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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9tp7FFdd9bb8jZB69MXhyVb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001300002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000079</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aus&#234;ncia de estreita associa&#231;&#227;o entre qualidade de vida e capacidade de exerc&#237;cio na hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#237;cero</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franchi</surname>
            <given-names>Sonia Meiken</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Augusto Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>876</fpage>
      <lpage>885</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Na hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) a qualidade de vida relacionada sa&#250;de (QVRS) tem sido investigada em curtos per&#237;odos de tempo (semanas), mas pouco se sabe sobre a perspectiva do paciente no m&#233;dio e longo prazo. OBJETIVO: Analisar o estado de pacientes em terapias espec&#237;ficas de HAP durante um ano de observa&#231;&#227;o, em termos de QVRS, e investigar se poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es entre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio (CE) e a QVRS persistem no m&#233;dio prazo. M&#201;TODOS: Trinta e quatro pacientes em terapias para a HAP (bosentan e/ou sildenafil) foram selecionados (idade de 14 a 58 anos, mediana de 35,5 anos, classe funcional II ou III), e avaliados no momento basal, e 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses depois, usando o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e question&#225;rio SF-36 de QVRS. RESULTADOS: A dist&#226;ncia percorrida nos seis minutos n&#227;o mudou durante o acompanhamento (387 - 432 metros, valores da mediana, p=0.2775), o mesmo para a classe funcional e satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio. Os escores SF-36 tamb&#233;m se mantiveram est&#225;veis, com a sa&#250;de f&#237;sica sempre pior que a sa&#250;de mental. Das 40 poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es entre a CE e QVRS, apenas 12 foram significativas (30%, p&lt;0,05). A previs&#227;o de uma QVRS severamente deprimida com base em uma dist&#226;ncia percorrida de 235 metros foi espec&#237;fica em &gt;90%, mas sens&#237;vel em &lt;43%. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os pacientes com HAP que se mant&#234;m est&#225;veis em termos da CE tamb&#233;m parecem faz&#234;-lo em termos de QVRS. Contudo, CE e QVRS n&#227;o t&#234;m liga&#231;&#227;o consistente com o tempo, e devem ser analisadas como diferentes perspectivas no paciente individual.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>qualidade de vida</kwd>
        <kwd>toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>sintomas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Aus&#234;ncia de estreita associa&#231;&#227;o entre qualidade de vida e capacidade de exerc&#237;cio na hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cristina C&#237;cero; Sonia Meiken Franchi; Alessandra Costa Barreto; Ant&#244;nio Augusto Barbosa Lopes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Na hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) a qualidade de vida relacionada sa&#250;de (QVRS) tem sido investigada em curtos per&#237;odos de tempo (semanas), mas pouco se sabe sobre a perspectiva do paciente no m&#233;dio e longo prazo. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Analisar o estado de pacientes em terapias espec&#237;ficas de HAP durante um ano de observa&#231;&#227;o, em termos de QVRS, e investigar se poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es entre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio (CE) e a QVRS persistem no m&#233;dio prazo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Trinta e quatro pacientes em terapias para a HAP (bosentan e/ou sildenafil) foram selecionados (idade de 14 a 58 anos, mediana de 35,5 anos, classe funcional II ou III), e avaliados no momento basal, e 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses depois, usando o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e question&#225;rio SF-36 de QVRS. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A dist&#226;ncia percorrida nos seis minutos n&#227;o mudou durante o acompanhamento (387 - 432 metros, valores da mediana, p=0.2775), o mesmo para a classe funcional e satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio. Os escores SF-36 tamb&#233;m se mantiveram est&#225;veis, com a sa&#250;de f&#237;sica sempre pior que a sa&#250;de mental. Das 40 poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es entre a CE e QVRS, apenas 12 foram significativas (30%, p&lt;0,05). A previs&#227;o de uma QVRS severamente deprimida com base em uma dist&#226;ncia percorrida de 235 metros foi espec&#237;fica em &gt;90%, mas sens&#237;vel em &lt;43%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os pacientes com HAP que se mant&#234;m est&#225;veis em termos da CE tamb&#233;m parecem faz&#234;-lo em termos de QVRS. Contudo, CE e QVRS n&#227;o t&#234;m liga&#231;&#227;o consistente com o tempo, e devem ser analisadas como diferentes perspectivas no paciente individual.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar; qualidade de vida; toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio; sintomas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar (HAP) &#233; uma doen&#231;a devastadora caracterizada por eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar e resist&#234;ncia vascular, dispneia progressiva e limita&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio, e, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita e morte prematura. Felizmente, nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, houve progressos consider&#225;veis em termos de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico precoce e interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas espec&#237;ficas<sup>1-7</sup>. Os efeitos de tais interven&#231;&#245;es foram analisados levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a capacidade f&#237;sica (geralmente avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de 6 minutos)<sup>8</sup>, tempo de piora cl&#237;nica, hemodin&#226;mica e sobreviv&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Tem havido um interesse crescente na an&#225;lise da Qualidade de Vida Relacionada Sa&#250;de (QVRS) nesse transtorno. O diagn&#243;stico de HAP e as perspectivas cl&#237;nicas imp&#245;em uma ang&#250;stia consider&#225;vel sobre os pacientes e suas fam&#237;lias em termos de progn&#243;stico e dificuldades relacionadas com o tratamento. Dessa forma, a QVRS foi inclu&#237;da como um crit&#233;rio de valora&#231;&#227;o adicional em estudos cl&#237;nicos destinados a investigar os benef&#237;cios potenciais de novas terapias de HAP. Uma melhoria da QVRS tem sido relatada em pacientes submetidos a essas terapias, mas n&#227;o de forma consistente em todos os estudos, ou quando question&#225;rios diferentes s&#227;o utilizados no mesmo estudo<sup>3,9-12</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, foram demonstradas correla&#231;&#245;es entre a QVRS e a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, mas n&#227;o com a hemodin&#226;mica<sup>13-15</sup>. Assim, apesar do progresso inicial, o estudo da QVRS na HAP continua sendo um campo inexplorado com rela&#231;&#227;o a outras doen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>Em muitos casos, a QVRS foi avaliada ao longo de semanas de tratamento para investigar o impacto de novas terapias de HAP por compara&#231;&#227;o