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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">d4Rtm6jdFQ8G7cZC7SJbQsB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001300001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012001300001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da pesquisa b&#225;sica nos avan&#231;os da cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>873</fpage>
      <lpage>875</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Impacto da pesquisa b&#225;sica nos avan&#231;os da cardiologia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Publica&#231;&#245;es de divulga&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica; pesquisa b&#225;sica; cardiologia / instrumenta&#231;&#227;o; cardiologia / tend&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>O impacto da pesquisa b&#225;sica nos avan&#231;os da cardiologia &#233; inquestion&#225;vel. De forma apenas did&#225;tica e simplista, podemos identificar quatro diferentes n&#237;veis de atua&#231;&#227;o. Em primeiro lugar, ela possibilita a elabora&#231;&#227;o de novos tratamentos relacionados &#224; cardiologia; adicionalmente, a pesquisa b&#225;sica fornece ferramentas para o estudo de diversos aspectos da doen&#231;a cardiovascular; em terceiro, novos conceitos podem ser criados sobre temas j&#225; estudados, e, finalmente, podemos utilizar a pesquisa b&#225;sica no estudo dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos em diferentes patologias.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, os Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (ABC) desempenham papel de destaque em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s publica&#231;&#245;es envolvendo pesquisa b&#225;sica na &#225;rea de cardiologia. De forma importante, como veremos a seguir, a revista vem contribuindo com conhecimentos que abrangem os quatro n&#237;veis de atua&#231;&#227;o citados anteriormente.</p>
    <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a elabora&#231;&#227;o de novos tratamentos, diversas publica&#231;&#245;es recentes abordaram esse tema. Curiosamente, podemos identificar diferentes linhas de pesquisa enfatizando novos tratamentos para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Por exemplo, a manipula&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica foi uma das &#225;reas de destaque dentro da revista. Assim, um estudo com animais submetidos &#224; dieta hipercal&#243;rica mostrou que a obesidade induziu diminui&#231;&#227;o da reatividade vascular, associado com altera&#231;&#245;es da via do L-arginina/&#243;xido n&#237;trico<sup>1</sup>. Em sentido oposto, foi mostrado que a restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica discreta foi acompanhada por altera&#231;&#245;es na express&#227;o g&#234;nica de diferentes prote&#237;nas relacionadas ao tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio. Especificamente, os autores encontraram aumento do RNA mensageiro da Serca2a, do fosfolambam e do trocador Na/Ca, sugerindo adapta&#231;&#245;es ben&#233;ficas com a restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar<sup>2</sup>. Um grupo distinto de pesquisadores mostrou que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de vitamina C, na dose de 500 mg ao dia, induziu menores valores da press&#227;o arterial e restabeleceu a resposta vasodilatadora perif&#233;rica em crian&#231;as obesas<sup>3</sup>. Outro exemplo de manipula&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica pode ser visto no estudo de Soares Filho e cols.<sup>4</sup>, em que ratos espontaneamente hipertensos submetidos a exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e suplementa&#231;&#227;o com vinho tinto apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores da press&#227;o arterial e aumento do HDL, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais-controle ou aqueles submetidos aos tratamentos individuais. Esses exemplos mostram que as &#225;reas de cardiologia e nutri&#231;&#227;o apresentam importante intera&#231;&#227;o na revista, a exemplo do que vem ocorrendo em peri&#243;dicos de alto impacto em todo o mundo<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Devemos ressaltar, no entanto, que o estudo de novas op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento n&#227;o ficou restrito &#224; &#225;rea de nutri&#231;&#227;o. Assim, outra linha de pesquisa na &#225;rea b&#225;sica com n&#250;mero significante de publica&#231;&#245;es nos ABC nos &#250;ltimos anos foi o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Por exemplo, os efeitos de diferentes intervalos de recupera&#231;&#227;o entre s&#233;ries de exerc&#237;cio resistido na press&#227;o arterial p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio foram estudados em homens jovens sedent&#225;rios e n&#227;o hipertensos. O intervalo de recupera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o influenciou a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, mas houve queda na press&#227;o diast&#243;lica com dura&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 30 minutos<sup>7</sup>. Tamb&#233;m durante exerc&#237;cio resistido foi investigada a influ&#234;ncia do n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas e dos intervalos de recupera&#231;&#227;o entre s&#233;ries em vinte sujeitos saud&#225;veis. As respostas cardiovasculares foram afetadas pela carga e pelo intervalo entre s&#233;ries<sup>8</sup>. Outro estudo mostrou que programa de treinamento com nata&#231;&#227;o atenuou a disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til de cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos diab&#233;ticos<sup>9</sup>. Em modelo de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca induzida por hiperatividade simp&#225;tica, foram estudados os efeitos conjuntos de duas interven&#231;&#245;es comumente usadas no tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e o uso de betabloqueadores. A associa&#231;&#227;o dessas duas interven&#231;&#245;es resultou em melhora funcional e atenua&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>10</sup>. Devemos considerar que o fato da linha do exerc&#237;cio ser bastante atuante na revista est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com o que ocorre em outras publica&#231;&#245;es, ao mesmo tempo em que enfatiza a relev&#226;ncia do tema<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como comentado anteriormente, outro importante n&#237;vel de atua&#231;&#227;o refere-se ao fato de que pesquisa b&#225;sica oferece novos conceitos sobre temas exaustivamente estudados. Nesse sentido, os ABC v&#234;m desempenhando o seu papel, com destaque para duas diferentes linhas de pesquisa. </p>
    <p>A primeira linha refere-se aos efeitos do tabagismo diretamente sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o. Assim, apesar de o efeito do tabagismo sobre os vasos ser universalmente aceito<sup>13</sup>, at&#233; recentemente, pouco se conhecia sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais card&#237;acas induzidas pela exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro. Assim, Castardeli e cols.<sup>14</sup> estudaram os efeitos do tabagismo em diversas vari&#225;veis card&#237;acas. Ap&#243;s quatro meses de exposi&#231;&#227;o, os animais fumantes apresentaram aumento do &#237;ndice de massa e dos di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, associado com piora da porcentagem de encurtamento e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Esses resultados ocorreram adicionalmente aos bem conhecidos efeitos do tabagismo no sistema vascular<sup>14</sup>. Importante ressaltar que esse trabalho tornou-se artigo de refer&#234;ncia sobre o tema, ao mesmo tempo em que introduziu nova linha de pesquisa na revista. Por exemplo, posteriormente, foi mostrado que o propranolol atenuou o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o induzido pelo tabagismo, sugerindo a participa&#231;&#227;o do sistema simp&#225;tico nesse processo<sup>15</sup>. Em outro experimento, verificou-se que os animais fumantes apresentaram quatro diferentes padr&#245;es de geometria, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a espessura relativa da parede: normal (51%), hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (32%), hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (13%) e remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica (4%). Esses achados evidenciam que animais com as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas respondem de forma diferente quando submetidos ao mesmo agente agressor<sup>16</sup>. Recentemente, a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro por tr&#234;s semanas n&#227;o modificou a sensibilidade barorreflexa em ratos normotensos<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A segunda linha bastante presente na revista est&#225; relacionada aos novos conceitos proporcionados com o uso do ecocardiograma. Esse equipamento &#233; um dos m&#233;todos de escolha para an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica e funcional em ratos, em virtude da confiabilidade, praticidade e car&#225;ter n&#227;o invasivo, o que permite an&#225;lises temporais<sup>18,19</sup>. De forma consistente, esse instrumento tamb&#233;m vem sendo utilizado nos ABC para o acompanhamento do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca secund&#225;rio a diversos est&#237;mulos, particularmente ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio experimental<sup>20,21</sup>. Inicialmente, o ecocardiograma com Doppler apresentou alta sensibilidade e especificidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o de grandes infartos na fase cr&#244;nica e identificou sinais de aumento da cavidade ventricular e da press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar<sup>22</sup>. Posteriormente, foi mostrado que animais submetidos ao infarto apresentaram dois padr&#245;es de geometria ventricular esquerda que n&#227;o foram fatores de predi&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>23</sup>. Na mesma linha, o &#237;ndice de esfericidade foi associado, mas n&#227;o foi fator preditor de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em ratos infartados<sup>24</sup>. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que o &#237;ndice de estresse parietal ventricular esquerdo foi preditor independente de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses do infarto e poderia ser incorporado na estratifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana<sup>25</sup>. Em outro modelo, o ecocardiograma foi utilizado na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o temporal das altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais card&#237;acas associadas com estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar<sup>26</sup>. Desse modo, fica caracterizada s&#243;lida linha de pesquisa na &#225;rea da ecocardiografia em roedores, com relevantes contribui&#231;&#245;es dos ABC.