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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HVBB6zyczXPN3gXT9f69Ymc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001400015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900515</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012001400015</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nico-Radiogr&#225;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 05/12: mulher de 67 anos portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com choque seguido de parada card&#237;aca sem pulso dois meses ap&#243;s cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta ascendente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Nunes Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>153</fpage>
      <lpage>158</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma A&#243;rtico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMOCL&#205;NICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caso 05/12 &#150; mulher de 67 anos portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com choque seguido de parada card&#237;aca sem pulso dois meses ap&#243;s cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta ascendente</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernanda Marinho Mangione; Thiago Nunes Pereira Leite; Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Hipertens&#227;o; Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial; Choque; Parada Card&#237;aca; Aneurisma A&#243;rtico / cirurgia.</p>
    <p>Mulher de 67 anos, hipertensa, com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente, anticoagulada, operada para corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma na aorta tor&#225;cica, apresentou choque e parada card&#237;aca com atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso dois meses ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Aos 66 anos, a paciente apresentou dispneia progressiva, inicialmente aos grandes e depois aos pequenos esfor&#231;os por quatro meses; havia, tamb&#233;m, palpita&#231;&#245;es parox&#237;sticas. Com esses sintomas, foi encaminhada para tratamento no hospital.</p>
    <p>Sabia ser portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial desde a idade de 64 anos e de arterite temporal desde os 60, quando fez uso de corticosteroide; portadora, tamb&#233;m, de l&#250;pus discoide. Negou ser portadora de diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, dislipidemias e foi tabagista at&#233; aos 61 anos. A m&#227;e havia falecido aos 89 anos em decorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>A paciente fazia uso de anlodipino 10 mg, enalapril 20 mg e clortalidona 25 mg di&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico na primeira consulta (6 agosto de 2009) revelou pulso regular 76 bpm, press&#227;o arterial em todos os membros 180/70 mmHg. A semiologia pulmonar foi normal. O exame do cora&#231;&#227;o revelou ritmo regular, hiperfonese do componente pulmonar da 2&#170; bulha, sopro sist&#243;lico ++/4+ e sopro diast&#243;lico ++/4+ em &#225;rea a&#243;rtica; o f&#237;gado foi palpado a 2 cm do rebordo costal direito e havia massa puls&#225;til periumbilical de cerca de 5 cm; os pulsos perif&#233;ricos eram amplos e havia pulso em martelo d'&#225;gua nas art&#233;rias femorais. </p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram: hemoglobina 14,2 g/dL, creatinina 0,77 mg/dL, s&#243;dio 138 mEq/L e pot&#225;ssio 4,2 mEq/L. </p>
    <p>O ECG (4 de agosto de 2009) revelou ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia de 65 ms, intervalo PR 145 ms, dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS 91 ms, QTc 440 ms; S&#194;QRS &#150;10&#186; para tr&#225;s; sobrecarga de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15fig01">Figura 1</xref>). A radiografia revelou aumento ++/4+ da &#225;rea card&#237;aca e alargamento do mediastino (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a15fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0153-00015-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a15fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0153-00015-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Foram feitos os diagn&#243;sticos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica por aortite.</p>
    <p>Teve sequ&#234;ncia a avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (22 de outubro de 2009) revelou &#150; di&#226;metro de aorta 45 mm, espessura de septo interventricular e parede posterior 11 mm, di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico/sist&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 57/44 mm, e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 45%. Havia hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica e hipocinesia difusa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Havia, tamb&#233;m, insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica acentuada e aneurisma de aorta ascendente (di&#226;metro transversal de 80 mm) e de aorta abdominal (di&#226;metro 56 mm).</p>
