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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Dth9Sjy4fbLtRjdHYfyKZ3b</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001200017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900300017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012001200017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Bradicardia sinusal persistente por nove dias ap&#243;s angioplastia carot&#237;dea com stent</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krutman</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calderaro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casella</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Benaduce</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramelli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wolosker</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puech-Le&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Vascular</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e134</fpage>
      <lpage>e136</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Bradicardia sinusal persistente por nove dias ap&#243;s angioplastia carot&#237;dea com stent</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mariana Krutman; Daniela Calderaro; Ivan Benaduce Casella; Bruno Caramelli; Nelson Wolosker; Pedro Puech-Le&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Vascular - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Bradicardia; arritmias card&#237;acas; angioplastia; stents; art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Angioplastia Carot&#237;dea com <italic>Stent</italic> (ACS) ganhou popularidade nos &#250;ltimos anos como uma op&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento da doen&#231;a oclusiva carot&#237;dea extracraniana. Apesar de ter as vantagens claras de menor invasividade e desconforto p&#243;s-procedimento, a angioplastia &#233; associada a diversas complica&#231;&#245;es, especialmente depress&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e eventos emb&#243;licos<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Procedimentos com <italic>stent</italic> s&#227;o comumente indicados em pacientes de alto risco para endarterectomia, porque esses procedimentos indiscutivelmente diminuem o risco de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio nesse grupo espec&#237;fico<sup>2,3</sup>. No entanto, crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o precisos ainda n&#227;o foram determinados para essa abordagem, e a experi&#234;ncia do cirurgi&#227;o ou a prefer&#234;ncia geralmente &#233; o fator determinante. </p>
    <p>O presente caso &#233; importante porque mostra que a bradicardia p&#243;s-procedimento pode apresentar-se como uma condi&#231;&#227;o prolongada, em vez de como uma complica&#231;&#227;o de curta dura&#231;&#227;o facilmente controlada na sala de cirurgia<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Homem de 76 anos previamente assintom&#225;tico apresentando ataques isqu&#234;micos transit&#243;rios recorrentes no momento da admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Os sintomas refletiam o envolvimento do territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia direita e foram atribu&#237;dos &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o da car&#243;tida ipsilateral, o que foi confirmado por exames de imagem. Os ataques isqu&#234;micos duraram 10-30 minutos e se manifestavam como afasia e hemiparesia esquerda.</p>
    <p>O paciente tinha uma hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel, hipertens&#227;o, hipercolesterolemia e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (n&#227;o dial&#237;tica) com depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina basal de 20 mL/min. Seu hist&#243;rico cir&#250;rgico incluiu a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca aos 45 anos, e angioplastia de car&#243;tida interna esquerda e implante de <italic>stent</italic> ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio de acidente vascular cerebral em 2004, que n&#227;o deixou d&#233;ficits persistentes. A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica recente n&#227;o mostrou sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, exceto pela fibrose na parede inferior; o gated SPECT revelou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda leve (FE = 48%). Al&#233;m disso, o paciente tinha um aneurisma de aorta abdominal assintom&#225;tico transrenal (7 cm), para o qual a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica tinha sido adiada na sequ&#234;ncia dos recentes acontecimentos neurol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>A angiotomografia axial computarizada do pesco&#231;o n&#227;o foi realizada por causa da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal do paciente, mas a ultrassonografia duplex revelou estenose maior do que 70%, com uma placa inst&#225;vel e calcificada na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna direita, e um <italic>stent</italic> patente (estenose &lt; 50%) na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna esquerda. Em raz&#227;o da gravidade da estenose e do aumento na frequ&#234;ncia de ataques (refrat&#225;rio ao tratamento cl&#237;nico apesar da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o completa e terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria), o paciente foi indicado para interven&#231;&#227;o seis dias ap&#243;s o evento inicial.</p>
