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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Jq4BD33Krx8bx6cqFKhBPkB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000083</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a cistatina C s&#233;rica e marcadores de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica em pacientes hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco das Chagas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Ant&#244;nio Muniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Aldemir Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Cacionor Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Ronald Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Henrique Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ribamar Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lages</surname>
            <given-names>Joyce Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salgado Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Natalino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Correia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Maranh&#227;o</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>899</fpage>
      <lpage>906</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A cistatina C s&#233;rica (s-CC), um marcador end&#243;geno da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, tem sido proposta tamb&#233;m como um marcador de risco cardiovascular. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido se se trata de um marcador direto de aterosclerose, independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar a s-CC com dois marcadores substitutos de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. M&#201;TODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal envolvendo 103 pacientes hipertensos ambulatoriais, de meia idade (57,49 &#177; 11,7 anos), sendo 60 do sexo feminino (58,25%) e a maioria com fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada. A s-CC foi correlacionada com a espessura mediointimal carot&#237;dea (EMIc) e a dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo de art&#233;ria braquial (DMF), ambas avaliadas por ultrassonografia, bem como com o clearance de creatinina medido e fatores de risco cardiovascular estabelecidos. RESULTADOS: A s-CC n&#227;o se correlacionou significativamente nem com a EMIc (r = -0,024, p = 0,84) nem com a DMF (r = -0,050 e p = 0,687), e n&#227;o foi observada tamb&#233;m associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com fatores de risco convencionais nem marcadores inflamat&#243;rios. Na an&#225;lise univariada, a s-CC se correlacionou com o clearance de creatinina medido (r = - 0,498, p &lt; 0,001), idade (r = 0,408, p &lt; 0,001), microalbumin&#250;ria (r = 0,291, p = 0,014), &#225;cido &#250;rico (r = 0,391, p &lt; 0,001), rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' (r = 0,242, p = 0,049) e escore de Framingham (r = 0,359, p = 0,001). No entanto, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, apenas a associa&#231;&#227;o com o clearance de creatinina medido permaneceu significativa (r = -0,491, p &lt;0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: Em pacientes hipertensos ambulatoriais de meia idade, a s-CC se correlacionou com o clearance de creatinina medido,como esperado, mas n&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o com marcadores de aterosclerose nem com fatores de risco cardiovascular estabelecidos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cistatina C</kwd>
        <kwd>aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>creatinina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a cistatina C s&#233;rica e marcadores de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica em pacientes hipertensos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Francisco das Chagas Monteiro Junior<sup>I,II</sup>; Pedro Ant&#244;nio Muniz Ferreira<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Aldemir Teixeira Nunes<sup>II</sup>; Cacionor Pereira da Cunha J&#250;nior<sup>II</sup>; Ronald Lopes Brito<sup>II</sup>; Jo&#227;o Henrique Almeida Costa<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Ribamar Oliveira Lima<sup>II</sup>; Joyce Santos Lages<sup>II</sup>; Natalino Salgado Filho<sup>II</sup>; Valter Correia de Lima<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A cistatina C s&#233;rica (s-CC), um marcador end&#243;geno da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, tem sido proposta tamb&#233;m como um marcador de risco cardiovascular. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido se se trata de um marcador direto de aterosclerose, independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar a s-CC com dois marcadores substitutos de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Trata-se de um estudo transversal envolvendo 103 pacientes hipertensos ambulatoriais, de meia idade (57,49 &#177; 11,7 anos), sendo 60 do sexo feminino (58,25%) e a maioria com fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada. A s-CC foi correlacionada com a espessura mediointimal carot&#237;dea (EMIc) e a dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo de art&#233;ria braquial (DMF), ambas avaliadas por ultrassonografia, bem como com o clearance de creatinina medido e fatores de risco cardiovascular estabelecidos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A s-CC n&#227;o se correlacionou significativamente nem com a EMIc (r = -0,024, p = 0,84) nem com a DMF (r = -0,050 e p = 0,687), e n&#227;o foi observada tamb&#233;m associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com fatores de risco convencionais nem marcadores inflamat&#243;rios. Na an&#225;lise univariada, a s-CC se correlacionou com o clearance de creatinina medido (r = - 0,498, p &lt; 0,001), idade (r = 0,408, p &lt; 0,001), microalbumin&#250;ria (r = 0,291, p = 0,014), &#225;cido &#250;rico (r = 0,391, p &lt; 0,001), rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' (r = 0,242, p = 0,049) e escore de Framingham (r = 0,359, p = 0,001). No entanto, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, apenas a associa&#231;&#227;o com o clearance de creatinina medido permaneceu significativa (r = -0,491, p &lt;0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Em pacientes hipertensos ambulatoriais de meia idade, a s-CC se correlacionou com o clearance de creatinina medido,como esperado, mas n&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o com marcadores de aterosclerose nem com fatores de risco cardiovascular estabelecidos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cistatina C; aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica; hipertens&#227;o; creatinina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A s-CC, um novo marcador end&#243;geno da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, tem sido proposta tamb&#233;m como um marcador de risco cardiovascular<sup>1</sup>. Trata-se de um membro da superfam&#237;lia dos inibidores das ciste&#237;no-proteases, produzidas por todas as c&#233;lulas nucleadas. Devido ao seu baixo peso molecular, &#233; livremente filtrada atrav&#233;s dos glom&#233;rulos renais e quase completamente reabsorvida e catabolizada nos t&#250;bulos, sem sofrer secre&#231;&#227;o tubular, caracter&#237;sticas que a tornam mais sens&#237;vel e acurada que a creatinina<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Muitos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado associa&#231;&#227;o entre esta prote&#237;na s&#233;rica e v&#225;rios fatores e marcadores de risco cardiovascular estabelecidos <sup>1,3-9</sup>, incid&#234;ncia de eventos coronarianos<sup>10,11</sup> e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>12,13</sup>, e, mais importante, o risco de morte cardiovascular, particularmente em idosos<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns autores t&#234;m argumentado que, como a cistatina C est&#225; envolvida no catabolismo prot&#233;ico, inibindo proteases elastol&#237;ticas, as quais se encontram aumentadas em processos degenerativos e inflamat&#243;rios como a aterosclerose, ela poderia funcionar como marcador direto do pr&#243;prio processo aterog&#234;nico<sup>1,10,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>No entanto, at&#233; o presente momento, n&#227;o se sabe se a s-CC &#233; meramente um melhor marcador da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, a qual estaria verdadeiramente implicada no risco cardiovascular, ou se poderia ser considerada um marcador direto da aterosclerose, independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo correlacionar os n&#237;veis de s-CC, em pacientes hipertensos sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular manifesta, com dois marcadores substitutos de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica ao mesmo tempo, quais sejam, a EMIc e a DMF, bem como com fatores de risco tradicionais e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal envolvendo pacientes hipertensos ambulatoriais atendidos em um servi&#231;o universit&#225;rio, escolhidos aleatoriamente. Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o para a pesquisa: hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a tireoideana e/ou uso corrente de tiroxina, macroprotein&#250;ria (<underline>&gt;</underline> 300 mg/24 horas), uso corrente de agentes anti-inflamat&#243;rios ou prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade &gt; 10 mg/L e hist&#243;ria e/ou evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>Todos os participantes foram submetidos a anamnese estruturada, incluindo a busca de fatores de risco cardiovascular, e exame f&#237;sico, que incluiu medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, peso e altura. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal foi calculado como peso em quilogramas dividido pelo quadrado da altura em metros (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A press&#227;o arterial foi definida como a m&#233;dia das &#250;ltimas duas de tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es, com esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio, tomadas a intervalos <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 minutos, ap&#243;s os participantes terem ficado sentados por, no m&#237;nimo, 5 minutos. O tabagismo foi definido como o consumo atual de <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 cigarro/dia. Os participantes que relataram praticar &lt; 30 minutos tr&#234;s vezes por semana de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico foram considerados sedent&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Amostras de sangue venoso, em jejum (12 horas), foram coletadas e os par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos foram determinados por analisador autom&#225;tico. As seguintes medidas foram obtidas: glicose, ureia, creatinina, pot&#225;ssio, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, triglicer&#237;deos, contagem de leuc&#243;citos, &#225;cido &#250;rico, prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade, fibrinog&#234;nio e s-CC. Cada participante coletou a pr&#243;pria urina durante 24 horas para determina&#231;&#227;o de microalbumin&#250;ria e depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina. A prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade e a microalbumin&#250;ria foram determinadas por imunoturbidimetria. O clearance de creatinina medido ajustado para a superf&#237;cie corporal foi usado como &#237;ndice da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, a qual foi considerada baixa quando &lt; 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>. O clearance de creatinina foi tamb&#233;m estimado pelas f&#243;rmulas de Cockcroft-Gault e Modifica&#231;&#227;o da Dieta na Doen&#231;a Renal (MDRD)<sup>19</sup>. A s-CC foi medida por imunonefelometria de part&#237;culas recobertas (N Latex Cystatin C, Dade Behring) utilizando-se o nefel&#244;metro BNII. A faixa de detec&#231;&#227;o do ensaio &#233; 0,195 a 7,330 mg por litro, sendo a faixa de normalidade relatada para pessoas saud&#225;veis de 0,53 a 0,95 mg por litro<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de diabete melito foi definido mediante a ocorr&#234;ncia de qualquer dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: glicemia de jejum <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dL, uso corrente de medica&#231;&#227;o hipoglicemiante e glicose de 2h <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dL em teste oral de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose. Foram rotulados como dislipid&#234;micos os indiv&#237;duos que relatavam o uso de hipolipemiantes ou que apresentavam valores de taxas lip&#237;dicas plasm&#225;ticas anormais, definidas como LDL-colesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 160 mg/dL, HDL-colesterol &lt; 40 mg/dL em homens e &lt; 50 mg/dL em mulheres e/ou triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dL <sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>O risco individual absoluto de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em 10 anos foi estimado por meio do escore de Framingham<sup>20</sup>. A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi identificada de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabetes<sup>21</sup>. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, bem como a medida da EMIc e avalia&#231;&#227;o da DMF de art&#233;ria braquial utilizando-se equipamentos de ultrassom Doppler de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o da marca General Electric. Os exames foram realizados por dois operadores experientes, cegos para os achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados utilizando-se um transdutor de 3,5 MHz. A massa ventricular esquerda (g) foi estimada pela f&#243;rmula de Devereux e Reichek e o &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda foi calculado dividindo-se a massa ventricular esquerda pela superf&#237;cie corporal (g/m<sup>2</sup>). A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda foi definida como um aumento do &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> em homens e &gt; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> em mulheres<sup>22</sup>. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi estimada pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz e foi usada como par&#226;metro da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>22</sup>. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi avaliada pela raz&#227;o E/e' (velocidade de fluxo diast&#243;lico transmitral precoce dividida pela velocidade de deslocamento da por&#231;&#227;o lateral do anel mitral tamb&#233;m no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole, obtida do Doppler tecidual), que tem sido utilizada para estimar a press&#227;o de enchimento ventricular esquerda<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um transdutor linear de 7,5 MHz, com intervalo de frequ&#234;ncias de 7-10 MHz, foi usado para medir a EMI de car&#243;tida comum. . A medida da espessura foi realizada na parede posterior da art&#233;ria, 1 cm proximalmente &#224; sua bifurca&#231;&#227;o, como a dist&#226;ncia entre duas linhas ecog&#234;nicas correspondentes &#224;s interfaces l&#250;men-&#237;ntima e m&#233;dia-advent&#237;cia de parede arterial, de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es vigentes <sup>24</sup>. Considerou-se normal uma EMIc <underline>&lt;</underline> 1 mm.</p>