    <p>Reavalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial (22 de outubro de 2009) revelou hemograma normal, velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o 23 mm na primeira hora, colesterol total 202 mg/dL, HDL-C 69 mg/dL, LDL-C 116 mg/dL, triglic&#233;rides 86 mg/dL, glicemia 84 mg/dL, creatinina 0,85 mg/dL, ALT 28 U/L, AST 18 U/L, prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassensivel 5,3 mg/L e TSH 2,47 mUI/L.</p>
    <p>A espirometria (22 de outubro de 2009) revelou dist&#250;rbio ventilat&#243;rio obstrutivo leve. A cinecornariografia (21 de outubro de 2009) n&#227;o revelou les&#245;es obstrutivas nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>A angiotomografia de aorta tor&#225;cica (23 de fevereiro de 2010) revelou aneurisma de aorta ascendente da raiz at&#233; in&#237;cio da crossa com di&#226;metro de 70 mm e outro aneurisma na transi&#231;&#227;o toracoabdominal com di&#226;metro de 70 mm, ambos sem sinais de dissec&#231;&#227;o. A angiotomografia de aorta abdominal revelou aneurisma de aorta, o qual era extens&#227;o do aneurisma tor&#225;cico, sem sinais de dissec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A ultrassonografia de vasos cervicais (24 de fevereiro de 2010) revelou estenose inferior a 50% em car&#243;tida interna esquerda. A polissonografia (5 de agosto de 2010) revelou apneia grave com dessatura&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea.</p>
    <p>Foi indicada a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do aneurisma a&#243;rtico. O paciente internou para a interven&#231;&#227;o (1&#186; de fevereiro de 2011).</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico (1&#186; de fevereiro de 2011) revelou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca irregular, 68 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 120/74 mmHg, pulm&#245;es livres; ausculta card&#237;aca revelou ritmo card&#237;aco irregular e sopro sist&#243;lico +++/4+ e sopro diast&#243;lico ++/4+ em &#225;rea a&#243;rtica; os exames do abd&#244;men e membros inferiores n&#227;o revelaram anormalidades. </p>
    <p>O ECG da interna&#231;&#227;o (4 de fevereiro de 2011) revelou ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 78 bpm e sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15fig03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a15fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0153-00015-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do aneurisma de aorta ascendente (8 de fevereiro de 2011) foi realizada pelo uso da t&#233;cnica de Bental e De Bono: substitui&#231;&#227;o de aorta ascendente por tubo valvulado com extens&#227;o at&#233; arco distal e reimplante de coron&#225;rias; houve uso de prote&#231;&#227;o cerebral por perfus&#227;o seletiva de car&#243;tidas com solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica sangu&#237;nea fria. Na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o recebeu transfus&#227;o de tr&#234;s concentrados de hem&#225;cias, cinco unidades de plaquetas, cinco crioprecipitados e tr&#234;s unidades de plasma fresco.</p>
    <p>Evoluiu com estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, contudo de forma agitada, e foi sedada, tendo sido extubada no 2&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Como havia tosse com secre&#231;&#227;o purulenta, foi iniciada terap&#234;utica com tazobactam para tratamento emp&#237;rico de traqueobronquite nesse mesmo dia. </p>
    <p>Recebeu alta hospitalar em 18 de fevereiro de 2011. Foram prescritos varfarina 5 mg, atenolol 100 mg, losartana 100 mg, furosemida 20 mg e anlodipino 5 mg di&#225;rios. </p>
    <p>Depois de dois meses, foi trazida ao Setor de Emerg&#234;ncia M&#233;dica com rebaixamento de consci&#234;ncia, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 69 bpm e press&#227;o arterial inaud&#237;vel (&#224;s 20h de 5 de abril de 2011). Foi iniciada reposi&#231;&#227;o de volume com solu&#231;&#227;o de NaCl a 0,9%; a paciente apresentou parada card&#237;aca com atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso; houve resposta inicial &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. Contudo, houve recorr&#234;ncia e a paciente faleceu (&#224;s 21h de 5 de abril de 2011).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de uma mulher de 67 anos, com risco cardiovascular elevado pelos crit&#233;rios de Framingham, portadora de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica e de vasculite de grandes vasos (arterite temporal).</p>
    <p>A paciente possui alguns fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de aneurisma de aorta, tais como hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo e tamb&#233;m a arterite temporal. O desenvolvimento de aneurismas de aorta em paciente portadores de arterite temporal &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o tardia e grave e acomete aproximadamente 11% dos pacientes com essa doen&#231;a, sendo o acometimento da aorta ascendente o mais comum. Esses pacientes t&#234;m 17 vezes mais chances de desenvolver aneurismas de aorta tor&#225;cica e 2,4 vezes mais chances de apresentar aneurisma de aorta abdominal quando comparados a um grupo-controle<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesse caso, foi optado por tratamento cir&#250;rgico apenas do aneurisma ascendente, com realiza&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de Bentall de Bono. N&#227;o foi realizada corre&#231;&#227;o do aneurisma toracoabdominal neste momento. </p>