com o estado pr&#233;-tratamento. A literatura &#233; escassa em termos de an&#225;lise da QVRS ao longo de meses ou anos em pacientes em tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, como as correla&#231;&#245;es entre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e a QVRS s&#227;o relativamente fracas e t&#234;m sido investigadas em estudos transversais, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel saber se elas continuam sendo significativas no decorrer do tempo. Decidimos, portanto, examinar a QVRS em pacientes com HAP que j&#225; estavam em terapias espec&#237;ficas cr&#244;nicas. O estudo teve por objetivo investigar o estado dos pacientes, em termos de QVRS, ao longo de 12 meses de acompanhamento. Tamb&#233;m quisemos saber se as associa&#231;&#245;es entre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e QVRS permanecem est&#225;veis ao longo do tempo. Usando modelos estat&#237;sticos apropriados, investigamos especificamente se era poss&#237;vel prever a qualidade de vida do paciente, com base na capacidade f&#237;sica avaliada em fun&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo adolescentes e adultos com HAP atendidos como pacientes ambulat&#243;rios. HAP idiop&#225;tica e HAP associada a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita foram as &#250;nicas categorias de diagn&#243;stico no estudo. A &#250;ltima categoria inclui indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a moderada (acian&#243;tico, satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio &#8805; 90%) e indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a mais avan&#231;ada, com apresenta&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica da s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmenger (cian&#243;tico, satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio de &lt;90%). Todos os pacientes no estudo foram considerados como inadequados para corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da anomalia card&#237;aca, devido doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar, de moderada a grave, e estavam sob tratamento com f&#225;rmacos aprovados para HAP. Somente foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes sob tratamento ambulatorial. Todos os indiv&#237;duos estavam em classe funcional II ou III est&#225;vel (classifica&#231;&#227;o para a HAP da World Health Association) quando foram incorporados ao estudo. Para a inclus&#227;o, foi necess&#225;rio o termo de consentimento informado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros e acompanhamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de HAP idiop&#225;tica ou HAP associada a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita foi estabelecido com base no protocolo de diagn&#243;stico previamente aprovado<sup>16,17</sup>. A ecocardiografia por Doppler foi utilizada para caracterizar a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, quando presente, e para estimar a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar em todos os pacientes. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, os pacientes foram atendidos aos tr&#234;s, seis, nove e doze meses. Em todos esses casos, o estado funcional e da qualidade de vida foram avaliados por observadores distintos.</p>
    <p>A classe funcional foi registrada de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association, e modificados para hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS). A capacidade de exerc&#237;cio foi determinada pelo teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, de acordo com o protocolo (teste de caminhada de 6 minutos), aprovado pela American Thoracic Society<sup>8</sup>. A satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio perif&#233;rica foi medida por ox&#237;metro de pulso em repouso e no final da caminhada de 6 minutos.</p>
    <p>A qualidade de vida foi analisada utilizando o question&#225;rio gen&#233;rico SF-36 "The Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey"<sup>18</sup>. Ap&#243;s uma explica&#231;&#227;o inicial, os pacientes foram convidados a ler e responder as perguntas. N&#227;o foi fornecida ajuda adicional, salvo quando absolutamente necess&#225;rio. A an&#225;lise final foi realizada, e um escore foi obtido para cada categoria do componente f&#237;sico (capacidade funcional, aspectos f&#237;sicos, dor f&#237;sica, estado geral de sa&#250;de) e do componente mental (vitalidade, aspectos sociais, aspectos emocionais e sa&#250;de mental). Tamb&#233;m se obteve um escore resumido para cada um dos dois componentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em vista da distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o gaussiana da maioria das vari&#225;veis do estudo, os resultados s&#227;o expressos como valor m&#233;dio e intervalo, e ilustrados por meio de gr&#225;ficos "box-plots". As diferen&#231;as entre dois grupos independentes (por exemplo, grupos de diagn&#243;stico ou classe funcional II <italic>versus</italic> III no momento basal) foram analisados usando o teste de Mann-Whitney. Diferen&#231;as entre v&#225;rias medidas correlatas (no decorrer do acompanhamento) foram testadas usando o teste estat&#237;stico de Friedman. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis foram testadas pelo c&#225;lculo do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (r<sub>s</sub>). No caso particular de testar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre escores resumidos (distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana aceita), o coeficiente de Pearson foi calculado. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi utilizada para investigar se era poss&#237;vel prever a qualidade de vida (especificamente, uma m&#225; qualidade de vida, conforme indicado pelo SF-36 &#8804; 25) com base na defici&#234;ncia da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de 6 minutos; curvas caracter&#237;sticas operador-receptor foram diagramadas em consequ&#234;ncia. Em todos os testes, foi assumido um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 34 pacientes em tratamento espec&#237;fico para HAP. No in&#237;cio do estudo, 30 pacientes foram medicados com sildenafil por via oral (20-80 mg, tr&#234;s vezes ao dia), um paciente estava em uso, via oral, de bosentan (125 mg duas vezes ao dia) e tr&#234;s pacientes estavam em terapia combinada de ambos os agentes. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, diagn&#243;sticos e funcionais est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07612_port_t01">Tabela 1</xref>. Apesar do quadro cl&#237;nico est&#225;vel (25 pacientes estavam em classe funcional II), a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio global n&#227;o pode ser considerada satisfat&#243;ria, j&#225; que a dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos (mediana de 399 metros) foi relativamente curta para uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes jovens (m&#233;dia de idade de 35,5 anos). Os pacientes com HAP associada cardiopatia cong&#234;nita apresentaram menor satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com HAP idiop&#225;tica (p = 0,0136 e p = 0,0022, respectivamente, para as diferen&#231;as em repouso e durante o exerc&#237;cio).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07612_port_t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0876-00079-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
