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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5p6tvq93KrDgfwKQWymgYkJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000092</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treinamento aer&#243;bio n&#227;o altera press&#227;o arterial de mulheres menopausadas e com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Alu&#237;sio Henrique Rodrigues de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Couto</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#234;bia Alexa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Toscano</surname>
            <given-names>Lidiane Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Paula Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Para&#237;ba</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>979</fpage>
      <lpage>987</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A Hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o tanto agravante quanto agravada pela S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (SM). A menopausa pode tornar o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o mais dif&#237;cil porque &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o que favorece a piora nos componentes da SM. Embora existam evid&#234;ncias de que o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos reduza a press&#227;o arterial, se as condi&#231;&#245;es da menopausa e da SM afetam os benef&#237;cios induzidos pelo exerc&#237;cio &#233; algo ainda n&#227;o evidenciado. OBJETIVO: Comparar os efeitos do treinamento aer&#243;bio na press&#227;o arterial entre mulheres com SM n&#227;o menopausadas e menopausadas. M&#201;TODOS: Foram recrutadas 44 mulheres divididas em quatro grupos experimentais: controle n&#227;o menopausada (CNM: 39,5 &#177; 1,1 anos, n = 11); controle menopausada (CM: 54,9 &#177; 1,7 anos, n = 12); aer&#243;bio n&#227;o menopausada (ANM: 43,1 &#177; 2,1 anos, n = 11) e aer&#243;bio menopausada (AM: 52,1 &#177; 1,6 anos, n = 10). Os grupos de exerc&#237;cio realizaram treinamento aer&#243;bio durante tr&#234;s meses, cinco vezes por semana, com intensidade entre 60% e 70% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de reserva. A press&#227;o arterial de repouso e a resposta press&#243;rica cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s 60 minutos de exerc&#237;cio foram medidas antes e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo treinamento. O teste de ANOVA de dois fatores foi usado, considerando p &lt; 0,05. RESULTADOS: O programa de treinamento resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura abdominal, glicemia e melhora do VO2 m&#225;x. Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o, Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS) e Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD) n&#227;o se alteraram ap&#243;s o treinamento nos grupos CNM, CM, ANM e AM (p &gt; 0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: Tr&#234;s meses de treinamento aer&#243;bio melhora componentes da SM, mas n&#227;o altera a press&#227;o arterial de repouso, nem a resposta press&#243;rica aguda ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio em mulheres com SM.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>menopausa</kwd>
        <kwd>s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Treinamento aer&#243;bio n&#227;o altera press&#227;o arterial de mulheres menopausadas e com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alu&#237;sio Henrique Rodrigues de Andrade Lima<sup>I</sup>; Henrique Eduardo Couto<sup>I</sup>; Gl&#234;bia Alexa Cardoso<sup>I</sup>; Lidiane Tavares Toscano<sup>I</sup>; Alexandre S&#233;rgio Silva<sup>I</sup>; Maria Paula Gon&#231;alves Mota<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro - Portugal</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A Hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o tanto agravante quanto agravada pela S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (SM). A menopausa pode tornar o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o mais dif&#237;cil porque &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o que favorece a piora nos componentes da SM. Embora existam evid&#234;ncias de que o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos reduza a press&#227;o arterial, se as condi&#231;&#245;es da menopausa e da SM afetam os benef&#237;cios induzidos pelo exerc&#237;cio &#233; algo ainda n&#227;o evidenciado. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar os efeitos do treinamento aer&#243;bio na press&#227;o arterial entre mulheres com SM n&#227;o menopausadas e menopausadas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram recrutadas 44 mulheres divididas em quatro grupos experimentais: controle n&#227;o menopausada (CNM: 39,5 &#177; 1,1 anos, n = 11); controle menopausada (CM: 54,9 &#177; 1,7 anos, n = 12); aer&#243;bio n&#227;o menopausada (ANM: 43,1 &#177; 2,1 anos, n = 11) e aer&#243;bio menopausada (AM: 52,1 &#177; 1,6 anos, n = 10). Os grupos de exerc&#237;cio realizaram treinamento aer&#243;bio durante tr&#234;s meses, cinco vezes por semana, com intensidade entre 60% e 70% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de reserva. A press&#227;o arterial de repouso e a resposta press&#243;rica cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s 60 minutos de exerc&#237;cio foram medidas antes e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo treinamento. O teste de ANOVA de dois fatores foi usado, considerando p &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> O programa de treinamento resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura abdominal, glicemia e melhora do VO2 m&#225;x. Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o, Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS) e Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD) n&#227;o se alteraram ap&#243;s o treinamento nos grupos CNM, CM, ANM e AM (p &gt; 0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Tr&#234;s meses de treinamento aer&#243;bio melhora componentes da SM, mas n&#227;o altera a press&#227;o arterial de repouso, nem a resposta press&#243;rica aguda ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio em mulheres com SM.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Exerc&#237;cio; press&#227;o arterial; mulheres; menopausa; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre as diversas altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas decorrentes da menopausa, a preval&#234;ncia de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (SM) tem sido documentada. Essa preval&#234;ncia aumenta de 13,8% em mulheres n&#227;o menopausadas para 60% no per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a menopausa<sup>1-2</sup>. Comportamento similar &#233; observado para Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (HA), que aumenta em m&#233;dia de 32,1% para 60% nesses per&#237;odos<sup>3-4</sup> e &#233; independente da presen&#231;a de SM<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os mecanismos associados ao aumento da preval&#234;ncia de SM e hipertens&#227;o no per&#237;odo da menopausa ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o totalmente esclarecidos, por&#233;m alguns fatores parecem influenciar nessa resposta, como a defici&#234;ncia de estrog&#234;nio, altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, redu&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico, aumento da atividade do sistema renina-angiotensina, do estresse oxidativo e da adiposidade corporal dessa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>6-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tem sido considerado ferramenta n&#227;o medicamentosa no tratamento da HA<sup>11-12</sup>. Entretanto, as altera&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas decorrentes da menopausa podem interferir diretamente nos mecanismos pelos quais o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico reduz a Press&#227;o Arterial (PA). A diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de treinamento tem sido atribu&#237;da a uma redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>, dos n&#237;veis circulantes de noradrenalina<sup>14</sup> e aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o e/ou biodisponibilidade do oxido n&#237;trico<sup>15</sup>. No entanto, essas vias est&#227;o prejudicadas em mulheres menopausadas e com SM.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos t&#234;m evidenciado que ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o com treinamento aer&#243;bio n&#227;o ocorre diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA em mulheres menopausadas saud&#225;veis, com sobrepeso e PA elevada<sup>16-18</sup>. Entretanto, outros estudos mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica em menopausadas saud&#225;veis<sup>19</sup> e hipertensas<sup>20-22</sup>. Esses estudos n&#227;o clarificam a influ&#234;ncia da menopausa nos efeitos do exerc&#237;cio sobre a PA, pelo fato de que os investigadores n&#227;o adotaram um grupo controle para comparar as respostas press&#243;ricas<sup>20-22</sup>. Apenas um estudo comparou mulheres nos per&#237;odos antes e ap&#243;s a menopausa<sup>19</sup>, identificando ap&#243;s o treinamento uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PA sist&#243;lica apenas no grupo de mulheres menopausadas. Como as mulheres eram saud&#225;veis, ainda n&#227;o fica esclarecido se SM e menopausa juntas podem interferir nas respostas press&#243;ricas ao treinamento com exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos.</p>
