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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZC8Jr3QbCFDN6JJHfzJkrnm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900505</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000096</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rosuvastatina e ciprofibrato no tratamento da dislipidemia em pacientes com HIV</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domingos</surname>
            <given-names>Hamilton</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Rivaldo Ven&#226;ncio da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paniago</surname>
            <given-names>Anamaria Mello Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Albert Schiaveto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Renata London</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domingos</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Am&#233;rico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Mato Grosso do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>997</fpage>
      <lpage>1007</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A dislipidemia secund&#225;ria &#224; terapia antirretroviral potente nos pacientes com HIV est&#225; associada &#224; significativa eleva&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade cardiovascular por doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, sendo, portanto, necess&#225;rio tratamento imediato e eficaz. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a efetividade e a seguran&#231;a da rosuvastatina e do ciprofibrato no tratamento da dislipidemia associada &#224; terapia antirretroviral potente em pacientes com HIV. M&#201;TODOS: Trezentos e quarenta e seis pacientes com dislipidemia foram submetidos a tratamento farmacol&#243;gico: 200 pacientes com hipertrigliceridemia receberam ciprofibrato (Grupo I); 79 pacientes com hipercolesterolemia receberam rosuvastatina (Grupo II); e 67 pacientes com dislipidemia mista receberam ciprofibrato associado a rosuvastatina (Grupo III). O perfil lip&#237;dico foi avaliado antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento hipolipemiante, sendo feita compara&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica pelo teste de Wilcoxon. Transaminases hep&#225;ticas e creatinofosfoquinase foram dosadas para controle de toxicidade hep&#225;tica e muscular. RESULTADOS: As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de triglic&#233;rides e de colesterol total foram significativamente menores do que as obtidas antes do tratamento, para os tr&#234;s grupos experimentais (p &lt; 0,002). Observou-se aumento significativo do HDL colesterol nos grupos experimentais I e III (p &lt; 0,002). Nos grupos I e II, o LDL-colesterol foi significativamente menor (p &lt; 0,001). Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou eleva&#231;&#245;es de transaminases ou de creatinofosfoquinase a n&#237;veis de toxicidade significativa. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que ciprofibrato, rosuvastatina ou a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos pode ser considerada tratamento hipolipemiante efetivo, seguro e com boa toler&#226;ncia nos pacientes com Aids submetidos &#224; terapia antirretroviral potente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>terapia antirretroviral de alta atividade</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>anticolesterolemiantes</kwd>
        <kwd>&#225;cidos f&#237;bricos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Rosuvastatina e ciprofibrato no tratamento da dislipidemia em pacientes com HIV</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hamilton Domingos; Rivaldo Ven&#226;ncio da Cunha; Anamaria Mello Miranda Paniago; Albert Schiaveto de Souza; Renata London Rodrigues; Jo&#227;o Am&#233;rico Domingos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A dislipidemia secund&#225;ria &#224; terapia antirretroviral potente nos pacientes com HIV est&#225; associada &#224; significativa eleva&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade cardiovascular por doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, sendo, portanto, necess&#225;rio tratamento imediato e eficaz. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Demonstrar a efetividade e a seguran&#231;a da rosuvastatina e do ciprofibrato no tratamento da dislipidemia associada &#224; terapia antirretroviral potente em pacientes com HIV. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Trezentos e quarenta e seis pacientes com dislipidemia foram submetidos a tratamento farmacol&#243;gico: 200 pacientes com hipertrigliceridemia receberam ciprofibrato (Grupo I); 79 pacientes com hipercolesterolemia receberam rosuvastatina (Grupo II); e 67 pacientes com dislipidemia mista receberam ciprofibrato associado a rosuvastatina (Grupo III). O perfil lip&#237;dico foi avaliado antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento hipolipemiante, sendo feita compara&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica pelo teste de Wilcoxon. Transaminases hep&#225;ticas e creatinofosfoquinase foram dosadas para controle de toxicidade hep&#225;tica e muscular. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de triglic&#233;rides e de colesterol total foram significativamente menores do que as obtidas antes do tratamento, para os tr&#234;s grupos experimentais (p &lt; 0,002). Observou-se aumento significativo do HDL colesterol nos grupos experimentais I e III (p &lt; 0,002). Nos grupos I e II, o LDL-colesterol foi significativamente menor (p &lt; 0,001). Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou eleva&#231;&#245;es de transaminases ou de creatinofosfoquinase a n&#237;veis de toxicidade significativa. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que ciprofibrato, rosuvastatina ou a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos pode ser considerada tratamento hipolipemiante efetivo, seguro e com boa toler&#226;ncia nos pacientes com Aids submetidos &#224; terapia antirretroviral potente.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Dislipidemias, terapia antirretroviral de alta atividade, HIV, anticolesterolemiantes, &#225;cidos f&#237;bricos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em 2005, a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana (HIV) acometia 42 milh&#245;es de pessoas no mundo, sendo na Am&#233;rica Latina 1,8 milh&#227;o de infectados. O Brasil era o pa&#237;s dessa regi&#227;o mais afetado em n&#250;meros absolutos, com aproximadamente 1,2 milh&#227;o de infectados, dos quais 257.780 eram portadores da Aids<sup>1</sup>. Os &#250;ltimos dados apresentados pela Unaids, em 2008, mostram que o HIV acomete 33,4 milh&#245;es de pessoas no mundo, sendo 2,0 milh&#245;es na Am&#233;rica Latina e 536.000 no Brasil<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento da Aids adquiriu grandes avan&#231;os ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o da terapia antirretroviral potente (HAART) que propiciou uma dram&#225;tica redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e da morbidade associadas &#224; doen&#231;a<sup>3</sup>. O ano de 1996 foi um marco na hist&#243;ria da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV e divide duas eras: pr&#233; e p&#243;s-HAART<sup>4</sup>. At&#233; 1996, eram realizados o diagn&#243;stico precoce do HIV e o tratamento das infec&#231;&#245;es oportunistas. Ap&#243;s 1996, com o advento da HAART, ocorreu uma evolu&#231;&#227;o significativa no controle da doen&#231;a, com consequente aumento na sobrevida e melhora na qualidade de vida dos infectados pelo HIV<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O uso da HAART n&#227;o s&#243; elevou a expectativa de vida dos pacientes, mas reduziu significativamente a preval&#234;ncia das infec&#231;&#245;es oportunistas, resultando na emerg&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e condi&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a fatores de risco comuns &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral e a esse grupo. As complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares associadas &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV e relacionadas aos efeitos adversos dos agentes antirretrovirais tornaram-se mais frequentes<sup>6</sup>. Apesar dos benef&#237;cios iniciais da HAART, estudos t&#234;m mostrado que o tratamento com esses medicamentos est&#225; associado a altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas como lipodistrofia (redistribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal), resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, hiperglicemia e dislipidemia, com consequente eleva&#231;&#227;o do risco para aterosclerose<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de o conhecimento da doen&#231;a e da epidemiologia da aterosclerose ser limitado na popula&#231;&#227;o infectada pelo HIV, a doen&#231;a cardiovascular pode ocorrer por raz&#245;es similares &#224;s da popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Entretanto, &#233; importante verificar se a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV e as altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas associadas com a HAART podem acelerar o processo aterotromb&#243;tico<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos verificaram a associa&#231;&#227;o da HAART com o risco de eventos cardiovasculares. O estudo DAD mostrou aumento da incid&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s longa exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o antirretroviral, demonstrando eleva&#231;&#227;o do risco de infarto de 0,3% pr&#233;-HAART, para 1,07% nos pacientes