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    <p>Das oito categorias do question&#225;rio SF-36, as pontua&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias inferiores a 50 foram observadas em duas, ambas relacionadas com a sa&#250;de f&#237;sica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07612_port_f01">Figura 1</xref>). Uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva foi observada entre os componentes f&#237;sicos e mentais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07612_port_f02">Figura 2</xref>). De todas as associa&#231;&#245;es testadas entre QVRS (escores resumidos de sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental) e os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos (idade, etiologia da HAP, classe funcional, dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos e satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio), apenas uma, entre a classe funcional do paciente e sua sa&#250;de f&#237;sica, foi significativa. Pacientes na classe funcional II apresentaram um escore resumido de sa&#250;de f&#237;sica entre 28,5 e 87,8 (mediana de 57,8), enquanto os da classe III apresentaram um escore resumido entre 18 e 60,5 (mediana de 30,0) (p = 0,0089).</p>
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    <p>Nos 12 meses de acompanhamento, dois pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmenger morreram (um deles em uso de sildenafil 80 mg tr&#234;s vezes ao dia, e o outro em uso de sildenafil mais bosentan). O primeiro paciente era um homem de 29 anos, inicialmente na classe funcional II. Ele completou quatro visitas (basal, tr&#234;s, seis e nove meses de acompanhamento). Os valores m&#233;dios de dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos, satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (repouso), escore resumido de sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e escore resumido de sa&#250;de mental foram 375 metros, 70%, 42,0 e 83,8, respectivamente. Ele tinha hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica grave associada a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal de moderada a grave. O segundo paciente era uma mulher de 55 anos, inicialmente na classe III. Ela completou apenas tr&#234;s visitas. Os valores m&#233;dios dos par&#226;metros mencionados foram 115 metros, 80%, 24,0 e 36,6, respectivamente para a dist&#226;ncia percorrida, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;ncio, e escores de sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental. Com outro paciente com diagn&#243;stico inicial de s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmenger e recebendo sildenafil, o contato foi perdido no acompanhamento. Trinta e um pacientes completaram as cinco visitas (12 meses de acompanhamento). Considerando-se que seis pacientes que receberam inicialmente sildenafil migraram para a terapia combinada, o cen&#225;rio terap&#234;utico final foi o seguinte: 22 indiv&#237;duos em uso de sildenafil, um de Bosentan e oito em uso de ambos os agentes.</p>
    <p>Os dados funcionais de 31 pacientes que completaram o seguimento s&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07612_port_t02">Tabela 2</xref>. Essencialmente, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na classe funcional, dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio perif&#233;rica (em repouso e no final da caminhada de seis minutos). Em rela&#231;&#227;o qualidade de vida, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07612_port_f03">Figura 3</xref> mostra que a sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental, avaliada pelo question&#225;rio SF-36 tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se alterou significativamente. Em todo o acompanhamento, a sa&#250;de f&#237;sica tendia a ser um pouco pior quando comparada com a sa&#250;de mental.</p>
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        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0876-00079-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es foram testadas entre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, medida pela dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos, e cada uma das oito categorias do question&#225;rio SF-36 ao longo de 12 meses de observa&#231;&#227;o. Das 40 poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es que foram investigados, 12 foram significativas, com correla&#231;&#245;es positivas entre dist&#226;ncia percorrida e os escores do SF-36 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07612_port_t03">Tabela 3</xref>). Em seis desses 12 casos, foi poss&#237;vel ajustar um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para determinar o limite inferior da dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos, na qual os pacientes muito provavelmente come&#231;ariam a considerar a si mesmos gravemente incapacitados (qualidade de vida m&#233;dia &#8804; 25). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07612_port_t04">Tabela 4</xref> mostra que esse limite estava entre 235 e 280 metros, com alta especificidade. No entanto, a baixa sensibilidade da previs&#227;o indica que muitos pacientes estariam insatisfeitos com a sua qualidade de vida, mesmo acima dessa faixa. Finalmente, as curvas caracter&#237;sticas receptor-operador mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07612_port_f04">Figura 4</xref> indicam que a capacidade para prever a qualidade de vida com base na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio foi bastante vari&#225;vel, dependendo do par&#226;metro analisado.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07612_port_t03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0876-00079-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07612_port_t04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0876-00079-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop07612_port_f04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0876-00079-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A qualidade de vida tornou-se um assunto de progressivo interesse em um n&#250;mero de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica<sup>19-21</sup>, doen&#231;as reum&#225;ticas<sup>22,23</sup> e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica<sup>24-26</sup>. Em todas essas condi&#231;&#245;es, a QVRS foi avaliada como uma medida adicional do estado cl&#237;nico, como uma medida da efic&#225;cia do tratamento, e em associa&#231;&#227;o com &#237;ndices de gravidade da doen&#231;a, e da morbimortalidade. Conceitualmente, a QVRS representa a satisfa&#231;&#227;o de uma pessoa naquelas &#225;reas da vida que possam ser afetadas pelo estado de sa&#250;de: capacidade f&#237;sica, capacidade cognitiva, relacionamentos, emo&#231;&#245;es e espiritualidade. Por conseguinte, &#233; subjetiva, multidimensional e temporal<sup>27</sup>. Dessa forma, s&#227;o levantadas quest&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas sobre como avaliar com precis&#227;o a QVRS, e quais seriam as ferramentas apropriadas para testar poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es com medidas diretas de gravidade da doen&#231;a e progn&#243;stico. Embora o desenvolvimento de question&#225;rios de QVRS para doen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas (como uma alternativa aos gen&#233;ricos) possa ser encarado como um avan&#231;o importante para uma melhor compreens&#227;o da perspectiva do paciente, nenhum deles pode ser considerado suficientemente completo. Dimens&#245;es como esperan&#231;a, autoimagem, mudan&#231;as de pap&#233;is, sexualidade, autossufici&#234;ncia e espiritualidade s&#227;o raramente exploradas. Assim, ao analisar a QVRS, deve-se considerar que nenhum question&#225;rio &#250;nico ou combina&#231;&#227;o dos question&#225;rios &#233; capaz de capturar todos os aspectos da perspectiva do paciente.</p>
