<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">by7WYNJnWDYJbD8QcGtc8fb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000091</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ponto &#243;timo cardiorrespirat&#243;rio: uma vari&#225;vel subm&#225;xima do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ricardo</surname>
            <given-names>Djalma Rabelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora - SUPREMA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Gama Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital e Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>988</fpage>
      <lpage>996</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: No Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) m&#225;ximo s&#227;o analisadas diversas vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias, incluindo o equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio (VE/VO2). O valor m&#237;nimo do VE/VO2 reflete a melhor integra&#231;&#227;o entre os sistemas respirat&#243;rio e cardiovascular, podendo ser denominado Ponto &#211;timo Cardiorrespirat&#243;rio (POC). OBJETIVO: Determinar o comportamento do POC em fun&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero e da idade em adultos saud&#225;veis e verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o com outras vari&#225;veis do TCPE. M&#201;TODOS: De 2.237 indiv&#237;duos, foram selecionados 624 (62% homens e 48 &#177; 12 anos de idade), n&#227;o atletas, saud&#225;veis, submetidos ao TCPE m&#225;ximo. O POC ou VE/VO2 m&#237;nimo foi obtido a partir da an&#225;lise da ventila&#231;&#227;o e do consumo de oxig&#234;nio em cada minuto do TCPE. Foi verificada a rela&#231;&#227;o entre idade e POC para os dois g&#234;neros, assim como as associa&#231;&#245;es com: VO2m&#225;x, VO2 no limiar anaer&#243;bico (VO2LA), efici&#234;ncia da inclina&#231;&#227;o de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (OUES) e com VE m&#225;xima. Comparou-se ainda a intensidade do esfor&#231;o (MET) no POC, LA e VO2m&#225;x. RESULTADOS: O POC aumenta com a idade, sendo 23,2 &#177; 4,48 e 25,0 &#177; 5,14, respectivamente, em homens e mulheres (p &lt; 0,001). H&#225; associa&#231;&#245;es moderadas e inversas com VO2m&#225;x (r = -0,47; p &lt; 0,001), com VO2LA (r = -0,42; p &lt; 0,001) e com o OUES (r = -0,34; p &lt; 0,001). O POC ocorreu, em m&#233;dia, a (44% do VO2m&#225;x) e antes do LA (67% do VO2m&#225;x) (p &lt; 0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: POC, uma vari&#225;vel subm&#225;xima, aumenta com a idade e &#233; discretamente mais alto em mulheres. Sendo modestamente associado a outras medidas ventilat&#243;rias, parece haver uma contribui&#231;&#227;o independente na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da resposta cardiorrespirat&#243;ria ao TCPE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>espirometria</kwd>
        <kwd>consumo de oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Ponto &#243;timo cardiorrespirat&#243;rio: uma vari&#225;vel subm&#225;xima do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pl&#237;nio Santos Ramos<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Djalma Rabelo Ricardo<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo<sup>III,IV</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora - SUPREMA - Juiz de Fora, MG </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital e Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus - Juiz de Fora, MG </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte - PPGCEE - Universidade Gama Filho - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio (CLINIMEX) - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> No Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) m&#225;ximo s&#227;o analisadas diversas vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias, incluindo o equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio (VE/VO2). O valor m&#237;nimo do VE/VO2 reflete a melhor integra&#231;&#227;o entre os sistemas respirat&#243;rio e cardiovascular, podendo ser denominado Ponto &#211;timo Cardiorrespirat&#243;rio (POC). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar o comportamento do POC em fun&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero e da idade em adultos saud&#225;veis e verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o com outras vari&#225;veis do TCPE. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>De 2.237 indiv&#237;duos, foram selecionados 624 (62% homens e 48 &#177; 12 anos de idade), n&#227;o atletas, saud&#225;veis, submetidos ao TCPE m&#225;ximo. O POC ou VE/VO2 m&#237;nimo foi obtido a partir da an&#225;lise da ventila&#231;&#227;o e do consumo de oxig&#234;nio em cada minuto do TCPE. Foi verificada a rela&#231;&#227;o entre idade e POC para os dois g&#234;neros, assim como as associa&#231;&#245;es com: VO2m&#225;x, VO2 no limiar anaer&#243;bico (VO2LA), efici&#234;ncia da inclina&#231;&#227;o de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (OUES) e com VE m&#225;xima. Comparou-se ainda a intensidade do esfor&#231;o (MET) no POC, LA e VO2m&#225;x. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O POC aumenta com a idade, sendo 23,2 &#177; 4,48 e 25,0 &#177; 5,14, respectivamente, em homens e mulheres (p &lt; 0,001). H&#225; associa&#231;&#245;es moderadas e inversas com VO2m&#225;x (r = -0,47; p &lt; 0,001), com VO2LA (r = -0,42; p &lt; 0,001) e com o OUES (r = -0,34; p &lt; 0,001). O POC ocorreu, em m&#233;dia, a (44% do VO2m&#225;x) e antes do LA (67% do VO2m&#225;x) (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> POC, uma vari&#225;vel subm&#225;xima, aumenta com a idade e &#233; discretamente mais alto em mulheres. Sendo modestamente associado a outras medidas ventilat&#243;rias, parece haver uma contribui&#231;&#227;o independente na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da resposta cardiorrespirat&#243;ria ao TCPE. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Exerc&#237;cio, teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio, espirometria, consumo de oxig&#234;nio, rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante um Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) m&#225;ximo s&#227;o obtidos diferentes dados ventilat&#243;rios com implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, diagn&#243;sticas e/ou progn&#243;sticas<sup>1</sup>, como o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO2m&#225;x) - uma medida objetiva da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria<sup>2,3</sup> -, o pulso m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio absoluto e relativo ao peso corporal<sup>4,5</sup>, o limiar anaer&#243;bico (LA)<sup>6</sup>, o equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO2)<sup>7</sup> e a curva gerada pelo equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio (OUES)<sup>8</sup>. Entretanto, h&#225; diversas limita&#231;&#245;es com as medidas dessas vari&#225;veis, tais como baixa reprodutibilidade<sup>9</sup>, formas distintas de c&#225;lculo ou identifica&#231;&#227;o<sup>10</sup>, e para a obten&#231;&#227;o da maioria dessas, a necessidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o de um teste verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo<sup>11,12</sup> que, <italic>a priori</italic>, depende das motiva&#231;&#245;es do avaliador e do avaliado.</p>
    <p>O comportamento t&#237;pico dos equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios em um exerc&#237;cio incremental possui um formato em U, caracterizado por n&#237;veis sub&#243;timos de efici&#234;ncia no repouso e em esfor&#231;os muito intensos e uma maior efici&#234;ncia em n&#237;veis subm&#225;ximos de exerc&#237;cio. Dentre as medidas ventilat&#243;rias obtidas durante um exerc&#237;cio incremental, permanece por ser mais bem explorado o valor m&#237;nimo do equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio (VE/VO2 m&#237;nimo), ou seja, o valor mais baixo dessa vari&#225;vel em um dado minuto de um TCPE realizado em protocolo de rampa. Em teoria, o momento em que ocorre o VE/VO2 m&#237;nimo representa a melhor rela&#231;&#227;o ou integra&#231;&#227;o entre os sistemas respirat&#243;rio e cardiovascular ou ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o, podendo ser denominado Ponto &#211;timo Cardiorrespirat&#243;rio (POC). Na pr&#225;tica, o POC corresponde ao momento durante o exerc&#237;cio incremental em que h&#225; a menor ventila&#231;&#227;o (VE) para que seja consumido um litro de oxig&#234;nio (VO2). </p>
    <p>Uma caracter&#237;stica importante do POC &#233; que - ao contr&#225;rio da grande maioria de outros &#237;ndices ou vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias obtidas ou calculadas no TCPE -, para a sua obten&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo. Hipoteticamente, o POC &#233; muito menos dependente do avaliador e, muito provavelmente, da escolha do protocolo ou da raz&#227;o incremental do esfor&#231;o, proporcionando, assim, maior facilidade e precis&#227;o para a sua determina&#231;&#227;o. Sendo assim, parece oportuno investigar o comportamento do POC em um espectro amostral amplo de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, proporcionando condi&#231;&#245;es objetivas para as interpreta&#231;&#245;es clinica e fisiol&#243;gica dessa vari&#225;vel. Portanto, o objetivo do estudo foi determinar o comportamento do POC em raz&#227;o do g&#234;nero e da idade para indiv&#237;duos adultos sem doen&#231;as cardiorrespirat&#243;rias. Em adendo, foram determinadas as associa&#231;&#245;es entre o POC e outras vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias comumente obtidas em um TCPE m&#225;ximo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados retrospectivamente os dados de 2.237 avalia&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dico-funcionais realizadas em uma cl&#237;nica privada e especializada em Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio entre 2006 e mar&#231;o de 2012, tendo sido identificados 624 adultos (62% homens) n&#227;o atletas, com a idade de 48 &#177; 12 anos (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o), que preenchiam concomitantemente os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: 1) n&#227;o apresentarem hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;as cardiorrespirat&#243;rias ou prolapso da valva mitral; 2) n&#227;o usar regularmente medica&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria; 3) aus&#234;ncia de obesidade (&#237;ndice de massa corporal &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>); 4) apresentar um resultado de VEF1/CVF &gt;70% do valor medido<sup>13</sup> na espirometria