<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Vbqtf999qn8sJK3qZ7MYh8w</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001200011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900300011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000076</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sildenafil vs. Nitroprussiato de S&#243;dio durante Teste de Reatividade Pulmonar pr&#233;-transplante card&#237;aco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Aguinaldo Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fiorelli</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo In&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Honorato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christiano Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tsutsui</surname>
            <given-names>Jeane Mike</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>848</fpage>
      <lpage>856</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar &#233; associada ao pior progn&#243;stico no p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco. O teste de reatividade pulmonar com Nitroprussiato de S&#243;dio (NPS) est&#225; associado a elevados &#237;ndices de hipotens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular do enxerto transplantado e elevadas taxas de desqualifica&#231;&#227;o para o transplante. OBJETIVO: Neste estudo, objetivou-se comparar os efeitos do Sildenafil (SIL) e NPS sobre vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, neuro-hormonais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas durante teste de reatividade pulmonar. M&#201;TODOS: Os pacientes foram submetidos, simultaneamente, ao cateterismo card&#237;aco direito, ao ecocardiograma e &#224; dosagem de BNP e gasometria venosa, antes e ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de NPS (1 - 2 &#181;g/Kg/min) ou SIL (100 mg, dose &#250;nica). RESULTADOS: Ambos reduziram a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, por&#233;m o nitrato promoveu hipotens&#227;o sist&#234;mica significativa (Press&#227;o Arterial M&#233;dia - PAM: 85,2 vs. 69,8 mmHg, p &lt; 0,001). Ambos reduziram as dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas e melhoraram a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca esquerda (NPS: 23,5 vs. 24,8 %, p = 0,02; SIL: 23,8 vs. 26 %, p &lt; 0,001) e direita (SIL: 6,57 &#177; 2,08 vs. 8,11 &#177; 1,81 cm/s, p = 0,002; NPS: 6,64 &#177; 1,51 vs. 7,72 &#177; 1,44 cm/s, p = 0,003), medidas pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e Doppler tecidual, respectivamente. O SIL, ao contr&#225;rio do NPS, apresentou melhora no &#237;ndice de satura&#231;&#227;o venosa de oxig&#234;nio, medido pela gasometria venosa. CONCLUS&#195;O: Sildenafil e NPS s&#227;o vasodilatadores que reduzem, de forma significativa, a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e a geometria card&#237;aca, al&#233;m de melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular. O NPS, ao contr&#225;rio do SIL, esteve associado a hipotens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e piora da satura&#231;&#227;o venosa de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Sildenafil</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitroprussiato de S&#243;dio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doppler Tecidual</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante Card&#237;aco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Sildenafil vs. Nitroprussiato de S&#243;dio durante Teste de Reatividade Pulmonar pr&#233;-transplante card&#237;aco</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aguinaldo Figueiredo Freitas Jr; Fernando Bacal; Jos&#233; de Lima Oliveira J&#250;nior; Alfredo In&#225;cio Fiorelli; Ronaldo Honorato Santos; Luiz Felipe Pinho Moreira; Christiano Pereira Silva; Sandrigo Mangini; Jeane Mike Tsutsui; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar &#233; associada ao pior progn&#243;stico no p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco. O teste de reatividade pulmonar com Nitroprussiato de S&#243;dio (NPS) est&#225; associado a elevados &#237;ndices de hipotens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular do enxerto transplantado e elevadas taxas de desqualifica&#231;&#227;o para o transplante. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Neste estudo, objetivou-se comparar os efeitos do Sildenafil (SIL) e NPS sobre vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, neuro-hormonais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas durante teste de reatividade pulmonar. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Os pacientes foram submetidos, simultaneamente, ao cateterismo card&#237;aco direito, ao ecocardiograma e &#224; dosagem de BNP e gasometria venosa, antes e ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de NPS (1 - 2 &#181;g/Kg/min) ou SIL (100 mg, dose &#250;nica). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ambos reduziram a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, por&#233;m o nitrato promoveu hipotens&#227;o sist&#234;mica significativa (Press&#227;o Arterial M&#233;dia - PAM: 85,2 vs. 69,8 mmHg, p &lt; 0,001). Ambos reduziram as dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas e melhoraram a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca esquerda (NPS: 23,5 vs. 24,8 %, p = 0,02; SIL: 23,8 vs. 26 %, p &lt; 0,001) e direita (SIL: 6,57 &#177; 2,08 vs. 8,11 &#177; 1,81 cm/s, p = 0,002; NPS: 6,64 &#177; 1,51 vs. 7,72 &#177; 1,44 cm/s, p = 0,003), medidas pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e Doppler tecidual, respectivamente. O SIL, ao contr&#225;rio do NPS, apresentou melhora no &#237;ndice de satura&#231;&#227;o venosa de oxig&#234;nio, medido pela gasometria venosa. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Sildenafil e NPS s&#227;o vasodilatadores que reduzem, de forma significativa, a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e a geometria card&#237;aca, al&#233;m de melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular. O NPS, ao contr&#225;rio do SIL, esteve associado a hipotens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e piora da satura&#231;&#227;o venosa de oxig&#234;nio. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar; Sildenafil; Nitroprussiato de S&#243;dio; Doppler Tecidual; Transplante Card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar (HP) em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica e candidatos a transplante card&#237;aco &#233; um fator de risco bem estabelecido de morte precoce por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita ou biventricular do enxerto transplantado<sup>1</sup>. A fim de minimizar a fal&#234;ncia do &#243;rg&#227;o doado, esses pacientes s&#227;o rotineiramente submetidos ao Teste de Reatividade Pulmonar, cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca direita pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria com o intuito de medir a responsividade da press&#227;o pulmonar, e de suas vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, aos vasodilatadores<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O Nitroprussiato de S&#243;dio (NPS) &#233; o vasodilatador rotineiramente utilizado, por&#233;m a hipotens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#233; um efeito colateral comum e limitante. Em cardiopatas cr&#244;nicos, a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea lim&#237;trofe e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular reduzem a capacidade compensat&#243;ria do sistema cardiovascular de manter est&#225;vel a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, e as instabilidades hemodin&#226;micas est&#227;o associadas a elevados &#237;ndices de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e &#224; desqualifica&#231;&#227;o de um paciente ao transplante.</p>