    <p>Um transdutor linear de 10 MHz foi utilizado para avaliar a DMF da art&#233;ria braquial, de acordo com t&#233;cnica publicada anteriormente<sup>25</sup>. Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro basal da art&#233;ria braquial direita (D1), um manguito era inflado at&#233; 50 mmHg acima da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica do participante, para ocluir a art&#233;ria, e mantido insuflado durante 5 minutos. Imagens da art&#233;ria braquial direita eram ent&#227;o obtidas 60-90 segundos ap&#243;s a defla&#231;&#227;o do manguito e o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria era medido novamente (D2), em di&#225;stole. A DMF (%) foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula D2-D1/D1 x 100 e adotada como estimativa da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Valores normais aceit&#225;veis variam de 10 a 15%<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de s-CC (mg/L), utilizada como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua ou categ&#243;rica (&lt; ou <underline>&gt;</underline> percentil 50), e cada uma das seguintes vari&#225;veis foi pesquisada: idade (anos); tabagismo (sim/n&#227;o); diabete melito (sim/n&#227;o); sedentarismo (sim/n&#227;o); circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm); &#237;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>); press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (mmHg); colesterol total (mg/dL); colesterol HDL (mg/dL); colesterol LDL (mg/dL); triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL); glicemia (mg/dL); hemoglobina glicosilada (%); ureia (mg/dL); creatinina (mg/dL); clearance de creatinina medido (mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>); clearance de creatinina estimado pelas f&#243;rmulas de Cockcroft-Gault e MDRD (mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>); &#225;cido &#250;rico (mg/dL); microalbumin&#250;ria (mg/24 h); prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (mg/dL); fibrinog&#234;nio (mg/dL); fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%); rela&#231;&#227;o E/e'; &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda (g/m<sup>2</sup>); DMF (%); EMIc (mm); escore de Framingham (%) e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (sim/n&#227;o).</p>
    <p>O projeto foi previamente aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagem (%) e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, e de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, o teste do qui-quadrado (&#967;2). O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, ou coeficiente de Spearman para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas, foi calculado para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, adotando-se um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 16.0. Valores bicaudais de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados como expressando uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa. Associa&#231;&#245;es que apresentaram p &lt; 0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das no modelo de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla final.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cento e tr&#234;s pacientes hipertensos ambulatoriais foram recrutados para esta pesquisa, com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 57,49 &#177; 11,7 anos e predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino e n&#227;o brancos. A amostra foi caracterizada tamb&#233;m por um clearance de creatinina medido m&#233;dio dentro do intervalo normal, observando-se uma taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &lt; 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> em menos de 1/5 dos participantes. Os dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais da amostra do estudo s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0899-00083-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco, observou-se um escore de Famingham m&#233;dio de 9,0 &#177; 8,4%, sendo 58,9% dos participantes classificados como de baixo, 25%, como de m&#233;dio e 16%, como de alto risco. A m&#233;dia de s-CC foi de 0,75 &#177; 0,16 mg/L, com uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, sendo significativamente maior no sexo masculino (0,80 &#177; 0,15 <italic>vs</italic>. 0,72 &#177; 0,16 mg/L, p = 0,039), sem diferen&#231;a entre brancos e n&#227;o brancos (0,78 &#177; 0,16 <italic>vs</italic>. 0,73 &#177; 0,15 mg/L, p = 0,15). Foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com a idade (r = 0,408, p &lt; 0,001) e uma tend&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice de massa corporal (r = -0,193, p = 0,091).</p>
    <p>Como se pode observar na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07812tab02">Tabela 2</xref>, a s-CC apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com todos os outros par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. A correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a s-CC e o clearance de creatinina medido, considerado como o marcador de refer&#234;ncia da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular neste estudo, permaneceu significativa mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para idade (r = -0,369, p = 0,001), sexo (r = - 0,412, p &lt; 0,001), ra&#231;a (r = -0,419, p &lt; 0,001), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (r = -0,383, p = 0,001) e todas essas vari&#225;veis em conjunto (r = -0,365, p = 0,002). Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07812tab03">Tabela 3</xref>, todos os outros par&#226;metros estimados de fun&#231;&#227;o renal, exceto a ureia, foram tamb&#233;m correlacionados significativamente com o clearance de creatinina medido.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07812tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0899-00083-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07812tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0899-00083-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa foi observada entre os n&#237;veis da s-CC e diabete melito (p = 0,915), tabagismo (p = 0,881), sedentarismo (p = 0,115), dislipidemia (p = 0,865) e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (p = 0,526).</p>
    <p>Foi observada uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os dois marcadores de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica avaliados neste trabalho, EMIc e DMF de art&#233;ria braquial (r = -0,480, p &lt; 0,001). No entanto, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07812tab04">Tabela 4</xref>, a s-CC n&#227;o se correlacionou significativamente com nenhum destes marcadores. Da mesma forma, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o com os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios estudados aqui, ou seja, a contagem de leuc&#243;citos, a prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade e o fibrinog&#234;nio. Por outro lado, a s-CC se correlacionou de forma significativa com a microalbumin&#250;ria, o &#225;cido &#250;rico, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' e o escore de Framingham.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07812tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0899-00083-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla, no entanto, incluindo todas as associa&#231;&#245;es com p &lt; 0,10, apenas a correla&#231;&#227;o com o clearance de creatinina medido permaneceu significativa, sendo observada uma signific&#226;ncia lim&#237;trofe para a associa&#231;&#227;o com o &#225;cido &#250;rico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07812tab05">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07812tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0899-00083-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente estudo avaliamos pacientes hipertensos ambulatoriais sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular manifesta, predominantemente de meia-idade, com fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada e classificados como de risco baixo e m&#233;dio, de acordo com o escore de Famingham. Essas caracter&#237;sticas correspondem a um perfil de paciente comumente encontrado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, para o qual ainda h&#225; incerteza sobre a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