de repouso; 5) aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas sugestivas de presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica significativa ao TCPE; 6) n&#227;o apresentar limita&#231;&#227;o locomotora capaz de afetar o desempenho no TCPE; 7) ter realizado o TCPE em cicloerg&#244;metro de membros inferiores; e 8) ter completado um TCPE verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo, ou seja, que n&#227;o tenha sido interrompido precocemente por crit&#233;rio cl&#237;nico ou baseado em limites de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e/ou de press&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o consistiu em um exame cl&#237;nico, composto de anamnese detalhada e exame f&#237;sico. Foram obtidos dados antropom&#233;tricos, da espirometria e do eletrocardiograma de repouso antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE m&#225;ximo. Os indiv&#237;duos submeteram-se voluntariamente a avalia&#231;&#227;o, tipicamente feita a pedido dos pr&#243;prios e por indica&#231;&#227;o dos seus respectivos m&#233;dicos assistentes. Todos os indiv&#237;duos leram e assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido espec&#237;fico, antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos, formalmente autorizando o uso dos dados em pesquisas cient&#237;ficas, preservado o anonimato individual. O termo de consentimento e a an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos dados foram previamente aprovados pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa institucional, de acordo com a resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de e com a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Espirometria de Repouso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um m&#237;nimo de tr&#234;s manobras para a determina&#231;&#227;o da curva de fluxo-volume utilizando um pneumotac&#243;grafo periodicamente calibrado (Cardiovit AT-10, <italic>Schiller</italic>, Su&#237;&#231;a), utilizando o protocolo determinado nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es das American Thoracic Society e European Respiratory Society<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio M&#225;ximo (TCPE)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a um TCPE m&#225;ximo em cicloerg&#244;metro de membros inferiores (Cateye EC-1600, <italic>Cateye</italic>, Jap&#227;o ou Inbrasport CG-04, <italic>Inbrasport</italic>, Brasil), seguindo um protocolo de rampa individualizado objetivando uma dura&#231;&#227;o entre 8 e 12 minutos. A carga em watts era incrementada gradativamente at&#233; que o indiv&#237;duo atingisse a exaust&#227;o, representada pela incapacidade de continuar a pedalar na frequ&#234;ncia de pedaladas previamente estabelecida. Os indiv&#237;duos eram fortemente encorajados por meio de est&#237;mulos verbais a atingir o m&#225;ximo durante o TCPE, sendo esse somente interrompido quando os indiv&#237;duos atingiam a exaust&#227;o volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima. Conforme mencionado nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, somente foram considerados os TCPE que n&#227;o foram interrompidos por raz&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, tais como resposta tensional exagerada e/ou pela ocorr&#234;ncia de resposta cronotr&#243;pica incompetente, ou ainda por altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, hemodin&#226;micas ou ventilat&#243;rias<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise dos Gases Expirados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o TCPE, os gases expirados foram coletados por um pneumotac&#243;grafo Prevent (<italic>MedGraphics</italic>, Estados Unidos) acoplado a uma pe&#231;a bocal, com concomitante oclus&#227;o nasal, e quantificados por um analisador metab&#243;lico VO2000 (<italic>MedGraphic</italic>s, Estados Unidos), periodicamente calibrados por uma seringa de 2-L e por gases de concentra&#231;&#227;o conhecida. O analisador metab&#243;lico possibilitou a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e das fra&#231;&#245;es parciais de oxig&#234;nio e de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico, analisadas e expressas a cada 10 s. Seguindo uma orienta&#231;&#227;o de padroniza&#231;&#227;o<sup>16</sup>, os valores de VO2 foram reportados a cada minuto durante o TCPE, pela m&#233;dia das seis leituras obtidas nesse per&#237;odo. Assim, o valor da maior m&#233;dia encontrada referente a um dado minuto foi considerado o VO2m&#225;x. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Determina&#231;&#227;o do Limiar Anaer&#243;bico (LA)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O LA foi determinado a partir da inspe&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica dos dados de VE e VO2, pelo ponto em que houve uma quebra na linearidade da VE, enquanto o VO2 continuava a aumentar linearmente com a carga de trabalho<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Determina&#231;&#227;o Efici&#234;ncia da Inclina&#231;&#227;o de Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio (OUES)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O OUES foi determinado por uma regress&#227;o linear em raz&#227;o da transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica da VE e do VO2 obtidos a cada minuto do TCPE utilizando a seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o (VO2 = a log VE + b). Nessa equa&#231;&#227;o, a constante 'a' representa o coeficiente de regress&#227;o (chamados de OUES), e 'b' representa a intercepta&#231;&#227;o<sup>8,18</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Determina&#231;&#227;o do POC</bold>
    </p>
    <p>POC, um resultado adimensional, foi obtido a partir da identifica&#231;&#227;o do menor valor da raz&#227;o entre os dados de ventila&#231;&#227;o (VE) e do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO2) obtidos minuto a minuto durante o TCPE m&#225;ximo, independentemente do momento em que esse ocorreu.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Inicialmente foram testadas a normalidade (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) e a homocedasticidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados, validando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da estat&#237;stica param&#233;trica. Para a descri&#231;&#227;o da amostra, a tend&#234;ncia central e a variabilidade dos dados foram expressas por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (percentis 2,5 e 97,5), enquanto para os dados utilizados na estat&#237;stica inferencial, os resultados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. Uma an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de medidas repetidas foi utilizada para comparar os valores da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio em MET em tr&#234;s momentos: POC, LA e VO2m&#225;x. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizada para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o POC e outras vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias. A influ&#234;ncia da idade sobre o POC, separadamente por g&#234;nero, foi analisada por regress&#245;es lineares. Os c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos foram efetuados nos programas <italic>SPSS </italic>(<italic>IBM, </italic>Estados Unidos) vers&#227;o 17 e no <italic>Prism</italic> vers&#227;o 5.01 (<italic>GraphPad</italic>, Estados Unidos), considerando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, assim como os resultados da espirometria de repouso e do TCPE em raz&#227;o do g&#234;nero s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08812tab01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08812tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0988-00091-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es entre POC e VO2m&#225;x, assim como com o OUES e com o VO2LA foram significativas, por&#233;m apenas moderadas, enquanto o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o POC e a VE m&#225;xima foi fraca (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0988-00091-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em todos os indiv&#237;duos testados, o POC ocorreu sempre antes do LA, sendo identificado em 4,1 &#177; 0,05 equivalentes metab&#243;licos (MET) (44% do VO2m&#225;x), bastante abaixo do valor do LA 6,4 &#177; 0,09 MET (67% do VO2m&#225;x), e do esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo 9,7 &#177; 0,12 MET (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop08812fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop08812fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0988-00091-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O POC aumenta progressivamente com a idade, tanto nos homens quanto nas mulheres, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a entre a inclina&#231;&#227;o da regress&#227;o (<italic>slope)</italic> (p = 0,76); contudo, as mulheres apresentam um POC discretamente maior, dois pontos, para a mesma idade, havendo uma diferen&#231;a no intercepto da regress&#227;o linear (p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Figura 2</xref>). As equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o linear que explicam a rela&#231;&#227;o entre POC e idade para cada g&#234;nero s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08812tab03">Tabela 3</xref>. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop08812fig03">Figura 3</xref> &#233; apresentado o comportamento do POC em raz&#227;o da faixa et&#225;ria e do g&#234;nero, e para uma utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pr&#225;tica, apresentamos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">Tabela 4</xref> os percentis para o POC por faixa et&#225;ria e g&#234;nero.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08812tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0988-00091-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop08812fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0988-00091-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0988-00091-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo contribui de forma original para o corpo de conhecimento, sendo o primeiro a abordar o comportamento do POC durante o TCPE em uma coorte ampla e criteriosamente selecionada, determinando as equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel em raz&#227;o da idade para adultos saud&#225;veis dos dois g&#234;neros. Para a sele&#231;&#227;o de nossa amostra foi feito um controle r&#237;gido para a inclus&#227;o exclusiva de indiv&#237;duos nitidamente saud&#225;veis, onde v&#225;rios crit&#233;rios deveriam ser concomitantemente preenchidos incluindo, especificamente, nunca ter sido diagnosticado ou tratado para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e/ou respirat&#243;rias e n&#227;o apresentarem obesidade e at&#233; mesmo quaisquer altera&#231;&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas capazes de interferir na realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE em cicloerg&#244;metro de membros inferiores. </p>
