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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RhVjzgv67KQQBCpXQ43KJnf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001200012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900300012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000078</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor progn&#243;stico da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em portadores de aterosclerose: revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Maristela Magnavita Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Passos</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana para Desenvolvimento das Ci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>857</fpage>
      <lpage>865</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o Mediada por Fluxo (VMF) da art&#233;ria braquial, por meio da ultrassonografia, &#233; um m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial que pode oferecer informa&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas, diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas. A realiza&#231;&#227;o dessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica objetivou avaliar o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia na literatura a respeito da capacidade preditora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, medida pela VMF da art&#233;ria braquial, por meio da ultrassonografia, quanto a eventos cardiovasculares, em indiv&#237;duos portadores de aterosclerose. Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados MEDLINE, SCIELO e LILACS e selecionados estudos de coorte prospectivos, em seres humanos, que analisaram o valor progn&#243;stico da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial medida pela VMF da art&#233;ria braquial, em popula&#231;&#245;es portadoras de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, perif&#233;rica ou coronariana. Trabalhos com evidentes vieses metodol&#243;gicos foram exclu&#237;dos. A sele&#231;&#227;o final constituiu-se de 15 estudos. Dos 13 estudos que, na an&#225;lise univariada, mostraram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica do m&#233;todo da VMF na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, 12 deles demonstraram sua capacidade preditora independente, em an&#225;lise multivariada. Em nenhum dos trabalhos foi descrito valor progn&#243;stico incremental em rela&#231;&#227;o a modelos preditores tradicionais, como escore de Framingham. Resultados de tr&#234;s trabalhos sugerem que o m&#233;todo agrega valor progn&#243;stico a marcadores isolados como: &#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB), diabetes e Prote&#237;na C Reativa (PCR) de alta sensibilidade. Em conclus&#227;o, a VMF da art&#233;ria braquial prediz risco cardiovascular, por&#233;m n&#227;o &#233; estabelecido seu valor preditor incremental a modelos progn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos, n&#227;o havendo, at&#233; o momento, evid&#234;ncias s&#243;lidas que amparem seu uso na rotina cl&#237;nica para predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</kwd>
        <kwd>vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo</kwd>
        <kwd>art&#233;ria braquial</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>aterosclerose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Valor progn&#243;stico da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em portadores de aterosclerose: revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maristela Magnavita Oliveira Garcia; Paulo Roberto Passos Lima; Luis Claudio Lemos Correia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (EBMSP) - Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana para Desenvolvimento das Ci&#234;ncias (FDBC), Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o Mediada por Fluxo (VMF) da art&#233;ria braquial, por meio da ultrassonografia, &#233; um m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial que pode oferecer informa&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas, diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas. </p>
    <p> A realiza&#231;&#227;o dessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica objetivou avaliar o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia na literatura a respeito da capacidade preditora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, medida pela VMF da art&#233;ria braquial, por meio da ultrassonografia, quanto a eventos cardiovasculares, em indiv&#237;duos portadores de aterosclerose. </p>
    <p> Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados MEDLINE, SCIELO e LILACS e selecionados estudos de coorte prospectivos, em seres humanos, que analisaram o valor progn&#243;stico da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial medida pela VMF da art&#233;ria braquial, em popula&#231;&#245;es portadoras de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, perif&#233;rica ou coronariana. Trabalhos com evidentes vieses metodol&#243;gicos foram exclu&#237;dos. </p>
    <p> A sele&#231;&#227;o final constituiu-se de 15 estudos. Dos 13 estudos que, na an&#225;lise univariada, mostraram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica do m&#233;todo da VMF na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, 12 deles demonstraram sua capacidade preditora independente, em an&#225;lise multivariada. Em nenhum dos trabalhos foi descrito valor progn&#243;stico incremental em rela&#231;&#227;o a modelos preditores tradicionais, como escore de Framingham. Resultados de tr&#234;s trabalhos sugerem que o m&#233;todo agrega valor progn&#243;stico a marcadores isolados como: &#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB), diabetes e Prote&#237;na C Reativa (PCR) de alta sensibilidade. </p>
    <p> Em conclus&#227;o, a VMF da art&#233;ria braquial prediz risco cardiovascular, por&#233;m n&#227;o &#233; estabelecido seu valor preditor incremental a modelos progn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos, n&#227;o havendo, at&#233; o momento, evid&#234;ncias s&#243;lidas que amparem seu uso na rotina cl&#237;nica para predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo; art&#233;ria braquial; progn&#243;stico; aterosclerose.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No Brasil, as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela maior mortalidade proporcional por grupos de causas (32%), sendo as doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o a segunda taxa mais elevada de mortalidade, de 48,5 por 100 mil habitantes ao ano<sup>1</sup>. Portanto, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de eventos cardiovasculares em portadores de algum grau de aterosclerose &#233; uma &#225;rea importante de pesquisa, em busca de marcadores aprimorados da avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, numa tentativa de modificar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial participa como elemento-chave na aterog&#234;nese, e todos os fatores de risco maiores para doen&#231;a cardiovascular est&#227;o a ela associados, al&#233;m de ter comprovado envolvimento nos processos isqu&#234;micos agudos, relacionando-se diretamente com a instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>Os estudos pioneiros de Furchgott e Zawadzki<sup>2</sup> comprovaram o papel do endot&#233;lio na regula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular e que o m&#233;todo da Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o Mediada por Fluxo (VMF) da art&#233;ria braquial permite avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, sendo capaz de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas e diagn&#243;sticas. A VMF mede as mudan&#231;as do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial em resposta ao aumento de fluxo por hiperemia reativa (resposta dependente do endot&#233;lio) e nitrato sublingual (n&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio), como padronizado pela International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force<sup>3</sup>. Quanto s t&#233;cnicas usadas, a automatizada &#233; mais robusta e acurada<sup>4</sup>; contudo, a t&#233;cnica manual tamb&#233;m &#233; confi&#225;vel, possibilitando seu uso para diagn&#243;stico e monitoramento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>5</sup>. Nesta atual revis&#227;o, pretende-se avaliar o m&#233;todo quanto aos seus dados progn&#243;sticos.</p>