recebendo HAART. Al&#233;m disso, foi identificado aumento do risco de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular em 1,26% ap&#243;s o uso da HAART<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>As estatinas s&#227;o agentes de escolha no tratamento da hipercolesterolemia, bem como da hipertrigliceridemia, uma vez que reduzem em 18% a 55% as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas do LDL-colesterol e em 7% a 30% as concentra&#231;&#245;es dos triglic&#233;rides, al&#233;m de proporcionar um aumento de 5% a 10% do HDL-colesterol. A maioria dos agentes desse grupo &#233; metabolizada pelo citocromo P<sub>450</sub>, o qual tamb&#233;m metaboliza os inibidores da protease (IP). Dessa forma, pode ocorrer aumento dos n&#237;veis das estatinas plasm&#225;ticas, ocasionando toxicidade muscular esquel&#233;tica, hep&#225;tica e outros efeitos adversos. Portanto, deve ser dada prefer&#234;ncia para estatinas que atuem em s&#237;tios de metaboliza&#231;&#227;o distintos, como a pravastatina, a fluvastatina e a rosuvastatina, evitando-se aquelas com metaboliza&#231;&#227;o exclusiva pelo citocromo P<sub>450</sub>, como a sinvastatina. A atorvastatina pode ser usada com cautela, e existem dados favor&#225;veis, por&#233;m limitados, com a rosuvastatina<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os fibratos s&#227;o derivados do &#225;cido f&#237;brico e utilizados como agentes de primeira escolha no tratamento da dislipidemia mista. Atuam como agonistas do PPAR-alfa, modulando genes que aumentam a express&#227;o da lipase lipoproteica e das apolipoprote&#237;nas A I e A II, e reduzindo a apolipoprote&#237;na C III. O gemfibrosil, representante desse grupo, &#233; bem tolerado, reduzindo significativamente o colesterol total e os triglic&#233;rides, especialmente quando associado com a atorvastatina. A niacina reduz o LDL-colesterol e aumenta o HDL-colesterol, mas tem muitos efeitos colaterais como <italic>flushing</italic>, prurido, hiperglicemia e hepatotoxicidade<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Considerando-se que atualmente a Aids deva ser abordada como doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, control&#225;vel com a HAART, torna-se importante o tratamento dos efeitos adversos dessa terapia, para que os pacientes n&#227;o evoluam com complica&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas precoces, j&#225; relatadas na literatura ap&#243;s o advento da HAART.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi realizado prospectivamente, mediante o seguimento cl&#237;nico ambulatorial de amostra constitu&#237;da por um total de 648 pacientes portadores de HIV em HAART. Os pacientes foram acompanhados no per&#237;odo de 2004 a 2009, nos ambulat&#243;rios de infectologia e de cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da UFMS e do Centro de Doen&#231;as Infecto-Parasit&#225;rias, ambos em Campo Grande (MS), Brasil.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a anamnese, com &#234;nfase na hist&#243;ria cardiovascular, incluindo os principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica (hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, tabagismo, dislipidemia, diabetes ou intoler&#226;ncia a glicose, obesidade visceral e hist&#243;ria familiar de aterosclerose precoce), os pacientes foram submetidos a exame f&#237;sico completo, incluindo dados antropom&#233;tricos, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e ectoscopia para avalia&#231;&#227;o de lipoatrofia e/ou lipoacumula&#231;&#227;o associadas &#224; HAART.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes acompanhados neste estudo foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiometab&#243;lica. Na primeira consulta, ap&#243;s anamnese e exame f&#237;sico, foram solicitados os exames complementares de rotina que inclu&#237;ram: glicemia de jejum, perfil lip&#237;dico, horm&#244;nio tireoide estimulante (TSH), creatinofosfoquinase (CPK), transaminases hep&#225;ticas (TGO e TGP) e creatinina.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com dislipidemia persistente, mesmo ap&#243;s orienta&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida (MEV), foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos, sendo indicado o uso de ciprofibrato e/ou rosuvastatina:</p>
    <p><bold>Grupo I</bold>: com hipertrigliceridemia acima de 300 mg/dL;</p>
    <p><bold>Grupo II</bold>: com LDL-colesterol acima das metas estabelecidas pelo NCEP, considerando-se a estimativa do risco cardiovascular pelo Escore de Framingham: LDL&lt; 100 mg/dL para os pacientes com alto risco (&gt;20%), LDL &lt; de 130 mg/dL se risco moderado (10% a 20%) e LDL&lt; de 160 mg/dL se risco baixo (&lt; 10%);</p>
    <p><bold>Grupo III</bold>: com dislipidemia mista (colesterol e triglic&#233;rides elevados).</p>
    <p>Em todos os grupos os pacientes foram tratados farmacologicamente, sendo tamb&#233;m orientada MEV como medida coadjuvante. No Grupo I foi utilizado o ciprofibrato, em doses que variaram de 100 a 200 mg/dia, sendo a dose de 200 mg utilizada somente em casos de hipertrigliceridemia grave (concentra&#231;&#245;es acima de 1.000 mg/dL), ou quando 100 mg de ciprofibrato foram insuficientes para reduzir triglic&#233;rides abaixo de 400 mg/dL. No Grupo II foi utilizada a rosuvastatina, em doses que variaram de 10 a 40 mg/dia; e no Grupo III, que avaliou os pacientes com dislipidemia mista, foram associados ciprofibrato e rosuvastatina, nas mesmas doses utilizadas nos Grupos I e II. N&#227;o foram realizadas medidas diretas de LDL-colesterol, sendo esse estimado apenas pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald. Portanto, nos casos de pacientes que apresentaram triglic&#233;rides acima de 400 mg/dL, esses receberam inicialmente ciprofibrato e tiveram suas concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL colesterol reavaliadas.</p>
    <p>Para demonstrar a efic&#225;cia do tratamento hipolipemiante foram realizadas tr&#234;s reavalia&#231;&#245;es das concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de l&#237;pides, ap&#243;s 30, 60 e 90 dias, sendo ent&#227;o considerado para avalia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica o maior n&#237;vel s&#233;rico dos l&#237;pides (triglic&#233;rides ou colesterol) apresentado pr&#233;-terapia hipolipemiante, e a menor concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica atingida ap&#243;s os 90 dias de tratamento.</p>
    <p>A seguran&#231;a do tratamento hipolipemiante, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s poss&#237;veis toxicidades hep&#225;tica e muscular, foi determinada por meio de dosagens seriadas das enzimas TGO, TGP e CPK, aos 30, 60 e 90 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos agentes redutores de l&#237;pides.</p>
    <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos referentes &#224; tolerabilidade dos pacientes aos agentes utilizados foram obtidos nas consultas de controle, realizadas a cada m&#234;s no seguimento ambulatorial, sendo questionados sintomas relacionados ao aparelho digestivo (dispepsia, n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos, epigastralgia, diarreia, boca seca e flatul&#234;ncia) e ao sistema musculoesquel&#233;tico (mialgia ou fraqueza muscular).</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que apresentassem qualquer dos seguintes crit&#233;rios listados a seguir:</p>
    <p>&#149; Estar em uso de outros agentes que pudessem interferir no perfil lip&#237;dico: corticosteroides, diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos, betabloqueadores, estrog&#234;nios ou androg&#234;nios;</p>
    <p>&#149; Ser portador de disfun&#231;&#227;o hormonal tireoideana, suprarrenal ou de diabete melito;</p>
    <p>&#149; Necessitar de modifica&#231;&#227;o da HAART no decorrer da avalia&#231;&#227;o;</p>
    <p> &#149; Ser portador de hepatite pr&#233;via ao uso do hipolipemiante.</p>
    <p>&#149; Ser portador de insufici&#234;ncia renal, com taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) abaixo do normal, avaliada pelo crit&#233;rio de estudo Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), onde TFG= 186 &#215; [creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL)]<sup>-1,154</sup> &#215; [idade]<sup>-0,203</sup> &#215; [0,742 se a paciente for do sexo feminino] &#215; [1,21 se o paciente for negro]</p>
    <p>Os resultados referentes &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos deste estudo foram analisados por meio de testes de estat&#237;stica n&#227;o param&#233;trica, uma vez que as amostras de dados das vari&#225;veis mensuradas neste estudo n&#227;o passaram no teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov e Smirnov. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre sexo e o grupo experimental, e tamb&#233;m entre a etnia e o grupo experimental, foi avaliada por meio do teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de l&#237;pides, antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento, foi realizada por meio do teste de Wilcoxon. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos experimentais, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis idade, percentual de redu&#231;&#227;o/eleva&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;pides, foi realizada por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido pelo p&#243;s-teste de Dunn.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre g&#234;neros, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; taxa de l&#237;pides, foi realizada por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