    <p>Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar a influ&#234;ncia de um programa de treinamento aer&#243;bio na resposta da PA de mulheres n&#227;o menopausadas e menopausadas portadoras de SM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sujeitos do Estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com SM recrutadas de hospitais p&#250;blicos e cl&#237;nicas particulares da cidade de Iguatu (CE) foram convidadas a participar deste estudo. Como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o as volunt&#225;rias deveriam: (a) apresentar pelo menos tr&#234;s dos seguintes componentes da SM: PAS elevada, hipertriglicidemia, glicemia de jejum aumentada, lipoprote&#237;nas HDL reduzida e circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura elevada<sup>23</sup>; (b) ter idade entre 40 e 55 anos; (c) estar no per&#237;odo anterior &#224; menopausa (ciclo menstrual normal) ou posterior &#224; menopausa (ciclo menstrual cessado a mais de um ano); (d) ser fisicamente inativas. Foram consideradas sedent&#225;rias as participantes que afirmaram n&#227;o serem praticantes de atividades f&#237;sicas, que n&#227;o exerciam trabalho fisicamente ativo e que afirmaram caminhar menos que 20 minutos di&#225;rios em seus deslocamentos cotidianos. Foram desconsideradas para este estudo mulheres que estivessem na fase do climat&#233;rio, com evid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, incluindo isqu&#234;micas, doen&#231;as renais, hipo ou hipertireoidismo e c&#226;ncer, al&#233;m das tabagistas, etilistas (mais que tr&#234;s doses di&#225;rias), usu&#225;rias de suplementos e medicamentos (fiblatos, estatinas, hipoglicemiantes ou insulina ex&#243;gena, betabloqueadores e antiarr&#237;tmicos) e gr&#225;vidas. Quarenta e quatro pacientes foram eleg&#237;veis para o estudo. Elas foram distribu&#237;das aleatoriamente, por meio da numera&#231;&#227;o gerada por programa de computador para selecionar uma amostra aleat&#243;ria (www.randomizer.org), em grupo controle n&#227;o menopausadas (CNM: 39,5 &#177; 1,1 anos, n = 11); controle menopausada (CM: 54,9 &#177; 1,7 anos, n = 12); aer&#243;bio n&#227;o menopausada (ANM: 43,1 &#177; 2,1 anos, n = 11) e aer&#243;bio menopausada (AM: 52,1 &#177; 1,6 anos, n = 10).</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, sob protocolo n&#186; 42111/2011. Cada paciente foi informada dos riscos e benef&#237;cios envolvidos neste estudo e assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, conforme Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do Estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Inicialmente, as volunt&#225;rias realizaram coletas sangu&#237;neas para posterior an&#225;lise do perfil lip&#237;dico e glicemia, al&#233;m de avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica. As mulheres dos grupos ANM e AM realizaram um treinamento com exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio durante tr&#234;s meses. Medidas de PA em repouso foram realizadas antes e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de treinamento. Al&#233;m disso, na primeira e na &#250;ltima sess&#227;o experimental foram realizadas medidas de PA antes do exerc&#237;cio e durante 60 minutos no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o para determina&#231;&#227;o da resposta press&#243;rica aguda ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#245;es Pr&#233;-Participa&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todas as volunt&#225;rias realizaram um teste ergom&#233;trico progressivo em esteira com monitora&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua do eletrocardiograma. Somente as que n&#227;o apresentaram sinais de isquemia ou arritmia, e foram liberadas pelo m&#233;dico, puderam continuar no estudo. Em seguida, elas passaram por uma avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional e foram recomendadas a manterem seus padr&#245;es diet&#233;ticos habituais. A cada m&#234;s, novas avalia&#231;&#245;es nutricionais foram realizadas com o objetivo de monitorar o comportamento nutricional ao longo do estudo. Essas avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizados por meio de um question&#225;rio de frequ&#234;ncia alimentar, seguindo a proposta de Block e cols.<sup>24</sup>. Foram consideradas as respostas para o consumo habitual mensal das mulheres. Para os c&#225;lculos, foi utilizado o software AVANUTRI, vers&#227;o 4.0 (Avanutri &amp; Nutri&#231;&#227;o Servi&#231;os de Inform&#225;tica, Tr&#234;s Rios-RJ-Brasil).</p>
    <p>Uma semana antes e 48 horas ap&#243;s os protocolos de treinamento, foram realizados testes subm&#225;ximos de uma milha (1.609 km) e de dez repeti&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas (10RM) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade aer&#243;bia e da for&#231;a, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo de Treinamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As participantes realizaram 12 semanas de um protocolo de treinamento com frequ&#234;ncia de cinco sess&#245;es semanais. Inicialmente, passaram por um per&#237;odo de adapta&#231;&#227;o na primeira semana de exerc&#237;cios, quando foram realizadas tr&#234;s sess&#245;es de 20 minutos de exerc&#237;cio a 50% da FCM&#225;x, conforme protocolo proposto por Karvonen e cols.<sup>25</sup>, com intervalo de 48 horas entre as sess&#245;es. A partir da segunda semana, o volume de treino aumentou para 30 minutos a 60% FCm&#225;x e evoluiu para 60 minutos nas tr&#234;s semanas seguintes. A partir da quinta semana foi estabelecida uma dura&#231;&#227;o de 60 minutos, que se manteve at&#233; o final do programa. Nessa fase a intensidade evoluiu de 60% para 70% da FCm&#225;x. A intensidade de todas as sess&#245;es foi ajustada de acordo com a Percep&#231;&#227;o Subjetiva de Esfor&#231;o (PSE) referida pelas participantes, de modo que elas mantiveram o esfor&#231;o entre 11 e 14 na escala de Borg.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas da Press&#227;o Arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi utilizado um esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide da marca Missouri (Embu, Brasil), com precis&#227;o de 2 mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio, previamente calibrado contra uma coluna de merc&#250;rio e utilizado apenas para os fins de coleta de dados da pesquisa durante a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o. As medidas de PA de repouso foram realizadas conforme os procedimentos propostos na VI Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (2010), observando todos os procedimentos relativos a alimenta&#231;&#227;o, esvaziamento da bexiga e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pr&#233;vio. As medidas foram realizadas com os indiv&#237;duos sentados, pernas descruzadas e em repouso por pelo menos 10 minutos, e na vig&#234;ncia das medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas quando hipertensos. Inicialmente, a PA foi medida em ambos os membros superiores, utilizando o m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio e empregando-se as fases I e V dos sons de Korotkoff para a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos valores de PAS e PAD, respectivamente. A PA em cada bra&#231;o foi medida at&#233; que se obtivessem tr&#234;s valores consecutivos com diferen&#231;a inferior a 5 mmHg. Nos casos em que diferen&#231;a superior foi encontrada entre os bra&#231;os, adotou-se o bra&#231;o de maior press&#227;o para o restante do estudo. N&#227;o havendo essa diferen&#231;a, o bra&#231;o direito foi o eleito para as futuras medidas.</p>