    <p>Apesar das relevantes informa&#231;&#245;es que a VMF da art&#233;ria braquial oferece e de ter o endot&#233;lio importante papel na aterosclerose, os trabalhos sobre fun&#231;&#227;o de marcador progn&#243;stico s&#227;o bastante recentes e est&#227;o emergindo como uma perspectiva para o arsenal avaliador de risco individual e mesmo de potenciais alvos terap&#234;uticos. Contudo, como toda evolu&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento, as publica&#231;&#245;es nessa &#225;rea surgem revelando heterogeneidade quanto a aspectos metodol&#243;gicos, que comprometem uma conclus&#227;o segura a respeito do tema. Dessa forma, o intuito dessa revis&#227;o foi, especialmente, organizar as informa&#231;&#245;es da literatura para saber se o conhecimento cient&#237;fico, dispon&#237;vel at&#233; o momento, permite concluir sobre a capacidade preditora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial quanto a eventos cardiovasculares, em indiv&#237;duos portadores de aterosclerose.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pesquisa da literatura</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A base de dados MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System) foi a principal fonte para revis&#227;o sistematizada de trabalhos sobre o tema. Para pesquisa de trabalhos n&#227;o indexados no MEDLINE e realizados na Am&#233;rica Latina, foram utilizadas as bases de dados SCIELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) e LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de), aplicando-se as mesmas palavras-chave do MEDLINE. As refer&#234;ncias de cada artigo original e de artigos de revis&#227;o foram checadas a fim de selecionar estudos que n&#227;o tenham sido identificados pela pesquisa nas bases de dados.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, o dicion&#225;rio MeSH (<italic>Medical Subject Heading Terms)</italic> foi utilizado para defini&#231;&#227;o dos termos para pesquisa nos t&#237;tulos dos trabalhos. As express&#245;es <italic>endothelial function</italic> ou <italic>endothelial dysfunction</italic> ou <italic>flow mediated vasodilation</italic> ou <italic>reactive hyperemia</italic> foram escolhidas para combina&#231;&#227;o com os termos <italic>prognosis</italic> ou <italic>prognostic value</italic> ou <italic>cardiovascular events</italic> e com o termo <italic>atherosclerosis</italic>, totalizando 12 combina&#231;&#245;es de tr&#234;s termos, utilizando-se a conjun&#231;&#227;o <italic>AND.</italic> Ap&#243;s leitura dos t&#237;tulos e dos resumos encontrados, os estudos com as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas foram selecionados: estudos de coorte prospectivos, em seres humanos, com amostras superiores a 60 indiv&#237;duos, que analisaram a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, especificamente, com o m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo da VMF da art&#233;ria braquial e com popula&#231;&#245;es portadoras de algum grau de aterosclerose, perif&#233;rica ou coronariana. Trabalhos com evidentes vieses metodol&#243;gicos foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>Na compila&#231;&#227;o dos dados, para cada artigo, foram registrados: autor, perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o, tamanho da amostra, idade m&#233;dia dos sujeitos da pesquisa, desfechos considerados, per&#237;odo de seguimento, capacidade preditora e predi&#231;&#227;o independente. Foram tamb&#233;m analisados risco relativo e valor incremental, bem como o uso adequado das covari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos avaliados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos foram considerados os eventos mais duros, como morte cardiovascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina inst&#225;vel e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico. N&#227;o fizeram parte da an&#225;lise principal desfechos menos robustos, como re-estenose de <italic>stent</italic>, necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, angioplastia ou ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos trabalhos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os seguintes crit&#233;rios foram avaliados para julgamento da qualidade dos estudos: se foi realizada an&#225;lise multivariada, e caso positivo, se a metodologia de inclus&#227;o das covari&#225;veis seguiu exig&#234;ncia de signific&#226;ncia, al&#233;m de e se todas aquelas consideradas importantes por plausibilidade biol&#243;gica foram inclu&#237;das no modelo. Itens considerados relevantes, como an&#225;lise do valor incremental, randomiza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o, tamanho da amostra, cegamento, utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo padronizado da VMF, tempo de seguimento e t&#233;cnica para coleta dos eventos, foram todos checados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram encontrados 217 trabalhos no MEDLINE, 10 no LILACS e um no SCIELO. As raz&#245;es de n&#227;o inclus&#227;o dos trabalhos foram: an&#225;lise metodol&#243;gica da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial outra que n&#227;o a VMF da art&#233;ria braquial; popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos sadios ou com outras patologias, mas sem aterosclerose, porque n&#227;o eram coortes prospectivas ou eram estudos experimentais em modelos animais. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos registros identificados encontra-se no diagrama, segundo protocolo do PRISMA (<italic>preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses</italic>)<sup>6</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07712_port_f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop07712_port_f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0857-00078-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o, o conjunto final consistiu de 15 artigos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07712_port_t01">Tabela 1</xref>), todos na l&#237;ngua inglesa, da base de dados MEDLINE. Todos os trabalhos selecionados foram com indiv&#237;duos portadores de aterosclerose, tanto na Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica (DAP) como na coronariana (DAC), em situa&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel e em fase aguda da s&#237;ndrome. O per&#237;odo das publica&#231;&#245;es foi entre 2000 e 2009.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07712_port_t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0857-00078-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A busca para avaliar a capacidade preditora do m&#233;todo da VMF, em portadores de aterosclerose, iniciou-se recentemente, em 2000<sup>7</sup>. As amostras populacionais foram de no m&#237;nimo de 73 at&#233; no m&#225;ximo de 444 participantes<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tanto revistas especializadas de imagem quanto as de pesquisa cl&#237;nica publicaram trabalhos sobre o tema, sendo nestas &#250;ltimas o maior predom&#237;nio de artigos relacionados a esta revis&#227;o. Revista de prest&#237;gio internacional, como o <italic>Journal of The American College of Cardiology</italic>, abrange quatro dos 15 artigos selecionados<sup>8-11</sup>. Publica&#231;&#245;es nacionais de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados sobre o tema espec&#237;fico da revis&#227;o n&#227;o foram encontradas. Existe registro nacional de uma revis&#227;o com portadores de diabetes tipo 1, concluindo que a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tem valor progn&#243;stico para o desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares e sugerindo que pode ser importante em estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da metodologia correta na aferi&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio dependente n&#227;o sofreu varia&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os trabalhos, embora falte a cita&#231;&#227;o da diretriz mais recente <sup>3</sup>, publicada em 2002, em metade das publica&#231;&#245;es que surgiram ap&#243;s este artigo. A aferi&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio, com uso de nitrato, variou significativamente, tendo, inclusive, faltado em n&#250;mero expressivo dos participantes de alguns estudos<sup>11,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>De modo geral, pode-se considerar satisfat&#243;ria a qualidade dos trabalhos apresentados, tendo como par&#226;metros para julgamento a preocupa&#231;&#227;o na inclus&#227;o de covari&#225;veis importantes e realiza&#231;&#227;o rotineira de an&#225;lise multivariada. No entanto, ficou prejudicada a avalia&#231;&#227;o do valor incremental sobre marcadores ou escores estabelecidos.</p>
    <p>As investiga&#231;&#245;es em portadores de DAP foram publicadas em quatro estudos e demonstraram ser a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial preditora independente de eventos cardiovasculares nos pacientes cl&#237;nicos e nos cir&#250;rgicos. Os desfechos cardiovasculares considerados nesses estudos foram: morte de causa card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina inst&#225;vel, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
    <p>Foram 11 artigos publicados a respeito do valor preditor da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial avaliada pelo m&#233;todo ultrassonogr&#225;fico da VMF da art&#233;ria braquial, quanto ao risco de eventos cardiovasculares em indiv&#237;duos coronarianos. Desses, os tr&#234;s trabalhos em popula&#231;&#245;es com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cl&#225;ssica confirmaram positivamente sua capacidade preditora, sendo dois em infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) sem supradesnivelamento e um em IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
    <p>Oito estudos que contemplaram diversos espectros da coronariopatia, como doen&#231;a est&#225;vel, selecionados para implante de <italic>stent</italic>, portadores de dor tor&#225;cica ou de teste isqu&#234;mico alterado encaminhados para cateterismo, revelaram discordantes informa&#231;&#245;es do valor progn&#243;stico do m&#233;todo, sendo cinco favor&#225;veis e tr&#234;s, opostamente, negando qualquer potencial de predi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise do valor progn&#243;stico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis s&#227;o crescentes, por&#233;m ainda s&#227;o poucas as publica&#231;&#245;es que exploraram o tema do valor progn&#243;stico da hiperemia reativa. Todos os trabalhos reconhecem a import&#226;ncia da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial; contudo, a valoriza&#231;&#227;o da sua capacidade progn&#243;stica mostra-se controversa.</p>