    <p>Os resultados referentes &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros utilizados para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de toxicidade hep&#225;tica ou muscular, pelo uso dos agentes hipolipemiantes, foram analisados por meio de testes de estat&#237;stica n&#227;o param&#233;trica, uma vez que as amostras de dados das vari&#225;veis mensuradas neste estudo n&#227;o passaram no teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov e Smirnov.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos experimentais, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis TGO, TGP e CPK dos pacientes, foi realizada por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido pelo p&#243;s-teste de Dunn. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de TGO, TGP e CPK nos grupos experimentais foi avaliada por meio do teste do qui-quadrado. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos experimentais, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao percentual de pacientes com TGO, TGP e CPK elevadas, foi realizada por meio do teste z de distribui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os demais resultados das vari&#225;veis avaliadas nestes estudos foram apresentados na forma de estat&#237;stica descritiva ou na forma de tabelas e gr&#225;ficos. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o software SigmaStat, vers&#227;o 2.0, considerando rela&#231;&#245;es, correla&#231;&#245;es e diferen&#231;as significativas quando o valor de "p" fosse menor que 0,05<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre os 648 pacientes com Aids em HAART avaliados, 346 apresentavam dislipidemia refrat&#225;ria a MEV e foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos. O Grupo I foi constitu&#237;do de 200 pacientes com hipertrigliceridemia tratados com ciprofibrato. O Grupo II foi constitu&#237;do de 79 pacientes com hipercolesterolemia tratados com rosuvastatina; e o Grupo III foi constitu&#237;do por 67 pacientes com hipertrigliceridemia e hipercolesterolemia tratados com ciprofibrato associado a rosuvastatina.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos, em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, sexo e etnia dos pacientes, conforme dados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto aos regimes de HAART, nos tr&#234;s grupos houve predom&#237;nio de pacientes em uso de HAART contendo IP, tendo sido assim distribu&#237;dos: no Grupo I, 62,0% (n = 124) com IP e 38,0% (n = 76) com inibidor da transcriptase reversa n&#227;o nucleos&#237;deo (ITRNN); no Grupo II, 64,6% (n = 51) com IP e 35,4% (n = 28) com ITRNN; e no Grupo III, 70,1% (n = 49) com IP e 29,9% (n = 20) com ITRNN.</p>
    <p>Os resultados referentes &#224;s dosagens de l&#237;pides, antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento hipolipemiante, para os grupos I, II e III, est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09212_port_f01">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09212_port_f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os percentuais de redu&#231;&#227;o ou de eleva&#231;&#227;o dos l&#237;pides, antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento hipolipemiante, est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09212_port_f02">Figura 2</xref>. Apenas no Grupo II houve diferen&#231;a entre os sexos, especificamente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao HDL-colesterol (teste de Mann-Whitney, p = 0,023), onde os pacientes do sexo feminino apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel com o tratamento (3,98 &#177; 2,11%), enquanto os pacientes do sexo masculino apresentaram uma eleva&#231;&#227;o do HDL colesterol (2,71 &#177; 2,16%) com o tratamento, conforme dados apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09212_port_f02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de TGO (teste de Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0,002), e esses foram significativamente maiores nos grupos I e III, quando comparados aos n&#237;veis do Grupo II (p&#243;s-teste de Dunn, p &lt; 0,05). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de TGP, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (teste de Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0,172). Quanto aos n&#237;veis de CPK, na compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos, houve diferen&#231;a (teste de Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0,032); por&#233;m, no p&#243;s-teste, comparando os grupos, dois a dois, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre eles (p&#243;s-teste de Dunn, p &gt; 0,05), conforme dados apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quando considerados os diferentes regimes de HAART, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nas respostas hipolipemiantes ante os agentes avaliados.</p>
    <p>Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou TGO ou TGP acima de tr&#234;s vezes o limite superior da normalidade, nem CPK acima de dez vezes o limite superior da normalidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O aumento do risco cardiovascular tornou-se um problema importante ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o da HAART em 1996 para o tratamento da Aids, em raz&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas potencialmente aterog&#234;nicas associadas a essa terapia (dislipidemia e resist&#234;ncia a insulina).</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos verificaram a associa&#231;&#227;o da terapia antirretroviral com o risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Baum e cols.<sup>12</sup> encontraram um risco de eventos cardiovasculares de 4,8 &#177; 1,7 em 10 anos pelo escore de Framingham nos pacientes HIV positivos usu&#225;rios de terapia antirretroviral. Bergensen e cols.<sup>13</sup> encontraram preval&#234;ncia de 11,9% de risco cardiovascular acima de 20% (alto risco) entre pacientes usu&#225;rios da HAART, enquanto no grupo controle a preval&#234;ncia foi de 5,3%. Al&#233;m disso, no mesmo grupo observou-se um aumento na preval&#234;ncia de angina de peito nos pacientes recebendo HAART em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle de 5,2%<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo DAD verificou um aumento na incid&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio de 0,3%, passando para 1,07% nos pacientes HIV positivos recebendo a HAART. Identificou, ainda, um aumento do risco de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular de 1,26% ap&#243;s utiliza&#231;&#227;o do esquema antirretroviral<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos esquemas antirretrovirais intensificou a tend&#234;ncia ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do HDL-colesterol, que j&#225; ocorriam nos pacientes portadores do v&#237;rus HIV. Os n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides, quando afetados, podem atingir valores superiores a 1.000 mg/dL, associados ao aumento do risco de pancreatite e de aterosclerose. Este estudo observou um aumento m&#233;dio de 130,15 mg/dL nos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides.</p>
    <p>Segundo a literatura, os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e de LDL-colesterol aumentam em m&#233;dia 30 mg/dL, mas existe uma importante varia&#231;&#227;o individual. Kumar e cols. observaram um aumento de 28% para o colesterol total e de 96% para os triglic&#233;rides<sup>16</sup>. Observou-se neste estudo um aumento de 33 mg/dL nos valores do colesterol total; contudo, o aumento no LDL-colesterol foi de apenas 16,29 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>Domingos e cols. avaliaram as preval&#234;ncias de alguns fatores de risco cardiovascular, dentre eles tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o e hist&#243;ria familiar de aterosclerose precoce. Foram observadas preval&#234;ncias de 15,4% para tabagismo e de 14,7% para hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Observaram-se preval&#234;ncias de 31% a 47% para hipercolesterolemia, e de 47% a 71% para hipertrigliceridemia, sendo tal varia&#231;&#227;o dependente do regime de HAART utilizado, acometendo com maior frequ&#234;ncia os usu&#225;rios de HAART contendo IP<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes infectados pelo HIV apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es importantes nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos. Esse fen&#244;meno &#233; mais intenso quando o paciente est&#225; sendo submetido a HAART, especialmente se o regime incluir IP. Inicialmente foram descritas redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides, traduzindo provavelmente uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria inespec&#237;fica<sup>18</sup>. Ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o da HAART contendo IP, foi observada not&#225;vel eleva&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides, do colesterol total e uma intensifica&#231;&#227;o na redu&#231;&#227;o do HDL-colesterol<sup>19</sup>. Os mecanismos que explicam esses resultados parecem estar relacionados a modifica&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo lip&#237;dico<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>O s&#237;tio de liga&#231;&#227;o pelo qual os IP se ligam ao HIV possui estrutura molecular similar a algumas prote&#237;nas envolvidas no metabolismo lip&#237;dico. Essa semelhan&#231;a permite a inibi&#231;&#227;o parcial ou total dessas prote&#237;nas pelo IP, afetando o metabolismo de l&#237;pides, dependendo, provavelmente, da express&#227;o g&#234;nica dos receptores envolvidos<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Carr e cols. propuseram uma teoria baseada na homologia estrutural entre o s&#237;tio catal&#237;tico da enzima protease do HIV e duas prote&#237;nas humanas importantes no metabolismo de l&#237;pides: prote&#237;na 1 de liga&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido retinoico citoplasm&#225;tico (CRABP-1) e a prote&#237;na relacionada ao receptor de LDL colesterol (LRP), de tal modo que os agentes antirretrovirais da classe dos IP tamb&#233;m inibiriam importantes etapas do metabolismo humano. Eventualmente, os IP determinariam a interrup&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo do &#225;cido retinoico e reduziriam a atividade do receptor peroxissoma proliferador ativado tipo gama (PPAR-&#963;), o qual tem papel-chave na diferencia&#231;&#227;o de adip&#243;citos e apoptose dessas c&#233;lulas, em adi&#231;&#227;o &#224; melhora perif&#233;rica da sensibilidade &#224; insulina. Os resultados finais desses efeitos seriam o aumento da libera&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios na circula&#231;&#227;o e hipertrigliceridemia. A inibi&#231;&#227;o da LRP, por sua vez, resultaria em menor capta&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides pelo f&#237;gado e tamb&#233;m em redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de clivagem de triglic&#233;rides em &#225;cidos graxos e glicerol que ocorreria pela atividade do complexo endotelial lipase-lipoproteico (LRP-LPL). A hipertrigliceridemia seria respons&#225;vel pela elevada resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, que em indiv&#237;duos suscept&#237;veis poderia ocasionar o diabete melito tipo 2. A inibi&#231;&#227;o da enzima citocromo P450 3A, etapa comum no metabolismo dos inibidores da protease e do &#225;cido retinoico, tamb&#233;m contribuiria para essa discrasia metab&#243;lica<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro mecanismo proposto seria que os IP, por similaridade molecular, competiriam pelo s&#237;tio de liga&#231;&#227;o dos receptores hep&#225;ticos dos remanescentes de quilomicrons. Assim sendo, ocorreria um aumento equilibrado dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total e de triglic&#233;rides relacionado com a perman&#234;ncia dos remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons no plasma. Paralelamente, essas altera&#231;&#245;es conduziriam ao aumento da resist&#234;ncia a insulina e, consequentemente, elevariam a preval&#234;ncia de diabete melito tipo 2 e de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica nesses pacientes<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>As elevadas preval&#234;ncias dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica observadas neste estudo demonstram de modo inequ&#237;voco a import&#226;ncia de medidas preventivas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de pacientes. Dislipidemia agravada pela HAART, presente em 64,5% dos pacientes, teve sua preval&#234;ncia elevada em quase duas vezes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; observada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, 32,4%<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>M&#250;ltiplos estudos cient&#237;ficos evidenciam a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores de risco para aterosclerose, isoladamente ou como parte da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Se o portador de Aids submetido &#224; terapia antirretroviral e com predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica apresenta essa s&#237;ndrome com preval&#234;ncia elevada, agravada pelo efeito adverso de agentes e em faixa et&#225;ria jovem, pode-se inferir que esse grupo &#233; de risco potencial para eventos aterotromb&#243;ticos, especialmente considerando-se um segundo mecanismo tamb&#233;m presente, a eleva&#231;&#227;o de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios associada ao HIV e &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>A partir da introdu&#231;&#227;o da HAART, em 1996, muitos estudos v&#234;m sendo realizados, objetivando, sobretudo estabelecer correla&#231;&#227;o entre Aids, HAART e morbimortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Bozzette e cols.<sup>23</sup> avaliaram doen&#231;a coronariana e cerebrovascular, retrospectivamente, no per&#237;odo compreendido entre os anos 1996 e 2001, cuja casu&#237;stica incluiu 15.296 pacientes submetidos a HAART, sendo observada a preval&#234;ncia de 7,9%. O estudo de coorte DAD, realizado por Friis-Moller e cols.<sup>15</sup> com dados obtidos entre 1999 e 2002, incluindo 23.468 pacientes, observaram 126 eventos coronarianos e aumento do risco relativo em 1,26 por ano de exposi&#231;&#227;o a HAART<sup>15</sup>. Moore e cols.<sup>24</sup> avaliaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou angina inst&#225;vel em 2.671 pacientes em HAART, por um per&#237;odo de oito anos, e observaram incid&#234;ncia de 5,9 eventos/1.000 pessoas/ano no grupo exposto a HAART <italic>versus</italic> 2,0/1.000 pessoas/ano na an&#225;lise do grupo controle de pacientes sem Aids<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dist&#250;rbios do metabolismo de lip&#237;dios aumentam em duas a tr&#234;s vezes o risco cardiovascular em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Novas estrat&#233;gias objetivando a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento desses dist&#250;rbios emergentes s&#227;o necess&#225;rias<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentre os poucos estudos prospectivos demonstrando a abordagem da dislipidemia nesse grupo espec&#237;fico de pacientes, apenas alguns agentes redutores de l&#237;pides puderam ser avaliados at&#233; o momento, incluindo especialmente aquelas de mais f&#225;cil acesso, que nem sempre s&#227;o as de melhor qualidade em termos de efic&#225;cia e tolerabilidade.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s tais considera&#231;&#245;es, h&#225; pelo menos dois aspectos mais importantes que precisam ser discutidos na indica&#231;&#227;o e escolha do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico com medicamentos hipolipemiantes nesses pacientes. O primeiro refere-se ao agravamento e &#224; severidade da dislipidemia observada nesses casos, o que imp&#245;e a necessidade de agentes com excelente pot&#234;ncia, visando o alcance das metas preconizadas pelo NCEP/ATP. O segundo aspecto, tamb&#233;m peculiar desse grupo, refere-se &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos medicamentos de uso cont&#237;nuo, n&#227;o s&#243; para a doen&#231;a de base (Aids), mas tamb&#233;m para as comorbidades associadas a ela.</p>
    <p>Foi demonstrado que o uso do ciprofibrato, da rosuvastatina ou da combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos &#233; efetivo, seguro e bem tolerado nos indiv&#237;duos com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV submetidos a HAART, devendo ser considerado como poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s na an&#225;lise de tais dados o fato do estudo n&#227;o ter sido randomizado. Quanto ao aspecto de seguran&#231;a, deve ser ressaltado que a curta dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento &#233; fator limitante na an&#225;lise dos resultados obtidos pelo presente estudo.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes submetidos a HAART, os cuidados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; posologia administrada devem ser muito maiores do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, objetivando-se sempre a obten&#231;&#227;o de efic&#225;cia com baixas doses, evitando-se dessa forma a eleva&#231;&#227;o do potencial de toxicidade, sobretudo hep&#225;tica e renal, tamb&#233;m associada aos antirretrovirais.</p>
    <p>Kannel e Giordano<sup>26</sup> observaram redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% no colesterol total e de 60% nos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides, em pacientes que receberam atorvastatina associada a gemfibrosil. Calza e cols.<sup>27</sup> mostraram redu&#231;&#245;es de 40,7% e de 21,9% para triglic&#233;rides e colesterol total, respectivamente, em 69 pacientes tratados com fibratos. Stein e cols.<sup>28</sup> demonstraram em estudo duplo-cego controlado com placebo que pravastatina resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o de 20,8% no LDL-colesterol.</p>
    <p>Rosuvastatina, o mais novo e potente agente dentre as estatinas, sem intera&#231;&#245;es conhecidas com os IP (n&#227;o usa a via do citocromo P450 assim como pravastatina e fluvastatina), parece ser promissora no tratamento de dislipidemia nos infectados pelo HIV<sup>29</sup>. Estudos demonstrando a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da rosuvastatina s&#227;o esperados nos pr&#243;ximos anos. &#201; importante notar que muitos IP interagem com o sistema do citocromo P450 e podem afetar o potencial de toxicidade de outros medicamentos<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Palacios e cols.<sup>31</sup> demonstraram significativa redu&#231;&#227;o de 27% no colesterol total e de 37% no LDL-colesterol com atorvastatina 10 mg/dia, por&#233;m essa estatina tamb&#233;m &#233; metabolizada pelo sistema citocromo P450, devendo seu uso ser evitado nos pacientes recebendo regimes de HAART contendo IP<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estatinas e fibratos apresentam elevado potencial para toxicidade hep&#225;tica e muscular. Monitoramento ambulatorial deve ser realizado, incluindo n&#237;veis basais das transaminases hep&#225;ticas e da creatinofosfoquinase, as quais devem ser reavaliadas em quatro a seis semanas, nos pacientes recebendo esses agentes redutores de l&#237;pides<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; toler&#226;ncia aos agentes usados nos tr&#234;s grupos avaliados, houve relatos isolados de mialgia (tr&#234;s casos), sendo todos pacientes do Grupo II (rosuvastatina), por&#233;m nenhum deles associado &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatinofosfoquinase e, portanto, sem caracterizar rabdomiolise; dispepsia foi citada por apenas cinco pacientes, sendo tr&#234;s do Grupo I (ciprofibrato) e dois do Grupo III (ciprofibrato e rosuvastatina). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao potencial para toxicidades hep&#225;tica e muscular, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram observadas eleva&#231;&#245;es em n&#250;mero significativo de casos. Quando ocorreram eleva&#231;&#245;es, tanto das transaminases como da creatinofosfoquinase, essas n&#227;o ultrapassaram os limites m&#225;ximos de toler&#226;ncia preconizados pelo NCEP/ATP como crit&#233;rios de suspens&#227;o desses agentes.</p>