    <p>Levando em conta essas dificuldades metodol&#243;gicas e limita&#231;&#245;es<sup>28</sup>, a QVRS demonstrou estar severamente deprimida na HAP<sup>13,15,29</sup>. A tend&#234;ncia que observamos de uma depress&#227;o mais importante nos dom&#237;nios f&#237;sicos est&#225; de acordo com a literatura<sup>29</sup>. No gr&#225;fico mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07612_port_f02">Figura 2</xref>, a intercep&#231;&#227;o indica que, para qualquer escore associado com a sa&#250;de f&#237;sica, o correspondente escore mental tende a ser mais elevado. No entanto, deve-se reconhecer que os question&#225;rios, em geral, s&#227;o particularmente limitados em sua capacidade de avaliar dimens&#245;es espec&#237;ficas da sa&#250;de mental<sup>28</sup>. Por outro lado, a nossa observa&#231;&#227;o da maioria dos escores acima de 50 contradiz outros estudos<sup>13,15,29</sup>, o que pode ser explicado pelas diferen&#231;as entre as popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes. Notoriamente, a HAP associada com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (a maioria dos pacientes neste estudo) &#233; uma doen&#231;a mais insidiosa, e os pacientes tendem a estar mais adaptados doen&#231;a. Isso vai de encontro ao curso rapidamente progressivo da HAP associada com esclerose sist&#234;mica ou HAP idiop&#225;tica (a maioria dos casos nos estudos mencionados). Uma observa&#231;&#227;o interessante foi a falta de correla&#231;&#227;o entre a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio e a qualidade de vida. Menores n&#237;veis de satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio foram observados em pacientes com HAP associada a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. O fato de que alguns pacientes hipox&#234;micos com s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmenger est&#227;o relativamente bem adaptados s tarefas di&#225;rias e satisfeitos com sua qualidade de vida &#233; realmente intrigante, mas frequentemente observado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Houve consenso geral de que a QVRS n&#227;o se correlaciona com altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas na HAP<sup>13-15,29</sup>. Mesmo considerando estudos de curto prazo destinados a testar os efeitos de terapias espec&#237;ficas para HAP, a melhoria das anormalidades hemodin&#226;micas nem sempre est&#225; associada a melhora da QVRS<sup>9</sup>. Por outro lado, associa&#231;&#245;es entre a QVRS e medidas do estado funcional (ou seja, a classe funcional, dist&#226;ncia percorrida em seis minutos e &#237;ndice de dispneia de Borg) foram mais consistentes, mesmo que elas n&#227;o sejam t&#227;o estreitas se considerados os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o<sup>13-15,29</sup>. Mais uma vez, na HAP, &#233; o componente f&#237;sico da QVRS que melhor se correlaciona com medidas como a dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos<sup>13</sup>. Nosso estudo mostrou melhores escores resumidos de sa&#250;de f&#237;sica em pacientes em classe funcional II, quando comparados com os de classe III, e uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a capacidade funcional e dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos, em tr&#234;s casos durante o acompanhamento. Uma observa&#231;&#227;o importante, contudo, foi que as associa&#231;&#245;es significativas do SF-36 com a dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos estiveram presentes em apenas 30% de todas as correla&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis. N&#243;s continuamos utilizando a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica como uma tentativa de identificar um limite inferior em termos de dist&#226;ncia percorrida abaixo do qual os pacientes teriam a QVRS severamente deprimida. Tornou-se claro para n&#243;s que embora pacientes caminhando menos de 235-280 metros durante o teste com muita probabilidade estariam acentuadamente insatisfeitos com sua qualidade de vida, uma insatisfa&#231;&#227;o significativa poderia ser expressa at&#233; mesmo acima dessa faixa, tendo em vista a baixa sensibilidade da previs&#227;o. A heterogeneidade das curvas caracter&#237;sticas operador-receptor, mostrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07612_port_f04">Figura 4</xref>, ilustra as dificuldades na previs&#227;o dos aspectos da qualidade de vida com base na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>A qualidade de vida relacionada sa&#250;de tem sido explorada como parte da avalia&#231;&#227;o global do tratamento da HAP, embora sua compreens&#227;o dentro da comunidade continue sendo incipiente. Melhoria da QVRS tem sido relatada em pacientes em diferentes modalidades de tratamento, incluindo a via intravenosa (epoprostenol), subcut&#226;nea (treprostinil), inalada (iloprost) e terapias orais (bosentan, sitaxsentan, ambrisentam e sildenafil)<sup>1-3,10-12,30</sup>. No entanto, os efeitos das interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o parecem ser absolutamente uniformes, isto &#233;, eles n&#227;o t&#234;m sido relatados em todos os estudos<sup>9</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, tem havido diferen&#231;as no mesmo estudo quando s&#227;o usados question&#225;rios diferentes<sup>3</sup>. Em alguns casos, foram relatadas altera&#231;&#245;es para uns, n&#227;o para todos os dom&#237;nios do mesmo question&#225;rio<sup>10</sup>. N&#227;o raramente, diversas modalidades de tratamento aparecem no mesmo estudo de QVRS<sup>13-15,29</sup>, mas compara&#231;&#245;es entre tratamentos raramente t&#234;m sido realizadas<sup>13</sup>. A maneira como os pacientes respondem aos tratamentos depende n&#227;o s&#243; dos efeitos farmacol&#243;gicos dos agentes, mas tamb&#233;m de fatores tais como a complexidade da administra&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o (uma bomba de infus&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;ria para a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa cont&#237;nua do epoprostenol), tempo de adapta&#231;&#227;o terapia e n&#237;vel de apoio da equipe multidisciplinar<sup>28</sup>. Finalmente, o tipo de medicamento pode n&#227;o ser um fator determinante importante na qualidade de vida<sup>13</sup>. No presente estudo, com duas exce&#231;&#245;es (resultados fatais) pacientes em terapias orais de HAP permaneceram est&#225;veis durante um ano de observa&#231;&#227;o, em termos de capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e qualidade de vida. Os escores resumidos dos componentes f&#237;sicos e mentais permaneceram est&#225;veis ao longo das consultas, com a sa&#250;de mental um pouco melhor do que a sa&#250;de f&#237;sica, conforme observado no momento basal. Mais uma vez, a etiologia da HAP (a maioria dos pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e nenhum paciente com esclerose sist&#234;mica) pode ter desempenhado algum papel. Por outro lado, n&#227;o seria &#233;tico para analisar o papel espec&#237;fico de administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do agente na qualidade de vida do paciente, tendo, por exemplo, um grupo de controle de pacientes n&#227;o tratados com s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmenger (conhecidos por ter uma doen&#231;a mais insidiosa). Em apoio a essa vis&#227;o, um recente estudo retrospectivo envolvendo uma grande coorte demonstrou os efeitos ben&#233;ficos das terapias avan&#231;adas de HAP sobre as curvas de sobrevida de pacientes com essa s&#237;ndrome<sup>31</sup>, ressaltando assim a necessidade de medica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo tem duas limita&#231;&#245;es not&#243;rias. Primeiro, a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes era relativamente pequena. Como resultado, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel, por exemplo, para analisar comparativamente a QVRS na HAP associada cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e HAP idiop&#225;tica. No entanto, com exce&#231;&#227;o de um paciente cujo contato foi perdido no acompanhamento, todos os indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados de forma consistente e repetidamente ao longo de cinco consultas no hospital. Isso nos permitiu analisar comparativamente a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e QVRS em todo o acompanhamento. Por outro lado, como diversas etiologias da HAP n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das (doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica com hipertens&#227;o portal, uso de anorex&#237;genos, infec&#231;&#227;o por v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida, esquistossomose e anemias hemol&#237;ticas), podemos supor que a nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes n&#227;o era t&#227;o heterog&#234;nea. A segunda limita&#231;&#227;o foi a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um question&#225;rio de QVRS &#250;nico, levando em conta que em outros estudos foram utilizados dois ou tr&#234;s instrumentos<sup>1-3,11,12</sup>. Infelizmente, dessa forma ficamos limitados pelo n&#250;mero de instrumentos validados em l&#237;ngua portuguesa. Embora o Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida de Minnesota, considerado como instrumento de condi&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica<sup>32</sup> &#233; validado, n&#227;o pode ser considerado como espec&#237;fico de HAP. O question&#225;rio Cambridge para Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar (CAMPHOR) foi projetado para hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, e pode ser considerado como um instrumento valioso na avalia&#231;&#227;o de resultados relatados por pacientes, na pr&#225;tica rotineira. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o &#233; validado para utiliza&#231;&#227;o em l&#237;ngua portuguesa.</p>
    <p>Com base em nossas observa&#231;&#245;es, conclu&#237;mos que pacientes com HAP, inicialmente na classe II ou III, que permanecem funcionalmente est&#225;veis sob terapias espec&#237;ficas orais, tamb&#233;m apresentam bom estado em termos de QVRS. Dom&#237;nios relacionados sa&#250;de f&#237;sica tendem a ser mais acentuadamente afetados em compara&#231;&#227;o com a sa&#250;de mental. Medidas repetidas num per&#237;odo de 12 meses mostraram que a QVRS foi apenas parcialmente relacionada com a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio. Associa&#231;&#245;es significativas foram observadas em apenas 30% das liga&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis. Embora pacientes com caminhada inferior a 235-280 metros durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos em geral tenham uma qualidade de vida notoriamente deprimida, a insatisfa&#231;&#227;o significativa pode ser expressa acima dessa faixa. Assim, a QVRS n&#227;o &#233; estritamente associada com a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio na HAP, particularmente quando &#233; avaliada no m&#233;dio prazo. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para uma melhor compreens&#227;o da perspectiva do paciente, possivelmente incluindo outros instrumentos al&#233;m de question&#225;rios convencionais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Cristina C&#237;cero pelo Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Ant&#244;nio Augusto Barbosa Lopes  </p>
        <p>Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - Cerqueira Cesar - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="aablopes@usp.br">aablopes@usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 22/12/11 </p>
    <p> Revisado em 22/12/11 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 05/04/12</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Lack of tight association between quality of life and exercise capacity in pulmonary arterial hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has been investigated over the short-term (weeks) but little is known about patient's perspective over the medium and long term. OBJECTIVE: To analyze how patients on specific PAH therapies do over one year of observation in terms of HRQOL, and to investigate if possible associations between the exercise capacity (EC) and HRQOL persist over the medium term. METHODS: Thirty-four patients on PAH therapies (bosentan and/or sildenafil) were enrolled (age 14 to 58 years, median 35.5 years, functional class II or III), and evaluated at baseline, and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months subsequently using the six-minute walk test and the SF-36 HRQOL questionnaire. RESULTS: The six minute walked distance did not change over the follow-up (387-432 meters, median values, p=0.2775), the same for the functional class and peripheral oxygen saturation. The SF-36 scores also remained stable, with physical health always worse than mental health. Of 40 possible associations between EC and HRQOL, only 12 were significant (30%, p&lt;0.05). Prediction of severely depressed HRQOL based on a walked distance of &lt;235 meters was &gt;90% specific but &lt;43% sensitive. CONCLUSION: Patients with PAH who remain stable in terms of EC also seem to do so in terms of HRQOL. However, EC and HRQOL are not consistently tied over time, and should be analyzed as different perspectives in the individual patient.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>quality of life</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise tolerance</kwd>
        <kwd>symptoms</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Lack of tight association between quality of life and exercise capacity in pulmonary arterial hypertension</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cristina C&#237;cero; Sonia Meiken Franchi; Alessandra Costa Barreto; Ant&#244;nio Augusto Barbosa Lopes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has been investigated over the short-term (weeks) but little is known about patient's perspective over the medium and long term.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To analyze how patients on specific PAH therapies do over one year of observation in terms of HRQOL, and to investigate if possible associations between the exercise capacity (EC) and HRQOL persist over the medium term.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty-four patients on PAH therapies (bosentan and/or sildenafil) were enrolled (age 14 to 58 years, median 35.5 years, functional class II or III), and evaluated at baseline, and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months subsequently using the</p>
      <p> six-minute walk test and the SF-36 HRQOL questionnaire.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The six minute walked distance did not change over the follow-up (387-432 meters, median values, p=0.2775), the same for the functional class and peripheral oxygen saturation. The SF-36 scores also remained stable, with physical health always worse than mental health. Of 40 possible associations between EC and HRQOL, only 12 were significant (30%, p&lt;0.05). Prediction of severely depressed HRQOL based on a walked distance of &lt;235 meters was &gt;90% specific but &lt;43% sensitive.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Patients with PAH who remain stable in terms of EC also seem to do so in terms of HRQOL. However, EC and HRQOL are not consistently tied over time, and should be analyzed as different perspectives in the individual patient.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Pulmonary hypertension; quality of life; exercise tolerance; symptoms.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disorder characterized by elevation of pulmonary artery pressure and vascular resistance, progressive dyspnea and exercise limitation and ultimately, right cardiac failure and premature death. Fortunately, in the last decades, there has been considerable progress in terms of awareness, early diagnosis and specific pharmacological interventions<sup>1-7</sup>. The effects of such interventions have been analyzed taking into consideration the physical capacity (generally assessed by the six-minute walk test)<sup>8</sup>, time to clinical worsening, hemodynamics and survival.</p>