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade da pesquisa b&#225;sica fornecer ferramentas para o estudo da doen&#231;a cardiovascular, esse aspecto tamb&#233;m foi abordado pela revista. De forma clara, a principal ferramenta abordada nas publica&#231;&#245;es dos Arquivos foi a biologia molecular, particularmente para o estudo das muta&#231;&#245;es e polimorfismos. Desse modo, em duas fam&#237;lias com S&#237;ndrome do QT longo, foi desenvolvida estrat&#233;gia para identifica&#231;&#227;o de variantes dos genes KCNQ1, KCNH2 e SCN5A, relacionados aos canais i&#244;nicos<sup>27</sup>. Avaliando-se a influ&#234;ncia dos polimorfismos no metabolismo lip&#237;dico, varia&#231;&#245;es dos genes APOA1, SCARB1 e CETB influenciaram os n&#237;veis de HDL em popula&#231;&#227;o do Sul do Brasil<sup>28</sup>. Analisando-se a relev&#226;ncia de varia&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas e resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica em pacientes com diabetes, n&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre o polimorfismo K121Q do gene ENPP1 e a presen&#231;a de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica<sup>29</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, a aus&#234;ncia do alelo *235T do angiotensinog&#234;nio diminuiu o risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas<sup>30</sup>. Finalmente, em pacientes do Esp&#237;rito Santo com cardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, a relev&#226;ncia de muta&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; musculatura foi evidenciada pela associa&#231;&#227;o da muta&#231;&#227;o p.E441K no exon 16 do gene MYBPC3 com fen&#243;tipo menos grave. Por outro lado, a muta&#231;&#227;o p.R92W no exon 9 do gene TNNT2 foi associada com formas de hipertrofia mais graves<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, outra &#225;rea em que a pesquisa b&#225;sica tem se destacado na revista &#233; no estudo dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos em diversas patologias. Podemos citar tr&#234;s exemplos dessa &#225;rea. Tema que vem sendo bastante estudado nos &#250;ltimos anos est&#225; relacionado com os efeitos da obesidade em vari&#225;veis funcionais e morfol&#243;gicas card&#237;acas<sup>32</sup>. Nesse sentido, o mecanismo de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi estudado na obesidade. Verificou-se que a piora funcional em pesquisas em ratos obesos foi associada com altera&#231;&#245;es na ativa&#231;&#227;o da Serca2a, via ativa&#231;&#227;o da calmodulina quinase<sup>33</sup>. Em outra linha, na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos hemodin&#226;micos da sobrecarga ventricular direita promovida pela obstru&#231;&#227;o seletiva da vasculatura pulmonar em porcos, os autores encontraram que, apesar da intensa sobrecarga ventricular direita promovida pela obstru&#231;&#227;o de 82,0% da vasculatura pulmonar e pelo aumento significativo da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar, n&#227;o houve disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular severa e/ou choque circulat&#243;rio no per&#237;odo estudado<sup>34</sup>. Finalmente, foram estudados efeitos da angiotensina-I e isquemia na recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados. Os dados sugeriram que a angiotensina-II participa direta ou indiretamente no dano p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mico e que a capacidade de um inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina atenuar esse dano depende do tempo de isquemia<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pelo exposto, a an&#225;lise de alguns dos mais recentes trabalhados da &#225;rea b&#225;sica/experimental nos ABC permite tr&#234;s conclus&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, fica evidenciado que existe forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre a pesquisa b&#225;sica e a cl&#237;nica, sendo que essa intera&#231;&#227;o ocorre nos dois sentidos, pois, em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es, observa&#231;&#245;es da cl&#237;nica levam ao estudo dos mecanismos envolvidos por meio da pesquisa b&#225;sica. Adicionalmente, fica evidente que existem linhas de pesquisa preferenciais que est&#227;o sendo publicados na revista, destacando-se a nutri&#231;&#227;o, estudo dos polimorfismos, efeitos do tabagismo no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, ecocardiograma em roedores e o estudo dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos em diversas patologias. Finalmente, observamos com satisfa&#231;&#227;o que, nos quatro n&#237;veis potenciais de atua&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa b&#225;sica, a alta qualidade das publica&#231;&#245;es resultou em contribui&#231;&#245;es importantes da revista nessa &#225;rea do conhecimento.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Leonardo A. M. Zornoff </p>
        <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior </p>
        <p> CEP 18618-000, Botucatu, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: l</p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="zornoff@fmb.unesp.br">zornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/09/12; revisado em 21/09/12; aceito em 21/09/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of basic research on advances in cardiology</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Impact of basic research on advances in cardiology</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>Publications for science diffusion; basic research; cardiology / instrumentation; cardiology / trends.</p>