    <p>Uma abordagem menos invasiva foi escolhida por causa do elevado risco global das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do paciente, e a ACS foi realizada seguindo a t&#233;cnica usada na maioria dos protocolos padronizados. O procedimento foi realizado em sala de cirurgia e o paciente foi monitorado por um anestesiologista; medica&#231;&#227;o ansiol&#237;tica foi administrada para conforto. A art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum direita foi facilmente canulada e um angiograma seletivo da bifurca&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea mostrou a localiza&#231;&#227;o exata da les&#227;o-alvo. A estenose foi facilmente cruzada e um dispositivo de prote&#231;&#227;o cerebral distal foi posicionado na ACI. Um <italic>stent</italic> autoexpans&#237;vel (Wall-Stent, 7 x 30 mm) foi implantado na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna, seguido de dilata&#231;&#227;o com um bal&#227;o de 5 mm x 20 por n&#227;o mais de 2 segundos. A angiografia de controle da circula&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea cervical mostrou fluxo adequado atrav&#233;s da les&#227;o previamente esten&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>O procedimento cir&#250;rgico foi perfeito e n&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas significativas durante o per&#237;odo intraoperat&#243;rio, com exce&#231;&#227;o da bradicardia sinusal transit&#243;ria (50 bpm) no momento da insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o, efetivamente normalizada com administra&#231;&#227;o de atropina (1 mg). Um acidente vascular cerebral menor foi notado ap&#243;s o paciente ter recuperado completamente a consci&#234;ncia, com hemiparesia esquerda, que persistiu por 24 horas ap&#243;s o evento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>Doze horas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, o paciente j&#225; apresentava melhora significativa do d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico, mas foi observada bradicardia sinusal assintom&#225;tica persistente (m&#233;dia da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca = 35 bpm), sem hipotens&#227;o concomitante ou altera&#231;&#245;es eletrogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas. A bradicardia mostrou apenas uma resposta cronotr&#243;pica tempor&#225;ria para infus&#227;o em <italic>bolus</italic> de atropina (0,5 mg), elevando a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para 85 bpm. O paciente havia recebido carvedilol em longo prazo (12,5 mg/dia) e sua frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca antes do procedimento era 55-60 bpm. Ele n&#227;o estava tomando nenhum outro medicamento com efeito cronotr&#243;pico.</p>
    <p>Considerando o n&#237;vel grave de bradicardia na fase aguda do acidente vascular cerebral, a terapia com betabloqueador foi suspensa e se iniciou infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de dopamina, a dosagem foi titulada at&#233; 10 mcg/kg/min, para manter uma taxa de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 45-50 bpm. V&#225;rias tentativas foram feitas para minimizar a taxa de infus&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o, todas elas seguidas por restabelecimento da bradicardia persistente. Os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial mantiveram-se est&#225;veis durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (cerca de 140 x 90) e n&#227;o flutuavam nas tentativas de retirar a medica&#231;&#227;o endovenosa. Ap&#243;s nove dias de depend&#234;ncia do tratamento vasopressor, o paciente recuperou o controle adequado da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, permitindo a retirada total da medica&#231;&#227;o. O monitoramento de 24 horas por ECG realizado ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o da dopamina revelou uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia de 52 bpm com uma variabilidade adequada, semelhante ao padr&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A depress&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica p&#243;s-procedimento &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o bem descrita relacionada &#224; angioplastia carot&#237;dea. &#201; causada pela dilata&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica direta da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e seio cavernoso, o que leva a um aumento na descarga parassimp&#225;tica<sup>5,6</sup>. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; geralmente autolimitante, sendo desencadeada ap&#243;s a dilata&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo transoperat&#243;rio, e com uma taxa de incid&#234;ncia variando de 19% a 68%<sup>1,4,7</sup>. &#192;s vezes, por&#233;m, como no caso presente, a depress&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica pode se manifestar de v&#225;rias horas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, justificando a necessidade de monitoramento por um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 12 horas<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos avaliando preditores para a depress&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica ap&#243;s ACS sugeriram v&#225;rios fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento dessa complica&#231;&#227;o, todos os quais foram observados no paciente em quest&#227;o. O alto grau de estenose (&gt;70%), bem como a morfologia da placa calcificada e inst&#225;vel levaram a uma mais intensa estimula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica ap&#243;s o implante do <italic>stent</italic>; isso faz o <italic>stent</italic> exercer uma for&#231;a maior numa parede arterial menos compat&#237;vel<sup>7</sup>. Les&#245;es pr&#243;ximas &#224; bifurca&#231;&#227;o da car&#243;tida, onde as maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es de barorreceptores est&#227;o localizadas, tamb&#233;m predizem a presen&#231;a de depress&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>Idade avan&#231;ada, baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e doen&#231;a coronariana s&#227;o outros fatores de risco anteriormente documentados. Pacientes idosos com fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca comprometida s&#227;o mais vulner&#225;veis &#224; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica pela falta de reserva mioc&#225;rdica e mecanismos fracos de resposta neuronal, relacionado com a idade.</p>
    <p>Diabete melito, hist&#243;rico de tabagismo e endarterectomia pr&#233;via s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es que reduzem o risco de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica ap&#243;s ACS<sup>1,7</sup>. O diabete melito interfere com a resposta auton&#244;mica cardiovascular, reduzindo a fun&#231;&#227;o do nervo parassimp&#225;tico, o que pode atenuar a estimula&#231;&#227;o dos barorreceptores da car&#243;tida, desencadeada pela manipula&#231;&#227;o da car&#243;tida. Da mesma forma, o tabagismo de longa data altera a resposta dos barorreceptores e aumenta o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico, aumentando assim a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a press&#227;o arterial. O n&#250;mero reduzido de barorreceptores no seio cavernoso da car&#243;tida ap&#243;s a endarterectomia tamb&#233;m atua como um fator protetor.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de betabloqueadores pode ser uma vari&#225;vel de confus&#227;o, mas a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca adequada, observada antes da ACS, o grau de bradicardia ap&#243;s o procedimento e sua longa persist&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a retirada da medica&#231;&#227;o sugerem menor ou nenhum efeito do betabloqueador, como um fator causal, ou mesmo como fator de manuten&#231;&#227;o da complica&#231;&#227;o descrita. Uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 500 procedimentos de ACS mostrou que a terapia com betabloqueadores &#233;, de fato, associada a um risco reduzido de desenvolver depress&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica persistente<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em termos de abordagem t&#233;cnica, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o de angioplastia aumenta o risco de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica por causa da maior for&#231;a radial exercida sobre receptores de estiramento do seio da car&#243;tida. A implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents </italic>autoexpans&#237;veis apenas, sem angioplastia, &#233; um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o<sup>6</sup>. Contudo, essa pr&#225;tica &#233; incomum porque sem dilata&#231;&#227;o adequada do <italic>stent</italic> ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o uma estenose residual significativa geralmente persiste.</p>
    <p>A bradicardia sinusal &#233; uma resposta auton&#244;mica de dura&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel: o per&#237;odo mais longo relatado em que foram necess&#225;rios agentes vasoativos foi de 96 horas<sup>7</sup>. At&#233; onde nosso conhecimento alcan&#231;a, o presente caso de bradicardia persistente por nove dias &#233; o mais longo documentado na literatura. Esse caso refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s a ACS, e o potencial de revers&#227;o da bradicardia ap&#243;s um longo per&#237;odo, sem terapia de marcapasso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Mariana Krutman </p>
        <p> Al. Campinas, 1360, Apto. 21, Jardim Paulista </p>
