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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xGxhpCvRhBk3c9m5DCB5mPc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001300016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900416</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012001300016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 04/12: homem, 44 anos, portador de valvopatia reum&#225;tica com m&#250;ltiplas cirurgias de trocas valvares a&#243;rticas, internado para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Guercio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz M&#225;rio Baptista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e137</fpage>
      <lpage>e144</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMOCL&#205;NICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caso 04/12 - homem, 44 anos, portador de valvopatia reum&#225;tica com m&#250;ltiplas cirurgias de trocas valvares a&#243;rticas, internado para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Danilo Guercio Fernandes; Luiz M&#225;rio Baptista Martinelli; Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Febre reum&#225;tica / complica&#231;&#245;es; doen&#231;a das valvas card&#237;acas / cirurgia; valva a&#243;rtica / anormalidades; valva a&#243;rtica / cirurgia.</p>
    <p>Homem de 44 anos de idade, com hist&#243;ria de surtos reum&#225;ticos na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia e m&#250;ltiplas opera&#231;&#245;es de troca de valva a&#243;rtica foi internado com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a atual iniciou-se com surtos reum&#225;ticos que foram caracterizados por febre e artrite de joelho direito, entre os 7 e os 11 anos. Aos 15 anos, houve aparecimento de palpita&#231;&#245;es parox&#237;sticas. Aos 16 anos, iniciou seguimento ambulatorial no InCor. Foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de dupla les&#227;o a&#243;rtica e doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica em atividade. </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) da &#233;poca revelou sobrecarga ventricular esquerda intensa; a radiografia do t&#243;rax revelou cardiomegalia +++/4+.</p>
    <p>Aos 17 anos, as palpita&#231;&#245;es ficaram mais frequentes e houve aparecimento de dispneia nos m&#233;dios esfor&#231;os.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico no primeiro atendimento (maio de 1977) revelou frequ&#234;ncia de pulso de 80 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 100/0 mmHg; a ausculta pulmonar foi normal, a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou sopro sist&#243;lico +++/4+ em &#225;rea a&#243;rtica e sopro diast&#243;lico aspirativo em borda esternal esquerda. Havia, tamb&#233;m, presen&#231;a de terceira bulha, o abdome n&#227;o apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o havia edema, e o pulso era de ascens&#227;o e descenso r&#225;pidos. Fazia uso de digoxina (0,25 mg di&#225;rios) e profilaxia de febre reum&#225;tica com penicilina benzatina 1.200.000 unidades intramuscular (IM) a cada duas semanas. Foi indicado o tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valva a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a indica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico, houve v&#225;rias tentativas de interna&#231;&#227;o, contudo foram frustradas por frequentes epis&#243;dios de febre e artralgia de joelhos, tratadas como atividade da doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica e, tamb&#233;m, pela persist&#234;ncia do quadro foi feita investiga&#231;&#227;o para endocardite infecciosa. Finalmente, foi submetido a troca de valva a&#243;rtica por biopr&#243;tese de dura-m&#225;ter em 1979 (aos 19 anos de idade) e tornou-se assintom&#225;tico por cinco anos, at&#233; 1984, quando retornaram as queixas semelhantes &#224;quelas anteriores &#224; cirurgia. Houve aparecimento de sopro sist&#243;lico rude +++/4+ irradiado para f&#250;rcula e ponta. </p>
    <p>O ECG revelou sobrecarga de c&#226;maras esquerdas. A radiografia revelou cardiomegalia ++/4+.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de dimens&#245;es normais (di&#225;stole 53 mm e s&#237;stole 36 mm), o &#225;trio esquerdo era de 36 mm e havia dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta (42 mm). Havia hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a pr&#243;tese foi considerada normofuncionante.</p>
    <p>A medica&#231;&#227;o nesse per&#237;odo era 0,25 mg de digoxina, 40 mg de furosemida di&#225;rios e penicilina benzatina de 15 em 15 dias. </p>
    <p>Em dois anos queixou-se de dor precordial e dispneia inicialmente aos esfor&#231;os grandes e depois aos moderados. Houve queixas de artralgias generalizadas em v&#225;rias ocasi&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Nova avalia&#231;&#227;o revelou as seguintes altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (julho de 1986): hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com espessura de septo e parede posterior de 14 mm, dilata&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (66 mm) com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada (Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo - FEVE=e 64%), dilata&#231;&#227;o de aorta (44 mm), o &#225;trio esquerdo normal (36 mm) e rotura do folheto n&#227;o coronariano da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada.</p>
    <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco (agosto de 1986) revelou &#225;trio direito 2 mmHg; ventr&#237;culo direito (S/Di/Df) 51/0/12 mmHg; press&#227;o arterial pulmonar (S/D/Med) 62/30/45 mmHg; press&#227;o capilar pulmonar (m&#233;dia) 31 mmHg; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (S/Di/Df) 138/0/37 mmHg; aorta (S/D/Med) 90/44/61 mmHg. Em resumo, havia hipertens&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito, de art&#233;ria pulmonar e diast&#243;lica final de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentava hipocinesia difusa moderada e havia refluxo acentuado de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <p>O paciente foi submetido &#224; nova troca valvar por pr&#243;tese de peric&#225;rdio bovino (20 agosto de 1986). Houve complica&#231;&#245;es como pericardite e atelectasia em base esquerda, contudo o paciente recebeu alta hospitalar sem altera&#231;&#245;es, exceto presen&#231;a de atrito peric&#225;rdico, no 13&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Nova avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica (28 agosto de 1989) revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de dimens&#245;es normais (53 mm em di&#225;stole) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 74%; aorta de 42 mm, &#225;trio esquerdo de 30 mm, ventr&#237;culo direito de 20 mm e espessura de septo e parede posterior de 18 mm. Havia gradiente m&#233;dio de 10 mmHg na pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica a qual era competente.</p>
    <p>Cinco anos ap&#243;s (outubro de 1991), o paciente foi internado por febre, mal estar geral e pet&#233;quias conjuntivais. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era 90 bpm, a press&#227;o arterial 120 x 70 mmHg; os pulm&#245;es estavam limpos, havia sopro sist&#243;lico ++ em foco a&#243;rtico; n&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#245;es no exame do abd&#244;men e membros inferiores. Foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de endocardite infecciosa e o paciente foi internado, recebendo tratamento antibioticoter&#225;pico com peniclina cristalina, oxacilina e gentamicina. Havia leucocitose (18.200/mm<sup>3</sup> - 25% bast&#245;es; 61% segmentados; 9% linf&#243;citos e 5% mon&#243;citos). </p>
    <p>O ECG revelou taquicardia sinusal e sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Novo ecocardiograma n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es, exceto insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica. N&#227;o houve crescimento de microorganismos nas hemoculturas, entretanto o paciente recebeu antibi&#243;ticos por seis semanas.</p>
    <p>O paciente evoluiu oligossintom&#225;tico por mais dois anos quando em 1993 queixou-se de dispneia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os.</p>
    <p>Nova avalia&#231;&#227;o por estudo hemodin&#226;mico (1&#186; novembro de 1993) revelou press&#227;o m&#233;dia de &#225;trio direito 2mm, ventr&#237;culo direito (S/Di/Df) de 65/0/5 mmHg; art&#233;ria pulmonar (S/D/med) 65/28/43 mmHg; capilar pulmonar (S/D/med) 25/35/30mmHg; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (S/Di/Df) 153/0/30 mmHg; aorta (S/D/Med) 115/52/74mmHg; havia insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica acentuada; n&#227;o havia les&#245;es obstrutivas de coron&#225;rias e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentava dilata&#231;&#227;o e hipocinesia difusa moderada. </p>