    <p>Ser&#225; analisado o valor progn&#243;stico da VMF em portadores de aterosclerose, quanto a tr&#234;s aspectos: o valor progn&#243;stico geral (an&#225;lise univariada), o valor progn&#243;stico independente (an&#225;lise multivariada) e o valor progn&#243;stico incremental (estat&#237;stica C). Nesses t&#243;picos, ser&#227;o apresentadas as evid&#234;ncias da import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da VMF em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es portadoras de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, permitindo observar as diferen&#231;as entre os trabalhos e a influ&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a nos resultados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise geral do valor progn&#243;stico da VMF</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valor progn&#243;stico da VMF</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise univariada para avaliar a capacidade preditora da VMF quanto a eventos cardiovasculares, na maioria dos estudos (13 dos 15), revelou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica favor&#225;vel ao m&#233;todo. Os resultados se repetem com diferentes pontos de corte para a VMF e tamb&#233;m para perfis cl&#237;nicos distintos. Apenas dois trabalhos, avaliando popula&#231;&#245;es de coronariopatas, encontraram resultados diferentes e contr&#225;rios ao valor progn&#243;stico do m&#233;todo.</p>
    <p>No estudo de Frick e cols.<sup>10</sup>, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 398 indiv&#237;duos encaminhados para cateterismos devido a dor tor&#225;cica ou teste ergom&#233;trico positivo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no n&#250;mero de eventos entre os grupos abaixo e acima da mediana da VMF da art&#233;ria braquial, no seguimento de 39 &#177; 12 meses (HR 1,52; 95% IC 0,75 - 3,08, p = 0,24). Foram espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da art&#233;ria braquial e presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana na angiografia que apresentaram capacidade preditora, de forma que esses resultados demonstraram maior valor para a morfologia do que para a fun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio. Contudo, h&#225; que registrar que esse trabalho n&#227;o cita se suspendeu estatina antes de aferir a VMF e causa admira&#231;&#227;o ter sido acima do esperado a VMF de 7,6% para uma popula&#231;&#227;o supostamente isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>De forma semelhante, numa popula&#231;&#227;o de 195 pacientes internados com s&#237;ndrome de dor tor&#225;cica, Venneri e cols.<sup>14</sup> n&#227;o obtiveram signific&#226;ncia preditora na an&#225;lise univariada para a VMF, sendo as medidas de &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e doen&#231;a coronariana, as vari&#225;veis que se mostraram preditores.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valor progn&#243;stico independente da VMF</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 13 estudos que mostraram, na an&#225;lise univariada, signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica do m&#233;todo da VMF na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, 12 deles, tamb&#233;m na an&#225;lise multivariada, demonstraram sua capacidade preditora independente.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da qualidade das covari&#225;veis utilizadas nas an&#225;lises multivariadas, observou-se que muitos autores optaram por realizar ajustes baseados, exclusivamente, em signific&#226;ncias demonstradas previamente nas an&#225;lises univariadas. Caberia, em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es, incluir vari&#225;veis, por plausibilidade biol&#243;gica e por pr&#233;vias evid&#234;ncias, como a inclus&#227;o de diabetes e de outros fatores cl&#225;ssicos de risco. Nesse contexto, pode-se citar o trabalho de Huang e cols.<sup>15</sup>, em DAC, que na an&#225;lise multivariada ajustou apenas para as covari&#225;veis significativamente relacionadas a eventos cardiovasculares da univariada (idade, hipertens&#227;o, vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (VMF) e prote&#237;na C reativa altamente sens&#237;vel (PCRas)), bem como o trabalho de Brevetti e cols.<sup>16</sup>, em DAP (dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o, AVC pr&#233;vio, &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) e VMF). N&#227;o se detectou, ainda de forma mais representativa, em nenhuma das an&#225;lises, ajuste para um modelo completo, como Framingham ou GRACE.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do curto progn&#243;stico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, de 30 dias, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o grave de 187 indiv&#237;duos portadores de DAP, incluindo pacientes cir&#250;rgicos de endarterectomia carot&#237;dea, <italic>by-pass</italic> arterial perif&#233;rico, aneurisma a&#243;rtico e amputa&#231;&#227;o, demonstrou a capacidade preditora independente da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, medida pela reduzida VMF da art&#233;ria braquial para eventos cardiovasculares (<italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) 9,0; 95% IC 1,2 - 68; p = 0,03), juntamente com a vari&#225;vel idade, que tamb&#233;m foi preditora (OR 2,0; 95% IC 1,2 - 3,3; p = 0,006). Tamb&#233;m ficou demonstrado, na Curva de Kaplan-Meier, que no mais alto tercil de VMF, maior que 8,1%, sendo relativamente normal a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, o risco de eventos foi muito baixo<sup>13</sup>. Os mesmos autores, no ano seguinte, publicaram o valor preditor para um per&#237;odo mais longo de seguimento, de 1,2 ano, confirmando por meio do modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox que a VMF &#233; preditora independente de risco cardiovascular, bem como tamb&#233;m s&#227;o idade e cirurgia mais invasiva, como a endarterectomia carot&#237;dea. Ap&#243;s para controlar essas duas covari&#225;veis, a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial manteve-se preditora independente, com OR 9,6; 95% IC 1,2 - 74, p = 0,03<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Huang e cols.<sup>17</sup> confirmaram em 267 portadores de DAP encaminhados a cirurgia que tanto a reduzida dilata&#231;&#227;o arterial quanto a baixa velocidade de fluxo apresentam capacidade preditora de risco cardiovascular (OR 4,2; 95% IC 1,8 - 9,8; p = 0,001 e OR 2,7; 95% IC 1,2 - 5,9; p = 0,0018, respectivamente), mesmo quando ajustadas a outras vari&#225;veis de risco.</p>
    <p>Nesses estudos, foi interessante constatar que a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por nitrato (VMN), ou seja, a n&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio, n&#227;o apresentou significativo valor progn&#243;stico na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>O estudo inicial em doen&#231;a coronariana descreveu os resultados do seguimento de uma m&#233;dia de cinco anos de uma pequena coorte de 73 indiv&#237;duos, quanto ocorr&#234;ncia de morte, infarto, angioplastia coronariana e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, tendo dividido a popula&#231;&#227;o abaixo e acima de 10% de VMF da art&#233;ria braquial. Encontraram maior n&#250;mero de eventos no grupo com VMF menor do que 10% (50% X 15%, p = 0,002). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, correlacionaram-se com eventos tanto VMF quanto VMN, e tamb&#233;m g&#234;nero, com OR de 0,75, 1,25 e 3,9, respectivamente. Neste trabalho, contudo, apesar de encaminhados para cateterismo, n&#227;o h&#225; clara descri&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, eletrocardiogr&#225;fica ou enzim&#225;tica para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), sendo uma popula&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea quanto doen&#231;a coronariana. O ponto de corte de 10% &#233; considerado alto (valor normal) para uma popula&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a coronariana, podendo justificar por que n&#227;o ocorreram mortes nos cinco anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, e tamb&#233;m por que quando ajustado para DAC (estenose &#8805; 30% em mais de um vaso) nenhum desses fatores permaneceu significativamente correlacionado<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A capacidade preditora do <italic>status</italic> estrutural e funcional do sistema arterial, quanto a eventos coronarianos em portadores de DAC, foi analisada de forma multivariada, demonstrando que VMF/VMN e &#225;rea da placa ateroscler&#243;tica revelavam capacidade preditora independente para eventos. Observa-se nesse trabalho que a VMF isoladamente foi preditora apenas na an&#225;lise univariada (p = 0,03)<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo prospectivo de Akcakoyun e cols.<sup>18</sup>, com 135 pacientes encaminhados para implante eletivo de <italic>stent</italic>, demonstrou que o &#250;nico preditor independente de eventos cardiovasculares e re-estenose intra <italic>stent</italic> foi a VMF, com ajuste na an&#225;lise multivariada para os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, comprimento e di&#226;metro do <italic>stent</italic>, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e tratamento medicamentoso. Contudo, a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada &#233; proveniente de pacientes exclu&#237;dos de um outro estudo<sup>19</sup> que, entre outros fatores, excluiu aqueles indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram SCA e AVC, constituindo um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. O ponto de corte observado de VMF nesse estudo para predi&#231;&#227;o foi de 7,5%.</p>
