormalidade. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 243.363 ECG. A maioria (58%) foi realizada em pacientes com mais de 50 anos e proveniente da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (72%). Houve diferen&#231;as de frequ&#234;ncia por regi&#227;o, parcialmente relacionado com n&#250;mero de cardiologistas/regi&#227;o (r = -0,551), com a dist&#226;ncia dos centros terci&#225;rios e com poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as de aceita&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo. Cerca de 53% do ECG foram anormais, com maior frequ&#234;ncia quanto maior a idade (r2 = 0,8166), e com diferen&#231;as regionais tamb&#233;m significantes (p &lt; 0,0001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Foi constru&#237;do um sistema de an&#225;lise dos dados integrando termos prevalentes, an&#225;lise probabil&#237;stica e dicion&#225;rios especializados. O sistema tem atendido uma parcela significativa da popula&#231;&#227;o catarinense, principalmente idosos, da rede b&#225;sica e de regi&#245;es remotas do estado.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Telemedicina; Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos; Idoso; Servi&#231;os de Sa&#250;de</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cresce o uso da Telemedicina no envio e na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiogramas (ECG)<sup>1-5</sup>. O crescimento &#233; ainda maior na Telemedicina Ass&#237;ncrona, em que se envia exames a um servidor para posterior an&#225;lise e provimento de laudo por especialista. &#201; considerada tecnologia de baixo custo, com economia de tempo e com potencial de salvar vidas,<sup>6</sup> diminuindo a dist&#226;ncia entre o cuidado prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A Telecardiologia est&#225; mudando o cuidado prim&#225;rio de pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em todo o mundo<sup>8</sup>. Essa metodologia de trabalho, quando associada a uma infraestrutura computacional e de telecomunica&#231;&#245;es adequada, auxilia o m&#233;dico de fam&#237;lia no manejo agudo e cr&#244;nico das afec&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. Possibilita tanto o atendimento preferencial de pacientes de alto risco quanto diminui as interna&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias. Isso desafoga o sistema de sa&#250;de e propicia melhor qualidade de vida aos usu&#225;rios<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os exames podem ser realizados nos domic&#237;lios dos pacientes - especialmente interessante para indiv&#237;duos idosos<sup>11</sup> ou auxiliar o diagn&#243;stico ambulatorial de pacientes com arritmia, pela possibilidade de maior tempo de observa&#231;&#227;o<sup>12</sup>; em ambul&#226;ncias, pode auxiliar a monitora&#231;&#227;o e tomada de decis&#245;es nos pacientes graves<sup>13,14</sup> e propiciar atendimento de excel&#234;ncia em pacientes com cardiopatias graves descompensadas, mesmo quando o atendimento for realizado por param&#233;dicos ou outros profissionais da sa&#250;de<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em pa&#237;ses de grandes dimens&#245;es como o nosso, o m&#233;todo pode ser especialmente &#250;til se agregado a outros - como monitora&#231;&#227;o de pulso, press&#227;o arterial, satura&#231;&#227;o arterial e temperatura - especialmente em pacientes graves e em locais mais remotos<sup>16</sup>. A Telemedicina &#233; uma tecnologia que come&#231;a a ser utilizada tamb&#233;m no Brasil, mostrando-se de boa aceitabilidade<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A despeito de todas as vantagens j&#225; apresentadas, sugere-se que h&#225; necessidade de maiores estudos sobre a Telecardiologia quanto a custos, impacto e perfil dos usu&#225;rios atendidos<sup>18</sup>. Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar a constru&#231;&#227;o da forma de an&#225;lise e o perfil do usu&#225;rio que realizou ECG - a dist&#226;ncia e de forma ass&#237;ncrona - pelo Sistema Integrado Catarinense de Telemedicina e Telessa&#250;de - STT/SC<sup>19-22</sup>, na fase em que os laudos eram emitidos de forma livre. Visa tamb&#233;m demonstrar o perfil do usu&#225;rio do sistema nessa fase do processo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Portal de Telemedicina &#233; uma ferramenta eletr&#244;nica de aux&#237;lio ao trabalho dos profissionais de sa&#250;de que necessitam visualizar e diagnosticar exames de imagens remotamente, e &#233; parte integrante da infraestrutura tecnol&#243;gica do STT/SC. Esse modelo permite a realiza&#231;&#227;o de telediagn&#243;sticos diretamente pela internet<sup>19-21</sup>.</p>
    <p>O sistema do STT/SC atua como central de capta&#231;&#227;o e emiss&#227;o de laudos, administrada pela Ger&#234;ncia de Complexos Reguladores da Secretaria de Estado da Sa&#250;de - GECOR/SES/SC, interligada com mais de 400 institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de em 291 munic&#237;pios de Santa Catarina. Ocorre uma integra&#231;&#227;o de grandes hospitais estaduais com mais de 300 unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de no interior do Estado, sendo o tr&#225;fego de dados entre os hospitais realizado de forma criptografada e segura por meio da Rede de Governo do Estado de Santa Catarina. O acesso a unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de e a m&#233;dicos, inclusive via aplica&#231;&#245;es para dispositivos m&#243;veis, &#233; oferecida por meio de um ponto de converg&#234;ncia entre a internet e a Rede de Governo do estado, no Ponto de Presen&#231;a - POP-SC. Ambas as formas de tr&#225;fego s&#227;o realizadas via conex&#227;o segura com certificado digital n&#237;vel 3 padr&#227;o da Infraestrutura de Chaves P&#250;blicas - ICP-Brasil, alinhado &#224;s resolu&#231;&#245;es 1.643/02 e 1.821/07 do Conselho Federal de Medicina. Detalhes t&#233;cnicos acerca de estrutura, tecnologias e modos de funcionamento do STT/SC podem ser encontrados em publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores do grupo<sup>20,21</sup>. Com o intuito de elevar o n&#237;vel de seguran&#231;a e oferecer adicionalmente garantias de <italic>tempestividade</italic> e <italic>irrefutabilidade</italic> aos exames gerados, tornando-os documentos eletr&#244;nicos juridicamente v&#225;lidos e possuidores de carimbo de tempo, o sistema realiza tamb&#233;m o protocolo digital de documentos eletr&#244;nicos dos dados de imagem e sinal de todo exame gerado e, posteriormente, mais uma vez da combina&#231;&#227;o texto de laudo-dados de exame<sup>22</sup>. Esse carimbo de tempo &#233; realizado com protocolizadora digital de documentos eletr&#244;nicos (PDDE) que possui certificado digital padr&#227;o ICP-Brasil instalada em Sala Segura na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), alinhado aos procedimentos adotados, por exemplo, no Tribunal de Regional do Trabalho de Santa Catarina<sup>23</sup>. A protocolizadora digital garante que seja imposs&#237;vel protocolar um documento eletr&#244;nico de forma retroativa com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo, ao n&#250;mero do protocolo e ao conte&#250;do do original.</p>