    <p>O paciente foi novamente submetido &#224; troca de valva a&#243;rtica, agora com aposi&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica St. Jude (1993).</p>
    <p>O paciente tornou-se assintom&#225;tico e fazia uso de losartana 50 mg, espironolactona 25 mg, digoxina 0,25 mg, e varfarina. </p>
    <p>Cerca de oito anos ap&#243;s (2002), o paciente apresentava dispneia em esfor&#231;os moderados, e o exame cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico revelaram insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada. </p>
    <p>Houve progress&#227;o da dispneia at&#233; m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os e repouso, ficando internado com quadro de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, que foi cardiovertida sem melhora hemodin&#226;mica. Foi reinternado duas semanas ap&#243;s por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico (10 setembro de 2004) revelou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 140 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 110/80 mmHg; a ausculta pulmonar revelou diminui&#231;&#227;o de murm&#250;rio vesicular na base e estertores crepitantes at&#233; ter&#231;o m&#233;dio; a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou bulhas r&#237;tmicas, sopro sist&#243;lico em &#225;rea a&#243;rtica e mitral; o abd&#244;men n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es e havia edema ++ de membros inferiores.</p>
    <p>O ECG (11 setembro de 2004) revelou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 72 bpm, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">Figura 2</xref>). Em exames de laborat&#243;rio (15 setembro de 2004), foi detectada leucocitose (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (8 outubro de 2004) revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (s&#237;stole/di&#225;stole) 83/73 mm; septo 14 mm; parede posterior 13 mm, ventr&#237;culo direito dilatado e hipocin&#233;tico; gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico 15 mmHg e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar de 65 mmHg. Havia insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada, com espessamento e diminui&#231;&#227;o mobilidade da c&#250;spide posterior. </p>
    <p>O paciente seguiu na interna&#231;&#227;o com melhora da dispneia e do edema. A cirurgia de troca valvar mitral n&#227;o foi considerada &#250;til para o paciente. Um m&#234;s ap&#243;s, apresentou s&#237;ncope e foi registrada taquicardia ventricular, sofreu cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica e foi introduzida amiodarona; dois dias depois houve recorr&#234;ncia da taquicardia, e houve piora hemodin&#226;mica ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o de procainamida, a qual foi suspensa e prescrita xiloca&#237;na. Evoluiu sem recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia, contudo houve persist&#234;ncia da hipotens&#227;o arterial e necessitou intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte respirat&#243;rio e aminas vasoativas. Houve piora do quadro respirat&#243;rio com infiltrado intersticial e alveolar difusos nos pulm&#245;es. Apesar da introdu&#231;&#227;o de antibi&#243;ticos cefepime e vancomicina, houve necessidade de doses crescentes de noradrenalina, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (exames na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>) e o paciente apresentou bradicardia seguida de assistolia a qual n&#227;o respondeu &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o e faleceu (15h30 de 14 outubro de 2004).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos Cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente caso cl&#237;nico trata de um homem jovem de 44 anos, com hist&#243;ria de v&#225;rios surtos reum&#225;ticos desde os 7 anos de idade, evoluindo ao longo da vida com diversas trocas valvares secund&#225;rias a complica&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a (cardite/valvulite), e, ao final, apresenta insufici&#234;ncia mitral, nova descompensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), arritmia ventricular complexa, choque cardiog&#234;nico e &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>Primeiramente, ressalta-se o in&#237;cio do quadro cl&#237;nico, em que, por volta dos 7 anos, o paciente apresentou quadros repetidos de febre e monoartrite de joelho direito, que persistiram at&#233; os 11 anos de idade. Nessa fase, somente com esses dados cl&#237;nicos, n&#227;o h&#225; como confirmar o diagn&#243;stico de febre reum&#225;tica, pois n&#227;o h&#225; outros sinais e sintomas que levem ao diagn&#243;stico assim como n&#227;o sabemos exatamente como foi essa artrite (foi mesmo poliartrite aditiva e assim&#233;trica de grandes articula&#231;&#245;es?). Relembrando, os crit&#233;rios de Jones atualmente conhecidos para o diagn&#243;stico de febre reum&#225;tica s&#227;o cardite, atrite e coreia de Sydenham, eritema marginado e n&#243;dulos subcut&#226;neos (crit&#233;rios maiores) e febre, artralgia, eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e prolongamento de intervalo PR (crit&#233;rios menores), os quais s&#227;o apresentados nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="a16tab02">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="a16tab03">3</xref><sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a16tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a16tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em vista desses crit&#233;rios, o paciente realmente tem o diagn&#243;stico estabelecido de febre reum&#225;tica somente aos 16 anos, quando tem o diagn&#243;stico de dupla les&#227;o a&#243;rtica e doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica em atividade, j&#225; que neste momento apresenta dois crit&#233;rios maiores e um crit&#233;rio menor (cardite, artrite de grande articula&#231;&#227;o e febre)<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Durante o curso da doen&#231;a, evoluiu aos 17 anos com palpita&#231;&#245;es frequentes (j&#225; apresentava tais sintomas aos 15 anos de idade) e dispneia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, sendo interessante mencionar que a presen&#231;a de palpita&#231;&#245;es parox&#237;sticas n&#227;o &#233; comum quando h&#225; apenas les&#227;o a&#243;rtica, sendo mais esperada nos casos de acometimento valvar mitro-a&#243;rtico ou mitral puro. Entretanto, neste momento, o exame cl&#237;nico do paciente &#233; compat&#237;vel com acometimento valvar a&#243;rtico do tipo dupla les&#227;o com predom&#237;nio de insufici&#234;ncia. N&#227;o h&#225; na apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso melhor descri&#231;&#227;o do sopro sist&#243;lico aud&#237;vel em foco a&#243;rtico. Ainda no exame f&#237;sico, havia diverg&#234;ncia da press&#227;o arterial 120/00 mmHg, correspondendo a um alargamento importante da press&#227;o de pulso, e pulso em ascens&#227;o e descenso r&#225;pidos (Corrigan ou "martelo d'&#225;gua"), o que &#233; altamente sugestivo de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica. Somente ap&#243;s dois anos foi submetido &#224; troca valvar a&#243;rtica, procedimento atrasado devido a intercorr&#234;ncias compat&#237;veis com surtos reum&#225;ticos tratados e poss&#237;vel endocardite aparentemente descartada<sup>5</sup>. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, tornou-se assintom&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s cinco anos, aos 24, volta a apresentar queixas semelhantes &#224;s anteriores &#224; cirurgia. A &#250;nica descri&#231;&#227;o do exame f&#237;sico revela sopro sist&#243;lico rude +++/4+ irradiado para f&#250;rcula e ponta, provavelmente melhor aud&#237;vel em foco a&#243;rtico. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de outras, como as caracter&#237;sticas do sopro, n&#227;o est&#225; presente na descri&#231;&#227;o. O ECG permanece sem novas altera&#231;&#245;es com rela&#231;&#227;o ao anterior, bem como a radiografia de t&#243;rax (sobrecarga ventricular esquerda - SVE - e cardiomegalia, respectivamente).</p>