    <p>Foram consideradas hipertensas as mulheres que j&#225; tinham diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico pr&#233;vio ou consideradas hipertensas na visita cl&#237;nica em que foi realizado o teste ergom&#233;trico, bem como as que j&#225; estavam em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, independentemente do valor press&#243;rico encontrado no decorrer do estudo. Considerou-se a possibilidade de ocorrer valores press&#243;ricos iguais ou superiores a 140/90 mmHg em mulheres consideradas normotensas, e estas passariam por nova avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. No entanto, esse caso n&#227;o se confirmou.</p>
    <p>Para determina&#231;&#227;o da resposta cr&#244;nica, foi realizada a medida de PA antes do per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s meses de treinamento, que ocorreu 48 horas depois da &#250;ltima sess&#227;o do protocolo de treino. As medidas da PA foram realizadas nos mesmos dias de semana e hor&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Para determina&#231;&#227;o da resposta aguda, foram realizas medidas ap&#243;s dez minutos de repouso, imediatamente ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios, e aos 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 minutos de um per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s os exerc&#237;cios na primeira e na &#250;ltima sess&#227;o dos tr&#234;s meses do protocolo de treinamento. Todas essas medidas foram feitas com as mulheres sentadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coletas Sangu&#237;neas e Avalia&#231;&#227;o das Lipoprote&#237;nas, Triglicer&#237;deos e Glicemia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Coletas sangu&#237;neas de 6 mL de sangue, a partir da veia antecubital, foram realizadas 24 horas antes do per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o. Tr&#234;s mililitros do sangue foram colocados em tubos de ensaio contendo EDTA e homogeneizados suavemente por invers&#227;o. Os outros 3 mL foram colocados em tubos sem nenhum anticoagulante. Em seguida, foram centrifugados a 1.500 rpm durante 20 minutos. O plasma ou soro foi separado, colocado em tubos ependorf e refrigerado a -20 &#186;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise. Todas essas an&#225;lises foram realizadas por meio de um kit comercial da marca Labtest (Minas Gerais, Brasil), seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do fabricante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Considerando o car&#225;ter experimental deste estudo, o n&#250;mero de sujeitos que foi calculado para compor cada grupo foi feito com base no poder amostral, conforme proposto por Eng<sup>26</sup>. Para isso, foram adotados dados pr&#233;vios de como o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico altera a PAS. A varia&#231;&#227;o promovida pelo exerc&#237;cio foi de 17 mmHg para um desvio padr&#227;o de 10 mmHg. Adotando-se um poder estat&#237;stico de 0,80 e um n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 0,05, estimou-se que o tamanho m&#237;nimo de cada grupo fosse de 14 mulheres.</p>
    <p>A normalidade e a homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncia dos dados foram analisadas pelos testes de Shapiro-Wilk e Levene, respectivamente. A ANOVA de um fator para medidas repetidas foi utilizada para comparar os valores pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos (CNM, CM, ANM e AM). Para analisar as altera&#231;&#245;es nas vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares medidas no repouso antes e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o foi utilizada a ANOVA de dois fatores, sendo estabelecidos os grupos (CNM, CM, ANM e AM) e momentos (pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o) como os fatores. Os dados do delta (p&#243;s - pr&#233;) medidos ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma sess&#227;o experimental antes e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o foram comparados entre os grupos pela ANOVA de dois fatores para medidas repetidas. Para todas as an&#225;lises, p &lt; 0,05 foi adotado como estatisticamente significante e as compara&#231;&#245;es do <italic>post-hoc</italic> foram realizadas pelo teste de Newman-Keuls, quando necess&#225;rio. Os dados est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; erro-padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas iniciais das pacientes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_08912t01">tabela 1</xref>. As menopausadas tinham idade maior que as n&#227;o menopausadas. No entanto, o grupo se caracterizou por ser de uma mesma faixa de idade (meia-idade), sem que nenhuma das mulheres tivesse mais de 55 anos. Os quatro grupos apresentaram &#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea (IMC) lim&#237;trofe entre sobrepeso e obesidade de grau I e todas tinham circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura acima do limite de normalidade. Apresentavam capacidade aer&#243;bia classificada como regular e glicemia, lipoprote&#237;nas e triglicer&#237;deos situados pr&#243;ximos aos valores m&#225;ximos de refer&#234;ncia para todos os grupos. Oito mulheres do grupo CNM e sete do grupo ANM faziam uso de anticoncepcionais. N&#227;o havia usu&#225;rias de repositores hormonais entre as menopausadas. Os grupos apresentavam padr&#227;o alimentar similar ente si no in&#237;cio do estudo. Conforme orienta&#231;&#227;o recebida, nenhum dos grupos modificou as ingest&#245;es diet&#233;ticas ao longo do per&#237;odo do estudo de modo que n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;as intragrupos para os aspectos de ingest&#227;o nutricional nas avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas. Como consequ&#234;ncia, os quatro grupos permaneceram estatisticamente similares durante e ao final do processo de interven&#231;&#227;o. Os dados de consumo alimentar da primeira e &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o (imediatamente antes e ao final do estudo) est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_08912t01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="pt_08912t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0979-00092-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre as mulheres do grupo CNM n&#227;o havia hipertensas, ao passo que dentre as 11 volunt&#225;rias do grupo ANM, quatro eram hipertensas. A hipertens&#227;o foi mais presente no grupo CM, onde seis das 12 mulheres eram hipertensas, ao passo que quatro das 10 menopausadas que ficaram no grupo AM eram hipertensas. Independentemente da presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial, os valores press&#243;ricas de repouso antes do in&#237;cio do programa de treinamento foram similares entre normotensas e hipertensas, exceto pelos valores das hipertensas do grupo AM que eram maiores que das normotensas do grupo ANM. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_08912t02">Tabela 2</xref> permite a compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores press&#243;ricos de hipertensas e normotensas de todos os grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="pt_08912t02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0979-00092-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As 12 semanas de treinamento promoveram melhoria da capacidade aer&#243;bia entre as mulheres que se envolveram com o programa de treinamento, de tal modo que essas mulheres terminaram o per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o com VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x significativamente melhor que seus valores iniciais e que suas cong&#234;neres que permaneceram sedent&#225;rias, como pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="pt_08912t03">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="pt_08912t03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0979-00092-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Essa melhoria da capacidade aer&#243;bia foi acompanhada de diminui&#231;&#227;o do IMC, da circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura e da glicemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_08912f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="pt_08912f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0979-00092-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>As condi&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas de repouso antes e ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de interven&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_08912f02">Figura 2</xref>. O programa de treinamento foi ineficaz para promover altera&#231;&#227;o nos valores da PA pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o nas mulheres menopausadas ou n&#227;o menopausadas. Isso ocorreu apesar do evidente aumento na capacidade aer&#243;bia em resposta ao treinamento nos grupos que se exercitaram.