      <p>There has been growing interest on the analysis of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in this disorder. The diagnosis of PAH and the clinical perspectives impose a considerable burden on patients and families in terms of prognosis and treatment-related difficulties. In this way, HRQOL has been included as an additional end-point in clinical studies aimed at investigating the potential benefits of new PAH therapies. Improvement of HRQOL has been reported in patients on these therapies, but not consistently in all studies or when different questionnaires are used in the same study<sup>3,9-12</sup>. In addition, correlations have been demonstrated between HRQOL and exercise capacity, but not hemodynamics<sup>13-15</sup>. Thus, despite initial progress, the study of HRQOL in PAH remains a nascent field relative to other diseases.</p>
      <p>In many instances, HRQOL has been assessed over weeks of treatment to investigate the impact of new PAH therapies in comparison with the pre-treatment status. The literature is scarce in terms of examining HRQOL over months or years in patients on treatment. Furthermore, because the correlations between the exercise capacity and HRQOL are relatively weak and have been investigated in cross-sectional studies, it is not possible to know if they remain significant over time. We therefore decided to examine HRQOL in PAH patients who were already on chronic specific therapies. The study was aimed at investigating how patients do in terms of HRQOL over 12 months of follow-up. We also wondered if associations between the exercise capacity and HRQOL remain stable over time. Using appropriate statistical models, we specifically investigated if it was possible to predict patient's quality of life on the basis of the physical capacity as assessed by the Six-minute walk distance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Adolescents and adults with PAH assisted as outpatients were consecutively enrolled. Idiopathic PAH and PAH associated with congenital heart disease were the only diagnostic categories in the study. The last category included individuals with moderate disease (acyanotic, peripheral oxygen saturation of &#8805; 90%) and subjects with more advanced disease, with typical presentation of Eisenmenger syndrome (cyanotic, peripheral oxygen saturation of &lt; 90%). All patients in the study were considered as unsuitable for surgical correction of the cardiac anomaly due to moderate to severe pulmonary vascular disease, and were under treatment with drugs approved for PAH. Only patients under ambulatory care were enrolled. All subjects were in stable functional class II or III (World Health Association classification for PAH) when they entered the study. For inclusion, a written informed consent was required.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Parameters and follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of idiopathic PAH or PAH associated with congenital heart disease was established on the basis of previously approved diagnostic protocol<sup>16,17</sup>. Doppler-echocardiography was used to characterize the congenital cardiac anomaly when present, and to estimate the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure in all patients. After initial evaluation, patients were seen at three, six, nine and twelve months. In all those instances, the functional status and the quality of life were evaluated by distinct observers.</p>
      <p>The functional class was registered according to the classification of the New York Heart Association modified for pulmonary hypertension by the World Health Organization. The exercise capacity was determined by measuring the Six-minute walk distance according to the protocol (six-minute walk test) approved by the American Thoracic Society<sup>8</sup>. Peripheral oxygen saturation was measured by pulse oxymetry at rest and at the end of the six-minute walk.</p>
      <p>The quality of life was analyzed using the SF-36 generic questionnaire (The Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey)<sup>18</sup>. After an initial explanation, patients were asked to read and answer the questions themselves. No additional help was provided unless absolutely necessary. Final analysis was carried out, and a score was obtained for each category of the Physical Component (physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain and general health) and the Mental Component (vitality, social functioning, role emotional and mental health). Summary scores were also obtained for each of the two components.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In view of the non-Gaussian distribution of most variables in the study, results are expressed as median value and range, and illustrated using box-plots. Differences between two independent groups (for example, diagnostic groups or functional class II versus III at baseline) were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. Differences between multiple correlated measures (over the follow-up) were tested using the Friedman's statistics. Categorical variables were analyzed using the Chi-square statistics. Correlations between variables were tested by calculating the Spearman's coefficient of correlation (r<sub>s</sub>). In the particular case of testing the correlation between summary scores (Gaussian distribution accepted), the Pearson's coefficient was calculated. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate if it was possible to predict the quality of life (specifically, a poor quality of life as indicated by SF-36 scores &#8804; 25) based on the shortness of the distance walked during the six-minute test; receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed accordingly. In all tests, 0.05 was assumed as significance level.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty-four patients under specific PAH therapies were enrolled. At baseline, 30 patients were receiving oral sildenafil (20-80 mg t.i.d.), one patient was on oral bosentan (125 mg b.i.d.) and three patients were on combination therapy with both drugs. Demographic, diagnostic and functional data are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07612_ing_t01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Despite the stable clinical condition (25 patients were in functional class II), the overall exercise capacity could not be considered as satisfactory, since the Six-minute walk distance (median 399 meters) was relatively short for a young patient population (median age 35.5 years). Patients with PAH associated with congenital heart disease had lower oxygen saturation as compared with those with idiopathic PAH (p=0.0136 and p=0.0022 respectively for differences at rest and during exercise).