    <p>Sugerimos tamb&#233;m em nosso estudo que o POC possa estar diretamente relacionado com um ponto provavelmente &#243;timo de integra&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e metab&#243;lica, refletindo uma utiliza&#231;&#227;o mais eficiente e menos dispendiosa da VE inspirada, o que &#233; particularmente importante, quando se sabe que h&#225; um consider&#225;vel gasto energ&#233;tico em manter uma ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar alta, podendo alcan&#231;ar at&#233; 15% do VO2 m&#225;ximo observado<sup>19</sup>. Particularmente essa vari&#225;vel apresenta algumas vantagens quando comparadas a outras obtidas durante um TCPE, como &#233; o caso do VO2m&#225;x, da curva do pulso de oxig&#234;nio e do LA que s&#227;o frequentemente abordados em outros estudos relacionados a ergoespirometria e apresentados como bons indicadores progn&#243;sticos<sup>3,6</sup>. Todavia, devemos ressaltar que para a obten&#231;&#227;o do VO2m&#225;x e para outros desses &#237;ndices &#233; necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um esfor&#231;o verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo<sup>1,12</sup> e a que a determina&#231;&#227;o do momento do LA pode ser influenciada pelo protocolo utilizado, pelo escolha do m&#233;todo de detec&#231;&#227;o<sup>10</sup> desse e pela experi&#234;ncia e conhecimento do avaliador<sup>20</sup>. J&#225; para a determina&#231;&#227;o do POC, n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um exerc&#237;cio verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo, tendo em vista que essa vari&#225;vel foi sempre identificada em n&#237;vel relativamente baixo de intensidade do exerc&#237;cio e bem antes do LA, e que a determina&#231;&#227;o desse n&#227;o depende da interpreta&#231;&#227;o do avaliador, j&#225; que &#233; obtido simplesmente pela identifica&#231;&#227;o da menor raz&#227;o num&#233;rica entre os valores VE e o VO2 para cada minuto do TCPE, sendo assim, um &#237;ndice adimensional e simples de expressar e comparar.</p>
    <p>H&#225; outros &#237;ndices ventilat&#243;rios no TCPE que tendem a expressar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os sistemas respirat&#243;rio e cardiovascular. Em 1996, Baba e cols.<sup>8</sup> propuseram um &#237;ndice relacionado &#224; reserva cardiorrespirat&#243;ria funcional, relativo a uma equa&#231;&#227;o que determina a curva de efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (oxygen uptake efficiency slope - OUES), utilizando o equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio (VE/VO2). Essa vari&#225;vel apresenta forte associa&#231;&#227;o com o VO2m&#225;x (r = 0,94; p &lt; 0,001) em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos e (r = 0,78; p &lt; 0,001) em paciente adultos; contudo, esses autores levaram em considera&#231;&#227;o diversos momentos da curva VE/VO2<sup>18,21</sup> e a ajustaram como se ela apresentasse um comportamento linear, fato esse que n&#227;o reflete o comportamento fisiol&#243;gico dessa vari&#225;vel. Ademais, o c&#225;lculo da equa&#231;&#227;o para a determina&#231;&#227;o do OUES &#233; matematicamente mais complexo e pr&#225;tico do que a identifica&#231;&#227;o de apenas um &#250;nico valor, como &#233; o caso do POC proposto pelo nosso estudo. </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados demonstram que o POC apresenta uma associa&#231;&#227;o modesta com o VO2m&#225;x (-0,47; p &lt; 0,001) e uma baixa associa&#231;&#227;o com a VE m&#225;xima (-0,14; p &lt; 0,001), assim como com o OUES (-0,34; p &lt; 0,001), sugerindo, dessa forma, ser uma vari&#225;vel que apresenta poss&#237;vel independ&#234;ncia e potencial contribui&#231;&#227;o complementar na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da integra&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria durante o TCPE. Outro aspecto igualmente importante &#233; que o POC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop08812fig01">Figura 1</xref>) ocorre entre aproximadamente 30% e 50% do VO2m&#225;x, ou seja, em um esfor&#231;o de intensidade relativamente baixa, sendo bem menos intenso do que o LA, em um TCPE realizado em protocolo individualizado em rampa, o que pode ser &#250;til quando pensamos em avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana severa ou at&#233; mesmo em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada. Em nossos resultados de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o POC ocorreu, em m&#233;dia, em 4,1 MET, compat&#237;vel com o conceito de ponto &#243;timo cardiorrespirat&#243;rio, haja vista que a grande maioria das situa&#231;&#245;es de movimentos cotidianas e em atividades f&#237;sicas, exerc&#237;cios e esportes &#233; realizada entre 2 e 6 MET<sup>22</sup>, e n&#227;o em um esfor&#231;o verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo. </p>
    <p>Com o envelhecimento ocorrem diversas altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e fisiol&#243;gicas, como a redu&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a muscular<sup>23</sup>, a perda de flexibilidade<sup>24</sup> e a redu&#231;&#227;o do VO2m&#225;x<sup>25</sup>, de forma que poder&#237;amos esperar que esse viesse a ocorrer com o POC. No caso das vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias, &#233; sabido que, com o passar dos anos, ocorre tamb&#233;m uma redu&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios<sup>26</sup> e de alguns indicadores ventilat&#243;rios, como o volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo (VEF1)<sup>27</sup> e a capacidade vital for&#231;ada (CVF)<sup>28</sup>, observando-se tamb&#233;m uma resposta menos eficaz ao aumento do PaCO2 em repouso<sup>29</sup>. </p>
    <p>Mais especificamente, em nosso estudo verificamos que com o aumento da idade ocorre um incremento do valor do POC, fato esse que pode ser provavelmente explicado pelas modifica&#231;&#245;es que ocorrem no sistema respirat&#243;rio<sup>28,30</sup>. Evid&#234;ncias demonstram uma redu&#231;&#227;o da superf&#237;cie alveolar, aumento do espa&#231;o morto, condi&#231;&#245;es que est&#227;o associadas com uma hiperinsufla&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e uma redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de difus&#227;o alv&#233;olo-capilar<sup>30,31</sup>, al&#233;m de uma menor VE<sup>29</sup>, o que, em conjunto com o enrijecimento dos vasos sangu&#237;neos<sup>32</sup>, contribui para uma pior rela&#231;&#227;o ou aumento do V/Q<sup>28,30-32</sup>. Em indiv&#237;duos mais jovens, provavelmente, o recrutamento de capilares pulmonares ocorre com maior efici&#234;ncia, permitindo uma expans&#227;o da chamada zona III de West para a regi&#227;o das zonas I e II, mantendo uma rela&#231;&#227;o V/Q mais adequada<sup>33</sup>. Cabe ressaltar que o aumento da ventila&#231;&#227;o no exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o est&#225; relacionado apenas com a concentra&#231;&#227;o de CO2, mas tamb&#233;m com est&#237;mulos aferentes provenientes dos mecanorreceptores<sup>34,35</sup>. Uma evid&#234;ncia desse fato s&#227;o os dados de Monteiro e Araujo<sup>36</sup> indicando que h&#225; diferen&#231;as substanciais na VE e tamb&#233;m no VE/VO2, com est&#237;mulos aferentes provavelmente distintos, quando o indiv&#237;duo anda ou corre para uma mesma velocidade na esteira.</p>
    <p>O comportamento do POC parece ser discretamente distinto de acordo com o g&#234;nero; enquanto h&#225; um aumento similar do POC com a idade entre homens e mulheres. Com o passar dos anos, pode-se considerar que h&#225; uma piora da VE<sup>31</sup> e uma redu&#231;&#227;o no VO2m&#225;x<sup>25</sup>, ou seja, vari&#225;veis diretamente envolvidas no c&#225;lculo do POC; parece, contudo, que a piora na ventila&#231;&#227;o &#233; menos significativa ou numericamente importante do que a redu&#231;&#227;o do VO2, explicando assim maiores valores do POC em indiv&#237;duos com mais idade. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero, os valores discretamente mais altos de POC encontrados nas mulheres provavelmente est&#227;o relacionados com o fato de elas apresentarem menores valores de VO2m&#225;x<sup>37</sup> e de ventila&#231;&#227;o, quando comparadas aos homens, lembrando tamb&#233;m que, tal como acontece com as equa&#231;&#245;es<sup>26,38,39</sup> de predi&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias na espirometria de repouso, s&#227;o levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o dimens&#245;es corporais e que tipicamente as mulheres s&#227;o menores do que os homens. </p>
    <p>Apesar de todos os cuidados metodol&#243;gicos envolvidos neste estudo, podemos pontuar algumas poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es para uma maior aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e validade externa dos nossos dados, como a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do POC para TCPE realizados apenas em cicloerg&#244;metros de membros inferiores. Contudo, isso pode tamb&#233;m representar um ponto forte, pois ao evitar as transi&#231;&#245;es de marcha e corrida habitualmente observadas em protocolos de esteira rolante, talvez tenha sido poss&#237;vel melhor caracterizar o comportamento fisiol&#243;gico do POC. Outra potencial limita&#231;&#227;o refere-se ao fato de n&#227;o ter sido objetivamente testado se os valores de POC eram distintos entre indiv&#237;duos habitualmente ativos e sedent&#225;rios, apesar de algumas evid&#234;ncias demonstrarem diferen&#231;as em certas vari&#225;veis obtidas no TCPE<sup>40</sup>. Contudo, a associa&#231;&#227;o modesta com o VO2m&#225;x e com o VO2LA sugere que deve haver uma acentuada superposi&#231;&#227;o nos valores de POC entre os ativos e os sedent&#225;rios. Talvez a forma mais apropriada de estudar a influ&#234;ncia do padr&#227;o regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre o POC seja avaliando o comportamento dessa vari&#225;vel antes e ap&#243;s a participa&#231;&#227;o em um programa de exerc&#237;cio. Outros estudos futuros dever&#227;o comparar erg&#244;metros distintos e que podem produzir afer&#234;ncias diferentes e, consequentemente, outros resultados. Outro aspecto importante ser&#225; testar o potencial de contribui&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico e epidemiol&#243;gico do POC, seja por meio da quantifica&#231;&#227;o de sua resposta a interven&#231;&#245;es, como programas de exerc&#237;cio, ou por seu impacto progn&#243;stico sobre a mortalidade. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, este estudo prop&#245;e a an&#225;lise de uma nova vari&#225;vel subm&#225;xima em um TCPE, de aquisi&#231;&#227;o simples e quantifica&#231;&#227;o observador-independente, fisiologicamente plaus&#237;vel e fundamentada, capaz de agregar informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relevantes. O valor do POC aumenta com a idade e &#233; discretamente mais alto em mulheres; sendo as associa&#231;&#245;es modestas com outras medidas ventilat&#243;rias, sugerindo uma independente e potencial contribui&#231;&#227;o na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da resposta cardiorrespirat&#243;ria no TCPE. O estudo tamb&#233;m contribui ao apresentar uma ampla base de dados de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis dos dois g&#234;neros em um espectro et&#225;rio amplo que permitir&#225; a an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de resultados que forem obtidos em pacientes acometidos de enfermidades cardiorrespirat&#243;rias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O autor Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo declara possuir conflito de interesses da INBRAMED e da MICROMED com cess&#227;o de equipamentos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por CNPq e FAPERJ.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Pl&#237;nio Santos Ramos do Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte pela Universidade Gama Filho.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo </p>
        <p> Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101 </p>
        <p> CEP 22031-070, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cgaraujo@iis.com.br">cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 08/05/12; revisado em 19/06/12; aceito em 21/06/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1.	Meneghelo RS, Ara&#250;jo CGS, Stein R, Mastrocolla LE, Albuquerque PF, Serra SM, et al.; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. III Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre teste ergom&#233;trico. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(5 supl.1):1-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: III Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre teste ergom&#233;trico</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>CGS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mastrocolla</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serra</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2.	Sharma S, Elliott P, Whyte G, Jones S, Mahon N, Whipp B, et al. Utility of cardiopulmonary exercise in the assessment of clinical determinants of functional capacity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(2):162-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Utility of cardiopulmonary exercise in the assessment of clinical determinants of functional capacity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>162</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elliott</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whyte</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahon</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whipp</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3.	Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(11):793-801.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>793</fpage>
          <lpage>801</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>346</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Myers</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prakash</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Froelicher</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Do</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Partington</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atwood</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4.	Oliveira RB, Myers J, Araujo CG. Long-term stability of the oxygen pulse curve during maximal exercise. Clinics. 2011;66(2):203-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term stability of the oxygen pulse curve during maximal exercise</article-title>
          <source>Clinics</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>203</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Myers</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Araujo</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5.	Perim RR, Signorelli GR, Araujo CG. Stability of relative oxygen pulse curve during repeated maximal cardiopulmonary testing in professional soccer players. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2011;44(7):700-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Stability of relative oxygen pulse curve during repeated maximal cardiopulmonary testing in professional soccer players</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>700</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Perim</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Signorelli</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Araujo</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6.	Whipp BJ, Ward SA. The physiological basis of the 'anaerobic threshold' and implications for clinical cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Anaesthesia. 2011;66(11):1048-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The physiological basis of the 'anaerobic threshold' and implications for clinical cardiopulmonary exercise testing</article-title>
          <source>Anaesthesia</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1048</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Whipp</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ward</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7.	Poggio R, Arazi HC, Giorgi M, Miriuka SG. Prediction of severe cardiovascular events by VE/VCO2 slope versus peak VO2 in systolic heart failure: a meta-analysis of the published literature. Am Heart J. 2010;160(6):1004-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prediction of severe cardiovascular events by VE/VCO2 slope versus peak VO2 in systolic heart failure: a meta-analysis of the published literature</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1004</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poggio</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arazi</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giorgi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miriuka</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8.	Baba R, Nagashima M, Goto M, Nagano Y, Yokota M, Tauchi N, et al. Oxygen uptake efficiency slope: a new index of cardiorespiratory functional reserve derived from the relation between oxygen uptake and minute ventilation during incremental exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28(6):1567-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Oxygen uptake efficiency slope: a new index of cardiorespiratory functional reserve derived from the relation between oxygen uptake and minute ventilation during incremental exercise</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1567</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baba</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagashima</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goto</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagano</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yokota</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tauchi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9.	Yeh MP, Gardner RM, Adams TD, Yanowitz FG, Crapo RO. "Anaerobic threshold": problems of determination and validation. J Appl Physiol. 1983;55(4):1178-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Anaerobic threshold: problems of determination and validation</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1178</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yeh</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardner</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yanowitz</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crapo</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10.	Neder JA, Stein R. A simplified strategy for the estimation of the exercise ventilatory thresholds. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(5):1007-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A simplified strategy for the estimation of the exercise ventilatory thresholds</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1007</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Neder</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11.	Araujo CG, Pinto VL. Maximal heart rate in exercise tests on treadmill and in a cycloergometer of lower limbs. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005;85(1):45-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Maximal heart rate in exercise tests on treadmill and in a cycloergometer of lower limbs</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Araujo</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12.	Balady GJ, Arena R, Sietsema K, Myers J, Coke L, Fletcher GF, et al. Clinician's Guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;122(2):191-225.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinician's Guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>191</fpage>
          <lpage>225</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Balady</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arena</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sietsema</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Myers</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coke</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13.	Nathell L, Nathell M, Malmberg P, Larsson K. COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques. Respir Res. 2007;8:89.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques</article-title>