    <p>Como esperado, a s-CC correlacionou-se significativamente com todos os par&#226;metros avaliados da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, incluindo o clearance de creatinina medido. Tomando o clearance de creatinina medido como refer&#234;ncia, o desempenho da s-CC foi aproximadamente equivalente ao da f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault. No entanto, como o clearance de creatinina, mesmo medido, n&#227;o pode ser considerado um <italic>gold standard</italic> na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a sensibilidade da s-CC esteja sendo subestimada nesta an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Nesta pesquisa, a s-CC n&#227;o se correlacionou significativamente com marcadores de aterosclerose, marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda, nem com fatores de risco tradicionais, exceto a idade. Por outro lado, as associa&#231;&#245;es significativas observadas com &#225;cido &#250;rico, microalbumin&#250;ria, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' e escore de Framingham, bem como com idade, desapareceram ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, permanecendo significativa apenas a correla&#231;&#227;o com o clearance de creatinina medido.</p>
    <p>EMIc e DMF de art&#233;ria braquial t&#234;m sido consideradas, respectivamente, marcadores estrutural e funcional de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica<sup>26-29</sup>. Como esperado, no presente estudo foi observada uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o linear inversa entre estes dois marcadores, corroborando o fato de que eles refletem diferentes aspectos de um mesmo processo fisiopatol&#243;gico. Os poucos estudos que procuraram correlacionar a s-CC com estes marcadores t&#234;m relatado achados conflitantes. Enquanto dois pequenos estudos transversais envolvendo pacientes hipertensos de meia-idade reportaram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre s-CC e EMIc <sup>3,30</sup>, estudos transversais maiores n&#227;o confirmaram este achado, nem em indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade com fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada<sup>4,31</sup>, nem em idosos com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal discreta a moderada<sup>32</sup>. O estudo australiano conduzido por Potter e cols.<sup>33</sup> foi o &#250;nico, antes do nosso, a correlacionar s-CC com EMI e DMF, ao mesmo tempo. Na verdade, trata-se de uma an&#225;lise transversal de um subgrupo de idosos com acidente vascular cerebral (n = 173) participantes do <italic>Vitamins to Prevent Stroke Trial</italic> (VITATOPS trial), cujo objetivo principal foi avaliar o efeito da diminui&#231;&#227;o da homociste&#237;na, mediante a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com vitaminas B, na redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de eventos vasculares maiores. Os autores n&#227;o observaram nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o com a EMIc; no que diz respeito &#224; DMF, eles encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa, mas claramente influenciada pela fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
    <p>Em suma, nossos achados corroboram o papel da s-CC como marcador de fun&#231;&#227;o renal, mas n&#227;o demonstram associa&#231;&#227;o independente com marcadores de aterosclerose nem com fatores de risco estabelecidos. Assim, com base em nossos resultados, bem como nos de outros, acreditamos que a associa&#231;&#227;o amplamente relatada entre s-CC e risco cardiovascular esteja ligada fundamentalmente ao seu papel como marcador de fun&#231;&#227;o renal, e rejeitamos, em princ&#237;pio, a hip&#243;tese de que ela poderia refletir de forma independente um dano vascular intr&#237;nseco e, consequentemente, o pr&#243;prio processo aterog&#234;nico.</p>
    <p>Entre outros autores, o papel postulado da s-CC como marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o e aterosclerose tem sido controverso tamb&#233;m. Apesar de haver in&#250;meras publica&#231;&#245;es relatando associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre s-CC e v&#225;rios marcadores inflamat&#243;rios<sup>1,5-8,10,14,34-36</sup>, ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecido se essa associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; independente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Singh e cols.<sup>36</sup>, por exemplo, numa an&#225;lise transversal da coorte de idosos <italic>Heart and Soul Study</italic>, verificaram que a correla&#231;&#227;o significativa observada entre s-CC e prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade e fibrinog&#234;nio simplesmente desapareceu ap&#243;s ajuste para o clearance de creatinina medido. Se considerarmos que a insufici&#234;ncia renal em si, mesmo leve, est&#225; associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, a s-CC poderia simplesmente refletir, com maior sensibilidade do que a creatinina ou o clearance de creatinina estimado, essa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No que diz respeito &#224; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com marcadores de aterosclerose, al&#233;m dos resultados divergentes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; EMIc e &#224; DMF, incluindo o nosso, deve-se acrescentar a aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com calcifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, avaliada por tomografia computadorizada, demonstrada em an&#225;lise transversal do grande <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic> (MESA)<sup>6</sup>. Da mesma forma, foi relatada por alguns autores<sup>3,4,8</sup> uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com microalbumin&#250;ria, a qual, no entanto, n&#227;o foi confirmada em outro estudo <sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na coorte europ&#233;ia <italic>Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction</italic> (PRIME study), que inclu&#237;u apenas homens saud&#225;veis de meia-idade, a s-CC se associou de forma significativa com a ocorr&#234;ncia do primeiro evento coronariano, independentemente dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, mas a signific&#226;ncia da associa&#231;&#227;o desapareceu ap&#243;s ajuste para prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em uma coorte publicada recentemente, o estudo Troms&#248;, que abordou uma popula&#231;&#227;o geral, envolvendo mais de 6 mil homens e mulheres adultos, a s-CC foi fator de risco para mortalidade por todas as causas em mulheres, mas n&#227;o se associou de forma independente com a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, fatal e n&#227;o fatal, nem acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico na popula&#231;&#227;o total<sup>37</sup>. Mesmo nas grandes coortes de idosos, em que a s-CC apresentou forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade cardiovascular, a sua associa&#231;&#227;o especificamente com eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos, ou seja, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral, n&#227;o ficou definida, tendo sido demonstrada no <italic>Cardiovascular Health Study</italic><sup>14</sup>, mas n&#227;o no <italic>Health ABC</italic><sup>15</sup>. Os autores do estudo <italic>Health ABC</italic> especulam que indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia renal, mesmo leve ou moderada, podem ter um risco desproporcionalmente maior de eventos fatais do que de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatais. Isto pode ser devido &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita neste cen&#225;rio, n&#227;o necessariamente associadas a eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos, uma vez que esses indiv&#237;duos t&#234;m uma maior preval&#234;ncia de anormalidades estruturais do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, fibrose e hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdicas, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>15</sup>. Assim, a aparente superioridade da s-CC sobre a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal baseada na creatinina, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular, como demonstrado nestas coortes, poderia ser fundamentalmente devida &#224; sua maior sensibilidade para detectar menores graus de insufici&#234;ncia renal, a qual seria o verdadeiro preditor de risco cardiovascular. Corroborando o exposto, em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada, Menon e cols.