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="pt_08912f02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0979-00092-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O efeito do programa de treinamento na resposta press&#243;rica aguda a uma sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio est&#225; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pt_08912f03">Figura 3</xref>. Est&#227;o apresentados os maiores valores de redu&#231;&#227;o da PA nos 60 minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o que sucederam as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio realizadas antes e depois do protocolo de treinamento. Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o, os deltas da PAS e o da PAD n&#227;o se alteraram ap&#243;s o treinamento em nenhum dos grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="pt_08912f03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0979-00092-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal achado deste estudo foi que um programa de treinamento aer&#243;bio promove redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal e melhora a capacidade aer&#243;bia, mas n&#227;o reduz a PA, aguda ou cronicamente, de mulheres com SM, independentemente de serem menopausadas ou n&#227;o menopausadas.</p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da PA aguda ou cronicamente ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de treinamento tem sido demonstrada em indiv&#237;duos normotensos<sup>27-28</sup> e hipertensos<sup>29-30</sup>. Em mulheres menopausadas encontrou-se redu&#231;&#227;o de 18 e 10 mmHg para os valores sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico, respectivamente, ap&#243;s seis meses de treinamento a 50% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima, com tr&#234;s sess&#245;es semanais<sup>24</sup>. Entretanto, este estudo n&#227;o contou com um grupo controle, de modo que os efeitos da menopausa sobre os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio continuaram n&#227;o elucidados. Em outro estudo com menopausadas, Figueroa e cols.<sup>31</sup> observaram redu&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s 12 semanas de treinamento, mas esse protocolo foi constitu&#237;do por uma combina&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios tanto aer&#243;bio quanto resistido, o que difere de nosso estudo em que as mulheres realizaram exerc&#237;cios apenas aer&#243;bios. Enquanto isso, Cardoso e cols.<sup>32</sup> demonstraram que um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, assim como feito no presente estudo, impediu aumentos ambulat&#243;rias da PA normalmente observados em mulheres que realizaram terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o com estrog&#234;nios orais. Embora os resultados de nosso estudo divirjam de estudos anteriores, deve-se notar que, enquanto no presente estudo foi usado o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, em outro houve combina&#231;&#227;o com exerc&#237;cios resistidos, ao passo que n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, mas aus&#234;ncia de aumento da press&#227;o em menopausadas em reposi&#231;&#227;o com estrog&#234;nios. Essas diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas e de caracter&#237;sticas dos sujeitos podem explicar as diferen&#231;as para os nossos resultados.</p>
    <p>Por sua vez, existem trabalhos com resultados similares aos nossos. Na investiga&#231;&#227;o de Arsenault e cols.<sup>16</sup> n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o da PA, mesmo com diminui&#231;&#227;o do IMC e da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura em mulheres com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados, submetidas a seis meses de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, realizado tr&#234;s a quatro vezes por semana, com intensidade de 50% do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio. Enquanto isso, nosso estudo falhou em promover redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica mesmo perante melhoria da capacidade aer&#243;bia das volunt&#225;rias. Yoshizawa e cols.<sup>18</sup> observaram que apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o do IMC e melhora do VO<sub>2</sub> n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o da PAS e PAD ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de oito semanas de treinamento aer&#243;bio realizado quatro a cindo dias por semana, e com intensidade de 60%-75% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima. Apesar dessas evid&#234;ncias, em nenhum dos estudos observados as mulheres avaliadas tinham a menopausa associada &#224; SM.</p>
    <p>Em mulheres com SM, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de treinamento aer&#243;bio tem sido evidenciada. Em um estudo recente, Mujica e cols.<sup>33</sup> observaram que quatro meses de exerc&#237;cio, realizado tr&#234;s vezes por semana, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 60 minutos e intensidade que aumentou progressivamente de 40% a 80% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima entre o primeiro e o &#250;ltimo m&#234;s de treinamento, diminu&#237;ram os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos de mulheres com SM. Corroborando com esses resultados, outro estudo<sup>34</sup> observou que dois meses de treinamento divididos em 180 minutos semanais associados a uma dieta hipocal&#243;rica foram suficientes para reduzir a PA das pacientes com SM.</p>
    <p>Diante da aus&#234;ncia de efeito hipotensor no presente estudo, pode-se supor que o protocolo de treinamento n&#227;o teria sido eficaz para promover essa resposta hipotensora. No entanto, o programa de treinamento do presente estudo foi conduzido de modo que houve aumento da sobrecarga, tanto no volume quanto na intensidade na segunda, terceira, quarta e quinta semanas de treinamento. Da quinta &#224; 12&#170; semanas, a dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento se manteve em 60 minutos com cinco sess&#245;es semanais. Essa &#233; uma rela&#231;&#227;o de volume-intensidade adequada com as diretrizes atuais para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>35-36</sup>. De fato, esse protocolo de treinamento resultou em aumento significativo do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x e redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal central e total obtidos das volunt&#225;rias do estudo.</p>
    <p>Poder-se-ia ainda supor que o tamanho amostral fosse respons&#225;vel pela aus&#234;ncia de efeito hipotensor. No entanto, acreditamos que n&#227;o existiu falta de poder na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica do presente estudo. Inicialmente, ao realizar as an&#225;lises percebemos que os valores de p estavam distantes da signific&#226;ncia adotada (p &lt; 0,05). Dessa forma, provavelmente mesmo que houvesse adi&#231;&#227;o de novos indiv&#237;duos &#224; amostra, esses n&#227;o seriam suficientes para alterar os resultados encontrados. Al&#233;m disso, um trabalho recente<sup>32</sup>, que utilizou um delineamento semelhante ao do presente estudo e avaliou a PA, observou diferen&#231;a significativa com apenas nove indiv&#237;duos em um dos grupos avaliados.</p>