    <p>O sildenafil (SIL) &#233; um potente e seletivo inibidor da fosfodiesterase tipo 5 (PDE-5), enzima respons&#225;vel pela degrada&#231;&#227;o do GMPc. Com a inibi&#231;&#227;o ocorre um aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o citos&#243;lica de GMPc e consequente relaxamento da musculatura lisa vascular, com posterior vasodilata&#231;&#227;o. Como inibidor da PDE-5, o SIL exerce efeitos diretos sobre a circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e mioc&#225;rdio ventricular direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figura 1</xref>), promovendo, al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP), aumento direto e indireto do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os efeitos do SIL sobre o sistema cardiovascular de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e HP t&#234;m sido demonstrados tanto em uso agudo como cr&#244;nico. No primeiro, G&#243;mez-S&#225;nchez e cols.<sup>6</sup> e Freitas Jr. e cols.<sup>7</sup> demonstraram que uma &#250;nica dose de 100 mg de SIL sublingual foi eficaz e segura na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o pulmonar durante o teste de reatividade vascular pr&#233;-transplante card&#237;aco, sem interferir de forma significativa na press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#234;mica. Por outro lado, durante administra&#231;&#227;o prolongada, Katz e cols.<sup>8</sup> demonstraram que o SIL promove vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente e melhora a capacidade f&#237;sica, medida por meio do teste de caminhada de seis minutos.</p>
    <p>Diante do exposto, um vasodilatador ideal serviria n&#227;o apenas para testar a responsividade vascular da press&#227;o pulmonar, mas teria propriedades de n&#227;o interferir de forma negativa na circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, de melhorar o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco direito e manter uma redu&#231;&#227;o sustentada da HP.</p>
    <p>Nesse projeto, o objetivo principal foi comparar os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos agudos do SIL e NPS sobre a HP de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada e candidatos ao transplante card&#237;aco. Secundariamente, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos dois vasodilatadores sobre a geometria card&#237;aca, microcircula&#231;&#227;o e vari&#225;vel neuro-hormonal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado na Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Transplante do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor - HCFMUSP), no per&#237;odo de junho de 2006 a junho de 2009. Foi transversal, prospectivo e randomizado; os pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram incorporados ao estudo de maneira aleat&#243;ria. O protocolo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - InCor, documento n&#186; SDC 2698/05/118, e pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Cient&#237;fica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, documento n&#186; 935/05. Para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo, os pacientes ou seus respons&#225;veis (no caso de crian&#231;as ou adolescentes) assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu de pacientes em acompanhamento no ambulat&#243;rio de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca do InCor-HCFMUSP, portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda moderada ou importante - fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) &lt; 45%, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe funcional III ou IV (NYHA) e indica&#231;&#227;o formal para transplante card&#237;aco, de acordo com a diretriz da Sociedade Internacional de Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Pulm&#227;o (ISHLT)<sup>9</sup> e Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia para Transplante Card&#237;aco<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes com <italic>shunts</italic> arteriovenosos, doen&#231;a pulmonar associada, uso de drogas vasoativas e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s se submeterem ao cateterismo card&#237;aco direito e ao ecodopplercardiograma bidimensional, simultaneamente, como parte da rotina de avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de transplante card&#237;aco, os pacientes foram selecionados pelo autor deste estudo, segundo os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o j&#225; descritos.</p>
    <p>A partir da&#237;, todos os pacientes tiveram os dados cl&#237;nicos gerais registrados e, tamb&#233;m, coletadas as amostras de sangue venoso diretamente da art&#233;ria pulmonar, para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas.</p>
    <p>Uma vez realizados os exames basais, os pacientes foram randomizados a receber NPS ou SIL, em doses padronizadas. Uma segunda coleta dos dados cl&#237;nicos, hemodin&#226;micos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e bioqu&#237;micos foi realizada ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de tempo predeterminado para cada grupo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O SIL foi administrado na dose &#250;nica de 100 mg (2 comprimidos de 50 mg), via oral, em jejum, e a segunda coleta de exames foi realizada ap&#243;s 60 minutos, tempo considerado &#243;timo para atingir maior concentra&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea do f&#225;rmaco<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O NPS foi administrado ap&#243;s dilui&#231;&#227;o de 50 mg em 250 mL de soro glicosado a 5% e em bomba de infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua e endovenosa, na velocidade de 1 &#181;g/Kg/min. Ap&#243;s 15 minutos iniciais, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; medida n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e medida da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar e de suas vari&#225;veis atrav&#233;s do cateterismo card&#237;aco direito. Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de interrup&#231;&#227;o da administra&#231;&#227;o do NPS a hipotens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (PAs <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg) e/ou redu&#231;&#227;o apropriada da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica de Art&#233;ria Pulmonar - PsAP &lt; 50 mmHg, RVP &lt; 3 uWood e GTP &lt; 15 mmHg). Para os casos nos quais os crit&#233;rios de interrup&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram atingidos, procedeu-se ao aumento da velocidade de infus&#227;o para 2 &#181;g/Kg/min e nova medida dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos a cada 15 minutos, com aumento gradual e proporcional da velocidade de administra&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com o uso do cateter de Swan-Ganz, foram feitos os seguintes registros press&#243;ricos: em &#225;trio direito (press&#227;o m&#233;dia), ventr&#237;culo direito (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e m&#233;dia) e em art&#233;ria pulmonar (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e m&#233;dia). A press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar ou press&#227;o m&#233;dia do capilar pulmonar (<italic>wedge pressure, </italic>PmCP) tamb&#233;m foi registrada.</p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco pulmonar e sist&#234;mico, este assumido como sendo igual ao primeiro, foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de termodilui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A partir dessas medidas foram determinadas, tamb&#233;m, a RVP e RVS, al&#233;m do GTP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada utilizando-se o equipamento HDI 5000 (Philips Medical System, Andover, MA, USA), equipado com transdutor de banda larga de 4-2 MHz.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado por um mesmo observador experiente, no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo card&#237;aco, simultaneamente ao estudo hemodin&#226;mico.