        <p> CEP 01404-002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mari.krutman@ig.com.br">mari.krutman@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 10/10/11; revisado em 10/10/11; aceito em 24/02/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Sinus bradycardia persisting for 9 days after carotid angioplasty and stenting</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Sinus bradycardia persisting for 9 days after carotid angioplasty and stenting</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Mariana Krutman; Daniela Calderaro; Ivan Benaduce Casella; Bruno Caramelli; Nelson Wolosker; Pedro Puech-Le&#227;o</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Vascular - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>Bradycardia; arrhythmias, cardiac; angioplasty; stents; carotid arteries.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) has gained popularity in recent years as an option for treating extracranial carotid occlusive disease. Despite having the clear advantages of less invasiveness and postprocedural discomfort, angioplasty is associated with several complications, mainly hemodynamic depression and embolic events<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Stenting procedures are commonly considered for patients at high risk for endarterectomy because these procedures arguably decrease the risk of stroke, death, and myocardial infarction in this specific group<sup>2,3</sup>. However, precise selection criteria have not been determined for this approach, and the surgeon's experience or preference is usually the determining factor. </p>
      <p>The present case is important because it shows that postprocedural bradycardia may present as a prolonged condition rather than as a short-lived complication easily controlled in the operating room<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 76-year-old previously asymptomatic male presented at hospital admission with recurrent transient ischemic attacks. The symptoms reflected involvement of right medial cerebral artery territory and were attributed to ipsilateral carotid obstruction, which was confirmed by imaging studies. The ischemic attacks lasted 10-30 minutes and manifested as aphasia and left hemiparesis.</p>
      <p>The patient had a clinical history of stable coronary artery disease, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and chronic (non-dialytic) renal insufficiency with baseline creatinine clearance of 20 mL/min. His surgical history included cardiac revascularization at the age of 45 years, and left internal carotid angioplasty and stenting after a stroke episode in 2004, which left no persistent deficits. Recent myocardial perfusion scintigraphy showed no signs of myocardial ischemia except for fibrosis in the inferior wall; gated SPECT revealed mild left ventricular dysfunction (EF = 48%). In addition, the patient had an asymptomatic abdominal aortic transrenal aneurism (7 cm), for which surgical intervention had been postponed following the recent neurological events.</p>
      <p>Computed tomographic angiography of the neck was not performed because of the patient's renal dysfunction, but duplex ultrasound revealed stenosis greater than 70% with an unstable and calcified plaque in the internal right carotid artery, and a patent stent (&lt; 50% stenosis) in the internal left carotid artery. Due to the severity of the stenosis and the increasing frequency of attacks (refractory to clinical treatment despite full anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy), the patient was considered for intervention at 6 days after the initial event.</p>
      <p>A less invasive approach was chosen because of the overall high risk of the patient's clinical conditions, and CAS was performed following the technique used in most standardized protocols. The procedure was performed in an operating room and the patient was monitored by an anesthesiologist; anxiolytic medication was administered for comfort. The right common carotid artery was easily cannulated and a selective angiogram of the carotid bifurcation showed the exact location of the target lesion. The stenosis was easily crossed and a distal cerebral protection device was positioned in the ICA. A self-expanding stent (Wall-Stent, 7 x 30 mm) was deployed in the internal carotid artery followed by dilatation with a 5 x 20 mm balloon for no more than 2 seconds. A control angiogram of the cervical carotid circulation showed adequate flow through the previously stenotic lesion.</p>
      <p>The surgical procedure was flawless and no significant hemodynamic complications were observed during the intra-operative period, except for transient sinus bradycardia (50 bpm) at the time of balloon inflation, effectively normalized with atropine (1 mg) administration. A minor stroke was noticed after the patient had completely regained consciousness, with left hemiparesis that persisted for 24 hours after the surgical event.</p>