    <p>Mesmo as mulheres hipertensas apresentavam valores press&#243;ricos pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 140/90 mmHg. &#201; bem sabido que o potencial do exerc&#237;cio para promover redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica &#233; influenciado pelos valores pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio de PA<sup>37</sup>. Portanto, esse &#233; mais um motivo que podemos elencar para explicar a aus&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica ap&#243;s o programa de treinamento administrado.</p>
    <p>Este estudo contou com a limita&#231;&#227;o de que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel excluir as volunt&#225;rias que faziam uso de anticoncepcionais. Aplicar esse fato como crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o diminuiria o tamanho dos grupos de n&#227;o menopausadas em cerca de 75%. De qualquer maneira, tomando os grupos experimentais e controle das menopausadas (que tiveram uso de anticoncepcionais como crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o), os resultados n&#227;o se modificam em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos das n&#227;o menopausadas. Al&#233;m disso, os dois grupos de n&#227;o menopausadas tiveram usu&#225;rias e n&#227;o usu&#225;rias de anticoncepcionais.</p>
    <p>Assim como ocorreu para o efeito cr&#244;nico do exerc&#237;cio sobre a PA, uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o tamb&#233;m n&#227;o promoveu redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica aguda nos momentos posteriores ao exerc&#237;cio, apesar de o fen&#244;meno da hipotens&#227;o ser bem documentado ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio em mulheres menopausadas<sup>38</sup> e n&#227;o menopausadas<sup>39</sup>. O protocolo de treinamento do presente estudo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o afetou a hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (HPE). Esses dados corroboram com outro estudo pr&#233;vio em que n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as na magnitude da HPE entre os diferentes estados de treinamento<sup>40</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes menopausadas e com SM t&#234;m aumento do risco cardiovascular<sup>2</sup> e interven&#231;&#245;es que diminuam esse risco devem ser usadas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Embora o protocolo de treinamento do presente estudo n&#227;o tenha provocado altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na PA, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal nos grupos das menopausadas e n&#227;o menopausadas que se exercitaram e da glicemia no grupo das n&#227;o menopausadas. Essas vari&#225;veis s&#227;o dois componentes da SM. Portanto, este estudo mostra que um programa de treinamento pode reduzir a gordura corporal de mulheres com SM independentemente de serem ou n&#227;o menopausadas. Por sua vez, os dados parecem indicar que a menopausa pode interferir nas respostas metab&#243;licas ao exerc&#237;cio. No entanto, apesar de este estudo dar um indicativo, ainda n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para avaliar a hip&#243;tese de que a menopausa influencia as respostas cardiometab&#243;licas ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que um protocolo de treinamento aer&#243;bio de 12 semanas &#233; capaz de promover melhoria em componentes da SM, mas esse fen&#244;meno n&#227;o foi acompanhado de redu&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da PA ou exist&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o aguda nos primeiros momentos ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o dessa modalidade de exerc&#237;cio. Embora a glicemia tenha sido melhorada apenas entre as mulheres n&#227;o menopausadas que se exercitaram, este estudo ainda n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para responder se as altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas da menopausa interferem nas respostas cardiometab&#243;licas ao exerc&#237;cio em mulheres com SM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Gl&#234;bia Alexa Cardoso pela Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba .</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Alexandre S&#233;rgio Silva </p>
        <p> Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba </p>
        <p> Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Campus I, Cidade Universit&#225;ria </p>
        <p> CEP 58059-900, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ass974@yahoo.com.br">ass974@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/11/11 </p>
    <p> revisado em 16/11/11 </p>
    <p> aceito em 28/05/12</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Aerobic training does not alter blood pressure in menopausal women with metabolic syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Arterial Hypertension (AH) is an aggravating condition for Metabolic Syndrome (MS), as well as being aggravated by it. Menopause can make hypertension treatment more difficult, as it favors the worsening of MS components. Although there is evidence that exercise training reduces blood pressure, whether menopause and SM affect the exercise-induced benefits is yet to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of aerobic training on blood pressure in non-menopausal and menopausal women with MS METHODS: A total of 44 women were recruited and divided into four groups: non-menopausal control (NMC: 39.5 &#177; 3.6 years, n = 11); menopausal control (MC: 54.9 &#177; 5.9 years, n = 12), non-menopausal aerobics (NMA: 43.1 &#177; 6.8 years, n = 11) and menopausal aerobics (MA: 52.1 &#177; 5 years, n = 10). The exercise groups performed aerobic training for three months, five times a week, at an intensity between 60% and 70% of heart rate reserve. The resting blood pressure and blood pressure response after 60 minutes of exercise were measured before and after the training period. The two-way ANOVA test was used, considering a p value &lt; 0.05. RESULTS: The training program resulted in a decrease in abdominal fat, blood glucose and improved VO2 max. Compared to pre-intervention values, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) did not change after training in NMC, MC, MA and NMA groups (p &gt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: Three months of aerobic training improved MS components, but did not alter resting blood pressure or the BP response after an acute exercise session in women with MS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>women</kwd>
        <kwd>menopause</kwd>
        <kwd>metabolic X syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Aerobic training does not alter blood pressure in menopausal women with metabolic syndrome</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alu&#237;sio Henrique Rodrigues de Andrade Lima<sup>I</sup>; Henrique Eduardo Couto<sup>I</sup>; Gl&#234;bia Alexa Cardoso<sup>I</sup>; Lidiane Tavares Toscano<sup>I</sup>; Alexandre S&#233;rgio Silva<sup>I</sup>; Maria Paula Gon&#231;alves Mota<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro<sup>2</sup> - Portugal</p>
      <p>Correspond&#234;ncia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Arterial Hypertension (AH) is an aggravating condition for Metabolic Syndrome (MS), as well as being aggravated by it. Menopause can make hypertension treatment more difficult, as it favors the worsening of MS components. Although there is evidence that exercise training reduces blood pressure, whether menopause and SM affect the exercise-induced benefits is yet to be elucidated.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE</bold>: To compare the effects of aerobic training on blood pressure in non-menopausal and menopausal women with MS.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 44 women were recruited and divided into four groups: non-menopausal control (NMC: 39.5 &#177; 1.1 years, n = 11); menopausal control (MC: 54.9 &#177; 1.7 years, n = 12), non-menopausal aerobics (NMA: 43.1 &#177; 2.1 years, n = 11) and menopausal aerobics (MA: 52.1 &#177; 1.6 years, n = 10). The exercise groups performed aerobic training for three months, five times a week, at an intensity between 60% and 70% of heart rate reserve. The resting blood pressure and blood pressure response after 60 minutes of exercise were measured before and after the training period. The two-way ANOVA test was used, considering a p value &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The training program resulted in a decrease in abdominal fat, blood glucose and improved VO2 max. Compared to pre-intervention values, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) did not change after training in NMC, MC, MA and NMA groups (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Three months of aerobic training improved MS components, but did not alter resting blood pressure or the BP response after an acute exercise session in women with MS.