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop07612_ing_t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0876-00079-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Of the eight categories of the SF-36 questionnaire, median scores below 50 were observed in two, both related to physical health (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07612_ing_f01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). A significant positive correlation was observed between the physical and mental components (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07612_ing_f02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). Of all associations tested between HRQOL (physical and mental health summary scores) and clinical parameters (age, etiology of PAH, functional class, Six-minute walk distance and peripheral oxygen saturation), only the one between patient's functional class and physical health was significant. Patients in functional class II had a physical health summary score of 28.5 to 87.8 (median 57.8), while those in class III had a summary score of 18.0 to 60.5 (median 30.0) (p=0.0089).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop07612_ing_f01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0876-00079-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop07612_ing_f02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0876-00079-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>During 12 months of follow-up, two patients with Eisenmenger syndrome died (one of them on sildenafil 80 mg t.i.d. and the other one on sildenafil plus bosentan). The first patient was a 29-year old male, initially in functional class II. He completed four visits (baseline, three, six and nine months of follow-up). The mean values of the Six-minute walk distance, peripheral oxygen saturation (resting), physical health summary score and mental health summary score were 375 meters, 70%, 42.0 and 83.8, respectively. He had severe systemic hypertension associated with moderate to severe renal dysfunction. The second patient was a 55-year old female, initially in class III. She completed three visits only. The mean values of the mentioned parameters were 115 meters, 80%, 24.0 and 36.6, respectively. Another patient with initial diagnosis of Eisenmenger syndrome and receiving sildenafil was lost to follow-up. Thirty-one patients completed five visits (12 months of follow-up). Considering that six patients initially receiving sildenafil migrated to combination therapy, the final therapeutic scenario was as follows: 22 individuals on sildenafil, one on bosentan and eight on both drugs.</p>
      <p>Functional data of 31 patients who completed the follow-up are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07612_ing_t02-body2">Table 2</xref>. Essentially, there were no significant changes in the functional class, Six-minute walk distance and peripheral oxygen saturation (at rest and at the end of the six-minute walk). Regarding the quality of life, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07612_ing_f03-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows that physical and mental health, as assessed by the SF-36 questionnaire did not change significantly either. All over the follow-up, physical health tended to be a little worse when compared with mental health.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop07612_ing_t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0876-00079-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop07612_ing_f03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0876-00079-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Possible associations were tested between the exercise capacity, as measured by the Six-minute walk distance, and each of the eight categories of the SF-36 questionnaire over 12 months of observation. Of the 40 possible associations that were investigated, 12 were significant, with positive correlations between the walked distance and the SF-36 scores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07612_ing_t03-body2">Table 3</xref>). In six of these 12 instances, it was possible to fit a logistic regression model to determine the lower limit of the Six-minute walk distance at which patients would very likely start to consider themselves as severely disabled (quality-of-life scores &#8804; 25). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows that such limit was somewhere between 235 and 280 meters, with high specificity. However, the low sensitivity of prediction indicated that many patients would be unsatisfied about their quality of life even above this range. Finally, the receiver-operator-characteristic curves shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07612_ing_f04-body2">Figure 4</xref> indicate that the ability to predict the quality of life on the basis of the exercise capacity was quite variable depending on the parameter analyzed.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop07612_ing_t03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0876-00079-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop07612_ing_f04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0876-00079-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-04-0876-00079-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Quality of life has become a matter of progressive interest in a number of chronic diseases including chronic renal failure<sup>19-21</sup>, rheumatic disorders<sup>22,23</sup> and chronic failure<sup>24-26</sup>. In all these conditions, HRQOL has been assessed as an additional measure of the clinical status, as a measure of treatment effectiveness, and in association with indices of severity of the disease, morbidity and mortality. Conceptually, HRQOL represents a person's satisfaction in those areas of life likely to be affected by health status: physical capacity, cognitive ability, relationships, emotions and spirituality. It is therefore subjective, multidimensional and temporal<sup>27</sup>. In this way, methodological issues are raised of how to accurately assess HRQOL, and what might be the appropriate tools to test for possible associations with direct measures of disease severity and prognosis. Although the development of disease-specific HRQOL questionnaires (as an alternative to the generic ones) may be looked on as an important headway for a better understanding of patient's perspective, none can be considered as sufficiently complete. Dimensions such as hope, self-image, role changes, sexuality, self-efficacy and spirituality are hardly ever explored. Thus, while analyzing HRQOL, one must consider that no single questionnaire or combination of questionnaires is capable of capturing all aspects of patient's perspective.</p>