    <p>Aos munic&#237;pios foram fornecidos os equipamentos de capta&#231;&#227;o dos eletrocardiogramas digitais, e a equipe de sa&#250;de foi treinada para manusear o sistema. Os exames de eletrocardiografia digital s&#227;o realizados nos locais de origem, os exames emitidos para o portal que direciona os exames a uma equipe de cardiologistas, que emite o laudo. O laudo, por sua vez, pode ser acessado no local de origem para a conduta necess&#225;ria pela equipe respons&#225;vel pelo paciente.</p>
    <p>A equipe de cardiologistas que emite os laudos &#233; composta por profissionais com mais de 10 anos de pr&#225;tica em cardiologia, todos com resid&#234;ncia em cardiologia e envolvidos com doc&#234;ncia em programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia, <italic>stricto sensu</italic> (programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o da UFSC) ou <italic>lato sensu</italic> (resid&#234;ncias em cardiologia em hospitais terci&#225;rios).</p>
    <p>Entre agosto de 2005 e agosto de 2010, foram realizados no STT/SC 243.363 exames de ECG por Telemedicina, e, nessa fase, os laudos foram emitidos na forma de escrita livre. Como havia in&#250;meras variantes de modelos de ECG, foi criado um m&#233;todo para recupera&#231;&#227;o dos laudos baseado em tr&#234;s etapas: entrevistas com os cardiologistas relacionados ao programa; o desenvolvimento de novas t&#233;cnicas de extra&#231;&#227;o da informa&#231;&#227;o dos laudos m&#233;dicos utilizando t&#233;cnicas probabil&#237;sticas; e a composi&#231;&#227;o de uma base de nomenclatura utilizando dicion&#225;rios especializados com a gera&#231;&#227;o das estat&#237;sticas resultantes durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o da metodologia concebida.</p>
    <p>A primeira etapa consistiu em especificar o processo de composi&#231;&#227;o de um laudo de ECG e definir o processo de classifica&#231;&#227;o do achado. Para tal, quatro m&#233;dicos cardiologistas contribu&#237;ram com o perfil metodol&#243;gico ao redigir um laudo e mapear os termos e as senten&#231;as mais recorrentes utilizados por cada um individualmente. Posteriormente, novas entrevistas com o mesmo grupo de m&#233;dicos foram realizadas com o objetivo de catalogar as categorias em que os achados encontrados seriam distribu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>A segunda etapa consistiu em desenvolver uma ferramenta para recuperar as informa&#231;&#245;es contidas na base de dados do STT/SC. Essa ferramenta utiliza t&#233;cnicas de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica para retornar o grau de similaridade de uma ou mais composi&#231;&#245;es gramaticais<sup>24</sup>. Entre essas t&#233;cnicas podemos destacar a dist&#226;ncia Levenshtein, que utiliza o conceito matem&#225;tico de matrizes para realizar opera&#231;&#245;es de inser&#231;&#227;o, exclus&#227;o ou substitui&#231;&#227;o de um &#250;nico caractere nas express&#245;es a serem comparadas, com o objetivo de transformar uma express&#227;o em outra. Essa t&#233;cnica compara duas express&#245;es a fim de obter um grau de similaridade entre elas<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>A terceira etapa consistiu na composi&#231;&#227;o de uma base de nomenclatura com dicion&#225;rios especializados para ampliar o vocabul&#225;rio nas pesquisas. Para tal, foram utilizados dicion&#225;rios da l&#237;ngua portuguesa<sup>26</sup>, um dicion&#225;rio composto a partir das Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre An&#225;lise e Emiss&#227;o de Laudos Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos<sup>27</sup>, al&#233;m do dicion&#225;rio de descritores e sin&#244;nimos dos Descritores em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - DeCS<sup>28</sup>. A fim de aumentar a qualidade dos resultados, foi criado um dicion&#225;rio espec&#237;fico de composi&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas utilizadas pelos m&#233;dicos cardiologias usu&#225;rios do STT/SC, concebido no processo de entrevistas da primeira etapa.</p>
    <p>Para agregar as informa&#231;&#245;es desses dicion&#225;rios, <italic>thesauri</italic> e descritores, foi desenvolvido um mecanismo capaz de mesclar informa&#231;&#245;es entre essas diversas fontes, gerando um &#250;nico arquivo de sin&#244;nimos adequado &#224; ferramenta desenvolvida.</p>
    <p>Diversas vari&#225;veis independentes foram utilizadas para a descri&#231;&#227;o univariada dos exames realizados no per&#237;odo: idade, tipo de unidade de sa&#250;de, macrorregi&#227;o de Santa Catarina, rela&#231;&#227;o entre popula&#231;&#227;o e n&#250;mero de exames e rela&#231;&#227;o entre popula&#231;&#227;o e n&#250;mero estimado de cardiologistas, segundo a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia/Se&#231;&#227;o Santa Catarina<sup>29</sup>. Os laudos foram avaliados por um cardiologista experiente e categorizados com maior probabilidade de ser normal ou anormal.</p>
    <p>Os dados cont&#237;nuos n&#227;o param&#233;tricos foram descritos em mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico (IIC). Foram determinadas as frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e percentuais, segundo caracter&#237;sticas das vari&#225;veis. As associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis foram determinadas por meio de teste de qui-quadrado por tend&#234;ncia ou independ&#234;ncia, segundo caracter&#237;sticas dos dados; ou por correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman quando pertinente.</p>