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Exercise; blood pressure; women; menopause; metabolic syndrome</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Among the different metabolic changes resulting from menopause, the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) has been documented. This prevalence increases from 13.8% in the premenopausal period to 60% in the postmenopausal period<sup>1-2</sup>. Similar behavior is observed regarding Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH), which increases on average from 32.1% to 60% in these periods<sup>3-4</sup>, regardless of the presence of MS<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms associated with increased prevalence of MS and hypertension in menopause are yet to be fully understood, but some factors seem to influence this response, such as estrogen deficiency, lipid profile alterations, endothelial dysfunction, decreased parasympathetic tone and increase in renin-angiotensin system activity, oxidative stress and body adiposity in this population<sup>6-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Physical exercise has been considered a non-pharmacological tool in the treatment of SAH<sup>11-12</sup>. However, cardiometabolic alterations resulting from menopause can directly interfere with the mechanisms by which exercise reduces blood pressure (BP). BP decrease after a training period has been attributed to a reduction in cardiac output, of sympathetic tone to the heart<sup>13</sup>, of circulating levels of noradrenaline<sup>14</sup> and increased production and/or bioavailability of nitric oxide<sup>15</sup>. However, these pathways are impaired in postmenopausal women with MS.</p>
      <p>Some studies have shown that after an aerobic training intervention period, there is no decrease in BP in healthy postmenopausal women, with overweight and high BP<sup>16-18</sup>. However, other studies have shown BP reduction in healthy postmenopausal<sup>19</sup> and postmenopausal hypertensive women<sup>20-22</sup>. These studies did not clarify the influence of menopause on the effects of exercise on BP, as the researchers did not use a control group to compare BP responses<sup>20-22</sup>. Only one study compared women in the periods before and after menopause<sup>19</sup>, identifying a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure after training only in the group of postmenopausal women. As the women were healthy, it remains unclear whether MS together with menopause can interfere with BP responses to exercise training.</p>
      <p>Thus, the objective of the study was to analyze the influence of an aerobic training program on the BP response in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with MS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Subjects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with MS recruited from public hospitals and private clinics in the city of Iguatu (state of Cear&#225;, Brazil) were invited to participate in this study. The inclusion criteria consisted of (a) presence of at least three of the following components of MS: high systolic blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, increased fasting glucose, reduced HDL lipoproteins and elevated waist circumference<sup>23</sup>, (b) age between 40 and 55 years (c) to be in the premenopausal (normal menstrual cycle) or postmenopausal period (menstrual cycle cessation for more than one year), (d) to be physically inactive. Participants were considered sedentary when they reported not being physically active individuals, those who did not perform physically active work and those who reported walking less than 20 minutes a day in daily dislocations.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria included patients entering menopause, those with evidence of heart disease, including ischemic heart disease, kidney disease, hypo- or hyperthyroidism and cancer, as well as smokers, those who consumed alcohol (more than three doses of alcohol a day), patients who used supplements and medications (fibrates, statins, exogenous insulin or hypoglycemic agents, beta-blockers, and antiarrhythmics), and pregnant women. Forty-four women were considered eligible for the study. They were randomly distributed using a number-generating software program to select a random sample (www.randomizer.org), in non-menopausal control group (NMC - 39.5 &#177; 1.1 years, n = 11), menopausal control (MC - 54.9 &#177; 1.7 years, n = 12), non-menopausal aerobics (NMA - 43.1 &#177; 2.1 years, n = 11) and menopausal aerobics (MA - 52.1 &#177; 1.6 years, n = 10).</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Human Research of Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, under protocol n&#186; 42111/2011. Each patient was informed of the risks and benefits involved in the study and signed an informed consent form, according to Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Initially, the volunteers underwent blood sample collection for subsequent analysis of lipid profile and glucose levels, as well as anthropometric measurements. The women from groups NMA and MA underwent a training program with aerobic exercises for three months. Blood pressure measurements were carried out at rest before and after the training period. Moreover, at the first and last training sessions, blood pressure measurements were performed before the exercise and for 60 minutes in the recovery period to determine BP response to acute exercise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pre-Participation Evaluations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All subjects underwent a progressive treadmill exercise test with continuous ECG monitoring. Only those who showed no signs of ischemia or arrhythmia and whose physicians gave their consent for study participation were enrolled. Subsequently, they underwent nutritional assessment and were advised to maintain their usual dietary habits. Each month, new nutritional assessments were performed with the objective of monitoring the nutritional behavior throughout the study. These evaluations were performed using a food frequency questionnaire, following the proposal of Block et al.<sup>24</sup>. We considered the responses regarding the women's usual monthly food consumption. Calculations were carried out using AVANUTRI software, release 4.0 (Avanutri &amp; Nutri&#231;&#227;o Servi&#231;os de Inform&#225;tica, Tr&#234;s Rios-RJ-Brazil).</p>
      <p>One week before and 48 hours after the training protocols, submaximal one-mile tests were carried out (1,609 km) as well as ten-repetition maximum (10RM) tests for assessment of aerobic capacity and strength, respectively.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Training Protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The participants underwent a 12-week training protocol with five weekly sessions. Initially, they underwent an adjustment period in the first week of training, with three sessions of 20 minutes of exercise at 50% of MHR, according to the protocol proposed by Karvonen et al.<sup>25</sup>, with a 48-hour interval between sessions. From the second week on, the training volume increased to 30 minutes at 60% of MHR and progressed to 60 minutes in the following three weeks. From the fifth week on, the training session lasted 60 minutes, which was maintained until the end of the program. At this phase, the intensity increased from 60% to 70% of MHR. The intensity of all sessions was adjusted according to the subjective perception of effort (SPE) reported by participants, so that they maintained the effort between 11 and 14 in the Borg scale.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood Pressure Measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A Missouri aneroid sphygmomanometer (Embu, Brazil) with a 2-millimeter mercury precision, previously calibrated against a mercury column was used only for the purpose of gathering research data during the study. The measurements of resting BP were performed according to the procedures proposed by the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension (2010), observing all procedures related to food, bladder emptying, previous physical exercise. Measurements were performed with subjects in the sitting position, with legs uncrossed and after a resting period of at least 10 minutes, with the use of antihypertensive medications when the individual was hypertensive. Initially, the pressure was measured in both upper limbs, and using the auscultatory method employing phases I and V of Korotkoff sounds to identify the values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. Blood pressure was measured in each arm until three consecutive values were obtained with a difference of less than 5 mmHg. When differences &gt; 5 mmHg were found between the upper limbs, the arm with the highest BP value was chosen for the remainder of the study. When there was no difference, the right arm was chosen for future measurements.</p>