    <p>O primeiro trabalho em SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST foi com uma amostra populacional de 98 participantes, apenas do sexo masculino, tendo registrado 20 eventos cardiovasculares no seguimento de longo prazo. Os portadores no primeiro tercil de VMF (&lt;1,9%) apresentaram significativo maior n&#250;mero de eventos do que aqueles acima desse valor. A regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox, ajustando para covari&#225;veis adequadas, mostrou que VMF &lt;1,9% teve capacidade preditora independente para eventos cardiovasculares (HR 3,035; 95% IC 1,148 - 8,023, p = 0,025)<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 101 pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de ST, ap&#243;s angioplastia coron&#225;ria, foram registrados 29 eventos em 12 meses de seguimento, permitindo a demonstra&#231;&#227;o da capacidade preditora independente da VMF (HR 0,705; 95% IC 0,573 - 0,868. p = 0,0010), diabetes (HR 2,934; 95% IC 1,314 - 6,548. p = 0,0086) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (HR 0,900; 95% IC 0,832 - 0,973. p = 0,0082), quando ajustados para covari&#225;veis basais de risco. O ponto de corte sugerido nesse trabalho foi de 5,5% para significativo pior progn&#243;stico nessa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Contrariamente, o trabalho de Fathi e cols.<sup>8</sup>, que estudou uma coorte australiana, composta de 444 pacientes, por dois anos, a VMF, apesar de ser menor nos pacientes com eventos, n&#227;o foi preditora independente de eventos cardiovasculares. Essa popula&#231;&#227;o, mista de risco para eventos cardiovasculares, prov&#233;m de hospital terci&#225;rio, com alta preval&#234;ncia de renais e transplantados, por&#233;m n&#227;o declaradamente isqu&#234;micos ou portadores de aterosclerose. As m&#233;dias de VMF foram consideradas baixas (5,2 &#177; 6,1%) e compat&#237;veis com estudos em pacientes portadores de DAC. Foi a espessura m&#233;diointimal carot&#237;dea (EMIC), o fator vascular, que independentemente, se associou com mortalidade. Numa an&#225;lise do subgrupo de baixo risco, a VMF tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentou capacidade preditora independente, e apenas em indiv&#237;duos encaminhados a teste isqu&#234;mico foi verificado valor progn&#243;stico independente, semelhantemente EMIC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valor progn&#243;stico incremental da VMF</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o existiu, em nenhum dos trabalhos revisados, an&#225;lise de valor incremental, avaliada pela estat&#237;stica-C em modelo multivariado, ap&#243;s incorpora&#231;&#227;o do novo marcador, no caso, a VMF, a um escore de risco (Framingham, TIMI, GRACE) e o quanto essa incorpora&#231;&#227;o agregaria ao desempenho desse escore.</p>
    <p>Dos 15 trabalhos selecionados, apenas tr&#234;s analisaram se o m&#233;todo da VMF adiciona capacidade preditora em rela&#231;&#227;o apenas a outro marcador progn&#243;stico conhecido; contudo, os modelos empregados para testar tal hip&#243;tese n&#227;o permitem conclus&#245;es definitivas.</p>
    <p>Brevetti e cols.<sup>16</sup> acompanharam 131 pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o, durante uma m&#233;dia de 23 meses, e conclu&#237;ram que uma baixa VMF da art&#233;ria braquial possui independente capacidade preditora de risco. Os autores testaram se a VMF adiciona valor progn&#243;stico ao ITB, que j&#225; &#233; um &#237;ndice estabelecido como poderoso marcador de risco. Nesse trabalho, a acur&#225;cia preditora de risco foi maior para a combina&#231;&#227;o dos dois &#237;ndices VMF e ITB abaixo da mediana (risco relativo (RR) 13,0; 95% IC, 3,0 - 56,2; p &lt; 0,01) do que o ITB (RR, 6,4; 95% IC, 1,4 - 29,1; p &lt; 0,02) e a VMF (RR, 4,8; 95% IC, 1,1 - 23,3; p &lt; 0,05), isoladamente. Pelo m&#233;todo utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o incremental, podemos apenas inferir a exist&#234;ncia do valor adicional, tendo-se em conta que OR &gt; 3 &#233; capaz de promover um aumento clinicamente relevante na estat&#237;stica-C (&gt; 0,05). Como se tratou de an&#225;lise univariada esse dado pode estar superestimado.</p>
    <p>Em indiv&#237;duos com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, procurou-se demonstrar se a VMF agrega valor progn&#243;stico a capacidade preditora do diabetes. Tanto VMF quanto diabetes apresentaram capacidade preditora independente, com boa acur&#225;cia demonstrada na curva ROC, de 63% e 67%, respectivamente. Seu melhor ponto de corte foi de 4,5%. Na an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier, a sobrevida livre de eventos, no seguimento m&#233;dio de 14 meses, foi significativamente menor para o grupo com diabetes e VMF &#8804; 4,5% conjuntamente (38,5%) do que para os demais grupos: sem diabetes e VMF &gt; 4,5% (88,7%), sem diabetes e VMF &#8804; 4,5% (78,4%), com diabetes e VMF &gt; 4,5% (67,7%)<sup>22</sup>. Al&#233;m de a an&#225;lise realizada n&#227;o permitir conclus&#245;es sobre a capacidade incremental, a obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados por meio de revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios pode ser considerada uma limita&#231;&#227;o validade interna desse trabalho.</p>
    <p>Estudou-se tamb&#233;m a VMF em rela&#231;&#227;o ao marcador da PCRas em portadores com precordialgia t&#237;pica e observou-se uma significativa pior sobrevida livre de eventos em 36 meses no grupo de VMF &lt; 6% combinado com PCRas &#8805; 1 mg/dL, quando comparados com cada um isoladamente e com a combina&#231;&#227;o de VMF &#8805; 6% e PCRas &lt; 1 mg/dL. Enquanto o RR para o grupo de VMF &#8805; 6% e PCRas &#8805; 1 mg/dL foi 3,36, para o grupo de VMF &lt; 6% e PCRas &#8805; 1 mg/dL aumentou para 12,5 (p = 0,014)<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada por Takase e cols. foi demonstrado, pela Curva ROC, equival&#234;ncia de acur&#225;cia da VMF com o teste ergom&#233;trico (0,67 x 0,64) e sua inferioridade da carga ateroscler&#243;tica dada pela EMIC (0,68). Os autores n&#227;o testaram a capacidade incremental do m&#233;todo a nenhum marcador. Vale ressaltar que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o apresentava estenose coronariana significativa, mas de pelo menos 25% de estenose (DAC leve)<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em indiv&#237;duos sabidamente portadores de aterosclerose perif&#233;rica, a t&#233;cnica da VMF refor&#231;a o papel da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a cardiovascular e tem chances de tornar-se marcador substituto de risco cardiovascular. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o individual do risco cir&#250;rgico, que depende do hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de comorbidades, do tipo de cirurgia e do grau de emerg&#234;ncia do procedimento, a VMF pode se tornar um novo par&#226;metro de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco, ajudando a identificar subgrupos de mais alto risco de eventos cardiovasculares agudos, e pode conduzir a estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas espec&#237;ficas para cada paciente. Contudo, n&#227;o existem registros na literatura do valor progn&#243;stico da VMF da art&#233;ria braquial em assintom&#225;ticos portadores de DAP, quando, certamente, a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, mais precocemente diagnosticada, possibilitaria interven&#231;&#245;es e mudan&#231;a da evolu&#231;&#227;o, com redu&#231;&#227;o do risco futuro de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>As discord&#226;ncias nos resultados dos trabalhos podem se justificar pelas caracter&#237;sticas diferentes das popula&#231;&#245;es, distintas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e tamb&#233;m a diversidade de anatomia coronariana. Igualmente variabilidade e falta de emprego uniformizado do m&#233;todo da VMF, que ainda est&#225; em evolu&#231;&#227;o, antes de se tornar uma ferramenta recomendada da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Os menores valores de VMF foram observados nos trabalhos em SCA. Mesmo entre eles, diferentes pontos de corte para a VMF foram detectados, com valor mais elevado na popula&#231;&#227;o de IAM com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST, comparativamente com as demais de IAM sem supradesnivelamento de ST, onde foram detectadas piores respostas dilatadoras, e onde o papel do endot&#233;lio parece ser ainda mais importante. Provavelmente o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico de maior instabilidade e de grande depend&#234;ncia do endot&#233;lio que envolve as SCA sem supradesnivelamento explique esse achado, em virtude da situa&#231;&#227;o vasoconstrictora e pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tica da circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria nessa situa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos trabalhos trata de popula&#231;&#245;es selecionadas, portadoras de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, podendo incorrer no vi&#233;s de "<italic>workup bias</italic>", que em estudos progn&#243;sticos de seguimento pode levar a falso aumento de sensibilidade do m&#233;todo.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel comparar entre os trabalhos os diferentes RR para eventos encontrados, em raz&#227;o da grande heterogeneidade entre eles, especialmente no aspecto da popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada. Observamos valores de RR de 0,7<sup>21</sup> at&#233; maiores valores de 12,5<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto an&#225;lise de agrega&#231;&#227;o de capacidade preditora do m&#233;todo, que depende da capacidade incremental e da capacidade de mudar o desfecho dos pacientes, essa n&#227;o foi devidamente testada nos trabalhos, com um modelo multivariado cl&#237;nico que levasse em conta todas as vari&#225;veis importantes.</p>