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o das cavidades esquerda e direita permitiu determinar os di&#226;metros atriais e ventriculares, al&#233;m da Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda (FEVE). Os volumes do &#225;trio direito e ventr&#237;culo direito foram medidos no plano apical quatro c&#226;maras, utilizando o m&#233;todo &#225;rea-comprimento, na s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole. A estimativa da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita foi realizada pelo Doppler tecidual, pela medida da velocidade de deslocamento do anel tric&#250;spide durante a s&#237;stole (DTVD, cm/s).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas da art&#233;ria pulmonar, durante o cateterismo card&#237;aco direito, e foram dosadas as seguintes subst&#226;ncias: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral B e gasometria venosa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Inicialmente, as vari&#225;veis sob investiga&#231;&#227;o foram testadas quanto &#224; sua ader&#234;ncia &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (Gaussiana) para determina&#231;&#227;o apropriada do teste estat&#237;stico a ser empregado. Apenas os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes, em um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise comparativa das caracter&#237;sticas basais dos dois grupos as vari&#225;veis qualitativas (g&#234;nero, etiologia da doen&#231;a de base e classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) foram avaliadas por meio do teste do Qui-Quadrado e apresentadas em tabela de conting&#234;ncia contendo frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%). </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram analisadas conforme a distribui&#231;&#227;o de normalidade. Aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal (dose m&#233;dia de digoxina, espironolactona, losartana e hidroclorotiazida) foram analisadas baseadas no Teste U de Mann Whitney, e as com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (todas as outras vari&#225;veis) por interm&#233;dio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student independente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise de cada grupo, antes e ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o dos vasodilatadores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e bioqu&#237;micas quantitativas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana, e suas m&#233;dias foram comparadas por meio do teste <italic>t </italic>de Student para dados pareados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre os 30 pacientes selecionados de acordo com os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos, um foi exclu&#237;do por apresentar fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial durante exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico. Os 29 pacientes que efetivamente participaram do estudo apresentaram idade m&#233;dia de 49,1 &#177; 14,9 anos, e a maioria pertencia ao g&#234;nero masculino (62%). Os dados das <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">2</xref> sintetizam as caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O grupo que recebeu SIL apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da RVP (4,26 &#177; 2,65 <italic>vs.</italic> 1,94 &#177; 1,39 uWood, p &lt; 0,001), e aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (3,64 &#177; 0,81 <italic>vs.</italic> 4,31 &#177; 0,81 L/min, p = 0,003). Esses efeitos n&#227;o foram acompanhados por repercuss&#245;es sist&#234;micas negativas, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Por sua vez, os pacientes tratados com NPS demonstraram resposta hemodin&#226;mica diferente. Uma moderada redu&#231;&#227;o da HP foi observada (RVP: 4,52 &#177; 3,15 <italic>vs.</italic> 4,03 &#177; 3,13 u Wood, p = 0,2), mas sem interfer&#234;ncia sobre d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (3,64 &#177; 1,06 <italic>vs.</italic> 3,86 &#177; 1,19 L/min, p = 0,2). Ao contr&#225;rio do SIL, esses pacientes tiveram repercuss&#245;es sist&#234;micas importantes, com hipotens&#227;o sist&#234;mica (PAM: 85,29 &#177; 13,1 <italic>vs.</italic> 69,86 &#177; 13,48 mmHg, p &lt; 0,001) e eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (66,79 &#177; 8,22 <italic>vs.</italic> 73,79 &#177; 12,42 bpm, p = 0,001).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A administra&#231;&#227;o aguda de SIL esteve associada a redu&#231;&#245;es significativas da &#225;rea m&#233;dia de &#225;trio direito (24,4 &#177; 6,33 <italic>vs.</italic> 21,6 &#177; 5,46 mm<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,008) e ventr&#237;culo direito (29,4 &#177; 5,63 <italic>vs.</italic> 23,8 &#177; 5,57 mm<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0,001), como demonstrado no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figura 3</xref>. A redu&#231;&#227;o da geometria card&#237;aca foi acompanhada de incremento nas fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas esquerda e direita, mensuradas pela FEVE (23,87 &#177; 8 <italic>vs.</italic> 26,07 &#177; 7,46%, p = 0,001) e velocidade de deslocamento do anel tric&#250;spide pelo Doppler tecidual (DTVD: 6,57 &#177; 2,08 <italic>vs.</italic> 8,11 &#177; 1,81 cm/s, p = 0,002), respectivamente ilustradas no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figura 4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No grupo que recebeu NPS como vasodilatador, entretanto, tamb&#233;m foi observado uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da &#225;rea ventricular direita (29,21 &#177; 5,24 <italic>vs.</italic> 25,79 &#177; 4,9 mm<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,007), mas apenas tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea atrial direita (29,71 &#177; 6,52 <italic>vs.</italic> 27,86 &#177; 6,18 mm<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,08). Mesmo assim, o NPS foi associado &#224; melhora da FEVE (23,57 &#177; 4,69 <italic>vs.</italic> 24,86 &#177; 5,64 %, p = 0,02) e DTVD (6,64 &#177; 1,51 <italic>vs.</italic> 7,72 &#177; 1,44 cm/s, p = 0,003).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O SIL foi associada &#224; melhora da pO<sub>2</sub> (29,78 &#177; 3,34 <italic>vs</italic>. 34,36 &#177; 2,94 mmHg, p &lt; 0,001) e da satura&#231;&#227;o venosa de oxig&#234;nio (SatO<sub>2</sub>: 49,25 &#177; 8,74 <italic>vs.</italic> 58,92 &#177; 6,84 %, p &lt; 0,001), conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figura 5</xref>. Nesse grupo, observou-se tamb&#233;m redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da m&#233;dia da pCO<sub>2</sub> (44,25 &#177; 6,61 <italic>vs.</italic> 41 &#177; 6,11 mmHg, p &lt; 0,001) e diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de BNP (751,2 &#177; 598,01 <italic>vs.</italic> 622,27 &#177; 497,08 pg/mL, p = 0,15), por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No outro grupo, o nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio promoveu resultados diferentes. Seu uso associou-se &#224; piora da pO<sub>2</sub> (35,31 &#177; 4,17 <italic>vs.</italic> 31,34 &#177; 3,94 mmHg, p &lt; 0,001) e SatO<sub>2</sub> (59,19 &#177; 10,1 <italic>vs.</italic> 53,58 &#177; 9,36 %, p &lt; 0,001), sem interfer&#234;ncias na pCO<sub>2</sub> (45,18 &#177; 3,69 <italic>vs.</italic> 44,91 &#177; 4,29 mmHg, p = 0,49). Houve tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de BNP (988,29 &#177; 500,31 <italic>vs.</italic> 836 &#177; 365,31 pg/mL, p = 0,07).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A HP em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, embora seja considerada importante comorbidade com potencial risco de morte p&#243;s-transplante card&#237;aco, n&#227;o &#233; amplamente explorada e existem poucos estudos que se concentram em seu manejo agudo perioperat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Estudos v&#234;m demonstrando que o teste de reatividade pulmonar com o NPS est&#225; associado a elevados &#237;ndices de HP resistente e hipotens&#227;o sist&#234;mica, situa&#231;&#245;es que contraindicam o paciente ao transplante card&#237;aco<sup>11</sup>. Esse grupo de pacientes teve uma sobrevida menor (~29%) nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s o transplante, quando comparado &#224;queles que n&#227;o apresentaram hipotens&#227;o arterial<sup>11-13</sup> (~67%).</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, o SIL surgiu como op&#231;&#227;o vi&#225;vel, por promover vasodilata&#231;&#227;o pulmonar seletiva e sustentada, e com m&#237;nimos efeitos sist&#234;micos<sup>14-16</sup>. Entretanto, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#233; recente e desconhecida, o que torna este estudo de grande import&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>A primeira limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi seu desenho aberto, uma vez que se compararam dois f&#225;rmacos com vias de administra&#231;&#227;o diferentes, perdendo, dessa forma, a isen&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233;-julgamento de um estudo duplo-cego.</p>