      <p>At 12 hours after intervention, the patient already showed significant improvement of the neurologic deficit, but persistent asymptomatic sinus bradycardia (mean heart rate = 35 bpm) was observed, with no accompanying hypotension or ischemic electrographic alterations. Bradycardia showed only temporary chronotropic response to bolus infusion of atropine (0.5 mg), raising the heart rate to 85 bpm. The patient had been prescribed long-term carvedilol (12.5 mg/day) and his heart rate before the procedure was 55-60 bpm. He was taking no other medication with a chronotropic effect.</p>
      <p>Considering the severe level of bradycardia in the acute phase of the stroke, beta-blocker therapy was suspended and continuous infusion of dopamine was initiated; the dose was titrated up to 10 mcg/kg/min, to maintain a heart rate of 45-50 bpm. Several attempts were made to minimize the infusion rate of medication, all of which were followed by reestablishment of the persistent bradycardia. Blood pressure levels remained stable throughout hospital admission (around 140 x 90) and did not fluctuate during the attempts to remove intravenous medication. After 9 days of dependence on vasopressor treatment, the patient regained adequate control of cardiac frequency, enabling the full withdrawal of medication. Twenty-four-hour ECG-monitoring performed after the suspension of dopamine revealed an average heart rate of 52 bpm with an appropriate variability, similar to the pre-operative pattern.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Postprocedural hemodynamic depression is a well-described complication related to carotid angioplasty. It is caused by the direct mechanical dilation of the carotid artery and bulb, which leads to an increase in parasympathetic discharge<sup>5,6</sup>. This condition is generally self-limiting, being triggered after balloon dilation during the transoperative period, and with an incidence rate varying from 19% to 68%<sup>1,4,7</sup>. Sometimes, however, such as in the present case, hemodynamic depression may manifest several hours after the surgical manipulation, justifying the need for monitoring for a minimum of 12 hours<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies evaluating predictors for hemodynamic depression after CAS have suggested various risk factors associated with the development of this complication, all of which were observed in the present patient. High-grade stenosis (&gt;70%) as well as unstable and calcified plaque morphology lead to more intense parasympathetic stimulation after stent implantation; this results in the stent exerting a greater force on a less compliant arterial wall<sup>7</sup>. Lesions close to the carotid bifurcation, where the greatest concentrations of baroreceptors are located, also predict the presence of post-operative hemodynamic depression.</p>
      <p>Advanced age, low cardiac ejection fraction, and coronary disease are other previously documented risk factors. Older patients with impaired cardiac function are more vulnerable to hemodynamic instability due to a lack of myocardial reserve and age-related poor neuronal response mechanisms.</p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus, a history of smoking, and previous endarterectomy are conditions that reduce the risk of hemodynamic instability after CAS<sup>1,7</sup>. Diabetes mellitus interferes with cardiovascular autonomic response by reducing parasympathetic nerve function, which may attenuate the carotid baroreceptor stimulation triggered by carotid manipulation. Similarly, long-term smoking alters baroreceptor response and augments sympathetic tone, thereby raising heart rate and blood pressure. The reduced number of baroreceptors in the carotid bulb after endarterectomy also acts as a protective factor.</p>
      <p>Chronic beta-blocker use could be a confounding variable, but the appropriate heart rate observed before CAS, the degree of bradycardia after the procedure, and its long persistence after medication withdrawal suggests minor or no beta-blocker effect as a causal factor or even as a maintaining factor of the described complication. A retrospective analysis of 500 CAS procedures showed that beta-blocker therapy is in fact associated with a reduced risk of developing persistent hemodynamic depression<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In terms of technical approach, the use of balloon angioplasty increases the risk of hemodynamic instability because of the greater radial force exerted on stretch receptors of the carotid sinus. The deployment of self-expandable stents only, without angioplasty, is a protective factor<sup>6</sup>. However, such practice is uncommon because without proper post-deployment stent dilation, significant residual stenosis generally persists.</p>
      <p>Sinus bradycardia is an autonomic response of variable duration: the longest reported period over which vasoactive drugs were required is 96 hours<sup>7</sup>. To the best of our knowledge, the present case of 9 days of persistent bradycardia is the longest documented in the literature. This case reinforces the importance of cardiac monitoring after CAS, and the potential for bradycardia to be reversed after a long period, without pacemaker therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