    <p>A principal hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica para o caso &#233; a ruptura do aneurisma tpracoabdominal, seguido por choque hemorr&#225;gico.</p>
    <p>A paciente possu&#237;a diagn&#243;stico de aneurisma de aorta toracoabdominal pela angio TC, com evid&#234;ncia de di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo de aorta de 70 mm, o qual ainda n&#227;o havia sido corrigido cirurgicamente. Sabe-se que a angio TC detecta com muita precis&#227;o e avalia muito bem o tamanho dos aneurismas de aorta tor&#225;cica e abdominal<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao aneurisma de aorta abdominal, a ruptura &#233; a complica&#231;&#227;o mais temida. Possui mortalidade elevada (25% antes de chegar ao hospital e 51% intra-hospitalar), e dos que chegam a ser submetidos &#224; cirurgia, 46% evoluem a &#243;bito. &#201; bem estabelecido que o risco de ruptura aumenta com o passar do tempo e com o tamanho do aneurisma, variando de 0,3% naqueles menores de 40 mm a 33% em aneurismas de 70 mm ou mais de di&#226;metro<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>J&#225; o aneurisma de aorta tor&#225;cica tem como complica&#231;&#245;es principais a ruptura e a dissec&#231;&#227;o. Menos da metade dos pacientes com ruptura deste tipo de aneurisma chegam vivos ao hospital, e a mortalidade em 24 horas atinge 76%. O risco de ruptura tamb&#233;m aumenta com o tamanho do aneurisma, variando de 2% para os menores de 50 mm a 7% naqueles maiores de 60 mm<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento definitivo do aneurisma de aorta, seja tor&#225;cico ou abdominal, &#233; cir&#250;rgico. N&#227;o se tem certeza ainda do tempo ideal para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, por&#233;m preconiza-se que na maioria nos aneurismas de aorta tor&#225;cica ascendente seja indicada cirurgia quando o di&#226;metro for maior ou igual a 5,5 cm. Se o paciente possui risco cir&#250;rgico elevado, deve-se aguardar di&#226;metro maior ou igual a 6,0 cm. Se por outro lado, houver risco de dissec&#231;&#227;o ou ruptura de aorta (ex.: s&#237;ndrome de Marfan, valva a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide) opera-se mais precocemente, com di&#226;metro de 5,0 cm ou mais<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>No aneurisma de aorta abdominal, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico tamb&#233;m leva em considera&#231;&#227;o o di&#226;metro do aneurisma para indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Deve ser indicado tratamento cir&#250;rgico em homens quando o di&#226;metro for maior ou igual a 5,5 cm, j&#225; em mulheres indica-se mais precocemente, com di&#226;metro entre 4,5 e 5,0 cm<sup>5,7</sup><bold> (Dra. Fernanda Marinho Mangione, Dr. Thiago Nunes Pereira Leite)</bold>.</p>
    <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica: </bold>ruptura do aneurisma toracoabdominal, seguido por choque hemorr&#225;gico (<bold>Dra. Fernanda Marinho Mangione, Dr. Thiago Nunes Pereira Leite)</bold>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>N&#233;cropsia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O exame anatomopatol&#243;gico do fragmento de aorta retirado &#224; cirurgia mostrou aortite cr&#244;nica inespec&#237;fica, sem c&#233;lulas gigantes nem quantidade expressiva de plasm&#243;citos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15fig04">Figura 4</xref>), com densa fibrose e destrui&#231;&#227;o de fibras el&#225;sticas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15fig05">Figura 5</xref>). A valva a&#243;rtica apresentava apenas altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a15fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0153-00015-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a15fig05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0153-00015-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; necr&#243;psia, a regi&#227;o operada mostrava implante de tubo sint&#233;tico em boas condi&#231;&#245;es. A morte ocorreu em virtude de choque hemorr&#225;gico decorrente de ruptura do aneurisma da aorta descendente para o hemit&#243;rax direito. O aspecto histopatol&#243;gico &#233; id&#234;ntico ao encontrado na por&#231;&#227;o retirada cirurgicamente.</p>
    <p>Nos demais &#243;rg&#227;os, foram encontrados apenas hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e nefrosclerose benigna, associadas &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, e tireoidite cr&#244;nica, sem correla&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica <bold>(Dr.Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold>.</p>
    <p><italic>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</italic>: aortite cr&#244;nica inespec&#237;fica com aneurismas da aorta ascendente (operado) e descendente</p>