    <p>A amostra populacional estudada apresentou perfil epidemiol&#243;gico condizente com os achados da literatura, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (62%) e de etiologia isqu&#234;mica (34,5%).</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que SIL e NPS s&#227;o eficazes ao reduzirem a HP de candidatos ao TC, mas com diferentes a&#231;&#245;es sobre a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Esses achados j&#225; haviam sido demonstrados em outra ocasi&#227;o, quando evidenciamos que a administra&#231;&#227;o de dose &#250;nica de SIL reduziu a HP, aumentou o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e n&#227;o interferiu na press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#234;mica<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os efeitos dos vasodilatadores sobre a geometria e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foram achados de extrema relev&#226;ncia. Ambos reduziram os di&#226;metros m&#233;dios das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas, paralelamente &#224; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular. &#201; prov&#225;vel que a mudan&#231;a de dimens&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca seja secund&#225;ria &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga, mas os efeitos diretos do SIL sobre o inotropismo ventricular direito n&#227;o descartam a hip&#243;tese de uma a&#231;&#227;o adicional sobre o desempenho mioc&#225;rdico. Esses achados sustentam a hip&#243;tese de que SIL e NPS agem no processo de remodelamento card&#237;aco agudo e reverso. Essa express&#227;o tem sido amplamente utilizada, mesmo n&#227;o tendo conhecimento sobre dados moleculares e histopatol&#243;gicos, como demonstrado em alguns estudos. Bacal e cols.<sup>17</sup> estudaram a normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e do remodelamento card&#237;aco p&#243;s-transplante utilizando apenas exame de resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca magn&#233;tica. Da mesma forma, Yu e cols.<sup>18 </sup>e Ferrazzi e cols.<sup>19</sup> j&#225; haviam utilizado o termo remodelamento reverso para designar redu&#231;&#245;es dos di&#226;metros m&#233;dios ventriculares e incremento da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, a partir de terapia de ressincroniza&#231;ao e/ou ventriculoplastia.</p>
    <p>Outro ponto controverso no que tange &#224; an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica bidimensional &#233; que a quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos volumes e da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito permanece problem&#225;tica em raz&#227;o da complexa geometria dessa c&#226;mara e da falta de m&#233;todos padronizados para sua avalia&#231;&#227;o, mas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233;, geralmente, estimada qualitativamente. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (DTVD), avaliada pelo Doppler tecidual, foi o m&#233;todo mais acurado e dispon&#237;vel<sup>20,21</sup>, por meio do eco Doppler bidimensional, que encontramos para satisfazer os objetivos iniciais do estudo.</p>
    <p>Quando analisamos as vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas, o intuito inicial foi correlacionar os efeitos cardiovasculares centrais com marcadores neuro-hormonais e de microcircula&#231;&#227;o, como BNP e gasometria venosa, respectivamente. A melhora dos &#237;ndices de oxigena&#231;&#227;o venosa ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de SIL, ao contr&#225;rio do nitrato, deveu-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o equilibrada da RVS e RVP. Os n&#237;veis de BNP n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas, talvez pelo curto intervalo de tempo entre as duas coletas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tanto SIL como NPS reduzem de forma significativa a HP de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda cr&#244;nica, al&#233;m de estarem associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da geometria card&#237;aca e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular. Apenas o SIL promoveu melhora dos &#237;ndices de oxigena&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica, sem interfer&#234;ncia na press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Aguinaldo Figueiredo de Freitas Jr. pela Faculdade de Medicina da USP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Aguinaldo Figueiredo Freitas Jr. &#149; </p>
        <p> Rua T - 27, n&#186; 300, Apto 902, Bueno. CEP 74210-030, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="affreitasjr@cardiol.br">affreitasjr@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="afreitasjr@msn.com">afreitasjr@msn.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 08/01/12; revisado em 20/01/12; aceito em 10/04/12.</p>
    <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br">http://www.arquivosonline.com.br</ext-link></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Zakliczynski M, Maruszewski M, Pyka L, Trybunia   D, Nadziakiewicz P, Przybylski R, et al. Effectiveness and safety of treatment   with sildenafil for secondary pulmonary hypertension in heart transplant candidates.   Transplant Proc. 2007;39(9):2856-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effectiveness and safety of treatment with sildenafil for secondary pulmonary hypertension in heart transplant candidates</article-title>
          <source>Transplant Proc</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2856</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zakliczynski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maruszewski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pyka</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trybunia</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nadziakiewicz</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Przybylski</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Costard-Jackle A, Fowler MB. Influence of   preoperative pulmonary artery pressure on mortality after heart transplantation:   testing of potential reversibility of pulmonary hypertension with nitroprusside   is useful in defining a high risk group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19(1):48-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Influence of preoperative pulmonary artery pressure on mortality after heart transplantation: testing of potential reversibility of pulmonary hypertension with nitroprusside is useful in defining a high risk group</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>48</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costard-Jackle</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fowler</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Chen JM, Levin HR, Michler RE, Prusmack CJ,   Rose EA, Aaronson KD. Reevaluating the significance of pulmonary hypertension   before cardiac transplantation: determination of optimal thresholds and quantification   of the effect of reversibility on perioperative mortality. J Thorac Cardiovasc   Surg. 1997;114(4):627-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reevaluating the significance of pulmonary hypertension before cardiac transplantation: determination of optimal thresholds and quantification of the effect of reversibility on perioperative mortality</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>627</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levin</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michler</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prusmack</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rose</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aaronson</surname>