      <p>Women were considered hypertensive when they had a previous diagnosis of SAH or were considered hypertensive at the clinical appointment during which the exercise test was performed, as well as those who were already using antihypertensive medication, regardless of the BP value found during the study. We considered the possibility of BP values &#8805; 140/90 mmHg in women considered normotensive, and these would undergo a new medical assessment. However, that was not observed.</p>
      <p>To determine the chronic response, BP was measured before the intervention period and after three months of training, which occurred 48 hours after the last session of the training protocol. BP measurements were performed on the same days of the week and at the same time of day.</p>
      <p>To determine the acute response, measurements were performed after ten minutes of rest, immediately after the exercises, and at the 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60-minute recovery period after exercise in the first and last sessions of the three-month training protocol. All these measurements were performed with the patient in the sitting position.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood sample collection and assessment of lipoproteins, triglycerides and glucose levels</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood samples containing 6 mL of blood from the antecubital vein were collected 24 hours before the intervention period. Three milliliters of blood were placed in tubes containing EDTA and gently homogenized by inversion. The remaining 3 mL were placed in tubes without anticoagulant. Then, they were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 20 minutes. The plasma or serum was separated, placed in Eppendorf tubes and frozen at -20 &#176;C until the analysis was performed. All these analyses were carried out using a Labtest commercial kit (Minas Gerais, Brazil), following the manufacturer's recommendations.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Given the experimental nature of this study, the number of subjects that was calculated for each group was based on sample power, as proposed by Eng<sup>26</sup>. For that purpose, previous data on how exercise affects the systolic blood pressure were used. The variation promoted by the exercise was 17 mmHg for a standard deviation of 10 mmHg. Adopting a statistical power of 0.80 and a confidence level of 0.05, it was estimated that the minimum size for each group was 14 women.</p>
      <p>The normality and homogeneity of data variance were analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilks and Levene's tests, respectively. One-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used to compare the pre-intervention differences between groups (NMC, MC, MA and NMA). To analyze the changes in cardiovascular measures at rest before and after the intervention period was used two-way ANOVA, with the established groups (NMC, MC, MA and NMA) and moments (pre- and post-intervention) being considered as factors. Delta data (post - pre) measured after performing an experimental session before and after the intervention period were compared between groups by two-way ANOVA for repeated measures. For all analyses, a value of p &lt; 0.05 was adopted as statistically significant and post-hoc comparisons were performed by the Newman-Keuls test, when necessary. Data are presented as mean &#177; standard error.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Baseline characteristics of patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08912t01-body2">Table 1</xref>. The postmenopausal women were older than premenopausal ones. However, the group was characterized as belonging to the same age range (middle-age) and none of the women were older than 55. The four groups had borderline BMI between overweight and grade I obesity and all had a waist circumference level above the normal range. The aerobic capacity was classified as regular and levels of blood glucose, lipoproteins and triglycerides were close to the maximum reference values for all groups. Eight women from the NMC group and seven from the NMA group used oral contraceptives. None of the postmenopausal menopausal women used hormonal replacement therapy.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08912t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0979-00092-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The groups had similar dietary habits at baseline. According to the given dietary advice, none of the groups modified dietary intake during the study period, so there was no intergroup differences regarding nutritional intake in the assessments. As a result, the four groups remained statistically similar during and after the intervention process. Food intake data from the first and last assessment (immediately before and after the study) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08912t01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>None of the women from the NMC group were hypertensive, whereas of the 11 volunteers from the NMA group, four were hypertensive. Hypertension was more prevalent in MC group, where six of the 12 women were hypertensive, whereas four of the 10 postmenopausal women who remained in the MA group were hypertensive. Regardless of the presence of hypertension, BP values at rest before the start of the training program were similar between normotensive and hypertensive women, except for the BP values observed in the hypertensive women from the MA group, which were greater than in the normotensive ones from the NMA group. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08912t02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows a comparison of BP values of hypertensive and normotensive women from all groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08912t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0979-00092-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The 12 weeks of training promoted aerobic capacity improvement in the women who were involved with the training program, so that these women completed the intervention period with significantly better VO<sub>2</sub>max when compared with their initial values and the ones observed in their counterparts who remained sedentary, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08912t03-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08912t03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0979-00092-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>This improvement in aerobic capacity was accompanied by a decrease in BMI, waist circumference and blood glucose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08912f01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_08912f01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0979-00092-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The BP values at rest before and after three months of intervention are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08912f02-body2">Figure 2</xref>. The training program was ineffective in promoting changes in the pre-intervention BP values in premenopausal or postmenopausal women. That occurred in spite of the evident increase in aerobic capacity in response to training in the groups submitted to exercise training.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_08912f02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0979-00092-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The effect of the training program on acute blood pressure response to a single exercise session is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08912f03-body2">Figure 3</xref>. It shows the greatest reduction in blood pressure within 60 minutes of recovery that followed the exercise sessions performed before and after the training protocol. Compared to pre-intervention values, the SBP and DBP deltas did not change after training in either group.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_08912f03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0979-00092-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main finding of this study was that an aerobic training program promotes body fat reduction and improves aerobic capacity, but does not reduce blood pressure, acute or chronically, in women with MS, regardless of their menopausal status.</p>