          <source>Respir Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nathell</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nathell</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malmberg</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larsson</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14.	Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(2):319-38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Standardisation of spirometry</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>319</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hankinson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brusasco</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burgos</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casaburi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coates</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15.	Ramos PS, Araujo CG. Normotensive individuals with exaggerated exercise blood pressure response have increased cardiac vagal tone. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(1):85-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Normotensive individuals with exaggerated exercise blood pressure response have increased cardiac vagal tone</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>85</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Araujo</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16.	Ara&#250;jo CGS. Analisando os gases expirados no Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio M&#225;ximo: uma proposta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o do intervalo amostral. Rev DERC. 2010;49:6-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Analisando os gases expirados no Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio M&#225;ximo: uma proposta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o do intervalo amostral</article-title>
          <source>Rev DERC</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>6</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>CGS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17.	Ara&#250;jo CGS. Respostas cardiorespirat&#243;rias a um exercicio subm&#225;ximo prolongado. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1983;41(1):37-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Respostas cardiorespirat&#243;rias a um exercicio subm&#225;ximo prolongado</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>CGS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18.	Baba R. The oxygen uptake efficiency slope and its value in the assessment of cardiorespiratory functional reserve. Congest Heart Fail. 2000;6(5):256-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The oxygen uptake efficiency slope and its value in the assessment of cardiorespiratory functional reserve</article-title>
          <source>Congest Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>256</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baba</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19.	Dempsey JA, Harms CA, Ainsworth DM. Respiratory muscle perfusion and energetics during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(9):1123-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Respiratory muscle perfusion and energetics during exercise</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1123</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dempsey</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harms</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ainsworth</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20.	Hopker JG, Jobson SA, Pandit JJ. Controversies in the physiological basis of the 'anaerobic threshold' and their implications for clinical cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Anaesthesia. 2011;66(2):111-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Controversies in the physiological basis of the 'anaerobic threshold' and their implications for clinical cardiopulmonary exercise testing</article-title>
          <source>Anaesthesia</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hopker</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jobson</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pandit</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21.	Hollenberg M, Tager IB. Oxygen uptake efficiency slope: an index of exercise performance and cardiopulmonary reserve requiring only submaximal exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(1):194-201.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Oxygen uptake efficiency slope: an index of exercise performance and cardiopulmonary reserve requiring only submaximal exercise</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>194</fpage>
          <lpage>201</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hollenberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tager</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22.	Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116(9):1081-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1081</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haskell</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pate</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powell</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blair</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franklin</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23.	Vianna LC, Oliveira RB, Araujo CG. Age-related decline in handgrip strength differs according to gender. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21(4):1310-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Age-related decline in handgrip strength differs according to gender</article-title>
          <source>J Strength Cond Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1310</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vianna</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Araujo</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24.	Araujo CG. Flexibility assessment: normative values for flexitest from 5 to 91 years of age. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;90(4):257-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Flexibility assessment: normative values for flexitest from 5 to 91 years of age</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>257</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Araujo</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25.	Betik AC, Hepple RT. Determinants of VO2 max decline with aging: an integrated perspective. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008;33(1):130-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Determinants of VO2 max decline with aging: an integrated perspective</article-title>
          <source>Appl Physiol Nutr Metab</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>130</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Betik</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hepple</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26.	Neder JA, Andreoni S, Castelo-Filho A, Nery LE. Reference values for lung function tests. I. Static volumes. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1999;32(6):703-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reference values for lung function tests: I. Static volumes</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>703</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Neder</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreoni</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castelo-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nery</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27.	Ware JH, Dockery DW, Louis TA, Xu XP, Ferris BG Jr, Speizer FE. Longitudinal and cross-sectional estimates of pulmonary function decline in never-smoking adults. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;132(4):685-700.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Longitudinal and cross-sectional estimates of pulmonary function decline in never-smoking adults</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>685</fpage>
          <lpage>700</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>132</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ware</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dockery</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Louis</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>XP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferris Jr</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Speizer</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28.	Sharma G, Goodwin J. Effect of aging on respiratory system physiology and immunology. Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1(3):253-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of aging on respiratory system physiology and immunology</article-title>
          <source>Clin Interv Aging</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>253</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goodwin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29.	Peterson DD, Pack AI, Silage DA, Fishman AP. Effects of aging on ventilatory and occlusion pressure responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981;124(4):387-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of aging on ventilatory and occlusion pressure responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia</article-title>
          <source>Am Rev Respir Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>387</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pack</surname>
              <given-names>AI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silage</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fishman</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30.	Oyarzun GM. Pulmonary function in aging. Rev Med Chil. 2009;137(3):411-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pulmonary function in aging</article-title>
          <source>Rev Med Chil</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>411</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>137</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oyarzun</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31.	Janssens JP, Pache JC, Nicod LP. Physiological changes in respiratory function associated with ageing. Eur Respir J. 1999;13(1):197-205.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Physiological changes in respiratory function associated with ageing</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>197</fpage>
          <lpage>205</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Janssens</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pache</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicod</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32.	Greaney JL, Farquhar WB. Why do veins stiffen with advancing age? J Appl Physiol. 2011;110(1):11-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Why do veins stiffen with advancing age</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>2</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greaney</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farquhar</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33.	West JB. Regional differences in gas exchange in the lung of erect man. J Appl Physiol. 1962;17:893-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Regional differences in gas exchange in the lung of erect man</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1962</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>893</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>West</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34.	McCloskey DI, Mitchell JH. Reflex cardiovascular and respiratory responses originating in exercising muscle. J Physiol. 1972;224(1):173-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reflex cardiovascular and respiratory responses originating in exercising muscle</article-title>