              <given-names>KD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Klotz S, Wenzelburger F, Stypmann J, Welp   H, Drees G, Schmid C, et al. Reversible pulmonary hypertension in heart transplant   candidates: to transplant or not to transplant. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(5):1770-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reversible pulmonary hypertension in heart transplant candidates: to transplant or not to transplant</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1770</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klotz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wenzelburger</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stypmann</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welp</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drees</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmid</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Archer SL, Michelakis ED. Phosphodiesterase   type 5 inhibitors for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(19):1864-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for pulmonary arterial hypertension</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1864</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <volume>361</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Archer</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michelakis</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Angel   G&#243;mez-S&#225;nchez M, Saenz   De La Calzada C, Escribano   Sub&#237;as P, Francisco   Delgado Jim&#233;nez J, L&#225;zaro   Salvador M, Albarr&#225;n   Gonz&#225;lez A, et al. Pilot assessment of the response of several pulmonary   hemodynamic variables to sublingual sildenafil in candidates for heart transplantation.   Eur J Heart Fail. 2004;6:615-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pilot assessment of the response of several pulmonary hemodynamic variables to sublingual sildenafil in candidates for heart transplantation</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>615</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Angel G&#243;mez-S&#225;nchez</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saenz De La Calzada</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Escribano Sub&#237;as</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francisco Delgado Jim&#233;nez</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#225;zaro Salvador</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albarr&#225;n Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Freitas Jr AF, Bacal F, Oliveira Jr J de L,   Santos RH, Moreira LF, Silva CP, et al. Impact of sublingual sildenafil on pulmonary   hypertension in patients with heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;92(2):116-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Impact of sublingual sildenafil on pulmonary hypertension in patients with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>116</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas Jr</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira Jr</surname>
              <given-names>J de L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Katz SD, Balidemaj K, Homma S, Wu H, Wang   J, Maybaum S. Acute type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibition with sildenafil enhances   flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll   Cardiol. 2000;36(3):845-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Acute type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibition with sildenafil enhances flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>845</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Katz</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balidemaj</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Homma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maybaum</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Mehra MR, Kobashigawa J, Starling R, Russell   S, Uber PA, Parameshwar J, et al. Listing criteria for heart transplantation:   International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines for the   care of cardiac transplant candidates --2006. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25(9):1024-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Listing criteria for heart transplantation: International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines for the care of cardiac transplant candidates --2006</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1024</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mehra</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kobashigawa</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Starling</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russell</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uber</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parameshwar</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Bacal F, Souza-Neto JD, Fiorelli AI, Mejia   J, Marcondes-Braga FG, Mangini S, et al. / Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.   II Diretriz brasileira de transplante card&#237;aco. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;94(1   supl.1):e16-e73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: II Diretriz brasileira de transplante card&#237;aco</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>e16</fpage>
          <lpage>e73</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bacal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fiorelli</surname>
              <given-names>AI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mejia</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mangini</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Zakliczynski M, Zebik T, Maruszewski M, Swierad   M, Zembala M. Usefulness of pulmonary hypertension reversibility test with sodium   nitroprusside in stratification on early death risk after orthotopic heart transplantation.   Transplant Proc. 2005;37(2):1346-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Usefulness of pulmonary hypertension reversibility test with sodium nitroprusside in stratification on early death risk after orthotopic heart transplantation</article-title>
          <source>Transplant Proc</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1346</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zakliczynski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zebik</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maruszewski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swierad</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zembala</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Chen JM, Levin HR, Michler RE, Prusmack CJ,   Rose EA, Aaronson KD. Reevaluating the significance of pulmonary hypertension   before cardiac transplantation: determination of optimal thresholds and quantification   of the effect of reversibility on perioperative mortality. J Thorac Cardiovasc   Surg. 1997;114(4):627-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reevaluating the significance of pulmonary hypertension before cardiac transplantation: determination of optimal thresholds and quantification of the effect of reversibility on perioperative mortality</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>627</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levin</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michler</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prusmack</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rose</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aaronson</surname>