      <p>The decrease in blood pressure after a training period, either acute or chronically, has been demonstrated in normotensive<sup>27-28</sup> and hypertensive<sup>29-30</sup> individuals. In postmenopausal women, it was observed a reduction of 18 and 10 mmHg in systolic and diastolic values, respectively, after six months of training at 50% of MHR, with three weekly sessions <sup>24</sup>. However, this study did not have a control group, so that the effects of menopause on the benefits of exercise were not elucidated.</p>
      <p>In another study of postmenopausal women, Figueroa et al.<sup>31</sup> observed a reduction in BP after 12 weeks of training, but this protocol consisted of a combination of aerobic and resistance exercises, which differs from our study in which women performed aerobic exercises only. Meanwhile, Cardoso et al.<sup>32</sup> demonstrated that a protocol of aerobic exercises, as performed in this study, prevent ambulatory increases in blood pressure typically seen in women who underwent hormonal replacement therapy with oral estrogens. Although the results of our study differ from previous studies, it should be noted that while in this study we used the aerobic exercises, another was in combination with resistance training whereas no reduction of the PA, but no increase in pressure in postmenopausal replacement with estrogens. These differences in methodology and subjects' characteristics may explain the differences in our results.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, there have been studies with similar results to ours. In the study by Arsenault et al.<sup>16</sup>, there was no change in BP, even with a decrease in BMI and waist circumference in women with high blood pressure who underwent six months of aerobic exercise training, performed three to four times a week, at 50% of the VO<sub>2</sub>max. Meanwhile, our study failed to promote BP reduction even after improving the aerobic capacity of the volunteers. Yoshizawa et al.<sup>18</sup> observed that in spite of the decrease in BMI and VO<sub>2</sub> improvement, there was no change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure after a period of eight weeks of aerobic training performed four to five days a week, with an intensity of 60% -75% of MHR. Despite this evidence, neither of the studies showed an association between menopause and MS in the studied women.</p>
      <p>BP decrease after a period of aerobic training has been demonstrated in women with MS. In a recent study, Mujica et al.<sup>33</sup> observed that a four-month exercise period, performed three times per week, lasting 60 minutes, of which intensity increased progressively from 40% to 80% of MHR between the first and last month's training, decreased BP levels in women with MS. Corroborating these results, another study<sup>34</sup> observed that two months of training divided in 180 minutes a week associated with a reduced-calorie diet was enough to reduce the BP of patients with MS.</p>
      <p>Given the absence of the hypotensive effect in this study, it can be assumed that the training protocol would not have been effective in promoting this hypotensive response. However, the training program of the present study was performed so that there was increased overload, both in volume and intensity in the second, third, fourth and fifth weeks of training. From the fifth to twelfth weeks, the duration of training was maintained at 60 minutes, with five weekly sessions. This is an appropriate volume-intensity ratio according to the current guidelines for the treatment of hypertension<sup>35-36</sup>. In fact, this training protocol resulted in significant increase in VO<sub>2</sub> max and total and central body fat reduction in the study volunteers.</p>
      <p>It can also be assumed that the sample size was responsible for the lack of the hypotensive effect. However, we believe that there was no lack of power in the statistical analysis of this study. Initially, when performing the analyses, we realized that the <italic>p</italic> values were distant from the adopted significance (p &lt; 0.05). Thus, even if new individuals were added to the sample, probably these would not be enough to change the results. In addition, a recent study<sup>32</sup>, which used a design similar to that of the present study and assessed BP showed no significant differences with only nine subjects in one of the assessed groups.</p>
      <p>Even the hypertensive women had pre-intervention BP values &lt; 140/90 mmHg. It is well-known that the potential of exercise to promote blood pressure reduction is influenced by pre-exercise BP values<sup>37</sup>. Therefore, this is one more reason we can list to explain the absence of blood pressure reduction after the administered training program.</p>
      <p>One limitation of this study was the fact that it was not possible to eliminate the volunteers who were using oral contraceptives. To apply this as an exclusion criterion would have reduced the size of the non-menopausal groups by approximately 75%. Nevertheless, when considering the experimental and control groups of menopausal women (who had contraceptive use as an exclusion criterion), the results do not change in relation to the non-menopausal groups. Furthermore, the two non-menopausal groups had users and non-users of oral contraceptives.</p>
      <p>As it was observed for the chronic effect of exercise on blood pressure, a single session did not promote acute blood pressure reduction after the exercise, even though the phenomenon of hypotension has been well documented after aerobic exercises in menopausal<sup>38</sup> and non-menopausal<sup>39</sup> women. The study training protocol did not affect Post-Exercise Hypotension (PEH), either. These data corroborate other previous studies, in which no differences were found in the magnitude of PEH between different training situations<sup>40</sup>.</p>
      <p>Menopausal women with MS have increased cardiovascular risk<sup>2</sup> and interventions aimed at reducing this risk should be used in this population. Although the training protocol of the present study did not cause significant alterations in blood pressure, body fat decreased in the menopausal and non-menopausal groups who exercised, as well as and glucose level reduction in the non-menopausal group. These variables are two components of the MS. Therefore, this study shows that a training program can reduce body fat in women with MS, regardless of whether or not they are menopausal. On the other hand, the data seem to indicate that menopause can interfere with metabolic responses to exercise. However, although this study is indicative, it is not enough to evaluate the hypothesis that menopause influences cardiometabolic responses to exercise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of this study indicated that a 12-week protocol of aerobic training can promote improvement in MS components, but this was not accompanied by chronic reduction in blood pressure levels or presence of acute hypotension in the first moments after a session of this type of exercise. Although glycemia was improved only in menopausal women who exercised, this study is not yet sufficient to answer whether the metabolic alterations of menopause can interfere with cardiometabolic responses to exercise in women with MS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Gl&#234;bia Alexa Cardoso, from Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