<sup>38</sup> demonstraram que o poder da s-CC em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular n&#227;o foi claramente superior ao da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular medida com iotalamato.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, &#233; poss&#237;vel que quando ocorre les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, situa&#231;&#227;o em que h&#225; intensa remodela&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular, os n&#237;veis de s-CC mantenham correla&#231;&#227;o com a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o e, consequentemente, com o risco futuro de eventos card&#237;acos. &#201; que, nessa situa&#231;&#227;o particular, h&#225; um grande aumento de proteases elastol&#237;ticas, que pode ser contrabalan&#231;ado pela eleva&#231;&#227;o do seu principal inibidor natural, a cistatina C. Isto poderia provavelmente explicar a capacidade preditiva da s-CC, em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos card&#237;acos secund&#225;rios, independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana recente, a maioria com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, conforme demonstrado por Koenig e cols.<sup>10</sup> , bem como a sua aus&#234;ncia em portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel, como relatado pelo <italic>Heart and Soul Study</italic><sup>39</sup>. A mesma explica&#231;&#227;o poderia ser proposta para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a s-CC e o risco de desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, uma condi&#231;&#227;o caracterizada tamb&#233;m por intensa remodela&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular<sup>40</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como dito anteriormente, o papel da s-CC como marcador independente de aterosclerose parece n&#227;o estar ainda estabelecido, um ponto de vista que tem sido endossado por alguns dos principais pesquisadores nessa &#225;rea<sup>1,39</sup>. Assim, acreditamos que a insufici&#234;ncia renal, mesmo leve, seja o verdadeiro preditor de risco cardiovascular, e a s-CC, apenas um marcador mais sens&#237;vel desse comprometimento.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, este estudo foi limitado por seu desenho transversal. Al&#233;m disso, como foi avaliado um perfil espec&#237;fico de pacientes, nossos resultados n&#227;o podem ser automaticamente extrapolados para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Em contrapartida, nosso trabalho apresenta alguns aspectos positivos que devem ser salientados. Que seja do nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a correlacionar a s-CC com estes dois marcadores de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica ao mesmo tempo em indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular manifesta. Al&#233;m disso, n&#243;s correlacionamos a s-CC tamb&#233;m com marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, microalbumin&#250;ria em urina de 24 horas e &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda, al&#233;m dos fatores de risco tradicionais, bem como trabalhamos com o clearance de creatinina medido, em vez do estimado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes hipertensos ambulatoriais de meia idade, a maioria com a fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada, a s-CC se correlacionou com o clearance de creatinina medido, como esperado, mas n&#227;o com dois marcadores de aterosclerose, nem com fatores de risco cardiovascular estabelecidos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico do Maranh&#227;o (FAPEMA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Francisco das Chagas Monteiro Junior pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Francisco das Chagas Monteiro Junior </p>
        <p> Rua Santa Luzia, 27, Calhau </p>
        <p> CEP 65067-460, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="francchagas@cardiol.br">francchagas@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="monteirojr@elo.com.br">monteirojr@elo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 17/11/11; revisado em 17/11/11; aceito em 17/01/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Correlation between serum cystatin C and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Serum cystatin C (s-CC), an endogenous marker of kidney function, has also been proposed as a cardiovascular risk marker. However, it is unknown whether it is a direct marker of atherosclerosis, independently of kidney function. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to correlate s-CC with two surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 103 middle-aged (57.49 &#177; 11.7 years) hypertensive outpatients, being 60 female (58.25%), most with preserved kidney function. S-CC was correlated with carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery (FMD), both assessed by ultrasound, as well as with measured creatinine clearance and established cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: S-CC was neither significantly correlated with IMT (r = -0.024; p = 0.84) nor with FMD (r = -0.050 and p = 0.687) and no significant association was observed with conventional risk factors and inflammatory markers. In univariate analysis, s-CC was correlated with measured creatinine clearance (r = -0,498; p &lt; 0,001), age (r = 0,408; p &lt; 0,001), microalbuminuria (r = 0,291; p = 0,014), uric acid (r = 0,391; p &lt; 0,001), ratio E/e' (r = 0,242; p = 0,049) and Framingham score (r = 0,359; p = 0,001). However, after multiple regression analysis, only the association with measured creatinine clearance remained significant (r = -0,491; p &lt; 0,001). CONCLUSION: In middle-aged hypertensive outpatients, s-CC correlated with measured creatinine clearance, as expected, but no association was observed with markers of atherosclerosis neither with established cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cystatin C</kwd>
        <kwd>subclinical atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>creatinine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top1-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Correlation between serum cystatin C and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Francisco das Chagas Monteiro Junior<sup>I,II</sup>; Pedro Ant&#244;nio Muniz Ferreira<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Aldemir Teixeira Nunes<sup>II</sup>; Cacionor Pereira da Cunha J&#250;nior<sup>II</sup>; Ronald Lopes Brito<sup>II</sup>; Jo&#227;o Henrique Almeida Costa<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Ribamar Oliveira Lima<sup>II</sup>; Joyce Santos Lages<sup>II</sup>; Natalino Salgado Filho<sup>II</sup>; Valter Correia de Lima<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Serum cystatin C (s-CC), an endogenous marker of kidney function, has also been proposed as a cardiovascular risk marker. However, it is unknown whether it is a direct marker of atherosclerosis, independently of kidney function.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The aim of this study was to correlate s-CC with two surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This is a cross-sectional study involving 103 middle-aged (57.49 &#177; 11.7 years) hypertensive outpatients, being 60 female (58.25%), most with preserved kidney function. S-CC was correlated with carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery (FMD), both assessed by ultrasound, as well as with measured creatinine clearance and established cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> S-CC was neither significantly correlated with IMT (r = -0.024; p = 0.84) nor with FMD (r = -0.050 and p = 0.687) and no significant association was observed with conventional risk factors and inflammatory markers. In univariate analysis, s-CC was correlated with measured creatinine clearance (r = -0,498; p &lt; 0,001), age (r = 0,408; p &lt; 0,001), microalbuminuria (r = 0,291; p = 0,014), uric acid (r = 0,391; p &lt; 0,001), ratio E/e' (r = 0,242; p = 0,049) and Framingham score (r = 0,359; p = 0,001). However, after multiple regression analysis, only the association with measured creatinine clearance remained significant (r = -0,491; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In middle-aged hypertensive outpatients, s-CC correlated with measured creatinine clearance, as expected, but no association was observed with markers of atherosclerosis neither with established cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cystatin C; subclinical atherosclerosis; hypertension; creatinine.