    <p>Os dados obtidos por este estudo demonstram, portanto, que os perfis farmacol&#243;gicos do ciprofibrato e da rosuvastatina s&#227;o adequados em efic&#225;cia, seguran&#231;a e tolerabilidade, podendo tais agentes ser considerados efetivos no controle da dislipidemia secund&#225;ria a HAART.</p>
    <p>Relatos de dislipidemia e de eventos cardiovasculares associados a HAART s&#227;o cada vez mais frequentes e, portanto, se o tratamento atinge suas metas no controle dessa complica&#231;&#227;o, tal fato se refletir&#225; na redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade cardiovascular, proporcionando melhor qualidade de vida e eleva&#231;&#227;o na sobrevida dos pacientes com Aids.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto ao tratamento da dislipidemia, ciprofibrato e rosuvastatina isolados ou combinados mostraram-se eficazes, seguros e bem tolerados no grupo de pacientes com HIV submetidos a HAART. Observaram-se percentuais de redu&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;pides e de eleva&#231;&#227;o do HDL-colesterol similares aos observados na popula&#231;&#227;o geral</p>
    <p>A necess&#225;ria associa&#231;&#227;o de estatinas e fibratos nesse grupo de pacientes com dislipidemia mista agravada pelos agentes antirretrovirais, al&#233;m de ratificar a potencializa&#231;&#227;o na efic&#225;cia redutora de triglic&#233;rides e de colesterol com concomitante eleva&#231;&#227;o do HDL, foi &#250;til na desmistifica&#231;&#227;o, presente inclusive entre m&#233;dicos especialistas em cardiologia e metabologia, de que tal associa&#231;&#227;o seja potencialmente t&#243;xica e de risco para o paciente. H&#225; risco de hepatotoxicidade e de miotoxicidade sim, mas em preval&#234;ncias muito baixas, sendo indispens&#225;vel a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-laboratorial do paciente em tratamento hipolipemiante, sobretudo na vig&#234;ncia da HAART.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da terapia medicamentosa, mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida, incluindo cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, dieta adequada e atividade f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica s&#227;o pontos cr&#237;ticos e de grande impacto na obten&#231;&#227;o das metas de l&#237;pides consideradas preventivas de aterosclerose. "<italic>Switching therapy"</italic> ou modifica&#231;&#227;o do regime de HAART pela substitui&#231;&#227;o de um ou mais agentes pode ser considerado op&#231;&#227;o para controle dos efeitos metab&#243;licos adversos, embora a manuten&#231;&#227;o do controle viral deva ser o objetivo principal do tratamento<sup>32</sup>. Tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da dislipidemia (usualmente com estatinas e/ou fibratos) e da intoler&#226;ncia a glicose (com agentes insulinossensibilizadores) estar&#225; indicado quando mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida e <italic>switching therapy</italic> s&#227;o inefetivos ou n&#227;o aplic&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos definitivos, j&#225; existem evid&#234;ncias indiretas suficientes para supor-se que essa popula&#231;&#227;o est&#225; exposta a risco mais elevado de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Portanto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para definir se as metas desej&#225;veis de l&#237;pides, de glicemia e de press&#227;o arterial visando &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose seriam as mesmas atualmente adotadas para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Hamilton Domingos pela Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Hamilton Domingos </p>
        <p> Rua das Gar&#231;as, 100, Vila Alta </p>
        <p> CEP 79010-020, Campo Grande, MS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="hdomingos66@hotmail.com">hdomingos66@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 08/11/11 </p>
    <p> Revisado em 21/12/11 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 01/06/12</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Rosuvastatin and ciprofibrate in the treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with HIV</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia secondary to highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to atherosclerotic disease, requiring, thus, immediate and effective treatment. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of rosuvastatin and ciprofibrate in the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV. METHODS: Three hundred and forty-six patients with dyslipidemia underwent pharmacological treatment as follows: 200 patients with hypertriglyceridemia received ciprofibrate (Group I); 79 patients with hypercholesterolemia received rosuvastatin (Group II); and 67 patients with mixed dyslipidemia received ciprofibrate associated with rosuvastatin (Group III). The lipid profile was assessed before and after the lipid-lowering treatment, and the Wilcoxon test was used for statistical comparison. Liver transaminases and creatine phosphokinase were measured to assess liver and muscle toxicity. RESULTS: The serum concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol were significantly lower than those obtained before the lipid-lowering treatment in the three experimental groups (p &lt; 0.002). A significant increase in HDL-cholesterol was observed in Groups I and III (p &lt; 0.002). In Groups I and II, LDL-cholesterol was significantly lower (p &lt; 0.001). None of the patients experienced elevations in transaminases or creatine phosphokinase to significantly toxic levels. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that ciprofibrate and rosuvastatin or a combination of both can be considered an effective, safe and well-tolerated lipid-lowering treatment for patients with AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>antiretroviral therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>highly active</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>anticholesteremic agents</kwd>
        <kwd>fibric acids</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Rosuvastatin and ciprofibrate in the treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with HIV</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hamilton Domingos; Rivaldo Ven&#226;ncio da Cunha; Anamaria Mello Miranda Paniago; Albert Schiaveto de Souza; Renata London Rodrigues; Jo&#227;o Am&#233;rico Domingos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Dyslipidemia secondary to highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to atherosclerotic disease, requiring, thus, immediate and effective treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of rosuvastatin and ciprofibrate in the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> Three hundred and forty-six patients with dyslipidemia underwent pharmacological treatment as follows: 200 patients with hypertriglyceridemia received ciprofibrate (Group I); 79 patients with hypercholesterolemia received rosuvastatin (Group II); and 67 patients with mixed dyslipidemia received ciprofibrate associated with rosuvastatin (Group III). The lipid profile was assessed before and after the lipid-lowering treatment, and the Wilcoxon test was used for statistical comparison. Liver transaminases and creatine phosphokinase were measured to assess liver and muscle toxicity.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> The serum concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol were significantly lower than those obtained before the lipid-lowering treatment in the three experimental groups (p &lt; 0.002). A significant increase in HDL-cholesterol was observed in Groups I and III (p &lt; 0.002). In Groups I and II, LDL-cholesterol was significantly lower (p &lt; 0.001). None of the patients experienced elevations in transaminases or creatine phosphokinase to significantly toxic levels.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The results of this study show that ciprofibrate and rosuvastatin or a combination of both can be considered an effective, safe and well-tolerated lipid-lowering treatment for patients with AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Dyslipidemias; antiretroviral therapy, highly active; HIV; anticholesteremic agents; fibric acids.