    <p>Nesse momento, com os dados cl&#237;nicos apresentados, fez-se a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de estenose de pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica - exame cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel, paciente jovem, j&#225; com cinco anos de implante. No entanto, o mesmo realizou ecocardiograma (ECO) que descartou disfun&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese, por&#233;m mostrou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de dimens&#245;es normais (53X36 mm), &#225;trio esquerdo de tamanho normal (36 mm) e hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), dados estes compat&#237;veis com valvopatia a&#243;rtica com padr&#227;o esten&#243;tico. Supomos que, nesta &#233;poca (d&#233;cada de 1980), utilizava-se mais o modo M no exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico talvez pela pouca quantidade de aparelhos com recurso t&#233;cnico do Doppler (cont&#237;nuo), o que poderia justificar a falta de medida do gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico, o que levou ao prov&#225;vel diagn&#243;stico err&#244;neo de normalidade estrutural da pr&#243;tese naquela ocasi&#227;o, corroborando a dissocia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-ecocardiogr&#225;fica.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s dois anos, passa a apresentar dor precordial e dispneia aos grandes esfor&#231;os. Novo ECO apresentou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda conc&#234;ntrica (septo e parede posterior de VE = 14 mm), dilata&#231;&#227;o de VE (66 mm) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) preservada, al&#233;m de &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) normal; ademais, havia rotura do folheto n&#227;o coronariano da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica, determinando insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada. Cateterismo card&#237;aco da mesma &#233;poca revelou press&#227;o de enchimento de &#225;trio direito (AD) normal; press&#227;o arterial pulmonar elevada, concomitante &#224; press&#227;o capilar pulmonar elevada; press&#227;o de enchimento ventricular esquerdo (Pd2) elevada e VE com hipocinesia difusa moderada, al&#233;m de refluxo acentuado da pr&#243;tese valvar. Vale ressaltar nesse exame que as press&#245;es de art&#233;ria pulmonar m&#233;dia, a press&#227;o capilar pulmonar m&#233;dia e a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE s&#227;o semelhantes (30, 31 e 37 mmHg), o que traduz hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) secund&#225;ria &#224; press&#227;o hidrost&#225;tica elevada (originada nas c&#226;meras esquerdas e com boa resposta ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico) e n&#227;o HP fixa, secund&#225;rio ao remodelamento arterial pulmonar. Ainda nesse exame, o gradiente transvalvar &#233; alto (Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica de VE 138 mmHg menos Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica da aorta 90mmHg o que corresponde a 48 mmHg), o que corrobora para o diagn&#243;stico tamb&#233;m de estenose da pr&#243;tese.</p>
    <p>Novamente operado, presumidamente assintom&#225;tico ap&#243;s o procedimento, realizou novo ECO que evidenciou melhora da dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, preserva&#231;&#227;o da FE, espessura do septo e parede posterior de VE (PPVE) ainda elevada (18 mm) e gradiente da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica de 10 mmHg (considerado normal at&#233; 15 mmHg em pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas), pr&#243;tese suficiente.</p>
    <p>Aos 31 anos, apresenta quadro de queda do estado geral, febre e pet&#233;quias conjuntivais. N&#227;o teve hemoculturas positivas na ocasi&#227;o. Foi tratado com antibioticoterapia para endocardite infecciosa por seis semanas, supostamente com sucesso.</p>
    <p>H&#225; ind&#237;cios, nessa passagem, de que o paciente apresentou infec&#231;&#227;o, como febre, leucocitose ao hemograma e taquicardia. Ao exame f&#237;sico, al&#233;m das pet&#233;quias conjuntivais, observou-se sopro sist&#243;lico sem outras descri&#231;&#245;es que pode ser compat&#237;vel com a presen&#231;a da pr&#243;tese somente. Entretanto novo ECO n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es, exceto insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica central, que pode ser encontrado em portadores de endocardite de pr&#243;tese, o que diverge do padr&#227;o comum de fluxo paravalvar encontrado nas pr&#243;teses e tende a ser benigno e sem progress&#227;o. Ainda assim, o diagn&#243;stico do paciente &#233; de endocardite prov&#225;vel pelos crit&#233;rios de Duke por apresentar um crit&#233;rio maior e tr&#234;s menores (valvopatia, febre e fen&#244;meno emb&#243;lico - pet&#233;quias conjuntivais)<sup>6,7</sup>. Caso o diagn&#243;stico de endocardite de pr&#243;tese fosse confirmado, talvez neste caso a indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o seria adequada, j&#225; que o acometimento se deu de forma tardia (ap&#243;s 12 meses), n&#227;o houve sinais de IC refrat&#225;ria CF III/IV NYHA, nem de disfun&#231;&#227;o importante de pr&#243;tese com extens&#227;o perivalvar da infec&#231;&#227;o com forma&#231;&#227;o de abcessos, f&#237;stulas, obstru&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica de pr&#243;tese pela vegeta&#231;&#227;o ou rotura, n&#227;o houve crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos de insucesso no tratamento como febre e infec&#231;&#227;o persistente ap&#243;s 10-14 dias apesar da antibioticoterapia, emboliza&#231;&#245;es recorrentes em vig&#234;ncia de tratamento antimicrobiano por mais de sete dias, o paciente respondeu bem ao tratamento e n&#227;o houve isolamento de germes sabidamente resistentes ou virulentos com estafilococos (<italic>S.lugdunensis</italic>), <italic>Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii</italic> e fungos (<italic>Candida spp e Aspergillus spp</italic>). N&#227;o se descarta aqui endocardite por agentes etiol&#243;gicos do grupo HACEK (<italic>Haemophilus spp, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens</italic> e <italic>Kingella kingae</italic>)<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Aos 33 anos, novo quadro de dispneia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os. Optou-se por nova avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva que revelou mais uma vez press&#227;o de AD normal, press&#227;o aumentada de ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), art&#233;ria pulmonar, capilar pulmonar e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com VE dilatado, com hipocinesia difusa moderada, sem coronariopatia obstrutiva. Neste estudo, novamente as press&#245;es de art&#233;ria pulmonar, capilar pulmonar e PD2 s&#227;o semelhantes; o gradiente da pr&#243;tese elevado (38 mmHg), al&#233;m da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica da aorta apresentarem car&#225;ter divergente, por&#233;m com menor alargamento da press&#227;o de pulso provavelmente pela disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventricular esquerda acentuada. Mais uma vez, o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica, com estenose e insufici&#234;ncia de pr&#243;tese.</p>
    <p>Nova troca, neste momento e dessa vez por pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica - melhor em casos como este, em que o paciente apresenta v&#225;rias retrocas valvares. Depois disso, permaneceu assintom&#225;tico. Pela Diretriz Brasileira de Valvopatias, em 2011, o paciente com menos de 65 anos pode optar pela pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, desde que n&#227;o haja contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. O paciente pode escolher a biopr&#243;tese caso opte por um estilo de vida sem o uso de anticoagulantes (Classe IIa)<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Aos 41 anos (em 2002), novos sintomas de dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e um novo achado: exame f&#237;sico (EF) e ECO compat&#237;veis com insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) moderada. Logo apresentou descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e arritmia atrial (<italic>flutter</italic>), cardiovertido sem melhora hemodin&#226;mica. A partir da&#237;, passou a reinternar por IC descompensada.</p>
    <p>Em 2004, aos 43 anos, teve nova interna&#231;&#227;o por IC descompensada, com padr&#227;o congestivo. Nessa interna&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de todo EF compat&#237;vel com hipervolemia, apresentou ECG com novas altera&#231;&#245;es - <italic>flutter</italic> atrial e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo - (compat&#237;vel com acometimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;rio a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular). </p>
    <p>O ECO dessa interna&#231;&#227;o evidenciou dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada de VE (83/73 mm), Septo 14, PPVE 13, VD dilatado e hipocin&#233;tico, gradiente transvalvar de 15 mmHg e PSAP 65 mmHg, com insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada, valva mitral com espessamento e diminui&#231;&#227;o de mobilidade da c&#250;spide posterior.</p>