    <p><italic>Causa mortis</italic>: choque hemorr&#225;gico por ruptura de aneurisma de aorta descendente <bold>(Dr.Paulo Gutierrez)</bold>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A destrui&#231;&#227;o das fibras el&#225;sticas, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15fig05">Figura 5</xref>, &#233; considerada fulcral para o desenvolvimento dos aneurismas<sup>8</sup>. Decorre, em geral, da a&#231;&#227;o de enzimas como a elastase e outras, presentes em c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A paciente era portadora de arterite temporal; a aortite que determinou o aneurisma faz parte do mesmo quadro, no qual, muitas vezes, mas nem sempre, aparecem c&#233;lulas gigantes<sup>10</sup>. O padr&#227;o histopatol&#243;gico &#233; bastante semelhante ao da arterite de Takayasu, ainda que nesta &#250;ltima haja tend&#234;ncia a ocorrer maior fibrose adventicial e menos aneurismas. Ambas t&#234;m prefer&#234;ncia pelo sexo feminino, e a idade muitas vezes &#233; utilizada como instrumento para diferenci&#225;-las<sup>10,11</sup>. Do ponto de vista morfol&#243;gico, trata-se de arterite n&#227;o necrotizante<sup>12</sup>. <bold>(Dr.Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez).</bold></p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Vera Demarchi Aiello </p>
        <p> Av. Dr En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44, Sub-solo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar </p>
        <p> CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="demarchi@cardiol.br">demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vera.aiello@incor.usp.br">vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>). Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Clinicalradiological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 05/12: a 67 year-old hypertensive woman with atrial fibrillation who presented shock followed by cardiac arrest with pulseless electric activity two months after surgical repair of ascending aorta aneurysm</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Aneurysm</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL SESSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Case 05/12 - a 67 year-old hypertensive woman with atrial fibrillation who presented shock followed by cardiac arrest with pulseless electric activity two months after surgical repair of ascending aorta aneurysm</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fernanda Marinho Mangione; Thiago Nunes Pereira Leite; Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>Hypertension; Atrial Fibrillation; Shock; Heart Arrest; Aortic Aneurysm / surgery.</p>
      <p>A 67-year-old hypertensive woman with persistent atrial fibrillation was receiving anticoagulation therapy. She underwent surgical repair of ascending aortic aneurysm (AAA) and went into shock and cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity two months after surgery.</p>
      <p>At 66, the patient had developed progressive dyspnea, initially on severe and then on minimal exertion for four months; she also had paroxysmal palpitations. She was referred for hospital treatment due to these symptoms. </p>
      <p>The patient was aware of being hypertensive since the age of 64 and also of presenting temporal arteritis since 60 years, when she started using corticosteroids; she also had discoid lupus. She did not have diabetes mellitus or dyslipidemia and had smoked until the age of 61. Her mother had died of heart disease at age of 89.</p>
      <p>The patient was on amlodipine 10 mg, enalapril 20 mg, and chlorthalidone 25 mg daily.</p>
      <p>Physical examination at the first visit (August 6, 2009) showed regular pulse of 76 bpm and blood pressure of 180/70 mmHg in all limbs. Lung examination was normal. Heart examination revealed regular rhythm, there was a hyperphonesis of pulmonary component of the second heart sound, systolic murmur + + / 4 + and diastolic murmur + + / 4 + in the aortic area; the liver was palpable 2 cm from the right costal margin and there was a 5-cm periumbilical pulsatile mass; peripheral pulses were wide and water hammer pulse was felt in the femoral arteries. </p>
      <p>Laboratory assessment showed hemoglobin 14.2 g/dL, creatinine 0.77 mg/dL, sodium 138 mEq/L, and potassium 4.2 mEq/L. </p>
      <p>ECG (August 4, 2009) showed sinus rhythm, heart rate 65 ms, PR interval of 145 ms, QRS duration of 91 ms, QTc 440 ms, S&#194;QRS &#150;10&#186; backward, left ventricular overload and ventricular repolarization abnormalities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Chest radiography showed an enlargement of the cardiac silhouette (++/4+) and widening of the mediastinum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a15fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0153-00015-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a15fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0153-00015-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was diagnosed with heart failure, hypertension and aortic regurgitation due to aortitis. The diagnostic work-up proceeded.</p>