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cystatin C, a novel endogenous marker of kidney function, has been proposed also as a marker of cardiovascular risk<sup>1</sup>. It is a member of the superfamily of cysteine proteinase inhibitors produced by all nucleated cells. Because of its low molecular weight, it is freely filtered by the glomeruli and almost completely reabsorbed and catabolized in the tubules, without suffering tubular secretion, characteristics that make it more sensitive and accurate than creatinine<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Many studies have demonstrated association between this serum protein and various established cardiovascular risk factors and markers<sup>1,3-9</sup>, incidence of coronary events<sup>10,11 </sup>and heart failure<sup>12,13</sup> and, more importantly, the risk of cardiovascular death, particularly in the elderly<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some authors have argued that, as cystatin C is involved in the protein catabolism, inhibiting elastolitic proteases, which are augmented in degenerative and inflammatory processes like atherosclerosis, it could function as a direct marker of the atherogenic process itself<sup>1,10,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, at the present time, it is not established whether s-CC is merely a better marker of kidney function, which would be truly implicated in the cardiovascular risk, or if it could be considered a direct marker of atherosclerosis, independent of kidney function<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this study aimed to correlate s-CC levels in hypertensive patients without overt cardiovascular disease with two surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis at the same time, namely the carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and the flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery (FMD), as well as with traditional risk factors and inflammatory markers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional study involving hypertensive outpatients attended at a university service, chosen at random. We considered exclusion criteria for the enrollment in the research: a history of thyroid disease and/or current use of thyroxine, macroproteinuria (<underline>&gt;</underline> 300 mg/ 24h), current use of anti-inflammatory agents or high sensitivity C-reactive protein &gt; 10 mg/l and a history and/ or clinical evidence of atherosclerotic disease.</p>
      <p>All participants underwent a structured medical history interview, including the search for cardiovascular risk factors, and physical examination, which included measure of waist circumference, height and weight. Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Blood pressure was defined as the average of the last two of three measurements with a mercury sphygmomanometer taken at intervals <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 minutes after the participants had been seated for at least 5 minutes. Smoking was defined as current smoking of <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 cigarette/ day. Those participants who reported to practice &lt; 30 minutes three times/ week of physical exercise were considered sedentary.</p>
      <p>Fasting (12-hour) venous samples were drawn and biochemical parameters were assayed using an automatic analyzer. The following measurements were obtained: glucose, urea, creatinine, potassium, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, leukocyte count, uric acid, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and s-CC. Each participant collected his or her own urine for 24 h for the determination of microalbuminuria and creatinine clearance. High sensitivity C-reactive protein and microalbuminuria were measured by immunoturbidimetry. Measured creatinine clearance was standardized by the body surface area and was used as an index of glomerular filtration rate, being considered low when &lt; 60 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>. Creatinine clearance was also estimated by Cockcroft-Gault and Modification in Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formulas<sup>19</sup>. S-CC was measured by a particle-enhanced immunonephelometric assay (N Latex Cystatin C, Dade Behring) with a nephelometer (BNII). The range of detection of the assay is 0,195 to 7,330 mg per liter, with the reference range for healthy persons reported as 0,53 to 0,95 mg per liter<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting plasma glucose <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dL, using any hypoglycaemic medication and/ or a 2h glucose <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dL in an oral glucose tolerance test. Dyslipidemia was defined as elevated total cholesterol (<underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dL), decreased HDL-cholesterol (&lt; 40 mg/dl in males and &lt; 50 mg/dL in females), elevated LDL-cholesterol (<underline>&gt;</underline> 160mg/dL), elevated triglycerides (<underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dL) and/or using hypolipemiant agents<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The individual's absolute 10-year risk of coronary heart disease was estimated by means of the Framingham score<sup>20</sup>. Metabolic syndrome was identified according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>All participants underwent transthoracic echocardiography, measurement of carotid IMT and assessment of FMD of the brachial artery with high-resolution Doppler B-mode ultrasound equipment (General Electric). Examinations were performed by two experts operators, blinded to the patient's clinical and laboratory findings.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography was performed using a 3,5 MHz transducer. Left ventricular mass (g) was estimated using the formula of Devereux and Reichek and the left ventricular mass index was calculated by dividing left ventricular mass by body surface area (g/m<sup>2</sup>). Left ventricular hypertrophy was defined as an increase in left ventricular mass index <underline>&gt;</underline> 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men and &gt; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women<sup>22</sup>. The left ventricular ejection fraction was estimated by Teichholz's method and was used as the parameter of left ventricular systolic function<sup>22</sup>. Left ventricular diastolic function was assessed by the ratio E/e' (the early diastolic transmitral flow velocity divided by the early diastolic mitral annular velocity obtained from tissue Doppler), which has been used to estimate left ventricular filling pressure<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>A 7.5-MHz linear array transducer, with a frequency range of 7-10 MHz, was used to measure common carotid IMT. Thickness measurement was performed at the posterior artery wall, 1 cm proximal to carotid bifurcation, as the distance between two echogenic lines corresponding to the lumen-intima and media-adventitia interfaces of the artery wall, according to current recommendations<sup>24</sup>. It was considered normal a carotid IMT <underline>&lt;</underline> 1mm.</p>