    <p>Aparentemente, nessa fase, o paciente apresentou IC secund&#225;ria a IM provavelmente prim&#225;ria, j&#225; que o quadro se iniciou precedido do diagn&#243;stico de IM, e o ECO de 2004 evidencia altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais da valva provavelmente j&#225; existentes em 2002, informa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fornecida pelo caso cl&#237;nico. Possivelmente a etiologia de tal acometimento seja por eventual evolu&#231;&#227;o extempor&#226;nea da febre reum&#225;tica, com acometimento tardio dessa v&#225;lvula. Dentre outros poss&#237;veis diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais, temos a insufici&#234;ncia mitral de etiologia isqu&#234;mica, por&#233;m at&#233; o momento o paciente n&#227;o tinha hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e todas as cineangiocoronariografias n&#227;o mencionaram les&#245;es coronarianas, apesar de estar dentro da faixa et&#225;ria de preval&#234;ncia. O que chama aten&#231;&#227;o &#233; que ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima troca valvar, aos 33 anos, aparentemente n&#227;o recebeu mais profilaxia para doen&#231;a, o que deveria ser realizado pelo menos at&#233; os 40 anos segundo as diretrizes<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quando do diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia mitral, associado a sintomas e arritmias atriais, a melhor conduta talvez fosse a indica&#231;&#227;o da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva mitral dois anos antes (em 2002) quando a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) de in&#237;cio recente, insufici&#234;ncia mitral importante e o mesmo estando em CF II/III eram crit&#233;rios para que o mesmo fosse operado (indica&#231;&#227;o: classe IIa pela Diretriz Brasileira), o que n&#227;o ocorreu. Consequentemente, o paciente evoluiu para uma cardiopatia valvar grave em que a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular importante, a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave (estimada em 22% pelos dados apresentados) e os sinais de IC direita contraindicaram a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica nos anos seguintes, j&#225; que quando h&#225; dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda maior que 55 mm e difun&#231;&#227;o de VE com FE inferior a 30% e impossibilidade de preserva&#231;&#227;o do aparato subvalvar o procedimento cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o &#233; indicado<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s um m&#234;s de tratamento cl&#237;nico, em que o paciente teve melhora do quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, apresentou epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope em virtude de taquicardia ventricular (TV), corrigida ap&#243;s cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica e introdu&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona - resultado da miocardiopatia grave, com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular importante, altera&#231;&#227;o da arquitetura do mioc&#225;rdio, presen&#231;a de fibrose e degenera&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o; dois dias ap&#243;s, novo epis&#243;dio de TV com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, n&#227;o responsiva a medidas, o que levou a choque aparentemente cardiog&#234;nico e &#243;bito, apesar de todo suporte intensivo empregado (Dr. Danilo Guercio Fernandes, Dr. Luiz M&#225;rio Baptista Martinelli).</p>
    <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica:</bold> insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e choque cardiog&#234;nico por cardiopatia da doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica com m&#250;ltiplas trocas valvares para tratamento de valvopatia a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Necr&#243;psia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o apresentava grande aumento de volume, pesando 980 g. Havia ader&#234;ncias entre os folhetos peric&#225;rdicos, provavelmente em consequ&#234;ncia das cirurgias pr&#233;vias. A pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica (mec&#226;nica) estava bem posicionada, sem trombos, vegeta&#231;&#245;es ou <italic>panus</italic> valvar em ambas as faces (arterial e ventricular). Na topografia do seio de Valsalva coronariano direito existia dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta, sacular, com 1,5 cm no maior di&#226;metro, desprovido de conte&#250;do (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figura 3</xref>). A valva mitral mostrava moderada dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel e discreto espessamento das suas c&#250;spides, com fus&#227;o comissural tamb&#233;m discreta. As cordas eram delicadas e o aparelho subvalvar estava preservado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figura 4</xref>). As cavidades ventriculares estavam muito dilatadas e com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, observando-se espessamento endoc&#225;rdico localizado na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figura 5</xref>). Os &#225;trios tamb&#233;m mostravam dilata&#231;&#227;o e hipertrofia das paredes. N&#227;o encontramos trombos cavit&#225;rios. Histologicamente o mioc&#225;rdio apresentava sinais de hipertrofia, com extensa fibrose intersticial, sem desarranjo de cardiomi&#243;citos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figura 6</xref>). A valva mitral era espessada por fibrose, sem infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio, com vasos neoformados de paredes espessas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Figura 7</xref>). Os pulm&#245;es pesaram em conjunto 1.900 g, estavam armados e com consist&#234;ncia aumentada.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig7">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>&#192; microscopia havia dano alveolar difuso caracterizado pela presen&#231;a de edema alveolar e membranas hialinas. Havia ainda sinais de congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica com hipertrofia da t&#250;nica m&#233;dia de art&#233;rias e veias pr&#233; e intra-acinares, um sinal morfol&#243;gico de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar passiva. Encontramos tamb&#233;m sinais de baixo d&#233;bito sist&#234;mico, como necrose tubular aguda renal e dilata&#231;&#227;o sinusoidal hep&#225;tica. N&#227;o encontramos evid&#234;ncias de infec&#231;&#227;o ativa nos diversos &#243;rg&#227;os analisados. A ves&#237;cula biliar apresentava m&#250;ltiplos c&#225;lculos mistos em seu interior, mas n&#227;o havia sinais de colecistite aguda (Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello). </p>
    <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos:</bold> pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica bem preservada; aneurisma sacular da raiz a&#243;rtica (1,5 cm de di&#226;metro), sem conte&#250;do; valvopatia cr&#244;nica mitral; fibrose intersticial acentuada e hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos; sinais sist&#234;micos de choque, com dano alveolar pulmonar em fase de membranas hialinas (causa de &#243;bito) (Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar de clinicamente existirem fortes evid&#234;ncias de que o paciente apresentava doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, o exame anatomopatol&#243;gico n&#227;o foi capaz de confirmar definitivamente esse diagn&#243;stico. Em particular, teria sido fundamental ter avaliado a valva a&#243;rtica nativa, por&#233;m o paciente fora operado em outra institui&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o tivemos acesso a esse material. Sobrou-nos a an&#225;lise da valva mitral, que, como descrito acima, apresentava fibrose, vasos neoformados, mas sem inflama&#231;&#227;o significativa. Tamb&#233;m o seu aspecto macrosc&#243;pico n&#227;o era t&#237;pico de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, visto que a fus&#227;o comissural era muito discreta e que as cordas e aparelho subvalvar estavam preservados, o que n&#227;o costuma acontecer habitualmente nessa doen&#231;a, particularmente de in&#237;cio t&#227;o precoce, na inf&#226;ncia, como &#233; o caso do paciente que discutimos. N&#227;o podemos, todavia, descartar definitivamente a possibilidade de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica n&#227;o t&#237;pica, por&#233;m fica a hip&#243;tese de que a valvopatia a&#243;rtica tenha outra etiologia (cong&#234;nita, por exemplo), e que o comprometimento mitral tenha sido tardio e secund&#225;rio &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar. O mioc&#225;rdio apresentava intensas hipertrofia e fibrose, compat&#237;veis com diversos epis&#243;dios de descompensa&#231;&#227;o do quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Importante ressaltar que n&#227;o se deve falar em "miocardiopatia" nesse caso e em outros com essas caracter&#237;sticas, visto que o emprego desse termo deve ser reservado aos casos de comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico prim&#225;rio, sem doen&#231;a valvar associada. Quando, por outro lado, o comprometimento valvar &#233; desproporcionalmente leve para explicar a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, alguns autores t&#234;m preconizado a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do termo "miocardiopatia valvular"<sup>11</sup>. Os pulm&#245;es, em particular, mostravam sinais de congest&#227;o passiva de longa evolu&#231;&#227;o com evid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;a vascular secund&#225;ria. Esse quadro de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar passiva est&#225; tamb&#233;m presente nas descompensa&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas de outras etiologias e pode ter impacto tanto na indica&#231;&#227;o como na evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Jones Criteria, 1992 update. Special Writing Group of the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young of the American Heart Association. JAMA. 1992;268(15):2069-73. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Barbosa PJ, M&#252;ller RE, Latado AL, Achutti AC, Ramos AI, Weksler C, et al.; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia / Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria / Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia. Diretrizes brasileiras para o diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e preven&#231;&#227;o da febre reum&#225;tica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(3 supl.4):1-18. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. World Health Organization (WHO). Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: report of a WHO expert Consultation. 29 Oct 29. Geneva (Switzerland); 2001. (WHO Technical Report Series 923). </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Carapetis JR, McDonald M, J Wilson NJ. Acute rheumatic fever. Lancet. 2005;366(9480):155-68. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Raju BS, Turi ZG. Rheumatic fever. In: Bonow O, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P. Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9<sup>th</sup> edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier-Saunders; 2012. p. 1869-74. </p>
    <p>6. Sexton DJ, Otto CM, L Baron EL. Diagnostic approach to infective endocarditis. &#169; 2012 UpToDate, Inc. Mar 19, 2012.</p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VG Jr, Ryan T, et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30(4):633-8. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med. 1994;96(3):200-9. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">9. Karchmer AW. Infective endocarditis. In: Bonow O, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P. Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9<sup>th</sup> edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier-Saunders; 2012. p. 1549-57. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Tarasoutchi F, Montera MW, Barbosa MR, Pi&#241;ero DJ, Sanchez CR, Barbosa MM, et al. Diretriz brasileira de valvopatias - SBC 2011 / I Diretriz Interamericana de Valvopatias - SIAC 2011. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(5 supl.1):1-67. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Thiene G, Basso C, Calabrese F, Angelini A, Valente M. Twenty years of progress and beckoning frontiers in cardiovascular pathology: cardiomyopathies. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2005;14(4):165-9. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. Guazzi M, Arena R. Pulmonary hypertension with left-sided heart disease, Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7(11):648-59. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Delgado JF, G&#243;mez-S&#225;nchez MA, S&#225;enz de la Calzada C, S&#225;nchez V, Escribano P, Hern&#225;ndez-Afonso J, et al. Impact of mild pulmonary hypertension on mortality and pulmonary artery pressure profile after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2001;20(9):942-8. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Vera D. Aiello </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>). Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 04/12: a 44-year-old male with rheumatic valvular heart disease with multiple previous surgeries of aortic valve replacement admitted for treatment of congestive heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMOCL&#205;NICA</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case 04/12 - a 44-year-old male with rheumatic valvular heart disease with multiple previous surgeries of aortic valve replacement admitted for treatment of congestive heart failure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Danilo Guercio Fernandes; Luiz M&#225;rio Baptista Martinelli; Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>Rheumatic fever / complications; heart valve diseases / surgery; aortic valve / abnormalities; aortic valve / surgery.</p>
      <p>Male, 44 years old, with a history of rheumatic attacks in childhood and adolescence and multiple aortic valve replacement surgeries, was admitted with decompensated heart failure.</p>
      <p>The present illness began with rheumatic attacks characterized by fever, arthritis of the right knee, when he was 7-11 old. At age 15, paroxysmal palpitations appeared. At age 16, the patient initiated follow-up at the outpatient services at InCor. Double aortic lesion and rheumatic disease activity were diagnosed. </p>
      <p>At the time, the electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed severe left ventricular hypertrophy; a chest radiograph revealed cardiomegaly +++/ 4+.</p>
      <p>At age 17, the palpitations became more frequent, dyspnea on moderate exertion appeared.</p>
      <p>Physical examination in primary care (May 1977) revealed pulse rate of 80 bpm, blood pressure 100/0 mmHg; auscultation was normal, cardiac auscultation revealed systolic murmur +++/ 4+ in the aortic area and diastolic murmur in the left sternal border. There was also the presence of a third heart sound; the abdomen showed no changes, no edema, and the pulse was of rapid ascent and descent. The patient was under use of digoxin (0.25 mg daily) and prophylaxis of rheumatic fever with benzathine penicillin 1.2 million units intramuscularly (IM) every two weeks. Surgical treatment of the aortic valve was prescribed.</p>
      <p>After the indication for surgical treatment, there were several attempts of hospitalization. However, these were frustrated by frequent episodes of fever and arthralgia of the knees treated as rheumatic disease activity and, due to the persistence of this condition, an investigation was conducted for infective endocarditis. Finally, the patient underwent aortic valve replacement with dura mater bioprostheses in 1979 (at age 19) and remained asymptomatic for five years, until 1984, when complaints similar to those prior to the surgery reappeared. Rough systolic murmur +++/4+ appeared and irradiated to the wishbone and tip. </p>
      <p>ECG revealed left chamber overload. Radiography revealed cardiomegaly ++/4+.</p>
      <p>An echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular dimensions (diastole 53 mm and systole 36 mm). The left atrium was 36 mm and there was dilatation of the aortic root (42 mm). There was concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and the prosthesis was considered to be normofunctioning.</p>
      <p>Medication in this period was 0.25 mg digoxin, 40 mg furosemide daily and benzathine penicillin every 15 days. </p>
      <p>In two years, the patient complained of chest pain and dyspnea initially on major exertion, then on moderate exertion. There were complaints of generalized arthralgias on several occasions. </p>
      <p>A new evaluation revealed the following echocardiographic changes (July 1986): concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle with septal and posterior wall thickness of 14 mm, left ventricular dilatation (66 mm) with preserved systolic function (left ventricular ejection fraction of - LVEF = 64%), aortic dilatation (44 mm), normal left atrium (36 mm) and non-coronary leaflet rupture of the aortic prosthesis with moderate heart failure.</p>
      <p>Cardiac catheterization (August 1986) revealed right atrium 2 mmHg; right ventricle (S/Di/Df) 51/0/12 mmHg; pulmonary artery pressure (S/D/Med) 62/30/45 mmHg; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (average) 31 mmHg; left ventricle (S/Di/Df) 138/0/37 mmHg; aorta (S/D/Med) 90/44/61 mmHg. In summary, there was right ventricular hypertension, pulmonary artery hypertension and left ventricular end diastolic hypertension. The left ventricle showed moderate diffuse hypokinesia and pronounced reflux of the aortic prosthesis.</p>
      <p>The patient underwent a new valve replacement for bovine pericardial prosthesis (August 20, 1986). There were complications such as pericarditis and atelectasis on the left base. However, the patient was discharged without alterations, except for the presence of pericardial friction on the 13<sup>th</sup> day after the surgery.</p>