    <p>Segundo consenso do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da UFSC, em julho de 2009, n&#227;o houve necessidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o do projeto por serem dados secund&#225;rios do STT/SC. Respeitou-se o C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica, a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96, especialmente relacionado &#224; confidencialidade dos dados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos usu&#225;rios dos exames de eletrocardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados laudos de 243.363 ECG. Destes, as idades variaram de 0 a 104 anos, com mediana das idades dos pacientes de 53 anos (intervalo interquart&#237;lico: 42 a 66 anos). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_09012t01">Tabela 1</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, segundo idade, apresentando a maioria dos usu&#225;rios (cerca de 58%) com mais de 50 anos. Quando comparada a distribui&#231;&#227;o das idades com a popula&#231;&#227;o residente m&#233;dia destes anos em Santa Catarina<sup>30</sup>, foi observada uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre idade e solicita&#231;&#245;es de ECG (p por tend&#234;ncia &lt; 0,0001, ao teste de qui-quadrado).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="pt_09012t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1023-00094-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Foi avaliada a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos exames de ECG, segundo macrorregi&#227;o de Santa Catarina, exibidos em porcentagem na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_09012f01">Figura 1</xref>. Observou-se que a macrorregi&#227;o do Vale do Itaja&#237; concentrou o maior n&#250;mero de exames de ECG registrados na base de dados do STT/SC, com 29,68% do total, enquanto a macrorregi&#227;o do Planalto Serrano apresentou a menor concentra&#231;&#227;o de exames, com 3,39%. Quando analisa-se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a popula&#231;&#227;o e o n&#250;mero de exames, essa rela&#231;&#227;o &#233; maior na Grande Florian&#243;polis e menor no Vale do Itaja&#237;, o que &#233; parcialmente explicado pela rela&#231;&#227;o popula&#231;&#227;o/n&#250;mero de cardiologistas estimados para a macrorregi&#227;o<sup>29</sup>, com r = -0,551 &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman e p = 0,1568, como apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_09012t02">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="pt_09012f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1023-00094-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="pt_09012t02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1023-00094-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m foram coletados dados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; institui&#231;&#227;o que realizou o exame e o tipo de atendimento recebido pelo paciente. Conceituou-se aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria como atendimentos em unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de, aten&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria como atendimentos feitos em policl&#237;nicas, pronto atendimentos e hospitais, excluindo institui&#231;&#245;es de Florian&#243;polis, S&#227;o Jos&#233; e Joinville. Os hospitais dessas cidades constituem aten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio. A maioria dos exames foi realizada na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (72%), seguido de aten&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria (22%), e apenas 6% dos exames foram realizados no n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos diagn&#243;sticos de eletrocardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao aplicar o m&#233;todo descrito de busca dos termos e classifica&#231;&#227;o dos diagn&#243;sticos, obteve-se a distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_09012t03">Tabela 3</xref>, representado em dados absolutos. Um diagn&#243;stico que contenha mais de um termo mapeado pelo sistema foi listado em mais de um diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="pt_09012t03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1023-00094-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos exames de eletrocardiogramas segundo crit&#233;rio de normalidade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Considerou-se 52,8% dos ECG como anormais. Observou-se forte correla&#231;&#227;o linear positiva entre idade e percentual de anormalidades encontradas ao ECG, (r<sup>2</sup> = 0,8166, p = 0,0008, correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman). A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_09012t04">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="pt_09012t04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1023-00094-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre macrorregi&#245;es de Santa Catarina e percentual de anormalidades encontradas ao ECG foi estatisticamente significante (p &lt; 0,0001, qui-quadrado por independ&#234;ncia), sendo maior na macrorregi&#227;o Nordeste e menor, na Sul. N&#227;o se observou rela&#231;&#227;o entre o percentual de anormalidades por macrorregi&#227;o e a rela&#231;&#227;o popula&#231;&#227;o/n&#250;mero de cardiologistas (r = -0,1479, p = 0,7266, correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman). A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_09012t05">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="pt_09012t05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1023-00094-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo apresenta, pela primeira vez, a experi&#234;ncia do STT/SC, no tocante &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o e confec&#231;&#227;o de laudos de ECG. Mostrou que um n&#250;mero significativo de usu&#225;rios catarinenses j&#225; utilizou o sistema, principalmente pacientes com mais de 50 anos, de regi&#245;es distantes dos hospitais terci&#225;rios, e no atendimento prim&#225;rio. A maioria dos exames apresentou anormalidades nos seus laudos, mais frequente quanto maior a idade, e com distribui&#231;&#227;o espacial diferente, de forma estatisticamente significante. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a popula&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o e o n&#250;mero de cardiologistas s&#243; explicou fracamente o n&#250;mero de exames totais por macrorregi&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A solicita&#231;&#227;o mais frequente de ECG com o avan&#231;ar da idade pode ser explicada pelo aumento da frequ&#234;ncia de afec&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em pacientes mais velhos, al&#233;m do consequente maior grau de suspei&#231;&#227;o nessa faixa et&#225;ria<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o de exames segundo macrorregi&#227;o apresentou caracter&#237;sticas muito peculiares, parcialmente explicadas pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre a popula&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o e o n&#250;mero de cardiologistas, e parte pela dist&#226;ncia dos hospitais terci&#225;rios (macrorregi&#245;es da Grande Florian&#243;polis e Nordeste). A macrorregi&#227;o do Vale do Itaja&#237; apresentou uma frequ&#234;ncia alta e a do Planalto Serrano baixa, mesmo se considerados os dois aspectos previamente mencionados. Isso talvez se deva a fortes difus&#227;o e aceita&#231;&#227;o da ferramenta na primeira macrorregi&#227;o, e fracas na segunda<sup>10</sup>. H&#225; a necessidade de novos estudos para verificar essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
    <p>A mais frequente realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames no atendimento prim&#225;rio era esperada e faz cumprir os objetivos principais da ferramenta, que &#233; aproximar a aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da secund&#225;ria ou terci&#225;ria, desafogar o sistema e facilitar o atendimento de urg&#234;ncia de pacientes graves<sup>6-9,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quando avaliada a possibilidade de anormalidade cardiovascular detectada pelo laudo de ECG, a maioria dos exames apresentou alguma altera&#231;&#227;o. Isso foi ainda mais significativo com o avan&#231;ar da idade, chegando a mais de 3/4 nos pacientes com mais de 70 anos<sup>31</sup>; tais achados sugerem ainda algum grau de demanda reprimida ou de demora do grau de suspei&#231;&#227;o nesses pacientes, dado que tamb&#233;m necessita de elucida&#231;&#227;o em estudos posteriores. Tal perfil de usu&#225;rio - e poss&#237;vel demanda reprimida - tamb&#233;m pode estar associado &#224; maior frequ&#234;ncia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo encontrada na amostra; possivelmente pacientes mais graves e com insufici&#234;ncia coronariana manifesta possam ser mais frequentes entre o grupo estudado do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
    <p>Apesar de estatisticamente significante, n&#227;o se encontrou explica&#231;&#227;o para as diferen&#231;as regionais quanto ao percentual de anormalidades encontradas nos laudos. Podem estar associados a diferen&#231;as de incid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares regionais, grau de suspei&#231;&#227;o de seus m&#233;dicos, diferentes graus de acesso &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o por regi&#227;o<sup>10</sup>, associa&#231;&#245;es que devem tamb&#233;m ser testadas posteriormente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo sobre os usu&#225;rios da Rede Catarinense de Telemedicina. Pelo car&#225;ter da amostra, n&#227;o se prop&#245;e um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico do estado, e sim uma amostra por conveni&#234;ncia, pois h&#225; diferentes graus de acessibilidade e motiva&#231;&#227;o que determinaram a procura do sistema pelo usu&#225;rio. Todas as an&#225;lises de perfil s&#227;o referentes especificamente aos usu&#225;rios, no intervalo de tempo de observa&#231;&#227;o descrito.</p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m observamos, como limita&#231;&#227;o, a aproxima&#231;&#227;o log&#237;stica e probabil&#237;stica necess&#225;ria pela an&#225;lise dos laudos redigidos de forma livre. Essa limita&#231;&#227;o foi corrigida em agosto de 2010, quando houve nova formata&#231;&#227;o do laudo utilizando f&#243;rmulas de acordo com o modelo de laudo estruturado no padr&#227;o DICOM Structured Reporting - DICOM SR<sup>32</sup>, um modelo originalmente sugerido para laudos em Radiologia pelo Col&#233;gio Americano de Radiologia. O modelo foi adaptado ao uso em Cardiologia por meio da elabora&#231;&#227;o de um vocabul&#225;rio controlado segundo crit&#233;rios e diagn&#243;sticos sugeridos pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia nas suas diretrizes.</p>
    <p>E finalmente salientamos a dificuldade de determina&#231;&#227;o de associa&#231;&#227;o entre os laudos, a hist&#243;ria do usu&#225;rio e seu seguimento, tamb&#233;m corrigido em 2010 quando essas informa&#231;&#245;es foram agregadas ao exame no sistema.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O sistema de "minera&#231;&#227;o" dos dados livres consistiu em mapeamento dos termos mais frequentes, associado a tratamento estat&#237;stico com base em grau de similaridade entre os termos, e padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos achados fundamentada em dicion&#225;rios especializados.</p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECG pelo STT/SC atende uma parcela significativa da popula&#231;&#227;o em todas as regi&#245;es de Santa Catarina, especialmente os pacientes com mais de 50 anos, nas regi&#245;es distantes dos centros cardiol&#243;gicos de n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio, e na aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica. H&#225; a necessidade de mais estudos - agora com um sistema mais preciso e otimizado de informa&#231;&#245;es - a fim de elucidar de forma mais precisa as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes e seu seguimento. Tal precis&#227;o propiciar&#225; a determina&#231;&#227;o mais acurada do impacto dessa ferramenta na sa&#250;de cardiovascular dos usu&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por CNPq e CAPES.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Cloves Langendorf Barcellos Junior pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Isabela de Carlos Back Giuliano </p>