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In 2005, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection affected 42 million people in the world, of whom, 1.8 million were in Latin America. Brazil was the most affected country in that region in absolute numbers, with approximately 1.2 million infected people, of whom, 257,780 had AIDS<sup>1</sup>. According to the UNAIDS 2008 Report, HIV affects 33.4 million people in the world, 2.0 million in Latina America, and 536,000 in Brazil<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>AIDS treatment has advanced significantly after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which has determined a significant reduction in the disease-associated mortality and morbidity<sup>3</sup>. The year 1996 was a turning point in the history of HIV infection, dividing it into pre- and post-HAART eras<sup>4</sup>. Until 1996, early diagnosis of HIV and treatment of opportunistic infections were performed. After 1996, with the advent of HAART, disease control has significantly improved, with consequent increase in survival and improvement in the quality of life of those infected with HIV<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The use of HAART has not only increased the patients' life expectancy, but has significantly reduced the prevalence of opportunistic infections, resulting in the emergence of chronic diseases and conditions related to risk factors common to the general population and that group of patients. Cardiovascular complications associated with HIV infection and related to the adverse effects of antiretroviral agents have become more frequent<sup>6</sup>. Despite the initial benefits of HAART, some studies have shown that treatment with those medications is associated with metabolic changes, such as lipodystrophy (body fat redistribution), insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, with consequent elevation in the risk for atherosclerosis<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the limited knowledge about the disease and about the epidemiology of atherosclerosis in the HIV-infected population, the cardiovascular disease can be due to reasons similar to those of the general population. However, it is worth assessing whether HIV infection and the metabolic changes associated with HAART can accelerate the atherothrombotic process<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several studies have reported the association between HAART and the risk of cardiovascular events. The DAD study has reported an increased incidence of acute myocardial infarction after long exposure to antiretroviral medication, showing an elevation in the risk of infarction from 0.3% pre-HAART to 1.07% in patients undergoing HAART. In addition, a 1.26% increase in the risk of cerebrovascular disease has been identified after the use of HAART<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Statins are the agents of choice to treat hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, because they reduce by 18% to 55% the serum concentrations of LDL-cholesterol and by 7% to 30% the concentrations of triglycerides, and increase by 5% to 10% the concentrations of HDL-cholesterol. Most agents of that group are metabolized by cytochrome P<sub>450</sub>, which also metabolizes the protease inhibitors (PI). Thus, the serum levels of statins can increase, causing toxicity in the skeletal muscles and liver, and other adverse effects. Thus, statins that act in distinct metabolization sites, such as pravastatin, fluvastatin and rosuvastatin, should be preferred, avoiding those with exclusive metabolization by the cytochrome P<sub>450</sub>, such as simvastatin. Atorvastatin can be cautiously used, and data on rosuvastatin are favorable, although limited<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Fibrates are fibric acid derivatives used as first-line agents in the treatment of mixed dyslipidemia. They act like agonists of PPAR-alpha, modulating genes that increase the expression of lipoprotein lipase and apolipoproteins A I and A II, reducing apolipoprotein C III. Gemfibrozil, a representative of that group, is well tolerated, significantly reducing total cholesterol and triglycerides, especially when associated with atorvastatin. Niacin reduces LDL-cholesterol and increases HDL-cholesterol, but has many side effects, such as flushing, itching, hyperglycemia, and hepatotoxicity<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering that AIDS should be currently approached as a chronic disease, which can be controlled with HAART, managing the side effects of that therapy is important to prevent the development of early atherosclerotic complications already reported in the literature after the advent of HAART.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was prospectively carried out through clinical outpatient follow-up of 648 patients with HIV undergoing HAART. The patients were followed up from 2004 to 2009 at the outpatient clinics of infectology and cardiology of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio of the UFMS and the Center of Infectious-Parasitic Diseases, both in the city of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.</p>
      <p>After anamnesis focused on cardiovascular history, including the major risk factors for atherosclerotic disease (systemic arterial hypertension, smoking habit, dyslipidemia, diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, visceral obesity, and family history of early atherosclerosis), the patients underwent complete physical examination, including measuring anthropometric data, body mass index, and abdominal circumference, and ectoscopy for assessing HAART-associated lipoatrophy and/or lipoaccumulation.</p>
      <p>All patients followed up in this study underwent cardiometabolic assessment. At the first consultation, after anamnesis and physical examination, the following routine complementary tests were performed: fasting glycemia; lipid profile; thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); creatine phosphokinase (CPK); liver transaminases (GOT and GPT); and creatinine.</p>
      <p>The use of ciprofibrate and/or rosuvastatin was indicated to patients who remained persistently dyslipidemic even after being instructed on changes in lifestyle. They were divided into three groups as follows:</p>
      <p><bold>Group I</bold>: with hypertriglyceridemia over 300 mg/dL;</p>
      <p><bold>Group II</bold>: with LDL-cholesterol over the limits established by the NCEP, considering the estimated cardiovascular risk according to the Framingham Score as follows: LDL &lt; 100 mg/dL for high-risk patients (&gt; 20%); LDL &lt; 130 mg/dL for moderate-risk patients (10% to 20%); and LDL &lt; 160 mg/dL for low-risk patients (&lt; 10%);</p>
      <p><bold>Group III</bold>: with mixed dyslipidemia (high cholesterol and triglycerides).</p>
      <p>In all groups, patients were treated pharmacologically and instructed about changes in lifestyle as an adjuvant measure. In Group I, ciprofibrate was used at doses ranging from 100 to 200 mg/day, the dose of 200 mg being used only in cases of severe hypertriglyceridemia (concentrations over 1,000 mg/dL), or when 100 mg of ciprofibrate were insufficient to push triglycerides below 400 mg/dL. In Group II, rosuvastatin was used at doses ranging from 10 to 40 mg/day. In Group III, ciprofibrate and rosuvastatin were associated at the same doses used in Groups I and II. LDL-cholesterol was not directly measured, but estimated only by used of the Friedewald equation. Thus, patients with triglyceride levels over 400 mg/dL received initially ciprofibrate and had their LDL-cholesterol concentrations reassessed.</p>
      <p>To demonstrate the efficacy of the lipid-lowering treatment, three reassessments of the serum lipid concentrations were performed after 30, 60 and 90 days, and the highest serum lipid level (triglycerides or cholesterol) before lipid-lowering therapy and the lowest serum concentration achieved after 90 days of treatment were considered for statistical assessment.</p>
      <p>The safety of the lipid-lowering treatment regarding possible liver and muscle toxicities was determined by use of serial dosages of the enzymes GOT, GPT and CPK after 30, 60 and 90 days from the beginning of the lipid-lowering agents.</p>
      <p>The clinical data regarding tolerability of the patients to the agents used were obtained at the control consultations every month during the outpatient follow-up, when patients were asked about digestive symptoms (dyspepsia, nauseas, vomiting, epigastralgia, diarrhea, dry mouth and flatulence) and musculoskeletal symptoms (myalgia or muscular weakness).</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows:</p>
      <p>&#149; Use of other agents that could interfere with the lipid profile: corticosteroids; thiazide diuretics; beta-blockers; estrogens; androgens</p>
      <p>&#149; Thyroid or suprarenal hormone dysfunction or diabetes mellitus</p>
      <p>&#149; Need to change the HAART during the assessment</p>
      <p>&#149; Hepatitis prior to the use of the lipid-lowering agent</p>
      <p>&#149; Renal failure with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below normal, assessed according to the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation, where GFR = 186 &#215; [serum creatinine (mg/dL)]<sup>-1,154</sup> &#215; [age]<sup>-0,203</sup> &#215; [0.742 if female] &#215; [1.21 if the patient is black]</p>
      <p>The results of the comparison between the groups of this study were assessed by use of nonparametric statistical tests, because the samples of the variables measured in this study were not normally distributed according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The correlation of sex and ethnicity with the experimental group was assessed by use of the chi-square test.</p>
      <p>The lipid levels before and after treatment were compared by using the Wilcoxon test. The comparison between the experimental groups regarding the variables age and percentage of lipid reduction/elevation was performed by using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post test.</p>