    <p>&#201; preciso tamb&#233;m fazer considera&#231;&#245;es sobre o custo poss&#237;vel desse novo m&#233;todo, que por envolver ultrassonografia e demandar tempo consider&#225;vel para o exame dever&#225; ser maior do que exames laboratoriais e escores j&#225; estabelecidos. Da mesma forma, o m&#233;todo dever&#225; enfrentar resist&#234;ncias para sua aceitabilidade quanto s quest&#245;es pr&#225;ticas, e tamb&#233;m da reprodutibilidade das suas medidas; portanto, dificilmente vir&#225; a substituir um marcador j&#225; padronizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Pode-se afirmar que a VMF preenche o conceito prim&#225;rio de que seus valores diferem entre os indiv&#237;duos com e sem resultado (desfecho); no entanto, ainda n&#227;o &#233; validada prospectivamente, ou seja, a VMF s&#243; prev&#234; o desenvolvimento futuro de desfechos em situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, como demonstraram os estudos de coorte prospectivos analisados. Ainda mais, o valor incremental do marcador em adicionar capacidade preditora a marcador padr&#227;o estabelecido n&#227;o foi, realmente, documentado. Nos trabalhos com SCA, por exemplo, n&#227;o se avaliou sua capacidade incremental aos escores j&#225; validados, como o escore TIMI ou GRACE. De fato, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo n&#227;o mostrou, na maioria dos estudos, que melhora a estimativa de desfechos nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</p>
    <p>Adicionalmente, n&#227;o h&#225; demonstra&#231;&#245;es da implica&#231;&#227;o do uso da VMF em alterar qualquer terapia j&#225; padronizada, n&#227;o sendo assim comprovada a sua utilidade cl&#237;nica na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco. Em rela&#231;&#227;o avalia&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade, visto as constata&#231;&#245;es anteriores, n&#227;o h&#225; justificativas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para custos adicionais com este teste.</p>
    <p>Ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos que avaliem esse novo marcador quanto a sua capacidade incremental de predi&#231;&#227;o sobre o que j&#225; temos estabelecido como marcadores de risco, ou seja, que utilizem testes estat&#237;sticos que identifiquem o quanto de significante informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica incremental a VMF adiciona a um modelo de risco que inclua marcadores j&#225; estabelecidos. Apenas ap&#243;s essa comprova&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; poss&#237;vel tamb&#233;m analisar se a VMF possui importantes caracter&#237;sticas para a cl&#237;nica, como capacidade discriminadora (de pacientes que no futuro ter&#227;o o desfecho daqueles que permanecer&#227;o livres do desfecho), de calibra&#231;&#227;o (acur&#225;cia de predizer qual a probabilidade de um indiv&#237;duo apresentar o desfecho) e de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o (capacidade de refinar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco). Tais caracter&#237;sticas, se demonstradas, poderiam influenciar na terap&#234;utica e na evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A VMF da art&#233;ria braquial &#233; um m&#233;todo validado para aferir a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e associa-se com fatores de risco cardiovascular. Contudo, apesar de suas fortes bases fisiopatol&#243;gicas e dos resultados iniciais de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido seu valor preditor incremental a modelos progn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos e n&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias s&#243;lidas que amparem seu uso na rotina cl&#237;nica para predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPESB (a partir de 2010).</p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Programa de Bolsas de Apoio para Pesquisa em Cardiologia da SBC (ano de 2009).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Maristela Magnavita Oliveira Garcia pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Luis Claudio Lemos Correia </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402 - Gra&#231;a </p>
        <p> CEP 40150-080 Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lccorreia@cardiol.br">lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>; </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lccorreia@terra.com.br">lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 06/01/12 </p>
    <p> Revisado em 10/01/12 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 09/04/12</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic value of endothelial function in patients with atherosclerosis: systematic review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Analysis of flow-mediated vasodilation (FMV) of the brachial artery by use of ultrasound allows assessing endothelial function, and provides pathophysiological, diagnostic and prognostic information. This systematic review was aimed at assessing the literature level of evidence of the predictive capacity of endothelial function, measured through brachial artery FMV by use of ultrasound, regarding cardiovascular events in individuals with atherosclerosis. The MEDLINE, SCIELO and LILACS databases were searched, and prospective cohort studies on human beings about the prognostic value of endothelial function, measured by use of brachial artery FMV in individuals with peripheral or coronary atherosclerosis, were selected. Studies with clear methodological biases were excluded. The final selection consisted of 15 studies. Of the 13 studies that on univariate analysis showed statistical significance of the FMV method to predict cardiovascular events, 12 showed independent predictive capacity on multivariate analysis. None of the studies reviewed described the incremental predictive value of FMV to the traditional predictive models, such as the Framingham score. Results of three studies have suggested that the method adds prognostic value to isolated markers such as ankle-brachial index (ABI), diabetes, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). In conclusion, brachial artery FMV predicts cardiovascular risk, but its incremental predictive value to clinical prognostic models has not been established. In addition, solid evidence supporting its use in routine clinical practice to predict cardiovascular risk still lacks.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endothelial function</kwd>
        <kwd>flow-mediated vasodilation</kwd>
        <kwd>brachial artery</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Prognostic value of endothelial function in patients with atherosclerosis: systematic review</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maristela Magnavita Oliveira Garcia; Paulo Roberto Passos Lima; Luis Claudio Lemos Correia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Bahian School of Medicine and Public Health - Research Development Foundation of Bahia, Salvador/BA, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Analysis of flow-mediated vasodilation (FMV) of the brachial artery by use of ultrasound allows assessing endothelial function, and provides pathophysiological, diagnostic and prognostic information.</p>
      <p> This systematic review was aimed at assessing the literature level of evidence of the predictive capacity of endothelial function, measured through brachial artery FMV by use of ultrasound, regarding cardiovascular events in individuals with atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p> The MEDLINE, SCIELO and LILACS databases were searched, and prospective cohort studies on human beings about the prognostic value of endothelial function, measured by use of brachial artery FMV in individuals with peripheral or coronary atherosclerosis, were selected. Studies with clear methodological biases were excluded.</p>
      <p> The final selection consisted of 15 studies. Of the 13 studies that on univariate analysis showed statistical significance of the FMV method to predict cardiovascular events, 12 showed independent predictive capacity on multivariate analysis. None of the studies reviewed described the incremental predictive value of FMV to the traditional predictive models, such as the Framingham score. Results of three studies have suggested that the method adds prognostic value to isolated markers such as ankle-brachial index (ABI), diabetes, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP).</p>
      <p> In conclusion, brachial artery FMV predicts cardiovascular risk, but its incremental predictive value to clinical prognostic models has not been established. In addition, solid evidence supporting its use in routine clinical practice to predict cardiovascular risk still lacks.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Endothelial function; flow-mediated vasodilation; brachial artery; prognosis; atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In Brazil, cardiovascular diseases account for the greatest mortality by cause group (32%), ischemic heart diseases having the second highest mortality rate, of 48.5 per 100,000 inhabitants-year<sup>1</sup>. Thus, stratifying the risk of cardiovascular events in individuals with some degree of atherosclerosis is an important research field, in the search for refined markers of prognostic assessment, in an attempt to change the clinical course of the disease.</p>
      <p>Endothelial dysfunction plays a key role in atherogenesis, being associated with all major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In addition, its involvement in acute ischemic processes has been confirmed, and it has been directly related to the instability of the atherosclerotic plaque.</p>