        <p> Campus Universit&#225;rio Reitor Jo&#227;o David Ferreira Lima </p>
        <p> CP:476, Trindade </p>
        <p> CEP 88040-900, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/11/11 </p>
    <p> Revisado em 21/11/11 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 31/07/12</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barcellos</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>von Wangenheim</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Issuing electrocardiographic reports remotely: experience of the telemedicine network of Santa Catarina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: A growing use of telemedicine has been observed, especially as regards the sending and evaluation of electrocardiograms (ECG); this is a low-cost procedure with a high potential to save lives. OBJECTIVES: To describe the form of systematic analysis and user profile of the Telemedicine Network of Santa Catarina during the time when the report was issued freely. METHODS: Observational cross-sectional study determining the associations between patient characteristics and electrocardiographic diagnoses issued among users of the Telemedicine Network of Santa Catarina during the time when the report was issued freely. This system was connected to 287 cities in Santa Catarina; the tests were done in the places of origin and the reports were issued in three tertiary-care hospitals. From 2005 to 2010 the reports were issued freely and a probabilistic method for data analysis was created. An experienced cardiologist evaluated all ECGs to assess the chances of abnormality. RESULTS: 243,363 ECGs were evaluated. The majority (58%) was performed on patients older than 50 years from primary care services (72%). There were differences in the frequency per region; this was partly related to the number of cardiologists/region (r = -0.551), to the distance from tertiary-care centers and potential differences of acceptance of the method. Approximately 53% of the ECGs were abnormal with greater frequency with increasing age (r&#178; = 0.8166) and with significant regional differences (p &lt; 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We built a data analysis system integrating prevalent terms, probabilistic analysis and specialized dictionaries. The system has covered a significant portion of the population of Santa Catarina, mainly elderly patients from the network of primary healthcare centers and remote regions of the State.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Telemedicine</kwd>
        <kwd>electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>aged</kwd>
        <kwd>health service</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Issuing electrocardiographic reports remotely: experience of the telemedicine network of Santa Catarina</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Isabela de Carlos Back Giuliano<sup>I</sup>; Cloves Langendorf Barcellos Junior<sup>II</sup>; Aldo von Wangenheim<sup>II</sup>; M&#225;rio S&#233;rgio Soares de Azeredo Coutinho<sup>III</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Pediatria, Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva - UFSC</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Inform&#225;tica e Estat&#237;stica, Laborat&#243;rio de Bioestat&#237;stica - UFSC</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - UFSC, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> A growing use of telemedicine has been observed, especially as regards the sending and evaluation of electrocardiograms (ECG); this is a low-cost procedure with a high potential to save lives.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES: </bold> To describe the form of systematic analysis and user profile of the Telemedicine Network of Santa Catarina during the time when the report was issued freely.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> Observational cross-sectional study determining the associations between patient characteristics and electrocardiographic diagnoses issued among users of the Telemedicine Network of Santa Catarina during the time when the report was issued freely. This system was connected to 287 cities in Santa Catarina; the tests were done in the places of origin and the reports were issued in three tertiary-care hospitals. From 2005 to 2010 the reports were issued freely and a probabilistic method for data analysis was created. An experienced cardiologist evaluated all ECGs to assess the chances of abnormality.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> 243,363 ECGs were evaluated. The majority (58%) was performed on patients older than 50 years from primary care services (72%). There were differences in the frequency per region; this was partly related to the number of cardiologists/region (r = -0.551), to the distance from tertiary-care centers and potential differences of acceptance of the method. Approximately 53% of the ECGs were abnormal with greater frequency with increasing age (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.8166) and with significant regional differences (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> We built a data analysis system integrating prevalent terms, probabilistic analysis and specialized dictionaries. The system has covered a significant portion of the population of Santa Catarina, mainly elderly patients from the network of primary healthcare centers and remote regions of the State.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Telemedicine; electrocardiography/methods; aged; health service.