      <p>A 10- MHz linear array transducer was used to assess the FMD of the brachial artery, according to technique published previously<sup>25</sup>. After assessment of baseline diameter of the right brachial artery (D1), a cuff was inflated to 50 mm Hg above the participant's systolic blood pressure to occlude the artery and kept inflated for 5 minutes. Images of the right brachial artery were then obtained 60-90 seconds after cuff deflation and artery diameter was measured again (D2), in diastole (gated with ECG R wave). %FMD was computed with the formula D2-D1/D1 x 100 and adopted as an estimation ofendothelial function. Acceptable normal values vary from 10 to 15%<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Association between s-CC levels (mg/L), used as a continuous or as a categorical variable (&lt; or <underline>&gt;</underline> 50th percentile), and each of the following variables was searched: age (years), smoking (yes/no), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), sedentary lifestyle (yes/no), waist circumference (cm), body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), total cholesterol (mg/dL), HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL), glucose (mg/dL), glycosylated hemoglobin (%), urea (mg/dL), creatinine (mg/dL), measured creatinine clearance (ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>), estimated creatinine clearance by Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD formulas (ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>), uric acid (mg/dL), microalbuminuria (mg/24h), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/dL), fibrinogen (mg/dL), left ventricular ejection fraction (%), ratio E/e', left ventricular mass index (g/m2), FMD (%), carotid IMT (mm), Framingham score (%) and metabolic syndrome (yes/no).</p>
      <p>The project was previously approved by the Institution's ResearchEthics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.</p>
      <p>Categorical variables were expressed as percentage (%) and continuous variables, as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). To compare means it was used the Student's t-test and categorical variables, the chi-square test (&#967;2). Pearson's correlation coefficient, or Spearman's coefficient for nonparametric variables, was calculated to analyze the association between two continuous variables, being adopted a 95 % confidence interval. All statistical analysis were conducted using the SPSS package for Windows, version 16.0. Two-tailed p values &lt; 0,05 were considered as expressing a statistically significant association. Associations presenting a p &lt; 0.10 at the univariate analysis were included in the final multiple regression analysis model.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred and three hypertensive outpatients were recruited for this research, with a mean age of 57.49 &#177; 11.7 years and predominance of female and non-whites. The sample was characterized also by an average measured creatinine clearance within normal range and a glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> in less than 1/5 of the participants. Clinical and laboratory data of the study sample are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0899-00083-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>With respect to risk assessment, it was observed a mean Famingham score of 9.0 &#177; 8.4%, being 58.9% of the participants classified as low, 25% as medium and 16% as high risk. Mean s-CC was 0.75 &#177; 0.16 mg/L, following a normal distribution, being significantly higher in male (0.80 &#177; 0.15 <italic>vs.</italic> 0.72 &#177; 0.16 mg/L, p = 0.039), with no difference between whites and non-whites (0.78 &#177; 0.16 <italic>vs. </italic>0.73 &#177; 0.15 mg/L, p = 0.15). It was observed a significant correlation with age (<italic>r </italic>= 0.408, p &lt; 0.001) and a trend in relation to body mass index (r = -0.193, p = 0.091).</p>
      <p>As can be seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07812tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>, s-CC was significantly correlated with all other kidney function parameters. The inverse correlation observed between s-CC and measured creatinine clearance, considered to be the reference marker of glomerular filtration rate in this study, remained significant even after adjustment for age (r = -0.369, p=0.001), gender (r = -0.412, p &lt; 0.001), race (r = -0.419, p &lt; 0.001), body mass index (r = -0.383, p = 0.001) and all these variables jointly (r = -0.365, p = 0.002). As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07812tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>, all other estimated kidney function parameters except urea were also significantly correlated with measured creatinine clearance.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07812tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0899-00083-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07812tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0899-00083-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No significant association was observed between s-CC levels and diabetes mellitus (p = 0.915), smoking (p = 0.881), sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.115), dyslipidemia (p = 0.865) and metabolic syndrome (p = 0.526).</p>
      <p>A strong inverse correlation between the two subclinical atherosclerosis markers evaluated in this work, namely carotid IMT and FMD of brachial artery, was observed (r = -0.480, p &lt; 0.001). However, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07812tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>, s-CC was not significantly correlated with any of these markers. In the same way, there was no correlation with the inflammatory markers studied here, namely leukocyte count, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen. On the other hand, s-CC correlated significantly with microalbuminuria, uric acid, ratio E/e' and Framingham score.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07812tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0899-00083-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>However, after multiple linear regression analysis including all associations with p &lt; 0.10, only the correlation with measured creatinine clearance remained significant, being observed a borderline significance for the association with uric acid (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07812tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07812tab05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0899-00083-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the current study we evaluated hypertensive outpatients free of manifested cardiovascular disease, predominantly of middle age, with preserved renal function and classified as of low and medium risk according to Famingham score. These characteristics correspond to a profile of patient commonly found in the daily clinical practice, for which there is yet uncertainty about risk assessment.</p>
      <p>As expected, s-CC correlated significantly with all kidney function parameters evaluated, including measured creatinine clearance. Taking measured creatinine clearance as a reference, s-CC performance was roughly equivalent to Cockcroft-Gault formula. However, as creatinine clearance, even measured, cannot be considered a gold standard of kidney function, it is possible that s-CC sensitivity is being underestimated in this analysis.</p>
      <p>In this research, s-CC was not significantly correlated with markers of atherosclerosis, inflammatory markers, left ventricular mass index, neither with traditional risk factors except age. On the other hand, the significant associations observed with uric acid, microalbuminuria, ratio E/e' and Framingham score, as well as with age, disappeared after multiple regression analysis, remaining significant only the correlation with measured creatinine clearance.</p>