      <p>Echocardiogram (October 22, 2009) showed aortic diameter 45 mm, interventricular septum and posterior wall thickness 11 mm, left ventricular systolic/diastolic diameter 57/44 mm, and left ventricular ejection fraction of 45%. The patient had concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and diffuse hypokinesis. She also had severe aortic regurgitation and aneurysim of the ascending aorta (80 mm cross-sectional diameter) and abdominal aorta (56 mm diameter).</p>
      <p>Laboratory reassessment (October 22, 2009) showed normal blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 23 mm in the first hour, total cholesterol 202 mg/dL, HDL-C 69 mg/dL, LDL-C 116 mg/dL, triglycerides 86 mg/dL, blood glucose 84 mg/dL, creatinine 0.85 mg/dL, ALT 28 U/L, AST 18 U/L, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein 5.3 mg/L, and TSH 2.47 mIU/L.</p>
      <p>Spirometry (October 22, 2009) showed mild obstructive respiratory disease. Coronary angiography (October 21, 2009) showed no obstructive lesions in the coronary arteries. </p>
      <p>CT angiography of the thoracic aorta (February 23, 2010) showed an ascending aortic aneurysm from the aortic root to the top of the arch with a diameter of 70 mm and another aneurysm in the thoracoabdominal transition with a diameter of 70 mm, neither with signs of dissection. </p>
      <p>CT angiography of the abdominal aorta showed an aortic aneurysm, which was an extension of the thoracic aneurysm, with no signs of dissection.</p>
      <p>Ultrasonography of cervical vessels (February 24, 2010) showed less than 50% stenosis in the left internal carotid. Polysomnography (August 5, 2010) showed severe apnea with blood desaturation. </p>
      <p>Surgical repair of the aortic aneurysm was indicated and the patient was admitted to the hospital to undergo the intervention (February 1, 2011).</p>
      <p>Physical examination (February 1, 2011) showed irregular heart rate of 68 bpm, blood pressure 120/74 mmHg, clear lungs; cardiac auscultation showed irregular heart rhythm, grade 3/4 systolic murmur, and grade 2/4 diastolic murmur in the aortic area; examinations of the abdomen and lower extremities showed no abnormalities.</p>
      <p>ECG at hospitalization (February 4, 2011) showed atrial fibrillation, heart rate of 78 bpm, and left ventricular hypertrophy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a15fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0153-00015-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Surgical repair of the ascending aortic aneurysm (February 8, 2011) was performed using the Bentall and De Bono technique: replacement of the ascending aorta with a valved conduit, extending to the distal arch and reimplantation of the coronaries; cerebral protection was performed by selective carotid perfusion using cold blood cardioplegic solution. In the operating room, the patient received three units of packed red blood cells, five units of platelets, five units of cryoprecipitate and three units of fresh frozen plasma. </p>
      <p>The patient progressed with hemodynamic stability, although she was restless and had to be sedated; she was extubated on the 2<sup>nd</sup> postoperative day. As she presented with cough with purulent sputum, therapy with tazobactam was initiated on the same day for the empiric treatment of tracheobronchitis.</p>
      <p>She was discharged on February 18, 2011. Warfarin 5 mg, atenolol 100 mg, losartan 100 mg, furosemide 20 mg and amlodipine 5 mg daily were prescribed.</p>
      <p>Two months later, she was brought to the Emergency Medical Service with lowered level of consciousness, heart rate of 69 bpm and inaudible blood pressure (at 8 pm on April 5, 2011). Volume replacement with 0.9% NaCl was started and the patient went into cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity. There was an initial response to cardiovascular resuscitation maneuvers; however, the patient died after cardiac arrest recurrence at 9 pm on April 5, 2011. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical Aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was a 67-year-old woman with high cardiovascular risk by Framingham criteria; she had paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and large vessel vasculitis (temporal arteritis).</p>
      <p>The patient had some risk factors that might lead to the development of aortic aneurysm, such as hypertension and smoking habit, as well as temporal arteritis. The development of aortic aneurysms in patients with temporal arteritis is a late and severe complication that affects approximately 11% of patients with this disease, with involvement of the ascending aorta being the most common feature. </p>
      <p>These patients are 17 times more likely to develop thoracic aortic aneurysms and 2.4 times more likely to have abdominal aortic aneurysms, when compared to a control group<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>In this case, surgical treatment of the aneurysm was chosen only for the ascending aortic aneurysm, using the Bentall and De Bono technique. Repair of the thoracoabdominal aneurysm was not performed at that time.</p>
      <p>The primary diagnosis for this case was thoracoabdominal aneurysm rupture, followed by hemorrhagic shock. </p>