      <p>A new echocardiographic assessment (August 28, 1989) revealed normal left ventricular dimensions (53 mm in diastole) and ejection fraction of 74%; aorta of 42 mm, left atrium of 30 mm, right ventricle of 20 mm and septal and upper wall thickness of 18 mm. There was a mean gradient of 10 mm Hg in the aortic prosthesis, which was competent.</p>
      <p>Five years later (October 1991), the patient was admitted with fever, general malaise and conjunctival petechiae. Heart rate was 90 bpm, blood pressure 120x 70 mmHg; the lungs were clear, there was systolic murmur ++ in the aortic area; there was no change in the examination of the abdomen and lower limbs. Infective endocarditis was diagnosed and the patient was hospitalized to receive antibiotic treatment with crystalline penicillin, oxacillin and gentamicin. There was leukocytosis (18.200/mm<sup>3</sup> - 25% baton-like cells; 61% segmented; 9% lymphocytes and 5% monocytes). </p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram revealed sinus tachycardia and left ventricular overload (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a16fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Another echocardiogram revealed no changes except for aortic regurgitation. There was no growth of microorganisms in blood cultures. However, the patient received antibiotics for six weeks.</p>
      <p>The patient had few symptoms for two years. Then, in 1993, he complained of dyspnea on minimal exertion.</p>
      <p>A new evaluation by hemodynamic study (November 1<sup>st</sup>, 1993) revealed average right atrial pressure 2 mm, right ventricle (S/Di/Df) of 65/0/5 mmHg; pulmonary artery (S/D/med) 65/28/43 mmHg; pulmonary capillary pressure (S/D/med) 25/35/30 mmHg; left ventricle (S/Di/Df) 153/0/30 mmHg; aorta (S/D/Med) 115/52/74mmHg; severe aortic regurgitation; no obstructive coronary lesions, left ventricular dilatation and moderate diffuse hypokinesis. </p>
      <p>The patient was again submitted to aortic valve replacement, now with St. Jude mechanical prosthesis (1993).</p>
      <p>The patient remained asymptomatic and used losartan 50 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, digoxin 0.25 mg and warfarin. </p>
      <p>About eight years after (2002), the patient had dyspnea on moderate exertion, and clinical examination and echocardiography revealed severe mitral regurgitation. </p>
      <p>There was progression of dyspnea until minimal exertion and rest. The patient was admitted with signs of atrial fibrillation, which was cardioverted without hemodynamic improvement. He was readmitted two weeks after decompensated heart failure.</p>
      <p>Physical examination (September 10, 2004) revealed a heart rate of 140 bpm, blood pressure of 110/80 mmHg; pulmonary auscultation revealed decreased vesicular murmur at the base and crackles until the middle third; cardiac auscultation revealed rhythmic sounds, systolic murmur in the aortic and mitral area; abdomen showed no changes and there was edema ++ of lower limbs.</p>
      <p>The ECG (September 11, 2004) revealed atrial flutter, heart rate of 72 bpm, left bundle branch block (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). Laboratory tests (September 15, 2004) detected leukocytosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a16fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Echocardiogram (October 8, 2004) revealed left ventricle (systole/diastole) 83/73 mm; septum 14 mm; posterior wall 13 mm, dilated and hypokinetic right ventricle; aortic transvalvular gradient 15 mm Hg and systolic pulmonary artery pressure of 65 mmHg. There was moderate mitral regurgitation, with thickening and decreased mobility of the posterior leaflet. </p>
      <p>During admission, the patient improved dyspnea and edema. The mitral valve replacement surgery was not considered useful for the patient. One month later, the patient had syncope and ventricular tachycardia; he underwent electrical cardioversion and amiodarone was introduced. Two days later, there was recurrence of tachycardia, and hemodynamic worsening after the introduction of procainamide, which was suspended and xylocaine was prescribed. The patient evolved without recurrence of arrhythmia, but there was persistent hypotension requiring orotracheal intubation for respiratory support and vasoactive amines. There was worsening of the respiratory condition with diffuse interstitial and alveolar infiltrates in the lungs. Despite the introduction of the antibiotics cefepime and vancomycin, the patient needed increasing doses of noradrenaline, acute renal failure (tests in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>) and developed bradycardia followed by asystole, which did not respond to resuscitation maneuvers and died (3:30 p.m., October 14, 2004).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This case deals with a young man aged 44 with a history of various rheumatic attacks since the age of 7, evolving lifelong with various secondary valve replacements and complications of the disease (carditis/valvulitis), and, at the end, presents mitral regurgitation, new decompensated heart failure (HF), complex ventricular arrhythmia, cardiogenic shock and death.</p>
      <p>Firstly, it emphasizes the onset of symptoms, where, around age 7, the patient had repeated fever and monoarthritis of the right knee, which persisted until the age of 11. At this stage, with these clinical data alone, we cannot confirm the diagnosis of rheumatic fever, as there are no other signs and symptoms that lead to diagnosis, and we do not know exactly what this arthritis was like (was it really addictive and asymmetric polyarthritis of the large joints?). Again, the currently known Jones criteria for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever are carditis, arthritis and Sydenham chorea, eritema marginatum and subcutaneous nodules (major criteria) and fever, arthralgia, increased inflammatory markers and prolonged PR interval (minor criteria), which are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a16tab02-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a16tab03-body2">3</xref><sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a16tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-e137-00016-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a16tab03-body2">
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      <p>In view of these criteria, the patient was actually diagnosed with rheumatic fever at age 16, when double aortic lesion and rheumatic disease activity were diagnosed, since at this time he has two major criteria and one minor criterion (carditis, large joint arthritis and fever)<sup> 3,4</sup>. </p>
      <p>During the course of the disease, at age 17, the patient had frequent palpitations (already had such symptoms at age 15) and dyspnea on minimal exertion. The presence of paroxysmal palpitations is not common when there is only aortic lesion; it is more common in cases of mitral-aortic valve involvement or mitral involvement. However, at this time, the clinical examination is consistent with double lesion aortic valve involvement with predominant failure. This case does not present a better description of systolic murmur audible in the aortic area. On physical examination, there was inconsistency in blood pressure 120/00 mmHg, corresponding to a significant widening of pulse pressure, and rapid pulse rise and descent (Corrigan or "water hammer"), which is highly suggestive of aortic regurgitation. Only after two years, the patient underwent aortic valve replacement, which was delayed due to complications consistent with rheumatic attacks and a potential endocarditis apparently ruled out<sup>5</sup>. After surgery, the patient remained asymptomatic.</p>
      <p>After five years, at age 24, the patient again presents complaints similar to those prior to the surgery. The only description of the physical examination reveals a rough systolic murmur +++/4+ irradiated to the wishbone and tip, probably better heard in the aortic area. That information, in addition to others, such as the murmur characteristics, is not present in the description. The ECG remains without any new changes with respect to the previous one, just like the chest radiography (left ventricular hypertrophy - EVS - and cardiomegaly, respectively).</p>
      <p>At this time, with the clinical data presented, stenosis of aortic valve prosthesis is suggested as a diagnosis - consistent clinical examination, young male patient with five years of implantation. However, he underwent an echocardiogram (ECHO), which ruled out prosthesis dysfunction, but revealed normal left ventricular dimensions (53X36 mm), left atrium of normal size (36 mm) and concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (LV), which are consistent with valvulopathy of aortic stenosis. We assume that, in this era (1980s), M-mode echocardiography was mostly used perhaps due to the little amount of Doppler devices (continuous), which may explain the lack of aortic transvalvular gradient measurement, which led to the probable misdiagnosis of normal structure of the prosthesis at that time, corroborating the clinical and echocardiographic dissociation.</p>