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There has been a growing use of telemedicine as regards the sending and interpreting of electrocardiograms (ECG)<sup>1-5</sup>. This growth has been even greater in Asynchronous Telemedicine, in which the tests are sent to a server for further analysis and reporting by a specialist. It is considered a low-cost timesaving technology with a potential to save lives<sup>6</sup>, thus decreasing the distance between the primary care and secondary care<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Telecardiology is changing the primary care of patients with cardiovascular disease across the world<sup>8</sup>. When coupled with a proper computing and telecommunications infrastructure, this methodology assists family physicians in the management of acute and chronic heart conditions. It enables the preferential treatment of high-risk patients and decreases unnecessary hospitalizations, which reduces bottlenecks in the health system and provides a better quality of life to the users<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Tests may be conducted in the patients' homes, which is especially interesting for elderly individuals<sup>11</sup>; they can also assist in the diagnosis of outpatients with arrhythmia, since they enable longer observation periods<sup>12</sup>. In ambulances, they may assist the monitoring and decision making in severely ill patients<sup>13,14</sup> and provide excellent service to patients with severe decompensated heart disease, even when the procedure is performed by paramedics or other health professionals<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>In large countries like ours, the method can be especially useful if added to others - such as pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation and temperature monitoring, especially in critically ill patients and in remote areas<sup>16</sup>. Telemedicine is a technology that is beginning to be used in Brazil, and is well accepted<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite all the advantages presented above, it is suggested that further studies on Telecardiology are necessary to analyze the costs, impact and profile of the users assisted<sup>18</sup>. This study aims to present the construction of the analysis and profile of the users undergoing ECG &#8212; remotely and asynchronously &#8212; by the Integrated Telemedicine and Telehealth System of Santa Catarina &#8212; STT/SC<sup>19-22</sup>, during the time when the reports were issued freely. It also aims to demonstrate the user profile of this system at this stage of the process.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Telemedicine Portal is an electronic tool designed to aid health professionals who need to view and diagnose imaging tests remotely, and is an integral part of the technological infrastructure of the STT/SC. This model allows performing telediagnoses directly by the Internet<sup>19-21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The STT/SC system serves a center for collecting and issuing reports. It is administered by the Department of Regulatory Centers of the State Department of Health - GECOR/SES/SC, interconnected with more than 400 health institutions in 291 cities of Santa Catarina. Large state hospitals are integrated with more than 300 primary health care centers within the state. Data traffic between hospitals occurs in an encrypted and secure manner through the Government Network of the State of Santa Catarina. Access to primary healthcare centers and physicians, including via mobile applications, is offered through a point of convergence between the Internet and the State Government Network, at the Point of Presence - POP-SC. Both forms of traffic are performed via secure connection with standard digital certificate level 3 of the Public Key Infrastructure &#8212; ICP-Brazil, aligned to resolutions 1643/02 and 1821/07 of the Federal Council of Medicine. Technical details concerning structure, technology and modes of operation of TBS/BSA can be found in earlier publications of the group<sup>20,21</sup>. In order to raise the security level and offer additional <italic>timeliness</italic> and <italic>irrefutability</italic> guarantees to the tests generated, making them legally valid electronic document carrying time stamps, the system also runs the digital protocol of electronic documents of image and signal data of every test generated. Later, it does the same for the text combination of test report-data<sup>22</sup>. This time stamp is performed with a digital protocol of electronic documents (PDDE), which has a standard digital certificate ICP-Brasil installed in a Safe Room at Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). The certificate is aligned to the procedures adopted, such as in the Regional Labor Court of Santa Catarina<sup>23</sup>. The digital registration system makes it impossible to file an electronic document retroactively with respect to time, protocol number and original contents.</p>
      <p>The cities were provided with equipment to collect digital electrocardiograms, and the health staff was trained to handle the system. The digital ECG tests are conducted in the places of origin and issued to the portal, which sends them to a team of cardiologists, who, then issue the report. The report, in turn, can be accessed at the place of origin to be properly managed by the team responsible for the patient.</p>
      <p>The team of cardiologists in charge of issuing the reports is composed of professionals with over 10 years of practice in cardiology, all specialized in cardiology and involved with teaching in master's and doctor's programs in cardiology (master's and doctor's programs of UFSC), or other graduate programs (residency in cardiology in tertiary care hospitals).</p>
      <p>From August 2005 to August 2010, 243,363 ECGs were performed in the STT/SC by Telemedicine, and at that stage, the reports were issued in the free form of writing. As there was a number of variants of ECG models, a method was created to retrieve the reports. This method was based on three steps: interviews with cardiologists related to the program; development of new techniques for extracting information from medical reports using probabilistic techniques; and the formation of a nomenclature using specialized dictionaries with the generation of the statistics derived during the application of the methodology conceived.</p>
      <p>The first step was to specify the process of drafting an ECG report and define the process of classification of the findings. For this purpose, four cardiologists contributed to the methodological profile by drafting a report and mapping the words and sentences most frequently used by each one individually. Subsequently, new interviews with the same group of physicians were conducted with the objective of cataloging the categories in which the findings would be distributed.</p>