      <p>The pioneer studies by Furchgott and Zawadzki<sup>2</sup> have confirmed that the endothelium plays a role in vascular tonus regulation, and that the method of flow-mediated vasodilation (FMV) of the brachial artery allows assessing endothelial function, being able to provide pathophysiological and diagnostic information. The FMV measures changes in the brachial artery diameter in response to flow increase due to reactive hyperemia (endothelium-dependent response) and sublingual nitrate (non-endothelium-dependent response), as standardized by the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force<sup>3</sup>. Regarding the technique used, the automatic is more robust and accurate<sup>4</sup>; however, the manual technique is also reliable, enabling its use for diagnosing and monitoring the endothelial function<sup>5</sup>. This review was aimed at assessing the method regarding its prognostic data.</p>
      <p>Despite the relevant information provided by the brachial artery FMV and the important role played by the endothelium in atherosclerosis, studies about the function of prognostic markers are very recent and are emerging as a perspective for the assessing armamentarium of individual risk and even of potential therapeutic targets. However, like any knowledge evolution, publications in this area have revealed heterogeneous methodologies, hindering a safe conclusion regarding the theme. Thus, this review was especially aimed at organizing the literature data to know whether the scientific knowledge currently available allows concluding about the predictive capacity of the endothelial function regarding cardiovascular events in individuals with atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Literature search</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System) database was the major source for the systematic review of articles on the theme. Articles not indexed in MEDLINE and carried out in Latin America were searched in the SCIELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and LILACS (<italic>Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</italic>) databases, by using the same keywords used in MEDLINE. The bibliographic references of each original article and review article were checked to select studies that had not been identified in the database search.</p>
      <p>Initially, the MeSH (Medical Subject Heading Terms) dictionary was used for defining the terms to be searched in the titles of the studies. The expressions <italic>endothelial function</italic> or <italic>endothelial dysfunction</italic> or <italic>flow mediated vasodilation</italic> or <italic>reactive hyperemia</italic> were chosen to be combined with the terms <italic>prognosis</italic> or <italic>prognostic value</italic> or <italic>cardiovascular events</italic> and with the term <italic>atherosclerosis</italic>, adding up to 12 combinations of three terms, by using the conjunction <italic>AND.</italic> After reading the titles and the abstracts found, studies with the following characteristics were selected: prospective cohort studies on human beings, with samples larger than 60 individuals, specifically assessing endothelial function with the non-invasive method of the brachial artery FMV, and with populations with some degree of atherosclerosis, either peripheral or coronary. Studies with evident methodological biases were excluded.</p>
      <p>For each article, the following data were collected: author; population profile; sample size; mean age of the participants; outcomes considered; follow-up period; predictive capacity and independent prediction. The relative risk, incremental value, and adequate use of co-variables were also assessed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Outcomes assessed</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The screening of the articles took into consideration the presence of harder events, such as cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and ischemic stroke. Events not so hard, such as stent restenosis, need for revascularization, angioplasty and cardiac arrhythmias, were not part of the major analysis</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Criteria for assessing the quality of the articles</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following criteria were used to assess the quality of the studies: whether multivariate analysis was performed; if affirmative, whether the methodology of including co-variables met the requirement of significance; and whether all those variables considered important due to biological plausibility were included in the model. The following items considered relevant were assessed: analysis of incremental value; randomization of the population; sample size; blinding; use of the standardized method of FMV; follow-up time; and technique of event collection.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Selection of the studies</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The studies were found as follows: 217 in the MEDLINE database; ten in the LILACS database; and one in the SCIELO database. Studies with the following characteristics were not included: methodological analysis of endothelial function other than brachial artery FMV; population of healthy individuals or with pathologies other than atherosclerosis; not prospective cohorts or experimentation in animal models. The selection of the records identified is shown in a flow diagram according to the <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic> (PRISMA) statement <sup>6</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07712_ing_f01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop07712_ing_f01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0857-00078-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>After the selection, the final set consisted of 15 articles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07712_ing_t01-body2">Table 1</xref>), all in English and originating from the MEDLINE database. All articles selected were on individuals with atherosclerosis, having either peripheral artery disease (PAD) or coronary artery disease (CAD), at a stable situation and during the acute phase of the syndrome. Their publication periods ranged from 2000 to 2009.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop07712_ing_t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0857-00078-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Characteristics of the studies</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The search for assessing the predictive capacity of the FMV method in individuals with atherosclerosis began recently, in 2000<sup>7</sup>. The population samples have ranged from 73 to 444 participants<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Journals specialized in imaging and those of clinical research have published articles about the theme, the former providing more articles for this review. Prestigious international journals, such as the <italic>Journal of The American College of Cardiology</italic>, accounted for 4 of the 15 articles selected<sup>8-11</sup>. Brazilian publications of randomized clinical trials about the specific theme of this review have not been found. A national record of a review with patients with type 1 diabetes has concluded that the early detection of endothelial dysfunction has a prognostic value for the development of vascular complications and has suggested that it might be important for primary prevention strategies against cardiovascular events<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The use of the correct methodology to assess endothelium-dependent vasodilation has not varied significantly among the studies, although half of the publications do not cite the most recent guideline<sup>3</sup> published in 2002. The assessment of non-endothelium-dependent vasodilation using nitrate has varied significantly, and, in an expressive number of participants, that has not been performed<sup>11,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>In general, the quality of the studies was considered satisfactory, and the parameters used for that assessment were the inclusion of important co-variables and the routine use of multivariate analysis. However, the assessment of the incremental value of the established markers or scores was hindered.</p>
      <p>The investigation of individuals with PAD has been published in four studies and has proved that endothelial dysfunction is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in clinical and surgical patients. The cardiovascular outcomes considered in those studies were as follows: cardiac death; myocardial infarction; unstable angina; heart failure; myocardial revascularization; and stroke.</p>
      <p>Eleven articles have been published about the predictive value of endothelial function, assessed by use of ultrasound of the brachial artery FMV, regarding the cardiovascular risk of events in individuals with CAD. Of those, three articles with populations with classic coronary syndrome [two studies on non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and one on ST-segment elevation AMI] have positively confirmed its predictive capacity.</p>
      <p>Eight studies contemplating several spectra of CAD, such as stable disease, patients selected for stent implantation, patients with chest pain or with altered ischemic test referred for catheterization, have shown discordant information about the prognostic value of the method: five were favorable and three denied any potential for prediction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of the prognostic value</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite increasing evidence, publications about the prognostic value of reactive hyperemia are scarce. All studies have recognized the importance of endothelial function; however, the value of its prognostic capacity is controversial.</p>