      <p>After two years, the patient presents chest pain and dyspnea on major exertion. A new ECHO showed concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (septum and posterior wall of the LV = 14 mm), LV dilatation (66 mm) and preserved ejection fraction (EF), in addition to normal left atrium (LA); moreover, the non-coronary leaflet of the aortic prosthesis had ruptured, causing moderate aortic regurgitation. A cardiac catheterization performed at the same time showed normal right atrial filling pressure (RA); high pulmonary arterial pressure concomitant with high pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; high left ventricular filling pressure (Pd2) and LV with moderate diffused hipokynesia, and severe valve prosthesis reflux. In this examination, middle pulmonary artery pressure, average pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and mean LV end-diastolic pressure are similar (30, 31 and 37 mmHg), reflecting pulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to high hydrostatic pressure (originating from the left chambers with good response to surgery) and non-fixed PH secondary to pulmonary arterial remodeling. Also in this examination, the transvalvular gradient is high (LV Systolic Pressure of 138 mmHg minus systolic pressure of the aorta of 90 mmHg, which corresponds to 48 mmHg), which confirms the diagnosis of prosthesis stenosis.</p>
      <p>Operated again, presumably asymptomatic after the procedure, the patient performed a new ECHO, which showed left ventricular dilatation improvement, preservation of EF, septal thickness and LV posterior wall (LVPW) still high (18 mm) and aortic prosthesis gradient of 10 mm Hg (considered normal up to 15 mmHg in bioprosthesis); sufficient prosthesis.</p>
      <p>At age 31, the patient demonstrates poor general condition, fever and conjunctival petechiae. There were no positive blood cultures at the time. He was treated with antibiotics for infective endocarditis for six weeks, supposedly successfully.</p>
      <p>There is evidence that the patient had infection, such as fever, leukocytosis on complete blood count and tachycardia. On physical examination, in addition to conjunctival petechiae, there was systolic murmur without other descriptions, which can be consistent with the presence of the prosthesis only. However, a new ECHO revealed no changes, except for central aortic regurgitation, which can be found in patients with prosthetic endocarditis, which differs from the common pattern of paravalvular flow found in the prosthesis and tends to be benign and with no progression. Yet, the patient's diagnosis of endocarditis is probable, according to the Duke criteria, as he has one major criterion and three minor criteria (valvopathy, fever and embolic phenomenon - conjunctival petechiae)<sup> 6,7</sup>. If the diagnosis of prosthetic endocarditis was confirmed, perhaps in this case the indication for surgical treatment would not be appropriate, since the onset occurred late (after 12 months); there were no signs of refractory HF class III/IV NYHA, or severe prosthesis dysfunction with perivalvular extension of the infection with abscesses, fistulas, mechanical obstruction of the prosthesis by vegetation or rupture, no clinical criteria for treatment failure, such as persistent fever and infection after 10-14 days despite antibiotic therapy, recurrent embolization in the presence of antimicrobial treatment for more than seven days, patient responded well to treatment and there was no isolation of germs known to be resistant or virulent with staphylococcus (<italic>S.lugdunensis</italic>), <italic>Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii</italic> and fungi (<italic>Candida spp and Aspergillus spp</italic>). We do not rule out endocarditis by HACEK etiologic agents (<italic>Haemophilus spp, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens</italic> and <italic>Kingella kingae</italic>)<sup> 8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>At age 33, dyspnea on minimal exertion reappeared. We chose a new invasive hemodynamic evaluation, which revealed, once again, normal RA pressure, increased right ventricular pressure (RV), pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and left ventricular pressure with dilated left ventricle, moderate diffuse hypokinesis without obstructive coronary artery disease. In this study, the pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillary and PD2 pressures are similar; the prosthesis gradient is high (38 mmHg), and systolic and diastolic aortic pressure present a divergent character, but with a smaller pulse pressure widening, probably due to severe left ventricular dysfunction. Again, aortic prosthesis dysfunction, stenosis and prosthesis failure are diagnosed.</p>
      <p>A new replacement was performed at this time and this time for a mechanical prosthesis, which is better in cases like this, where the patient presents several valve replacements. Thereafter, he remained asymptomatic. According to the Brazilian Guidelines of Valvopathy in 2011, patients aged under 65 can opt for mechanical prosthesis, provided that there is no contraindication to anticoagulation. The patient can choose a bioprosthesis if he chooses a lifestyle without the use of anticoagulants (Class IIa)<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>At age 41 (in 2002), new symptoms of dyspnea on exertion and a new finding: physical examination (PE) and ECHO consistent with moderate mitral regurgitation (MR). Right after, the patient presented cardiac decompensation and atrial arrhythmia (flutter), cardioverted without hemodynamic improvement. Then, the patient was readmitted for decompensated HF.</p>
      <p>In 2004, at age 43, he was again hospitalized for decompensated HF with cardiomyopathy. In this admission, in addition to FE consistent with hypervolemia, the patient presented ECHO with new changes - atrial flutter and left bundle branch block - (consistent with involvement of the conduction system secondary to ventricular dilatation). </p>
      <p>The ECHO of this admission showed marked dilatation of the left ventricle (83/73 mm), Septum 14, LVPW 13, dilated and hypokinetic RV, transvalvular gradient of 15 mmHg and PASP 65 mmHg, with moderate mitral regurgitation, mitral valve thickening and decreased mobility of the posterior leaflet.</p>
      <p>Apparently, in this phase, the patient developed HF secondary to MI probably primary, since the condition began preceded by the diagnosis of MI and the 2004 ECHO reveals structural valve changes probably existing in 2002, information not provided by the clinical case. Possibly the etiology of such involvement is by extemporaneous development of rheumatic fever, with late involvement of this valve. Among other possible differential diagnoses, we have ischemic mitral regurgitation, but the patient had no history of coronary artery disease and no coronary angiography mentioned coronary lesions, despite being within the age range of prevalence. What draws our attention is that after the last valve replacement, at age 33, the patient apparently did not receive prophylaxis for the disease, which should be done until at least 40 years according to the guidelines<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>When diagnosed with mitral regurgitation associated with atrial symptoms and arrhythmias, the best approach could be the indication of surgical correction of mitral valve two years earlier (in 2002) when the presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) of recent onset, severe mitral regurgitation and the patient being in CF II/III, were criteria for surgery (indication: Class IIa, according to the Brazilian Guidelines), which did not occur. Consequently, the patient developed severe valvular heart disease in which the severe ventricular dilatation, severe ventricular dysfunction (estimated at 22% by the data presented) and signs of right HF contraindicated surgical correction in subsequent years, since when there is left ventricular dilatation greater than 55 mm and LV dysfunction with EF smaller than 30% and the impossibility of preserving the subvalvular apparatus, surgical procedure is not indicated<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>After one month of medical treatment, in which the patient had improvement of symptoms of heart failure, he presented an episode of syncope due to ventricular tachycardia (VT) corrected after electrical cardioversion and introduction of amiodarone - a result of severe cardiomyopathy with significant ventricular dysfunction, abnormal myocardial architecture, fibrosis and degeneration of the conduction system. Two days later, a new episode of VT with hemodynamic instability unresponsive to measures led to apparently cardiogenic shock and death despite all the intensive support employed (Dr. Danilo Guercio Fernandes, Dr. Luiz M&#225;rio Baptista Martinelli).</p>