      <p>The patient had a diagnosis of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms on CT angiography, with evidence of a maximum aortic diameter of 70 mm, which had not been corrected surgically. It is known that CT angiography very accurately detects and assesses the size of aneurysms of the thoracic and abdominal aorta<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Regarding the abdominal aortic aneurysm, rupture is the most feared complication. It has high mortality (25% before reaching the hospital and 51% in-hospital), and 46% of patients undergoing surgery die. It is well established that the risk of rupture increases with time and the size of the aneurysm, ranging from 0.3% for those smaller than 40 mm to 33% for aneurysms with 70 mm or more in diameter<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the thoracic aortic aneurysm, its main complications are rupture and dissection. Less than half of patients with this type of aneurysm rupture arrive at the hospital alive, and mortality within 24 hours reaches 76%. The risk of rupture also increases with the size of the aneurysm, ranging from 2% in aneurysms &lt; 50 mm to 7% in those &gt; 60 mm<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The definitive treatment of aortic aneurysms, either thoracic or abdominal, is surgical. The ideal time to perform the procedure remains undefined, but it is recommended that in most ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms surgery be indicated when the diameter is <underline>&gt;</underline> 5.5 cm. However, if the patient has a high surgical risk, surgery should only be indicated when the diameter is <underline>&gt;</underline> 6.0 cm. If, on the other hand, there is a risk of rupture or dissection of the aorta (e.g., Marfan syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve) an earlier operation is advised with a diameter <underline>&gt;</underline> 5.0 cm<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>In cases of abdominal aortic aneurysm, the aneurysm diameter is also taken into account for surgical indication. Surgical treatment should be indicated in men when the diameter is <underline>&gt;</underline> 5.5 cm and in women, between 4.5 and 5.0 cm<sup>5,7</sup><bold> (Dr. Fernanda Marinho Mangione, Dr. Thiago Nunes Pereira Leite)</bold>.</p>
      <p><bold>Working Diagnosis: </bold>thoracoabdominal aneurysm rupture followed by hemorrhagic shock (<bold>Dr. Fernanda Marinho Mangione, Dr. Thiago Nunes Pereira Leite)</bold>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Necropsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The pathological study of the aortic fragment removed during surgery showed nonspecific chronic aortitis, with no giant cells or significant amount of plasmocytes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>), with dense fibrosis and elastic fiber destruction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>). The aortic valve showed only secondary alterations.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a15fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0153-00015-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a15fig05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-05-0153-00015-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>On necropsy, the operated region showed synthetic tube implant in good condition. Death resulted from hemorrhagic shock due to a ruptured aneurysm of the descending aorta to the right hemithorax. The histopathological aspect is identical to that found in the surgically removed portion. </p>
      <p>The remaining organs showed only left ventricular concentric hypertrophy and benign nephrosclerosis associated with systemic arterial hypertension, and chronic thyroiditis, with no clinical correlation <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez)</bold>.</p>
      <p><italic>Pathological diagnoses</italic>: nonspecific chronic aortitis with ascending (operated) and descending aortic aneurysms. </p>
      <p><italic>Cause of death</italic>: hemorrhagic shock due to rupture of descending aortic aneurysm <bold>(Dr. Paulo Gutierrez)</bold>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Destruction of elastic fibers, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>, is considered key to the development of aneurysm<sup>8</sup>. It results, in general, from the action of enzymes such as elastase, and others, present in inflammatory cells<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>The patient had temporal arteritis; the aortitis that caused the aneurysm is part of the same picture in which giant cells often, but not always, appear<sup>10</sup>. The histopathological pattern is quite similar to that of Takayasu arteritis, although the latter has a tendency toward greater adventitial fibrosis and fewer aneurysms. Both are more frequent in females, and age is often used as a tool to differentiate them<sup>10,11</sup>. From the morphological point of view, it is non-necrotizing arteritis<sup>12</sup>. <bold>(Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez).</bold></p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