      <p>The prognostic value of FMV in patients with atherosclerosis will be assessed regarding three aspects: the general prognostic value (univariate analysis); the independent prognostic value (multivariate analysis); and the incremental prognostic value (C statistics). In those aspects, evidence of the prognostic importance of FMV in different populations with atherosclerosis will be shown, allowing the observation of differences between the studies and the influence of the disease on the results.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>General analysis of the prognostic value of FMV</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Prognostic value of FMV</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In most of the studies (13 of 15), univariate analysis to assess the predictive capacity of FMV regarding cardiovascular events has revealed statistical significance favorable to the method. Results repeat at different cutoff points for FMV and also for distinct clinical profiles. Only two studies, assessing populations of individuals with CAD, have found different results contrary to the prognostic value of the method.</p>
      <p>Frick et al.<sup>10</sup>, studying a population of 398 individuals referred for catheterization because of chest pain or positive exercise test, have reported no difference in the number of events between the groups below and above the median of the brachial artery FMV in a follow-up of 39 &#177; 12 months (HR 1.52; 95% CI: 0.75 - 3.08; p = 0.24). The intima-media thickness of the brachial artery and the presence of CAD on angiography have shown predictive capacity, evidencing, thus, a greater prognostic value for morphology than for endothelial function. However, it is worth noting that that study has not informed whether statin was suspended before measuring FMV, and that the FMV of 7.6% exceeded the expected value for a supposedly ischemic population.</p>
      <p>Similarly, in a population of 195 patients hospitalized due to chest pain syndrome, Venneri et al.<sup>14</sup> have not obtained predictive significance in the univariate analysis for FMV, but the following variables proved to be predictors: left ventricular mass index; ejection fraction; and CAD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Independent prognostic value of FMV</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 13 studies showing, on univariate analysis, statistical significance of the FMV method for predicting cardiovascular events, 12 also showed independent predictive capacity on multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p>Analyzing the quality of the co-variables used on multivariate analysis, several authors have chosen to perform adjustments based exclusively on the significances previously shown on univariate analysis. In some situations, variables, such as diabetes and other classical risk factors, should be included due to biological plausibility and previous evidence. It is worth citing the study by Huang et al.<sup>15</sup> about CAD, which, on multivariate analysis, has adjusted only for the co-variables significantly related to the cardiovascular events of univariate analysis [age, hypertension, FMV and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)], and the study by Brevetti et al.<sup>16</sup> about PAD [dyslipidemia, hypertension, previous stroke, ankle-brachial index (ABI) and FMV]. So far, no adjustment for a complete model, such as the Framingham and GRACE scores, has been detected in a more representative form in any of the analyses performed.</p>
      <p>Assessment of the short postoperative prognosis (30 days) in a critically ill population of 187 individuals with PAD, such as surgical patients of carotid endarterectomy, peripheral arterial bypass, aortic aneurysm and amputation, has shown the independent predictive capacity of endothelial dysfunction, measured by reduced brachial artery FMV, for cardiovascular events [odds ratio (OR) 9.0; 95% CI: 1.2 - 68; p = 0.03], along with the variable age, which was also a predictor (OR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2 - 3.3; p = 0.006). It has also been shown, by use of the Kaplan-Meier curve, that, in the greatest tertile of FMV (greater than 8.1%) and with relatively normal endothelial function, the risk of events was very low<sup>13</sup>. In the following year, those same authors have published the predictive value for a longer follow-up period, 1.2 year, confirming, by use of Cox regression model, that FMV is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk, as age and more invasive surgery, such as carotid endarterectomy, also are. After controlling those two co-variables, the endothelial function remained an independent predictor (OR 9.6; 95% CI: 1.2 - 74; p = 0.03)<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Huang et al.<sup>17</sup>, studying 267 patients with PAD referred for surgery, have confirmed that both the reduced arterial dilation and the low flow velocity have predictive capacity for cardiovascular risk (OR 4.2; 95% CI: 1.8 - 9.8; p = 0.001; and OR 2.7; 95% CI: 1.2 - 5.9; p = 0.0018, respectively), even when adjusted for other risk variables.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that, in those studies, nitrate-mediated vasodilation (NMV), which is the non-endothelium-dependent vasodilation, has shown no significant prognostic value for predicting cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>The initial study on CAD has reported the results of the mean 5-year follow-up of a small cohort of 73 individuals, regarding the occurrence of death, infarction, coronary angioplasty and surgical revascularization, dividing the population into below and above 10% of brachial artery FMV. A greater number of events was found in the group with FMV lower than 10% (50% <italic>versus</italic> 15%, P = 0.002). On multivariate analysis, both FMV and NMV correlated with events, as did sex (OR 0.75, 1.25 and 3.9, respectively). In this study, however, although the patients were referred for catheterization, there was no clear clinical, electrocardiographic or enzymatic description characterizing acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the population being heterogeneous regarding CAD. The cutoff point of 10% is considered high (normal value) for a population with CAD, and might justify the lack of deaths in the five years of disease progression, and also the lack of significant correlation between those factors, when adjusted for CAD (stenosis &#8805; 30% in more than one vessel)<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The capacity to predict the structural and functional status of the arterial system regarding coronary events in individuals with CAD, has been assessed by use of multivariate analysis, demonstrating that FMV/NMV and the atherosclerotic plaque area have independent predictive capacity for events. That study has shown that FMV alone was a predictor only on univariate analysis (p = 0.03)<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Akcakoyun et al.<sup>18</sup>, in a prospective study with 135 patients referred for elective stent implantation, have reported that the only independent predictor of cardiovascular events and in-stent restenosis was FMV, with adjustment on multivariate analysis for the classical risk factors, such as stent length and diameter, sex, body mass index (BMI) and medicamentous treatment. However, the population studied originates from patients excluded from another study<sup>19</sup> because of ACS and stroke, constituting a selection bias. In that study, the cutoff point of FMV for prediction was 7.5%.</p>
      <p>The first study on ACS without ST-segment elevation has comprised a population sample of 98 participants of the male sex, and has recorded 20 cardiovascular events in the long-term follow-up. Those with FMV in the first tertile (&lt;1.9%) have had a significantly higher number of events than those with FMV over that value. Cox multivariate regression, adjusting to adequate co-variables, has shown that FMV &lt;1.9% had an independent predictive capacity for cardiovascular events (HR 3.035; 95% CI: 1.148 - 8.023, p = 0.025)<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 101 patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation, after coronary angioplasty, 29 events were recorded in 12 months of follow-up, evidencing the independent predictive capacity of FMV (HR 0.705; 95% CI: 0.573 - 0.868; p = 0.0010), diabetes (HR 2.934; 95% CI: 1.314 - 6.548; p = 0.0086) and ejection fraction (HR 0.900; 95% CI: 0.832 - 0.973; p = 0.0082) when adjusted for baseline risk co-variables. The cutoff point suggested in that study was 5.5% for a significantly worse prognosis in that population<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Contrarily, Fathi et al.<sup>8</sup>, studying for two years an Australian cohort comprising 444 patients, have reported that FMV, although lower in patients with events, was not an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. That population, with mixed risk for cardiovascular events, originated from a tertiary hospital and had a high prevalence of renal and transplanted patients, who, however, had been declared neither ischemic nor having atherosclerosis. The mean FMV values were considered low (5.2 &#177; 6.1%) and compatible with those found in studies with patients with CAD. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was the vascular factor independently associated with mortality. When analyzing the low-risk subgroup, FMV has shown no independent predictive capacity, and in individuals referred for the ischemic test, the independent prognostic value was evidenced, similarly to the IMT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Incremental prognostic value of FMV</bold>