          <source>J Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1972</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>173</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>224</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McCloskey</surname>
              <given-names>DI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35.	Amann M, Blain GM, Proctor LT, Sebranek JJ, Pegelow DF, Dempsey JA. Group III and IV muscle afferents contribute to ventilatory and cardiovascular response to rhythmic exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(4):966-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Group III and IV muscle afferents contribute to ventilatory and cardiovascular response to rhythmic exercise in humans</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>966</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amann</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blain</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Proctor</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sebranek</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pegelow</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dempsey</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36.	Monteiro WD, Araujo CG. Cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses to walking and running at the same speed. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(4):418-25, 410-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses to walking and running at the same speed</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>418</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Monteiro</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Araujo</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37.	Ogawa T, Spina RJ, Martin WH 3<sup>rd</sup>, Kohrt WM, Schechtman KB, Holloszy JO, et al. Effects of aging, sex, and physical training on cardiovascular responses to exercise. Circulation. 1992;86(2):494-503.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of aging, sex, and physical training on cardiovascular responses to exercise</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>494</fpage>
          <lpage>503</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ogawa</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spina</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin 3rd</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kohrt</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schechtman</surname>
              <given-names>KB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holloszy</surname>
              <given-names>JO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38.	Evans JA, Whitelaw WA. The assessment of maximal respiratory mouth pressures in adults. Respir Care. 2009;54(10):1348-59.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The assessment of maximal respiratory mouth pressures in adults</article-title>
          <source>Respir Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1348</fpage>
          <lpage>59</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whitelaw</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39.	Quanjer PH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Pedersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault JC. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Report Working Party Standardization of Lung Function Tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official Statement of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J. 1993;16:5-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows: Report Working Party Standardization of Lung Function Tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official Statement of the European Respiratory Society</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Quanjer</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tammeling</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cotes</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>OF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peslin</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yernault</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40.	Herdy AH, Uhlendorf D. Reference values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing for sedentary and active men and women. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;96(1):54-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reference values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing for sedentary and active men and women</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>54</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Herdy</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uhlendorf</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiorespiratory optimal point: a submaximal variable of the cardiopulmonary exercise testing</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: At the maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET), several ventilatory variables are analyzed, including the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO2). The minimum VE/VO2 value reflects the best integration between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and may be called "Cardiorespiratory Optimal Point (COP)". OBJECTIVE: To determine the behavior of the COP according to gender and age in healthy adults and verify its association with other CPET variables. METHODS: Of 2,237 individuals, 624 were selected (62% men and 48 &#177; 12 years), non- athletes, healthy, who were submitted to maximal CPET. COP or minimum VE/VO2 was obtained from the analysis of ventilation and oxygen consumption in every minute of CPET. We investigated the association between age and COP for both genders, as well as associations with: VO2max, VO2 at anaerobic threshold (VO2AT), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) and with maximum VE. We also compared the intensity of exertion (MET) at the COP, AT and VO2max. RESULTS: COP increases with age, being 23.2 &#177; 4.48 and 25.0 &#177; 5.14, respectively, in men and women = (p &lt; 0.001). There are moderate and inverse associations with VO2max (r = -0.47; p &lt; 0.001), with VO2AT (r = -0.42; p &lt; 0.001) and with OUES (r = -0.34; p &lt; 0.001). COP occurred, on average, at 44% do VO2max and before AT (67% of VO2max) (p &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSION: COP, a submaximal variable, increases with age and is slightly higher in women. Being modestly associated with other ventilation measures, there seems to be an independent contribution to the interpretation of the cardiorespiratory response to CPET.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Respiratory function tests</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>oxygen consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>spirometry</kwd>
        <kwd>ventilation-perfusion ratio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Cardiorespiratory optimal point: a submaximal variable of the cardiopulmonary exercise testing</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Pl&#237;nio Santos Ramos<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Djalma Rabelo Ricardo<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo<sup>III,IV</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora - SUPREMA- Juiz de Fora, MG</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital e Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus- Juiz de Fora, MG</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte - PPGCEE - Universidade Gama Filho- Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio (CLINIMEX)- Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>At the maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET), several ventilatory variables are analyzed, including the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO2). The minimum VE/VO2 value reflects the best integration between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and may be called "Cardiorespiratory Optimal Point (COP)".</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the behavior of the COP according to gender and age in healthy adults and verify its association with other CPET variables.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Of 2,237 individuals, 624 were selected (62% men and 48 &#177; 12 years), non- athletes, healthy, who were submitted to maximal CPET. COP or minimum VE/VO2 was obtained from the analysis of ventilation and oxygen consumption in every minute of CPET. We investigated the association between age and COP for both genders, as well as associations with: VO<sub>2</sub>max, VO2 at anaerobic threshold (VO2AT), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) and with maximum VE. We also compared the intensity of exertion (MET) at the COP, AT and VO<sub>2</sub>max.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> COP increases with age, being 23.2 &#177; 4.48 and 25.0 &#177; 5.14, respectively, in men and women = (p &lt; 0.001). There are moderate and inverse associations with VO<sub>2</sub>max (r = -0.47; p &lt; 0.001), with VO2AT (r = -0.42; p &lt; 0.001) and with OUES (r = -0.34; p &lt; 0.001). COP occurred, on average, at 44% do VO<sub>2</sub>max and before AT (67% of VO<sub>2</sub>max) (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> COP, a submaximal variable, increases with age and is slightly higher in women. Being modestly associated with other ventilation measures, there seems to be an independent contribution to the interpretation of the cardiorespiratory response to CPET.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Respiratory function tests; exercise; oxygen consumption; spirometry; ventilation-perfusion ratio.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During a maximum Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET), different ventilatory data are obtained with clinical, diagnostic and/or prognostic implications<sup>1</sup>, such as maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) - an objective measure of cardiorespiratory function<sup>2,3</sup> - the maximum oxygen pulse, both absolute and relative to body weight<sup>4,5</sup>, the anaerobic threshold (AT)<sup>6</sup>, the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2)<sup>7</sup> and the curve generated by the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES)<sup>8</sup>. However, there are several limitations with the measurement of these variables, such as low reproducibility<sup> 9</sup>, different manners of calculation or identification<sup>10</sup>, and the fact that to obtain most of these, it is necessary to perform a truly maximum test<sup>11,12</sup>, which usually depends the motivations of the evaluator and the evaluated. </p>