              <given-names>KD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Klotz S, Wenzelburger F, Stypmann J, Welp   H, Drees G, Schmid C, et al. Reversible pulmonary hypertension in heart transplant   candidates: to transplant or not to transplant. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(5):1770-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reversible pulmonary hypertension in heart transplant candidates: to transplant or not to transplant</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1770</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klotz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wenzelburger</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stypmann</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welp</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drees</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmid</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Lee AJ, Chiao TB, Tsang MP. Sildenafil for   pulmonary hypertension. Ann Pharmacoter. 2005;39(5):869-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Ann Pharmacoter</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>869</fpage>
          <lpage>84</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiao</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsang</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Watanabe H. Inhibition of type-5 phosphodiesterase:   promising therapy for pulmonary hypertension. Intern Med. 2004;43(10):891-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Inhibition of type-5 phosphodiesterase: promising therapy for pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>891</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Watanabe</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Humbert M, Sitbon O, Simonneau G. Treatment   of pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(14):1425-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1425</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <volume>351</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Humbert</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sitbon</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simonneau</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Bacal F, Pires PH, Moreira LF, Silva CP,   Parga Filho JR, Costa UM, et al. Normalization of right ventricular performance   and remodeling evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging at late follow-up of   heart transplantation: relationship between function, exercise capacity and   pulmonary vascular resistance. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;24(12):2031-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Normalization of right ventricular performance and remodeling evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging at late follow-up of heart transplantation: relationship between function, exercise capacity and pulmonary vascular resistance</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2031</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bacal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pires</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parga Filho</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>UM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Yu CM, Chau E, Sanderson JE, Fan K, Tang   MO, Fung WH, et al. Tissue Doppler echocardiographic evidence of reverse remodeling   and improved synchronicity by simultaneously delaying regional contraction after   biventricular pacing therapy in heart failure. Circulation. 2002;105(4):438-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Tissue Doppler echocardiographic evidence of reverse remodeling and improved synchronicity by simultaneously delaying regional contraction after biventricular pacing therapy in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>438</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chau</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanderson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fan</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fung</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Ferrazzi P, Matteucci MLS, Merlo M, Iacovoni   A, Rescigno   G, Bottai   M, et al. Surgical ventricular reverse remodeling in severe ischemic dilated   cardiomyopathy: the relevance of the left ventricular equator as a prognostic   factor. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131(2):357-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Surgical ventricular reverse remodeling in severe ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: the relevance of the left ventricular equator as a prognostic factor</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>357</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrazzi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matteucci</surname>
              <given-names>MLS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merlo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iacovoni</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rescigno</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bottai</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Qui&#241;ones MA, Otto CM, Stoddard M,   Waggoner A, Zoghbi W. Recommendations for quantification of Doppler echocardiography:   a report from the Doppler Quantification Task Force of the Nomenclature and   Standards Committee of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr.   2002;15(2):167-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Recommendations for quantification of Doppler echocardiography: a report from the Doppler Quantification Task Force of the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the American Society of Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>84</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Qui&#241;ones</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otto</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stoddard</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waggoner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zoghbi</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Waggoner AD, Bierig SM. Tissue Doppler imaging:   a useful echocardiographic method for the cardiac sonographer to assess systolic   and diastolic ventricular function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2001;14(12):1143-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Tissue Doppler imaging: a useful echocardiographic method for the cardiac sonographer to assess systolic and diastolic ventricular function</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1143</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Waggoner</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bierig</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Sildenafil vs. sodium nitroprusside for the pulmonary hypertension reversibility test before cardiac transplantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension is associated with a worse prognosis after cardiac transplantation. The pulmonary hypertension reversibility test with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is associated with a high rate of systemic arterial hypotension, ventricular dysfunction of the transplanted graft and high rates of disqualification from transplantation. OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at comparing the effects of sildenafil (SIL) and SNP on hemodynamic, neurohormonal and echocardiographic variables during the pulmonary reversibility test. METHODS: The patients underwent simultaneously right cardiac catheterization, echocardiography, BNP measurement, and venous blood gas analysis before and after receiving either SNP (1 - 2 &#181;g/kg/min) or SIL (100 mg, single dose). RESULTS: Both drugs reduced pulmonary hypertension, but SNP caused a significant systemic hypotension (mean blood pressure - MBP: 85.2 vs. 69.8 mm Hg; p &lt; 0.001). Both drugs reduced cardiac dimensions and improved left cardiac function (SNP: 23.5 vs. 24.8%, p = 0.02; SIL: 23.8 vs. 26%, p &lt; 0.001) and right cardiac function (SIL: 6.57 &#177; 2.08 vs. 8.11 &#177; 1.81 cm/s, p = 0.002; SNP: 6.64 &#177; 1.51 vs. 7.72 &#177; 1.44 cm/s, p = 0.003), measured through left ventricular ejection fraction and tissue Doppler, respectively. Sildenafil, contrary to SNP, improved venous oxygen saturation, measured on venous blood gas analysis. CONCLUSION: Sildenafil and SNP are vasodilators that significantly reduce pulmonary hypertension and cardiac geometry, in addition to improving biventricular function. Sodium nitroprusside, contrary to SIL, was associated with systemic arterial hypotension and worsening of venous oxygen saturation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Sildenafil</kwd>