      </p>
      <p>None of the studies reviewed analyzed the incremental value of FMV, assessed by use of C statistics in a multivariate model, after incorporating the new marker, FMV, to a risk score (Framingham, TIMI, GRACE). In addition, there was no analysis of how much that incorporation would add to the performance of the score.</p>
      <p>Of the 15 studies selected, only three have assessed whether the FMV method adds any predictive capacity to the other prognostic marker known; however, the models used to test that hypothesis allow no definitive conclusions.</p>
      <p>Brevetti et al.<sup>16</sup> have assessed 131 patients with claudication for a mean of 23 months, and have concluded that a low brachial artery FMV has independent risk predictive capacity. The authors have tested whether FMV adds prognostic value to the ABI, which is an index already established as a powerful marker of risk. In that study, the risk predictive accuracy was greater for the combination of the two indices FMV and ABI below the median [relative risk (RR) 13.0; 95% CI: 3.0 - 56.2; P &lt; 0.01] than for the ABI (RR, 6.4; 95% CI: 1.4 - 29.1; P &lt; 0.02) and FMV (RR, 4.8; 95% CI: 1.1 - 23.3; P &lt; 0.05) alone. By use of the incremental assessment method, we can only infer the existence of the additional value, considering that OR &gt; 3 can cause a clinically relevant increase in C statistics (&gt; 0.05). As the analysis was univariate, those data can be overestimated.</p>
      <p>In individuals with myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation, a study has assessed whether FMV adds prognostic value to the predictive capacity for diabetes. Both FMV and diabetes have shown independent predictive capacity, with good accuracy demonstrated in the ROC curve of 63% and 67%, respectively. Its better cutoff point was 4.5%. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, event-free survival in a mean 14-month follow-up was significantly lower in the group with diabetes and FMV &#8804; 4.5% (38.5%) than in the other following groups: no diabetes and FMV &gt; 4.5% (88.7%); no diabetes and FMV &#8804; 4.5% (78.4%); and with diabetes and FMV &gt; 4.5% (67.7%)<sup>22</sup>. In addition to the fact that the analysis performed has not allowed conclusions on the incremental capacity of FMV, data collection by use of medical record review can be considered a limitation to the internal validity of that study.</p>
      <p>The FMV has also been studied regarding the marker hsCRP in individuals with typical chest pain. A significant worsening in event-free survival in 36 months has been observed in the group of FMV &lt; 6% combined with hsCRP &#8805; 1 mg/dL, as compared with each one alone and with the combination of FMV &#8805; 6% and hsCRP &lt; 1 mg/dL. While the RR for the group of FMV &#8805; 6% and hsCRP &#8805; 1 mg/dL was 3.36, for the group of FMV &lt; 6% and hsCRP &#8805; 1 mg/dL, RR increased to 12.5 (p = 0.014)<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the population studied by Takase et al., the ROC curve has shown equivalent accuracies for the FMV and exercise test (0.67 x 0.64) and lower accuracy as compared with that of the atherosclerotic load provided by IMT (0.68). The authors have not tested the incremental capacity of the method to any marker. It is worth noting that most individuals have not shown significant coronary stenosis (at least 25% - mild CAD)<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In individuals known to have peripheral atherosclerosis, the FMV technique reinforces the role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and is likely to become a surrogate marker of cardiovascular risk. In the individual assessment of surgical risk, which depends on the history of comorbidities, type of surgery, and emergency degree of the procedure, FMV can become a new parameter of risk assessment, helping to identify subgroups at higher risk for acute cardiovascular events, and can lead to diagnostic and therapeutic strategies specific for each patient. However, there is no report in the literature about the prognostic value of brachial artery FMV in asymptomatic individuals with PAD, when the clinical importance of earlier diagnosed endothelial dysfunction would certainly enable interventions and change in disease course, with a reduction in the risk of future cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>The discrepancies in the results of the studies can be justified by the different characteristics of the populations, distinct clinical situations, and diversity of coronary anatomy, in addition to the variability or lack of uniformity in the application of the FMV method, which is still evolving, before becoming a recommended tool for clinical practice.</p>
      <p>The lowest FMV values have been observed in the studies about ACS. Even among them, different FMV cutoff points have been detected, with higher values in the population with AMI with ST-segment elevation, as compared with those with AMI and no ST-segment elevation, in which poorer dilating responses have been detected, and where the endothelial role seems to be even more important. The pathophysiological mechanism of greater instability and great endothelial dependence involved in the ACS without ST-segment elevation is likely to explain that finding, because of the vasoconstricting and pro-thrombotic <italic>status</italic> of the coronary circulation in that specific situation.</p>
      <p>Most studies are conducted on selected populations with atherosclerotic disease, which might lead to workup bias, which, in prognostic follow-up studies, might result in a false increase in the sensitivity of the method.</p>
      <p>The different RR found for events cannot be compared in the studies because of the large heterogeneity between them, especially regarding the population selected. Relative risk values ranging from 0.7<sup>21</sup> to 12.5<sup>15</sup> have been observed.</p>
      <p>The aggregation analysis of the predictive capacity of the method, which depends on the incremental capacity and the capacity for changing the outcome of patients, has not been properly tested in the studies with a clinical multivariate model considering all important variables.</p>
      <p>It is worth considering the cost of that new method, which, by involving ultrasound and demanding considerable time for the exam, should be greater than that of the already established laboratory tests and scores. Similarly, the method is likely to face resistance regarding its acceptance because of practical questions and the reproducibility of its measures; thus, it is unlikely to replace an already standardized marker in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>One can state that FMV meets the primary concept that its values differ between individuals with and without outcome; however, it has not been prospectively validated, that is, FMV only foresees the future development of outcomes in specific situations, such as shown in the prospective cohort studies assessed. In addition, the incremental value of the marker to add predictive capacity to an established standard marker has not been actually documented. The studies on ACS have not assessed its incremental capacity to the already validated scores, such as the TIMI and GRACE scores. In fact, most studies have not shown that the use of the method improves the estimate of outcomes in randomized clinical trials.</p>
      <p>In addition, the use of FMV has not been shown to change any already standardized therapy, and, thus, its clinical usefulness has not been confirmed to risk assessment. Regarding cost-effectiveness, considering the previous findings, additional costs with that test are not justified in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>Studies assessing the new marker regarding its incremental predictive capacity to already established risk markers are required; such studies should use statistical tests to show how much significantly incremental prognostic information FMV adds to a risk model that includes already established markers. Only after confirming that, the importance of FMV to clinical practice will be able to be assessed through the following characteristics: discriminating capacity (to differentiate patients who will have the outcome from those who will not); calibration capacity (accuracy to predict the likelihood of an individual having the outcome); and reclassification capacity (to refine the risk stratification). Such characteristics, if demonstrated, could influence therapy and the course of disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Brachial artery FMV is a validated method to measure endothelial function and is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. However, despite its strong pathophysiological bases and the initial results about cardiovascular risk prediction, its incremental predictive value to clinical prognostic models has not been established. In addition, solid evidence supporting its use in routine clinical practice to predict cardiovascular risk still lacks.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPESB (a partir de 2010).</p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by Programa de Bolsas de Apoio para Pesquisa em Cardiologia da SBC (ano de 2009).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Maristela Magnavita Oliveira Garcia, from Bahian School of Medicine and Public Health Post-Graduate Course.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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