      <p>Having in mind these methodological difficulties and limitations<sup>28</sup>, HRQOL has been shown to be severely depressed in PAH<sup>13,15,29</sup>. The tendency that we observed of a more impressive depression in physical domains is in agreement with the literature<sup>29</sup>. In the graph shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07612_ing_f02-body2">Figure 2</xref>, the intercept indicates that for any given score associated with physical health, the corresponding mental component score tends to be higher. However, it must be acknowledged that the questionnaires, in general are particularly limited in their ability to assess specific dimensions of mental health<sup>28</sup>. On the other hand, our observation of most scores above 50 is in contrast with other studies<sup>13,15,29</sup>, and may be explained by differences between patient populations. Notoriously, PAH associated with congenital heart disease (the majority of patients in this study) is a more insidious disease, and patients tend to be more adapted to their illness. This is in contrast with the rapidly progressive course of PAH associated with systemic sclerosis or idiopathic PH (the majority of cases in the mentioned studies). An interesting observation of ours was the lack of correlation between oxygen saturation and the quality of life. Lowest levels of oxygen saturation were observed in patients with PAH associated with congenital heart disease. The fact that some hypoxemic patients with Eisenmenger syndrome are relatively well adapted to daily tasks and satisfied with their quality of life is really intriguing, but frequently observed in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>There has been general agreement that HRQOL does not correlate with hemodynamic abnormalities in PAH<sup>13-15,29</sup>. Even considering short-term studies aimed at testing the effects of specific PAH therapies, improvement of hemodynamic abnormalities is not always associated with improvement in HRQOL<sup>9</sup>. On the other hand, associations between HRQOL and measures of the functional status (namely, the functional class, the Six-minute walk distance and Borg dyspnea index) have been demonstrated more consistently, even though they are not so tight if one considers the coefficients of correlation<sup>13-15,29</sup>. Again, in PAH, it is the physical component of HRQOL that best correlates with measures such as the Six-minute walk distance<sup>13</sup>. Our study showed better physical health summary scores in patients in functional class II compared with those in class III, and a significant correlation between physical functioning and the Six-minute walk distance in three instances during the follow-up. An important observation however, was that significant associations of SF-36 scores with the Six-minute walk distance were present in only 30% of all possible ties. We moved forward to using logistic regression as an attempt to identify a lower limit in terms of walked distance below which patients would have importantly depressed HRQOL. It became clear to us that although patients walking less than 235-280 meters during the test would very likely be markedly unsatisfied with their quality of life, significant dissatisfaction would be expressed even above this range, in view of the low sensitivity of prediction. The heterogeneity of the ROC curves shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07612_ing_f04-body2">Figure 4</xref> illustrates the difficulties in predicting aspects of the quality of life based on the exercise capacity.</p>
      <p>Health-related quality of life has been explored as part of the overall treatment evaluation in PAH, although its understanding within the community remains underdeveloped. Improvement of HRQOL has been reported in patients on different modalities of treatment, including intravenous (epoprostenol), subcutaneous (treprostinil), inhaled (iloprost) and oral therapies (bosentan, sitaxsentan, ambrisentan and sildenafil)<sup>1-3,10-12,30</sup>. However, the effects of interventions do not seem to be absolutely uniform, that is, they have not been reported in all studies<sup>9</sup>. Also, there have been differences in the same study when different questionnaires are used<sup>3</sup>. Furthermore, in some instances, changes have been reported for some, not for all domains of the same questionnaire<sup>10</sup>. Not infrequently, several modalities of treatment appear in the same HRQOL study<sup>13-15,29</sup>, but comparisons between treatments have only rarely been performed<sup>13</sup>. The way patients respond to treatments depends not only on the pharmacological effects of drugs, but also on factors such as the complexity of medication delivery (an infusion pump is needed for continuous intravenous epoprostenol administration), time of adaptation to therapy and the level of support from the multiprofissional team<sup>28</sup>. Eventually, the type of medication may not be an important determinant of the quality of life<sup>13</sup>. In the present study, with two exceptions (fatal outcomes) patients on oral PAH therapies remained stable over one year of observation in terms of both exercise capacity and quality of life. The physical and mental component summary scores remained stable over the visits, with mental health a little better than physical health, the same way as observed at baseline. Again, the etiology of PAH (most patients with congenital heart disease and no patients with systemic sclerosis) may have played a role. On the other hand, it would not be ethical to analyze the specific role of chronic drug administration on patient's quality of life, for example by having a control group of untreated patients with Eisenmenger syndrome (known to have a more insidious disease). In support to this view, a recent retrospective study involving a large cohort demonstrated the beneficial effects of advanced PAH therapies on the survival curves of patients with this syndrome<sup>31</sup>, thus emphasizing the need for specific medication.</p>
      <p>Our study has two noticeable limitations. First, the patient population was relatively small. As a result, we were unable, for example to analyze HRQOL comparatively in PAH associated with congenital heart disease and idiopathic PAH. However, except for one patient who was lost to follow-up, all subjects were evaluated consistently and repeatedly over five visits to the hospital. This allowed us to comparatively analyze the exercise capacity and HRQOL all over the follow-up. On the other hand, because several etiologies of PAH were not included (connective tissue disease, chronic liver disease with portal hypertension, anorectic agents use, human immunodeficiency virus infection, schistosomiasis and hemolytic anemia) we can assume that our patient population was not so heterogeneous. The second limitation was the use of a single HRQOL questionnaire, taking into consideration that two or three instruments have been used in other studies<sup>1-3,11,12</sup>. Unfortunately, in this way, we were limited by the number of instruments that are validated in the Portuguese language. Although the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure questionnaire, considered as a condition specific instrument<sup>32</sup> is validated, it cannot be looked on as PAH specific. The Cambridge Pulmonary Hypertension Outcome Review (CAMPHOR)<sup>33</sup> has been specifically designed for pulmonary hypertension, and can be considered as a valuable new instrument for assessing patient-reported outcome in routine practice. However, it is not validated for use in the Portuguese language yet.</p>
      <p>Based on our observations, we would like to conclude that PAH patients initially in class II or III who remain functionally stable on specific oral therapies also do well in terms of their HRQOL. Domains related to physical health tend to be more impressively affected compared with mental health. Repeated measures over a period of 12 months showed that HRQOL was only partly related to the exercise capacity; significant associations were observed in only 30% of possible ties. Although patients walking less than 235-280 meters during the six-minute walk test generally have importantly depressed quality of life, significant dissatisfaction may be expressed above this range. Thus, HRQOL is not tightly associated with exercise capacity in PAH, particularly when it is evaluated over the medium term. Further studies are necessary for a better understanding of patient's perspective, possibly including instruments other than conventional questionnaires.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Cristina C&#237;cero, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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