      <p>The second step was to develop a tool to retrieve the information from the STT/SC database. This tool uses statistical analysis techniques to return the degree of similarity of one or more grammatical compositions<sup>24</sup>. These techniques include the Levenshtein distance, which uses the mathematical concept of matrices to insert, delete or substitute a single character in the expressions to be compared, with the aim of transforming one expression into another. This technique compares two expressions to obtain a degree of similarity between them<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The third step consisted of developing a nomenclature using specialized dictionaries to expand the vocabulary in the surveys. For this purpose, we used Portuguese language<sup>26</sup> dictionaries, a dictionary compiled from the Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology on the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports<sup>27</sup>, as well as the dictionary of descriptors and synonyms of the Health Sciences Descriptors - DeCS<sup>28</sup>. In order to increase the quality of results, we created a specific dictionary of typical compositions used by the cardiologist who used the STT/SC, designed in the interview process of the first stage.</p>
      <p>To add information from these dictionaries, thesauri and descriptors, we developed a mechanism to merge information from these various sources, generating a single file of synonyms appropriate to the tool developed.</p>
      <p>Several independent variables were used for the univariate description of the tests performed during the period: age, type of health facility, macro-region of Santa Catarina, relationship between the population and the number of tests and relationship between the population and the estimated number of cardiologists, according to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology/Santa Catarina Section<sup>29</sup>. The reports were reviewed by an experienced cardiologist and were categorized for the likelihood of being normal or abnormal.</p>
      <p>Nonparametric continuous data were described as median and interquartile range (IQR). We determined the absolute frequencies and percentages, according to the characteristics of the variables. The associations between variables were determined using the chi-square test for trend or independence, according to data characteristics; or using Spearman correlation when appropriate.</p>
      <p>According to the consensus of the Ethics Committee on Human Research of UFSC, July 2009, there was no need to review the project because it involved secondary data from the STT/SC. The Medical Ethics Code, the Helsinki Declaration and the Resolution 196/96, especially related to data confidentiality, were respected.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Distribution of users of electrocardiograms</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We analyzed 243,363 ECG reports. The patients' ages ranged from 0 to 104 years, with a median of 53 years (interquartile range: 42 to 66 years). <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09012t01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the distribution of patients according to age, with the majority of users (approximately 58%) older than 50. Comparing the age distribution to the average population of Santa Catarina in these years<sup>30</sup>, we observed a direct relationship between age and requests for ECG (p for trend &lt; 0.0001, chi-square test).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09012t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1023-00094-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>We evaluated the distribution of ECGs according to the macro-region of Santa Catarina, shown in percentages in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_09012f01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. It was observed that the macro-region of Vale do Itaja&#237; had the largest number of ECGs recorded in the database of STT/SC, with 29.68% of the total, while the macro-region of Planalto Serrano had the lowest concentration of tests, with 3.39%. When we analyze the relationship between the population and the number of tests, this ratio is higher in Florian&#243;polis and lower in Vale do Itaja&#237;, which is partly explained by the population/number of cardiologists ratio estimated for the macro-region<sup>29</sup>, with r = - 0.551 by Spearman correlation and p = 0.1568, as presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09012t02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_09012f01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1023-00094-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09012t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1023-00094-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>We also collected data about the institution that performed the test and the type of care received by the patients. Primary care included primary health care centers, secondary care included polyclinics, hospitals and emergency care centers, excluding the institutions of Florian&#243;polis, S&#227;o Jos&#233; and Joinville. The hospitals in these cities are tertiary care centers. Most tests were performed in primary care centers (72%), followed by secondary care (22%), and only 6% at the tertiary level.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Distribution of electrocardiogram diagnoses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>By applying the method of search of terms and classification of diagnoses, we obtained the frequency distribution described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09012t03-body2">Table 3</xref>, represented in absolute data. A diagnosis containing more than one term mapped by the system was listed in more than one diagnosis.