      <p>The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare sexes regarding lipid levels.</p>
      <p>The results of the comparison between the parameters used to monitor liver or muscle toxicity due to the use of lipid-lowering agents were analyzed by use of nonparametric statistical tests, because the samples of the variables measured in this study were not normally distributed according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.</p>
      <p>The comparison between the experimental groups regarding the variables GOT, GPT and CPK was performed by using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post test. The relationship between the GOT, GPT and CPK levels in the experimental groups was assessed by use of the chi-square test. The comparison between the experimental groups regarding the percentage of patients with high GOT, GPT and CPK levels was performed by use of the Z-test of distribution.</p>
      <p>The other results of the variables assessed were shown as descriptive statistics or as tables and graphs. The statistical analysis was performed by using the SigmaStat software, version 2.0, and the relationships, correlations and differences were considered significant when "p" value was lower than 0.05<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 648 patients with AIDS and on HAART assessed, 346 had dyslipidemia refractory to changes in lifestyle and were divided into those three groups as follows: Group I, comprising 200 patients with hypertriglyceridemia treated with ciprofibrate; Group II, comprising 79 patients with hypercholesterolemia treated with rosuvastatin; and Group III, comprising 67 patients with hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia treated with ciprofibrate associated with rosuvastatin.</p>
      <p>No significant difference between the groups regarding age, sex and ethnicity was observed as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09212_3712_3_t01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop09212_3712_3_t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding HAART regimens, the three groups showed a predominance of patients on HAART containing PI, distributed as follows: Group I, 62.0% (n = 124) on PI and 38.0% (n = 76) on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI); Group II, 64.6% (n = 51) on PI and 35.4% (n = 28) on NNRTI; and Group III, 70.1% (n = 49) on PI and 29.9% (n = 20) on NNRTI.</p>
      <p>The results regarding the lipid measurements before and after lipid-lowering treatment for the Groups I, II and III are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09212_3712_3_f01-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop09212_3712_3_f01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The percentages of lipid reduction or elevation before and after lipid-lowering treatment are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09212_3712_3_f02-body2">Figure 2</xref>. Only Goup II showed a difference between the sexes, specifically regarding HDL-cholesterol (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.023), in which female patients showed a reduction in that variable with treatment (3.98 &#177; 2.11%), while male patients showed an elevation in HDL-cholesterol (2.71 &#177; 2.16%) with treatment, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop09212_3712_3_f02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The comparison between the groups showed a difference regarding GOT levels (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.002), which were significantly higher in Groups I and III as compared with those in Group II (Dunn's post test, p &lt; 0.05). Regarding GPT levels, no difference between the groups was evidenced (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.172). Regarding CPK levels, the comparison between the groups showed a difference (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.032); in post test, however, pairwise comparison of the groups showed no significant difference between them (Dunn's post test, p &gt; 0.05) as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5-body2">Table 5</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0997-00096-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Considering the different HAART regimens, no significant difference in lipid-lowering responses was observed between the agents assessed.</p>
      <p>None of the patients showed GOT or GPT levels greater than three times the upper limit of normality, or CPK levels greater than ten times the upper limit of normality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The increase in cardiovascular risk became an important problem after the introduction of HAART in 1996 for AIDS treatment, because of the potentially atherogenic metabolic complications associated with that therapy (dyslipidemia and insulin resistance).</p>
      <p>Several studies have reported the association between antiretroviral therapy and the risk for cardiovascular events. Baum et al.<sup>12</sup> have reported a 4.8 &#177; 1.7 risk for cardiovascular events in ten years according to the Framingham score in HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy. Bergensen et al.<sup>13</sup> have reported a 11.9% prevalence of cardiovascular risk over 20% (high risk) among patients on HAART, while for the control group, that prevalence was 5.3%. In addition, in that same group, a 5.2% increase in the prevalence of angina pectoris was observed in patients on HAART as compared with those of the control group<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The DAD study has reported a 0.3% increase in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction, passing to 1.07% in HIV-positive patients on HAART. In addition, a 1.26% increase in the risk for cerebrovascular disease after using antiretroviral therapy was identified<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The use of antiretroviral therapy has intensified the tendency towards an increase in triglyceride levels and a reduction in HDL-cholesterol, which already occurred in patients with HIV. Triglycerides, when affected, can reach levels over 1,000 mg/dL, in association with an increased risk for pancreatitis and atherosclerosis. This study identified a mean 130.15-mg/dL increase in triglyceride levels.</p>
      <p>According to the literature, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels increase, on average, 30 mg/dL, but a significant individual variation exists. Kumar et al. have reported an increase of 28% for total cholesterol and of 96% for triglycerides<sup>16</sup>. In this study, a 33-mg/dL increase was observed in total cholesterol levels, but only a 16.29-mg/dL increase in LDL-cholesterol levels.</p>
      <p>Domingos et al. have assessed the prevalence of some cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking, hypertension, and family history of early atherosclerosis. The prevalence of smoking was 15.4% and of systemic arterial hypertension, 14.7%. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia ranged from 31% to 47%, and that of hypertriglyceridemia, from 47% to 71%; that variation depended on the HAART regimen used, affecting mainly the users of HAART containing PI<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>HIV-infected patients showed significant changes in serum lipid concentrations. Those changes are more intense when patients are on HAART, especially if the regimen includes a PI. Initially, a reduction in HDL-cholesterol levels and elevation in triglyceride levels have been described, probably translating an unspecific inflammatory response<sup>18</sup>. After the introduction of the HAART containing PI, a marked elevation in triglyceride and total cholesterol levels was observed, as well as an intensification of the reduction in HDL-cholesterol levels<sup>19</sup>. The mechanisms that explain those results seem to relate to changes in the lipid metabolism<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The binding site of PI to HIV has a molecular structure similar to that of some proteins involved in lipid metabolism. That similarity allows partial or total inhibition of those proteins by PI, affecting the lipid metabolism, probably depending on the gene expression of the receptors involved<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Carr et al. have proposed a theory based on the structural similarity between the catalytic region of HIV protease and two important human proteins that regulate lipid metabolism: cytoplasmic retinoic-acid binding protein type 1 (CRABP-1) and low density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein (LRP). The antiretroviral agents of the PI class would also inhibit important steps of the human metabolism. Occasionally, the PIs would interrupt the metabolism of retinoic acid and would reduce the activity of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-&#963;), which plays a key hole in the differentiation of adipocytes and their apoptosis, in addition to improving peripheral sensitivity to insulin. The final results of those effects would be increased lipid release in the circulation and hypertriglyceridemia. On the other hand, LRP inhibition would result in lower hepatic uptake of triglycerides and in reduced cleavage of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol, which would occur due to the endothelial LRP-lipoprotein lipase complex (LRP-LPL) activity. Hypertriglyceridemia would account for the elevated insulin resistance, which, in susceptible individuals could cause type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A, a common step of the metabolism of PIs and retinoic