      <p>The typical behavior of the ventilatory equivalents in an incremental exercise has a U-shape, characterized by suboptimal levels of efficiency at rest and very intensive efforts and improved efficiency at submaximal levels of exercise. Among the ventilatory measures obtained during an incremental exercise, the minimum value of the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO2 minimum), i.e., the lowest value of this variable at any given minute of CPET performed in a ramp protocol, remains to be better explored. In theory, the moment at which VE/VO2 minimum occurs represents the best association or integration between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems or ventilation-perfusion, which may be called Cardiorespiratory Optimal Point (COP). In practice, the COP corresponds to the moment during the incremental exercise in which there is less ventilation (VE) for a liter of oxygen to be consumed (VO2).</p>
      <p>An important characteristic of COP is that - unlike most of other ventilatory indices or variables obtained or calculated at CPET - in order to obtain it, it is not necessary to perform a maximum effort. Hypothetically, the COP is much less dependent on the evaluator and, most likely, on the choice of protocol or the incremental effort ratio, thus being easier to measure, with greater accuracy. Thus, it seems appropriate to investigate the behavior of the COP in a large sample of healthy individuals, providing objective conditions for the clinical and physiological interpretation of this variable. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the COP related to gender and age for adults with no cardiopulmonary diseases. In addition, the associations between COP and other ventilatory variables commonly obtained in a maximum CPET were also determined. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We retrospectively analyzed data from 2,237 medical and functional evaluations performed at a private clinic specialized in Exercise Medicine between 2006 and March 2012, and identified 624 adults (62% men) non-athletes, aged 48 &#177; 12 years (mean &#177; standard deviation), who concomitantly met the following inclusion criteria: 1) no history of cardiorespiratory disease or mitral valve prolapse, 2) no regular use of cardiorespiratory medication, 3) absence of obesity (body mass index &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), 4) present a result of FEV1/FVC &gt; 70% of the value measured<sup>13</sup> at resting spirometry, 5) absence of electrocardiographic alterations suggestive of significant myocardial ischemia at the CPET, 6) no locomotor limitation that could affect performance at the CPET, 7) performing the CPET on a lower-limb cycle ergometer and 8) having completed a truly maximum CPET, i.e., one that was not stopped early due to heart rate and/or blood pressure thresholds. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The evaluation consisted of a clinical examination, comprising detailed history and physical examination. Data on anthropometrics, spirometry and electrocardiogram at rest were obtained prior to the performance of the maximum CPET. Subjects voluntarily submitted to the assessment, typically done at their own request and by indication of their attending physicians. All subjects read and signed a specific informed consent form, before the performance of the procedures, formally authorizing the use of data in scientific research, whereas preserving individual privacy. The consent form and retrospective analysis of data were previously approved by the institutional ethics committee in research, according to Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council and the Declaration of Helsinki. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resting Spirometry</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At least three maneuvers were carried out to determine the flow-volume curve using a periodically calibrated pneumotachograph (Cardiovit AT-10, Schiller, Switzerland), using the protocol specified in the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maximum Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All subjects were submitted to a maximum CPET in a lower-limb cycle ergometer (Cateye EC-1600, Cateye, Japan or Inbrasport CG-04, Inbrasport, Brazil), following an individualized ramp protocol targeting a duration between 8 and 12 minutes. The load in watts was increased gradually until the patient reached exhaustion, represented by the incapacity to continue to ride at the previously established cycling frequency. Subjects were strongly encouraged by verbal stimuli to reach the maximum effort during the CPET, and this only stopped when individuals reached the maximum voluntary exhaustion. As mentioned in the inclusion criteria, the CPETs were only considered in the analysis when they were not interrupted by clinical reasons, such as exaggerated BP response and/or the occurrence of an incompetent chronotropic response, or even due to electrocardiographic, hemodynamic and ventilatory alterations<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of Exhaled Gases</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the CPET, the exhaled gases were collected by a Prevent pneumotachograph (MedGraphics, USA) coupled to a mouthpiece, with concomitant nasal occlusion, and quantified by a VO2000 metabolic analyzer (MedGraphics, USA), calibrated periodically by a 2-L syringe and gases of known concentration. The metabolic analyzer enabled the quantification of pulmonary ventilation and partial fractions of oxygen and carbon dioxide, expressed and analyzed every 10 s. Following a standardization pattern<sup>16</sup>, VO2 values were reported every minute during the CPET, through the mean of six readings obtained during this period. Thus, the value of the largest mean obtained referring to a given minute was considered the VO<sub>2</sub>max. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Determination of Anaerobic Threshold (AT)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The AT was determined based on the graphical inspection of data on VO2 and VE, at which point there was a decrease in the linearity of VE, whereas VO2 continued to increase linearly with the work load<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Determination of Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope (OUES)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>OUES was determined by linear regression related to the log transformation of VE and VO2 obtained every minute of CPET using the following equation (VO2 = a log VE + b). In this equation, the constant 'a' represents the regression coefficient (called OUES), and 'b' represents the intercept<sup>8,18</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Determination of COP</bold>
      </p>
      <p>COP, a dimensionless result, was obtained by identifying the lowest value of the ratio between the data ventilation (VE) and oxygen uptake (VO2) obtained at every minute during the maximum CPET, regardless of when it occurred.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Initially, the normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) and homogeneity of data distribution were tested, validating the use of parametric statistics. To describe the sample, the central tendency and variability of the data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (2.5 and 97.5 percentiles), while for the data used in inferential statistics, the results were presented as mean &#177; standard error of mean. An analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to compare the values of exercise intensity in MET in three occasions: COP, AT and VO2max. Pearson's correlation was used to test the association between COP and other ventilatory variables. The influence of age on the COP, separately by gender, was analyzed by linear regression. Statistical calculations were performed using SPSS (IBM, USA), release 17 and Prism release 5.01 (GraphPad, USA), considering a significance level of 5%. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The demographic characteristics, as well as the results of resting spirometry and CPET regarding gender are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08812tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08812tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0988-00091-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The associations between COP and VO<sub>2</sub>max as well as with OUES and the VO<sub>2</sub>AT were significant, but only moderate, whereas the correlation coefficient between the COP and maximum VE was weak (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0988-00091-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In all tested subjects, the COP always occurred before AT, being identified at 4.1 &#177; 0.05 metabolic equivalents (MET) (44% of VO<sub>2</sub>max), quite lower than the value of AT 6.4 &#177; 0.09 MET (67% of VO<sub>2</sub>max), and maximum effort 9.7 &#177; 0.12 MET (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08812fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop08812fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0988-00091-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>COP increases progressively with age in both men and women, with no difference between the regression slope (p = 0.76); however, women have a slightly higher COP, two points for the same age, with a difference in the intercept of the linear regression (p = 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08812fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The linear regression equations that explain the association between COP and age for each gender are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08812tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08812fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows the behavior of the COP related to age range and gender, and for its use in clinical practice, we present in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref> the COP percentiles by age range and gender.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop08812fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0988-00091-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08812tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0988-00091-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop08812fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0988-00091-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0988-00091-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study makes an original contribution to the body of knowledge, being the first to address the behavior of the COP during CPET in a large and carefully selected cohort, determining the regression equations of this variable related to age for healthy adults of both genders. Our sample selection was carried out with a stringent control to include only distinctly healthy individuals, where several criteria had to be met simultaneously, including specifically, to have never been diagnosed or treated for cardiovascular and/or respiratory diseases and obesity and not having any musculoskeletal abnormalities that could impair the performance at the CPET on a lower-limb cycle ergometer. </p>