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09012t03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1023-00094-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Distribution of electrocardiograms according to the criterion of normality</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of all ECGs, 52.8% were considered abnormal. There was a strong positive linear correlation between age and percentage of abnormalities found on ECG, (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.8166, p = 0.0008, Spearman correlation). The distribution of data is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09012t04-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09012t04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1023-00094-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The relationship between the macro-regions of Santa Catarina and the percentage of abnormalities found on ECG was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.0001, chi-square test for independence), being higher in the Northeast and lower in the South. There was no relationship between the percentage of abnormalities per macro-region and the ratio population/number of cardiologists (r = -0.1479, p = 0.7266, Spearman correlation). The distribution of data is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09012t05-body2">Table 5</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09012t05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-1023-00094-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study shows, for the first time, the STT/SC experience regarding the preparation of ECG reports. It shows that a significant number of users from Santa Catarina have used the system, especially patients older than 50 years from regions lying far from tertiary-care hospitals and in primary care. Most reports showed statistically significant abnormalities, more frequent with increasing age and with a different spatial distribution. The relationship between the local population and the number of cardiologists could barely explain the total number of tests by macro-region. The more frequent ECG requests with increasing age can be explained by the increased frequency of cardiovascular diseases in older patients, and the consequent greater degree of suspicion in this age group<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>The distribution of tests according to macro-region showed very peculiar characteristics, partly explained by the relationship between the local population and the number of cardiologists, and partly by the distance from tertiary-care hospitals (macro-regions of Florian&#243;polis and Northeast). The macro-region of Vale do Itaja&#237; presented a high frequency and Planalto Serrano, a low frequency, even if we consider the two aspects mentioned previously. This might be due to the strong dissemination and acceptance of the tool in the first macro-region, and weak dissemination and acceptance in the second one<sup>10</sup>. There is a need for further studies to check this hypothesis.</p>
      <p>A more frequent execution of tests in primary care facilities was expected and does meet the main goals of the tool, to bring the primary care closer to the secondary or tertiary care, thus reducing bottlenecks in the system and facilitating the urgent care of severely ill patients<sup>6-9,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>When the possibility of cardiovascular abnormality detected by the ECG report is evaluated, most tests showed some abnormality. This was even more significant with advancing age, reaching more than three quarters of patients older than 70 years<sup>31</sup>; such findings also suggest some degree of repressed demand or delay in the degree of suspicion in these patients, which also requires elucidation in further studies. This user profile - and a potential repressed demand &#8212; may also be associated with a higher frequency of left bundle branch block in the sample. More severely ill patients with heart failure may be more frequent among the study group than in the general population.</p>
      <p>Although it is statistically significant, there was no explanation for the regional differences as to the percentage of abnormalities found in the reports. These may be associated with differences in regional incidences of cardiovascular disease, degree of suspicion from their doctors and different degrees of access to healthcare by region<sup>10</sup>. These associations must also be further tested.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a retrospective study on users of the Telemedicine Network of Santa Catarina. Due to the nature of the sample, an epidemiological study of the State is not proposed. Instead, a convenience sample is proposed, because there are different degrees of accessibility and motivation that determined a user-based search in the system. All profile analyses are related specifically to users during the time interval of observation described.</p>
      <p>As a limitation, we also observed the logistics and probabilistic approach required by the analysis of reports written in the free form. This limitation was corrected in August 2010, when there was a new report formatting using formulas according to the model of report following the DICOM Structured Reporting - DICOM SR<sup>32</sup>, a model originally suggested for radiology reports by the American College of Radiology. The model was adapted for use in cardiology through the development of a controlled vocabulary according to the criteria and diagnoses suggested by the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.</p>
      <p>Finally, we underline the difficulty of determining the association between reports, the user's history and follow-up, also corrected in 2010 when this information was added to the test in the system.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The system of "digging out" free data consisted of freely mapping the most common terms associated with statistical analysis based on the degree of similarity between the terms, and standardization of findings based on specialized dictionaries.</p>
      <p>ECGs done in the STT/SC serve a significant portion of the population in all regions of Santa Catarina, especially those patients older than 50 years in regions far from tertiary cardiologic care centers and primary care centers. Further studies are necessary - now using a more accurate and optimized information system &#8212; to elucidate more precisely the clinical characteristics of patients and their follow-up. Such precision will provide a more accurate determination of the impact of this tool on the cardiovascular health of users.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by por CNPq e CAPES.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the master dissertation submitted by Cloves Langendorf Barcellos Junior, from Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