acid inhibitors, would also contribute to that metabolic dyscrasia<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>An alternative mechanism that has been proposed is based on the molecular similarity of PIs, which would compete for the binding site of the liver receptors of remaining chylomicrons. Thus, a balanced increase in the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides related to the permanence of the remaining chylomicrons in plasma would occur. In parallel, those changes would increase insulin resistance, and, consequently, would increase the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension in those patients<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The high prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerotic disease observed in this study evidences the importance of taking preventive measures in that specific population. The prevalence of dyslipidemia aggravated by HAART, present in 64.5% of the patients, almost doubled as compared with that observed in the general population (32.4%)<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Multiple scientific studies have evidenced the correlation between risk factors for atherosclerosis alone or as part of the metabolic syndrome. A genetically predisposed individual with AIDS and undergoing antiretroviral therapy, who has that syndrome aggravated by the adverse effect of agents and at a young age, is at potential risk for atherothrombotic events, especially when considering a second mechanism also present, the elevation in inflammatory mediators associated with HIV and metabolic syndrome.</p>
      <p>Since the introduction of HAART in 1996, several studies have been conducted, aiming at establishing a correlation between AIDS, HAART and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p>Bozzette et al.<sup>23</sup>, assessing coronary and cerebrovascular disease retrospectively from 1996 to 2001 with a case series including 15,296 patients on HAART, have reported a 7.9% prevalence. Friis-Moller et al.<sup>15</sup>, in the DAD cohort study carried out with data obtained from 1999 to 2002, including 23,468 patients, have reported 126 coronary events and a 1.26 increase in the relative risk per year of exposure to HAART<sup>15</sup>. Moore et al.<sup>24</sup>, assessing the occurrence of myocardial infarction or unstable angina in 2,671 patients on HAART for eight years, have reported an incidence of 5.9 events/1,000 patient/years in the group exposed to HAART <italic>versus</italic> 2.0/1,000 patient/years in the analysis of the control group of patients without AIDS<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Disorders of the lipid metabolism increase by two to three fold the cardiovascular risk of HIV-infected patients. New strategies aimed at preventing and treating those emerging disorders are necessary<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the few prospective studies approaching dyslipidemia in that specific group of patients, only some lipid-lowering agents, especially those more easily accessed, have been assessed, and such agents are not always the best regarding efficacy and tolerability.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting at least two important aspects that need to be discussed regarding the indication and choice of lipid-lowering agents for those patients. The first aspect relates to the worsening and severity of dyslipidemia observed in those cases, requiring potent agents, aimed at achieving the goals recommended by the NCEP/ATP. The second aspect, also characteristic of that group, relates to the association of multiple medications of continuous use, not only for the underlying disease (AIDS), but also for its comorbidities.</p>
      <p>The use of either ciprofibrate or rosuvastatin or their combination proved to be effective, safe and well tolerated in HIV-infected individuals on HAART. However, the fact that this study was not randomized should be considered as a possible bias in data analysis. Regarding safety, it is worth noting that the short follow-up is a limiting factor in the analysis of the results of the present study.</p>
      <p>Lipid-lowering drugs should be more carefully administered to patients on HAART, compared with the general population, aiming at obtaining efficacy at lower doses to avoid the potential elevation of toxicity, especially hepatic and renal, associated with antiretroviral agents.</p>
      <p>Kannel and Giordano<sup>26</sup> have reported 30% and 60% reductions in total cholesterol and triglycerides, respectively, in patients on atorvastatin associated with gemfibrozil. Calza et al.<sup>27</sup> have shown 40.7% and 21.9% reductions in triglycerides and total cholesterol, respectively, in 69 patients treated with fibrates. Stein et al.<sup>28</sup> have shown in a double-blind placebo-controlled study a 20.8% reduction in LDL-cholesterol with pravastatin.</p>
      <p>Rosuvastatin, the newest and most potent agent among statins, with no known interaction with PIs (it does not use the cytochrome P450 pathway, differently from pravastatin and fluvastatin), seems to be promising in the treatment of dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals<sup>29</sup>. Studies showing the safety and efficacy of rosuvastatin are expected in coming years. It is worth noting that several PIs interact with the cytochrome P450 system and can affect the toxic potential of other drugs<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Palacios et al.<sup>31</sup> have demonstrated a significant reduction of 27% in total cholesterol and of 37% in LDL-cholesterol with atorvastatin (10 mg/day), but that statin is also metabolized via the cytochrome P450 pathway, and, thus, its use should be avoided in patients on HAART regimens containing PI<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Statins and fibrates have a high potential for liver and muscle toxicity. Patients on those lipid-lowering agents should be monitored with laboratory tests, which comprise measuring GOT, GPT and CPK levels at baseline and four to six weeks later<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding tolerability to the agents used in the three groups assessed, isolated reports of myalgia (three cases) occurred in Group II (rosuvastatin), but none of them was associated with CPK elevation, not characterizing rhabdomyolysis. Dyspepsia was reported by only five patients, three in Group I (ciprofibrate) and two in Group III (ciprofibrate and rosuvastatin). Regarding the potential for liver and muscle toxicities, enzyme elevations in a significant number of cases were not observed. When elevations in transaminases and CPK occurred, they did not exceed the maximum limits of tolerance recommended by the NCEP/ATP.</p>
      <p>This study showed that ciprofibrate and rosuvastatin have adequate pharmacological profiles regarding efficacy, safety and tolerability, and can be considered effective to control dyslipidemia secondary to HAART.</p>
      <p>Reports of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular events associated with HAART are increasingly frequent. If the treatment is able to control those complications, it will reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, improving the quality of life and increasing the survival of patients with AIDS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For the treatment of dyslipidemia, ciprofibrate and rosuvastatin in isolation or combined proved to be effective, safe and well tolerated in a group of patients with HIV undergoing HAART. Percentages of lipid level reduction and HDL-cholesterol level elevation similar to those observed in the general population were observed.</p>
      <p>In addition to increasing the efficacy in reducing the levels of triglycerides and cholesterol with concomitant elevation in HDL-cholesterol levels, the necessary association of statins and fibrates in the mixed dyslipidemia group aggravated by antiretroviral agents was also useful to deconstruct the myth prevailing among specialists in cardiology and metabolism about the potential toxicity and risk of that association. As there is a real risk for hepatotoxicity and myotoxicity, despite their very low prevalence, clinical and laboratory monitoring of patients on lipid-lowering treatment, especially in the presence of concomitant HAART, is mandatory.</p>
      <p>In addition to pharmacological therapy, changes in lifestyle, such as smoking cessation, adequate diet and aerobic physical activity, are critical points of great impact to achieve lipid level goals in atherosclerosis prevention. Switching therapy or changing the HAART regimen by replacing one or more agents can be considered an option to control the adverse metabolic effects, although maintaining viral control should be the major objective of the treatment<sup>32</sup>. The pharmacological treatment of dyslipidemia (usually with statins and/or fibrates) and of impaired glucose tolerance (with insulin sensitizers) are indicated when changes in lifestyle and switching therapy are ineffective or not applicable.</p>
      <p>Despite the lack of definitive epidemiological studies, there is sufficient indirect evidence to suppose that the population studied is at a greater risk for cardiovascular disease. Thus, further studies are necessary to define whether the goals of lipid levels, glycemia and blood pressure aimed at atherosclerosis prevention currently adopted for the general population would apply for the population studied.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Hamilton Domingos, from Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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