      <p>We also suggest in our study that the COP can be directly related to a probably optimal point of cardiorespiratory and metabolic integration, reflecting a more efficient and less expensive use of inspired VE, which is particularly important when one knows that there is a considerable energy expenditure to maintain a high pulmonary ventilation, which can reach up to 15% of the observed VO<sub>2</sub>max<sup>19</sup>. Particularly, this variable has some advantages when compared to others obtained during a CPET, such as VO<sub>2</sub>max, the oxygen pulse curve and AT, which are often addressed in other studies related to ergospirometry and presented as good prognostic indicators<sup>3,6</sup>. However, we must emphasize that to obtain VO<sub>2</sub>max and other such indices it is necessary to perform a truly maximum effort<sup>1,12</sup> and that the determination of AT time can be influenced by the protocol used, the choice of method of detection<sup>10</sup> and the experience and knowledge of the evaluator<sup>20</sup>. As for the determination of the COP, it is not necessary to perform a truly maximum exercise considering that this variable has always been identified at relatively low levels of exercise intensity and well before the AT, and that its determination does not depend on the evaluator's interpretation, as it is easily obtained by identifying the lowest numerical ratio between the VE and VO2 values for each minute of the CPET, thus being a dimensionless ratio, simple to express and compare. </p>
      <p>There are other ventilatory indices in the CPET that tend to express the association between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. In 1996, Baba et al.<sup>8</sup> proposed an index associated to the cardiorespiratory functional reserve, related to an equation that determines the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), using the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO2). This variable has a strong association with VO<sub>2</sub>max (r = 0.94, p &lt; 0.001) in pediatric (r = 0.78, p &lt; 0.001) and adult patients; however, these authors took into consideration several points of the VE/VO2 curve<sup>18,21 </sup>and adjusted it as if it had a linear behavior, a fact that does not reflect the physiological behavior of this variable. Furthermore, the calculation of the equation for OUES determination is mathematically more complex and less practical than the identification of only one value, such as with the COP proposed by our study.</p>
      <p>Our results demonstrate that the COP has a modest association with VO<sub>2</sub>max (-0.47, p &lt; 0.001) and a low association with maximum VE (-0.14, p &lt; 0.001), as well as OUES (-0.34, p &lt; 0.001), thus suggesting that it is a possible independent variable with potential complementary contribution to the interpretation of cardiorespiratory integration during the CPET. Another equally important aspect is that the COP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08812fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>) occurs between approximately 30% and 50% of the VO<sub>2</sub>max, i.e., at a relatively low intensity effort, being considerably less intense than the AT in a CPET performed using an individualized ramp protocol, which can be useful when thinking about the evaluation of patients with severe coronary artery disease or even in patients with advanced heart failure. In our results of healthy individuals, the COP occurred on average at 4.1 MET, compatible with the concept of cardiorespiratory optimal point, considering that most situations of everyday movements and physical activities, exercises and sports are performed between 2 and 6 MET<sup>22</sup>, rather than at truly maximum effort. </p>
      <p>The aging process results in several structural and physiological alterations, such as muscle strength decrease<sup>23</sup>, loss of flexibility<sup>24</sup> and VO<sub>2</sub>max reduction<sup>25</sup>, so we might expect that this would occur with the COP. Regarding the ventilatory variables, it is known that, over the years, there is also a reduction in respiratory muscle strength<sup>26</sup> and some ventilatory indicators, such as forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)<sup>27</sup> and forced vital capacity (FVC )<sup>28</sup>, as well as a less effective response to the increase in PaCO2 at rest<sup>29</sup>. </p>
      <p>More specifically, in our study we observed that with increasing age, there is an increase in the COP value, a fact that can probably be explained by changes that occur in the respiratory system<sup>28,30</sup>. Evidence has shown a reduction in alveolar surface, increase in the alveolar dead space, conditions that are associated with pulmonary hyperinflation and a reduction in the alveolar-capillary diffusion capacity<sup>30,31</sup>, in addition to a lower VE<sup>29</sup>, which, together with the stiffening of blood vessels<sup>32</sup> contributes to a worst ratio or increase in the V/Q<sup>28,30-32</sup>. In younger individuals, the pulmonary capillary recruitment probably occurs with greater efficiency, allowing an expansion of the so-called West zone III to the region of zones I and II, maintaining a more appropriate V/Q ratio<sup>33</sup>. It should be noted that the increased ventilation in exercise is not only related to the CO2 concentration, but also with afferent stimuli from the mechanoreceptors<sup>34,35</sup>. Evidence of that is data from Araujo and Monteiro<sup>36</sup> indicating that there are substantial differences in the VE and also in VE/VO2, with probably different afferent stimuli, when an individual walks or runs for the same velocity on the treadmill. </p>
      <p>The behavior of COP seems to be slightly different according to gender, while there is a similar increase in the COP with age for men and women. Over the years, one can consider that there is a worsening in VE<sup>31</sup> and a reduction in VO<sub>2</sub>max<sup>25</sup>, i.e. variables directly involved in the calculation of the COP; it seems, however, that the decline in ventilation is less significant or numerically important than the reduction in VO2, thereby explaining the higher COP values in older individuals. </p>
      <p>Regarding gender, the slightly higher COP values found in women are probably related to the fact that they have lower values of VO<sub>2</sub>max<sup>37</sup> and ventilation, when compared to men, remembering that, as with the equations<sup>26,38,39</sup> that predict ventilatory variables at resting spirometry, body size is taken into account and typically women are smaller than men. </p>
      <p>Notwithstanding all the methodological steps involved in this study, we can point out some possible limitations to greater clinical application and external validity of our data, such as the characterization of the COP for CPET performed only in lower-limb cycle ergometer. However, this may also represent a strong point, as, by avoiding gait transitions when walking and running, which are normally observed in treadmill protocols, perhaps it was possible to better characterize the physiological behavior of the COP. Another potential limitation is the fact that it has not been objectively tested whether the COP values were distinct between individuals habitually active and sedentary, in spite of some evidence demonstrating differences in certain variables obtained at the CPET<sup>40</sup>. However, the modest association with the VO<sub>2</sub>max and the VO<sub>2</sub>AT suggests that there should be a marked overlap in COP values between active and sedentary individuals. Perhaps the most appropriate way to study the influence of the regular pattern of physical exercise on the COP is to evaluate the behavior of this variable before and after participating in an exercise program. Further studies will compare different ergometers that might produce different assessments and therefore, other results. Another important aspect is to test the potential clinical and epidemiological contribution of COP, either by measuring its response to interventions such as exercise programs, or by its prognostic impact on mortality. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In conclusion, this study proposes the analysis of a new submaximal variable in a CPET, which is easy to obtain, shows observer-independent quantification, is physiologically plausible and well-grounded, able to add relevant clinical information. The value of COP increases with age and is slightly higher in women, with associations being modest with other ventilation measures, suggesting an independent and potential contribution in the interpretation of the cardiorespiratory response at the CPET. The study also contributes by showing a comprehensive database of healthy individuals of both genders within a broad age spectrum, which will allow the analysis and interpretation of results obtained from patients suffering from cardiopulmonary diseases. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The author Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo declares to have conflict of interest with INBRAMED and MICROMED for cession of some of the equipments used in the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq e FAPERJ.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the doctoral dissertation of Plinio Santos Ramos at the Graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences of Gama Filho University.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