      <p><bold>Diagnosis hypothesis:</bold> heart failure and cardiogenic shock due to rheumatic heart disease with multiple valve replacements for aortic valve disease treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Necropsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The heart showed large increase in volume, weighing 980 g. There were adhesions between the pericardial leaflets, probably due to previous surgeries. The aortic valve prosthesis (mechanical) was well positioned without thrombi, vegetations or valvular pannus on both sides (arterial and ventricular). In the topography of the right coronary sinus of Valsalva, there was saccular aortic root dilatation of 1.5 cm in diameter, devoid of content (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>). The mitral valve presented moderate annulus dilatation and slight thickening of the cusps with slight commissural fusion. The chordae were delicate and the subvalvular apparatus was preserved (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figure 4</xref>). The ventricles were very dilated and presented hypertrophic walls. Endocardial thickening was found at the left ventricular outflow tract (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">Figure 5</xref>). The atria also showed dilatation and hypertrophy of the walls. There was no cavitary thrombi. Histologically, the myocardium showed signs of hypertrophy with extensive interstitial fibrosis without cardiomyocyte disarray (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6-body2">Figure 6</xref>). The mitral valve was thickened by fibrosis without inflammatory infiltrate, with thick newly formed vessels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7-body2">Figure 7</xref>). Together, the lungs weighed 1900 g, were armed and presented increased consistency.</p>
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      <p>Microscopic analysis showed diffuse alveolar damage characterized by the presence of alveolar edema and hyaline membranes. There were also signs of chronic passive congestion with hypertrophy of the medial layer of the pre and intra-acinar arteries and veins, a morphological sign of passive pulmonary hypertension. We also found signs of low systemic output, such as acute renal tubular necrosis and hepatic centrolobular sinusoidal dilatation. There was no evidence of active infection in the various organs analyzed. The gallbladder had multiple mixed calculi inside, but there were no signs of acute cholecystitis (Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello). </p>
      <p><bold>Clinicopathological diagnoses:</bold> well-preserved aortic valve prosthesis; saccular aneurysm of the aortic root (1.5 cm in diameter), without content; chronic mitral valve disease; acute interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy; systemic signs of shock with pulmonary alveolar damage in the hyaline membrane phase (cause of death) (Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although there is strong clinical evidence that the patient had rheumatic disease, the clinicopathological examination was not able to definitively confirm this diagnosis. In particular, it would be essential to have assessed the native aortic valve, but the patient was operated in another institution and we have not had access to this material. We could only analyze the mitral valve, as described above, which showed fibrosis, newly formed vessels, without significant inflammation. In addition, its macroscopic appearance was not typical of rheumatic disease, since commissural fusion was very mild and the both the chordae and subvalvular apparatus were preserved, which usually does not usually happen in this disease, particularly of very early onset in childhood, as it is the case of the patient discussed. We could not, however, definitively rule out the possibility of an a typical morphological presentation of rheumatic disease, but it we hypothesize that the aortic valve disease had another etiology (congenital, for example), and that the mitral involvement has been late and secondary to the annulus dilatation. The myocardium showed severe hypertrophy and fibrosis consistent with several episodes of decompensation of heart failure. Importantly, one should not speak of "cardiomyopathy" in this case and in others with these characteristics, since the use of this term should be reserved to cases of primary myocardial impairment without any valvular disease associated. When, on the other hand, the valve impairment is disproportionately mild to explain myocardial dysfunction, some authors have suggested using the term "valvular cardiomyopathy"11. The lungs, in particular, showed signs of passive congestion of long evolution with evidence of secondary vascular disease. This passive pulmonary hypertension condition is also present in cardiac decompensation of other etiologies and can affect both indication and outcome after cardiac transplantation<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Jones Criteria, 1992 update. Special Writing Group of the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young of the American Heart Association. JAMA. 1992;268(15):2069-73. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Barbosa PJ, M&#252;ller RE, Latado AL, Achutti AC, Ramos AI, Weksler C, et al.; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia / Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria / Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia. Diretrizes brasileiras para o diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e preven&#231;&#227;o da febre reum&#225;tica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(3 supl.4):1-18. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. World Health Organization (WHO). Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: report of a WHO expert Consultation. 29 Oct 29. Geneva (Switzerland); 2001. (WHO Technical Report Series 923). </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Carapetis JR, McDonald M, J Wilson NJ. Acute rheumatic fever. Lancet. 2005;366(9480):155-68. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Raju BS, Turi ZG. Rheumatic fever. In: Bonow O, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P. Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9<sup>th</sup> edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier-Saunders; 2012. p. 1869-74. </p>
      <p>6. Sexton DJ, Otto CM, L Baron EL. Diagnostic approach to infective endocarditis. &#169; 2012 UpToDate, Inc. Mar 19, 2012.</p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VG Jr, Ryan T, et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30(4):633-8. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med. 1994;96(3):200-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">9. Karchmer AW. Infective endocarditis. In: Bonow O, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P. Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9<sup>th</sup> edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier-Saunders; 2012. p. 1549-57. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Tarasoutchi F, Montera MW, Barbosa MR, Pi&#241;ero DJ, Sanchez CR, Barbosa MM, et al. Diretriz brasileira de valvopatias - SBC 2011 / I Diretriz Interamericana de Valvopatias - SIAC 2011. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(5 supl.1):1-67. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Thiene G, Basso C, Calabrese F, Angelini A, Valente M. Twenty years of progress and beckoning frontiers in cardiovascular pathology: cardiomyopathies. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2005;14(4):165-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. Guazzi M, Arena R. Pulmonary hypertension with left-sided heart disease, Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7(11):648-59. </p>
      <p>13. Delgado JF, G&#243;mez-S&#225;nchez MA, S&#225;enz de la Calzada C, S&#225;nchez V, Escribano P, Hern&#225;ndez-Afonso J, et al. Impact of mild pulmonary hypertension on mortality and pulmonary artery pressure profile after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2001;20(9):942-8.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Vera D. Aiello </p>
          <p> InCor </p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Section Editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associate Editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>). Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
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