      <p>Carotid IMT and FMD of brachial artery have been considered as, respectively, structural and functional markers of subclinical atherosclerosis<sup>26-29</sup>. As expected, in the current study, a strong inverse linear correlation between these two markers was observed, corroborating the fact that they reflect different aspects of the same pathophysiologic process. The few studies that aimed to correlate s-CC with these markers have reported conflicting findings. While two small cross-sectional studies involving middle-aged hypertensive patients reported significant correlation between s-CC and carotid IMT<sup>3,30</sup>, larger cross-sectional studies did not confirm it, neither in middle-aged individuals, with preserved kidney function<sup>4,31</sup>, nor in the elderly, with discrete to moderate kidney function impairment<sup>32</sup>. The Australian study conducted by Potter et al.<sup>33</sup> was the only one, before ours, to correlate s-CC with either IMT as FMD at the same time. Indeed, it is a cross-sectional analysis of a subgroup of elderly stroke participants (n = 173) of the Vitamins to Prevent Stroke Trial (VITATOPS trial), whose primary objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of homocysteine lowering with B-vitamins supplementation in the reduction of incidence of major vascular events. The authors observed no correlation with IMT; with regard to FMD, they found a significant correlation, but clearly influenced by kidney function.</p>
      <p>In short, our findings corroborate the role of s-CC as marker of kidney function but do not demonstrate independent association with markers of atherosclerosis neither with established risk factors. Therefore, based on our findings, as well as others', we believe that the widely reported association between s-CC and cardiovascular risk is fundamentally connected to its role as kidney function marker and reject in principle the hypothesis that it could reflect independently an intrinsic vascular damage and consequently the atherogenic process itself.</p>
      <p>Among other authors, the postulated role of s-CC as a marker of inflammation and atherosclerosis has been controversial too. Despite innumerous publications reporting significant association between s-CC and various inflammatory markers<sup>1,5-8,10,14,34-36</sup>, it is not established yet if this association is independent of kidney function. Singh et al.<sup>36 </sup>for instance, in a cross-sectional analysis of the elderly cohort Heart and Soul Study, verified that the significant correlation observed among s-CC and high sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen simply disappeared after adjustment for measured creatinine clearance. If one considers that renal impairment itself, even slight, is associated to inflammatory markers elevation, s-CC could simply reflect, with more sensitivity than creatinine or estimated creatinine clearance, this association.</p>
      <p>With respect to its association with markers of atherosclerosis, beyond the divergent findings regarding carotid IMT and FMD, including ours, it must be added the absence of significant association with coronary calcification evaluated by computed tomography, as demonstrated in a cross-sectional analysis of the large Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)<sup>6</sup>. In the same way, a significant correlation with microalbuminuria was reported by some authors<sup>3,4,8</sup>, but not by other<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the European cohort Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME Study), that included only healthy middle-aged men, s-CC was significantly associated with the occurrence of the first coronary event, independently of classical factors, but the significance of this association disappeared after adjusting for high sensitivity C-reactive protein<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a recently published cohort, theTroms&#248; Study, which studied a general population, involving more than 6.000 adult men and women, cystatin C was a risk factor for all-cause mortality in women but was not independently associated with fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke in the whole population.<sup>37</sup> Even in the large elderly cohorts, in which s-CC presented strong correlation with cardiovascular mortality, its association specifically with atherosclerotic events, namely acute myocardial infarction and stroke, did not become defined, being demonstrated in the Cardiovascular Health Study<sup>14</sup>, but not in the Health ABC study<sup>15</sup>. The Health ABC's authors speculate that individuals with renal impairment, even slight or moderate, may have a disproportionally higher risk of fatal events rather than nonfatal acute myocardial infarction or stroke. This could be due to the greater incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in this setting, not necessarily associated to atherosclerotic events, once these individuals have a greater prevalence of structural abnormalities of the conduction system, myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy, ventricular dysfunction and heart failure<sup>15</sup>. So, the apparent superiority of s-CC over creatinine based kidney function assessment, regarding cardiovascular risk prediction, as showed in these cohorts, could be fundamentally due to its greater sensitivity to detect smaller degrees of renal impairment, which would be the true cardiovascular risk predictor. In accordance with this, in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease, Menon et al.<sup>38</sup> demonstrated that the strength of s-CC regarding cardiovascular risk prediction was not clearly superior to that of measured glomerular filtration rate with iothalamate.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, it is possible that in the setting of myocardial injury, in which there is intense extracellular matrix remodeling, s-CC levels keep correlation with the extension of the injury and, consequently, with the future risk of cardiac events. It is why in this particular situation there is a great augmentation of elastolytic proteases, which can be counterbalanced for elevation of its main inhibitor, cystatin C. This could likely explain the predictive capacity of s-CC, regarding secondary cardiac events, independent of kidney function, as demonstrated by Koenig et al.<sup>10 </sup>in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome, most with acute myocardial infarction, as well as its absence in the setting of chronic stable coronary heart disease as reported by the Heart and Soul Study<sup>39</sup>. The same explanation could be proposed for the association between s-CC and the risk of development of heart failure, a condition characterized also by intense extracellular matrix remodeling<sup>40</sup>.</p>
      <p>As said before, the role of s-CC as an independent marker of atherosclerosis seems to be not yet established, a point of view that has been endorsed by some of the main researchers in this area<sup>1,39</sup>. So we believe that renal impairment, even slight, is the true cardiovascular risk predictor, and s-CC, just a more sensitive marker of this impairment.</p>
      <p>Finally, the present study was limited by its cross-sectional design. Furthermore, as our study evaluated a specific profile of patients, our results cannot automatically be extrapolated to the general population. On the other hand, our work presents some positive aspects that should be emphasized. To our knowledge, it is the first study to correlate s-CC with these two markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, at the same time, in individuals without manifested cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, we also correlated s-CC with inflammatory markers, 24-hour microalbuminuria and left ventricular mass index, beyond traditional risk factors, as well as we worked with measured rather than estimated creatinine clearance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In middle-aged hypertensive outpatients, most with preserved kidney function, s-CC correlated with measured creatinine clearance, as expected, but no association was observed with two markers of atherosclerosis neither with established cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico do Maranh&#227;o (FAPEMA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Francisco das Chagas Monteiro Junior , from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