        <kwd>Sodium Nitroprusside</kwd>
        <kwd>Tecidual Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Transplant</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Sildenafil vs. sodium nitroprusside for the pulmonary hypertension reversibility test before cardiac transplantation</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Aguinaldo Figueiredo Freitas Jr; Fernando Bacal; Jos&#233; de Lima Oliveira J&#250;nior; Alfredo In&#225;cio Fiorelli; Ronaldo Honorato Santos; Luiz Felipe Pinho Moreira; Christiano Pereira Silva; Sandrigo Mangini; Jeane Mike Tsutsui; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Pulmonary hypertension is associated with a worse prognosis after cardiac transplantation. The pulmonary hypertension reversibility test with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is associated with a high rate of systemic arterial hypotension, ventricular dysfunction of the transplanted graft and high rates of disqualification from transplantation.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study was aimed at comparing the effects of sildenafil (SIL) and SNP on hemodynamic, neurohormonal and echocardiographic variables during the pulmonary reversibility test.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The patients underwent simultaneously right cardiac catheterization, echocardiography, BNP measurement, and venous blood gas analysis before and after receiving either SNP (1 - 2 &#181;g/kg/min) or SIL (100 mg, single dose).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Both drugs reduced pulmonary hypertension, but SNP caused a significant systemic hypotension (mean blood pressure - MBP: 85.2 vs. 69.8 mm Hg; p &lt; 0.001). Both drugs reduced cardiac dimensions and improved left cardiac function (SNP: 23.5 vs. 24.8%, p = 0.02; SIL: 23.8 vs. 26%, p &lt; 0.001) and right cardiac function (SIL: 6.57 &#177; 2.08 vs. 8.11 &#177; 1.81 cm/s, p = 0.002; SNP: 6.64 &#177; 1.51 vs. 7.72 &#177; 1.44 cm/s, p = 0.003), measured through left ventricular ejection fraction and tissue Doppler, respectively. Sildenafil, contrary to SNP, improved venous oxygen saturation, measured on venous blood gas analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Sildenafil and SNP are vasodilators that significantly reduce pulmonary hypertension and cardiac geometry, in addition to improving biventricular function. Sodium nitroprusside, contrary to SIL, was associated with systemic arterial hypotension and worsening of venous oxygen saturation. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Pulmonary Hypertension; Sildenafil; Sodium Nitroprusside; Tecidual Doppler; Cardiac Transplant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in cardiac transplantation candidates with chronic heart failure is a well-established risk factor for early death due to right ventricular or biventricular dysfunction of the transplanted graft<sup>1</sup>. To minimize the failure of donated organs, those patients are routinely submitted to the PH reversibility test and preoperative right cardiac catheterization, aiming at measuring the responsiveness of pulmonary pressure, and its hemodynamic variables, to vasodilators<sup> 2-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is the vasodilator routinely used, but systemic arterial hypotension is a common and limiting side effect. In patients with chronic heart disease, the borderline blood pressure and ventricular dysfunction reduce the compensatory capacity of the cardiovascular system to maintain systemic arterial blood pressure stable, and hemodynamic instabilities are associated with high indices of heart decompensation and patient's disqualification from transplantation.</p>
      <p>Sildenafil (SIL) is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5), the enzyme responsible for cGMP degradation. That inhibition determines an increase in the cytosolic cGMP concentration and consequent vascular smooth muscle relaxation, resulting in vasodilation. As a PDE-5 inhibitor, SIL has direct effects on pulmonary circulation and right ventricular myocardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_07312fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>), promoting, in addition to a reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), a direct and indirect increase in cardiac output<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_07312fig1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The effects of SIL on the cardiovascular system of patients with heart failure and PH have been demonstrated with both acute and chronic uses. G&#243;mez-S&#225;nchez et al.<sup>6</sup> and Freitas Jr. et al.<sup>7</sup> have shown that a single dose of 100 mg of sublingual SIL was effective and safe in reducing pulmonary pressure during the PH reversibility test before cardiac transplantation, without significantly interfering with systemic arterial blood pressure. However, during prolonged administration, Katz et al.<sup>8</sup> have shown that SIL causes endothelium-dependent vasodilation and improves physical capacity, measured by use of the six-minute walk test.</p>
      <p>Thus, an ideal vasodilator would serve not only to test vascular responsiveness of pulmonary pressure, but would not interfere negatively with systemic circulation, would enhance right cardiac output, and would maintain a sustained reduction in PH.</p>
      <p>The major objective of this study was to compare the acute hemodynamic effects of SIL and SNP on PH of heart transplantation candidates with advanced heart failure. Its second objective was to assess the effects of two vasodilators on cardiac geometry, microcirculation, and neurohormonal variables.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This cross-sectional, prospective and randomized study was performed at the Heart Failure and Transplantation Clinical Unit of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Medical School of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor - HCFMUSP), from June 2006 to June 2009. Patients meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study randomly. The study protocol was approved by the Scientific Committee of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - InCor (SDC 2698/05/118) and by the Ethics Committee on Scientific Research of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Medical School of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (935/05). The patients or their guardians (for children and adolescents) provided written informed consent.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study population consisted of patients from the Heart Failure Outpatient Clinic of the InCor-HCFMUSP, who had moderate or severe left ventricular dysfunction [ejection fraction (EF) &lt; 45%], NYHA functional class III or IV heart failure and formal indication for cardiac transplantation, according to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines (ISHLT)<sup>9</sup> and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology for Heart Transplantation guidelines<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: arteriovenous shunts; associated pulmonary disease; use of vasoactive drugs; and hemodynamic instability.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After undergoing right heart catheterization and two-dimension Doppler echocardiography simultaneously, as part of the routine preoperative assessment for heart transplantation, the patients were selected by this study's author, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria already described.</p>