      <p>The impact of basic research on advances in cardiology is undisputable. Didactically and simplistically speaking, we can identify four different levels of work in this field. Firstly, it enables the development of new treatments related to cardiology; in addition, basic research provides tools for studying various aspects of cardiovascular diseases; thirdly, new concepts can be created on topics already studied, and, finally we can use basic research to study the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in different pathologies.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology (ABC) play a prominent role on publications involving basic research in cardiology. Importantly, as discussed below, the journal has been contributing with expertise covering the four levels of work, as previously cited.</p>
      <p>Taking into account the development of new treatments, several recent publications have addressed this issue. Interestingly, we can identify several research areas emphasizing new treatments for cardiovascular disease. For example, the dietary manipulation was one of the main areas within the journal. Indeed, a study with animals that underwent hypercaloric diet revealed that obesity induced a decreased vascular reactivity associated to changes in the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway<sup>1</sup>. Conversely, it was shown that a slight caloric restriction was accompanied by changes in gene expression of different proteins related to the calcium handling. Specifically, the authors have found increased mRNA of SERCA2a, phospholamban and the Na/Ca exchanger, suggesting beneficial adaptations with food restriction<sup>2</sup>. Another group showed that supplementation of vitamin C at a daily dose of 500 mg induced lower levels of blood pressure and restored the peripheral vasodilator response in obese children<sup>3</sup>. A further example of dietary manipulation can be seen in the study by Soares Filho et al.<sup>4</sup>, in which spontaneously hypertensive rats subjected to physical exercise and supplementation with red wine showed a reduction in blood pressure levels and increased HDL, compared to control animals or those undergoing individual treatments. These examples show that cardiology and nutrition have an important interaction in the journal, as it has been occurring in high-impact journals across the world<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>However, the study of new treatment options was not restricted to the area of nutrition. Thus, another research area on basic issues with a significant number of publications in recent years in the ABC was the physical training. For example, the effects of different rest intervals between sets of resistance exercise on post-exercise blood pressure were studied in non-hypertensive sedentary young males. The recovery interval did not influence the reduction of systolic blood pressure, but there was a decrease in diastolic pressure lasting up to 30 minutes<sup>7</sup>. Also during resistance exercise, the influence of the number of maximum repetitions and rest intervals between sets in twenty healthy individuals was investigated. Cardiovascular responses were affected by the load and the interval between sets<sup>8</sup>. Another study showed that a swimming training program attenuated the contractile dysfunction in diabetic rat cardiomyocytes<sup>9</sup>. A model of heart failure induced by sympathetic hyperactivity studied the combined effects of two interventions commonly used in the treatment of ventricular dysfunction: physical exercise and beta-blockers. The combination of these two interventions resulted in functional improvement and attenuation of cardiac remodeling<sup>10</sup>. We should consider that the fact that the issue of exercise is extensively discussed in the journal is in agreement with what occurs in other publications, while emphasizing the importance of the theme<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>As mentioned earlier, another important level of work refers to the fact that basic research provides new concepts on topics exhaustively studied. Accordingly, the ABC has been playing their role, particularly on two different areas of research. </p>
      <p>The first area refers to the effects of smoking on the heart. Thus, although the effect of smoking on blood vessels is universally accepted<sup>13</sup>, until recently, little was known about the morphological and functional cardiac changes induced by exposure to cigarette smoke. Castardeli et al.<sup>14</sup> studied the effects of smoking on several cardiac variables. After four months of exposure, smoking animals presented increased mass index and left ventricular end systolic and diastolic diameters associated with worsening of fractional shortening and ejection fraction. These results have occurred in addition to the well-known effects of smoking on the vascular system<sup>14</sup>. Importantly, this work became the reference article on the subject, while it introduced a new area of research in the journal. For example, it was later shown that propranolol attenuated the remodeling induced by smoking, suggesting the involvement of the sympathetic system in this process<sup>15</sup>. In another experiment, it was found that smoking animals had four different left ventricular geometric patterns, considering the index of mass and the relative wall thickness: normal pattern (51%), eccentric hypertrophy (32%), concentric hypertrophy (13%), and concentric remodeling (4%). These findings reveal that animals with the same characteristics respond differently when subjected to the same aggressor<sup>16</sup>. In a recent study, exposure to cigarette smoke for three weeks did not alter the baroreflex sensitivity in normotensive rats<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The second research area that is present in the journal deals with new concepts using echocardiography. This equipment is one of the methods of choice for cardiac morphological and functional analysis in rats because it is reliable, practical and noninvasive, which enables time-based analyses<sup>18,19</sup>. This instrument has also been used consistently in the ABC for monitoring the process of cardiac remodeling secondary to various stimuli, particularly after experimental acute myocardial infarction<sup>20,21</sup>. Initially, the Doppler echocardiogram presented high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of large infarcts in the chronic phase and identified signs of increased ventricular cavity and pulmonary artery pressure<sup>22</sup>. Subsequently, it was shown that animals subjected to myocardial infarction presented two patterns of left ventricular geometry which were not factors predictive of ventricular dysfunction<sup>23</sup>. In the same vein, the sphericity index was associated, but it was not a predictor of ventricular dysfunction in infarcted rats<sup>24</sup>. Additionally, it was found that the rate of left ventricular wall stress was an independent predictor of remodeling after three months of myocardial infarction and could be incorporated into clinical stratification after coronary occlusion<sup>25</sup>. In another model, echocardiography was used in the temporal characterization of morphological and functional cardiac abnormalities associated with supravalvar aortic stenosis<sup>26</sup>. Therefore, a robust area of research is characterized in the field of echocardiography in rodents, with significant contributions from the ABC.</p>
      <p>The journal has also addressed the ability of basic research in providing tools for the study of cardiovascular disease. Clearly enough, the main tool addressed in the publications of the ABC was molecular biology, particularly for the study of mutations and polymorphisms. Thus, in two families with long QT syndrome, a strategy was developed to identify variants of genes KCNQ1, KCNH2, and SCN5A, linked to ionic channels<sup>27</sup>. Evaluating the influence of polymorphisms in lipid metabolism, variations in genes APOA1, SCARB1 and CETB influenced HDL levels in people from the Southern portion of Brazil<sup>28</sup>. Analyzing the relevance of genetic variants and insulin resistance in patients with diabetes, we found no association between the polymorphism K121Q of gene ENPP1 and the presence of ischemic heart disease<sup>29</sup>. Concerning ischemic heart disease, the absence of the allele *235T of angiotensinogen decreased the risk of cardiac dysfunction after acute coronary syndromes<sup>30</sup>. Finally, in patients from the state of Esp&#237;rito Santo with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the relevance of mutations related to the muscle was evidenced by the association of the mutation p.E441K in exon 16 of gene MYBPC3 with a less severe phenotype. Moreover, the mutation p.R92W in exon 9 of gene TNNT2 was associated with severe forms of hypertrophy<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Finally, another area in which basic research has been widely addressed in the journal is the study of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in several pathologies. We can mention three examples in this area. An issue that has been studied extensively in recent years relates to the effects of obesity on functional and morphological cardiac variables<sup>32</sup>. Thus, the mechanism of cardiac dysfunction was studied in obesity. It was found that functional worsening in research studies involving obese rats was associated with changes in the activation of Serca2a through activation of calmodulin kinase<sup>33</sup>. In another area, in evaluating the hemodynamic effects of right ventricular overload promoted by the selective obstruction of the pulmonary vasculature in pigs, the authors found that, despite the intense right ventricular overload promoted by the obstruction of 82.0% of the pulmonary vasculature and the significant increase in pulmonary artery pressure, no severe cardiovascular dysfunction and/or circulatory shock was found during the period studied<sup>34</sup>. Finally, we studied the effects of angiotensin-I and ischemia in the functional recovery in isolated hearts. The data suggested that angiotensin-II participates directly or indirectly in post-ischemic damage and the ability of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in mitigating this damage depends on the time of ischemia<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>For these reasons, the analysis of some of the latest works in the basic/experimental area in the ABC delivers three conclusions. Firstly, it is evident that there is a strong association between clinical and basic research, and that this interaction occurs in both directions, because in some situations, the clinical observations lead to the study of the mechanisms involved through basic research. Additionally, it is evident that some preferred research areas are published in the journal, especially nutrition, the study of polymorphisms, the effects of smoking in the process of cardiac remodeling, echocardiography in rodents and study of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in several pathologies. Finally, we are pleased to find that on the four potential levels of work of basic research, the high quality of publications resulted in important contributions to this field of knowledge.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