      <p>Then, general clinical data of all patients were recorded, and venous blood samples were also collected from the pulmonary artery for the analysis of biochemical variables.</p>
      <p>Once the baseline tests were performed, the patients were randomized to receive either SNP or SIL, at standardized doses. A second collection of clinical, hemodynamic, echocardiographic and biochemical data was performed after a predetermined period of time for each group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_07312fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_07312fig2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Sildenafil was orally administered during fasting at the single dose of 100 mg (two tablets of 50 mg), and, after 60 minutes, the time interval considered ideal to obtain the highest blood concentration of that drug, a second round of tests was performed<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The SNP solution, consisting of 50 mg of SNP into 250 mL of 5% glucose solution, was administered by use of a continuous intravenous infusion pump, at the velocity of 1 &#181;g/kg/min. After 15 minutes, the patients underwent non-invasive measurement of their systemic arterial blood pressure and of their systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery and its variables through right heart catheterization. The criteria for interrupting the administration of SNP were as follows: systemic arterial hypotension (systolic blood pressure (SBP) <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mm Hg) and/or appropriate reduction in PH (pulmonary artery systolic pressure - PASP &lt; 50 mm Hg; PVR &lt; 3 Wood units; and transpulmonary gradient - TPG &lt; 15 mm Hg). When the interruption criteria were not reached, the infusion velocity was increased to 2 &#181;g/kg/min, and new measurements of the hemodynamic parameters were taken every 15 minutes, with a gradual and proportional increase in the drug administration velocity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hemodynamic variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pressure readings were taken by use of the Swan-Ganz catheter in the following sites: right atrium (mean pressure); right ventricle (systolic, diastolic and mean pressure); and pulmonary artery (systolic, diastolic and mean pressure). The pulmonary artery occlusion pressure or mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) was also recorded.</p>
      <p>Pulmonary and systemic cardiac output, the later assumed as equal to the first, was measured by using the thermodilution method.</p>
      <p>Based on those measures, PVR and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were determined, in addition to TPG.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiographic assessment was performed by using the HDI 5000 device (Philips Medical System, Andover, MA, USA), equipped with a broadband 4-2-MHz transducer.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography was performed by the same skilled examiner at the heart catheterization laboratory, simultaneously with the hemodynamic study.</p>
      <p>Assessment of the left and right cavities allowed the determination of the atrial and ventricular diameters, in addition to left ventricular EF (LVEF). The right atrial and right ventricular volumes were measured in the apical four-chamber view, using the area-length method, during systole and diastole. Right ventricular function was estimated by the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE, cm/s) using tecidual Doppler.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Biochemical variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Venous blood samples were collected from the pulmonary artery during right cardiac catheterization, and the following were measured: brain natriuretic peptide and venous blood gas analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Initially, the variables assessed were tested regarding their adherence to normal distribution (Gaussian) for determining the adequate statistical test to be used. Only the p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant, with a 95% confidence interval.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comparison between groups</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For comparing the baseline characteristics of both groups, the qualitative variables (gender, etiology of the underlying disease, and heart failure functional class) were assessed by using the chi-square test, and presented in a contingency table containing absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies.</p>
      <p>The quantitative variables were assessed according to the normality of distribution. Those with a non-normal distribution (mean dose of digoxin, spironolactone, losartan and hydrochlorothiazide) were assessed based on the Mann-Whitney U test, and those with normal distribution (all other variables) were assessed by using the independent Student <italic>t</italic> test.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of each group before and after the administration of vasodilators</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The hemodynamic, echocardiographic and biochemical quantitative variables had Gaussian distribution, and their means were compared by use of Student <italic>t </italic>test for paired data.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 30 patients selected according to the established criteria, one was excluded due to atrial fibrillation during echocardiography. The 29 patients effectively participating in the study had a mean age of 49.1 &#177; 14.9 years, and most were males (62%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07312tab1-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07312tab2-body2">2</xref> synthesize the baseline characteristics of the population studied.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_07312tab1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_07312tab2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hemodynamic variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The group receiving SIL showed a significant reduction in PVR (4.26 &#177; 2.65 <italic>vs.</italic> 1.94 &#177; 1.39 Wood units; p &lt; 0.001) and an increase in cardiac output (3.64 &#177; 0.81 <italic>vs.</italic> 4.31 &#177; 0.81 L/min; p = 0.003). Those effects were not accompanied by negative systemic repercussions, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07312tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_07312tab3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The group receiving SNP showed a different hemodynamic response. A moderate reduction in PH was observed (PVR: 4.52 &#177; 3.15 <italic>vs.</italic> 4.03 &#177; 3.13 Wood units; p = 0.2), but no interference with cardiac output (3.64 &#177; 1.06 <italic>vs.</italic> 3.86 &#177; 1.19 L/min; p = 0.2). Unlike the group on SIL, patients on SNP showed important systemic repercussions, such as systemic hypotension SBP: 85.29 &#177; 13.1 <italic>vs.</italic> 69.86 &#177; 13.48 mmHg; p &lt; 0.001) and increased heart rate (66.79 &#177; 8.22 <italic>vs.</italic> 73.79 &#177; 12.42 bpm; p = 0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The acute administration of SIL was associated with significant reductions in the mean area of the right atrium (24.4 &#177; 6.33 <italic>vs.</italic> 21.6 &#177; 5.46 mm<sup>2</sup>; p = 0.008) and left ventricle (29.4 &#177; 5.63 <italic>vs.</italic> 23.8 &#177; 5.57 mm<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0.001), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_07312fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>. The reduction in cardiac geometry was accompanied by an increase in the left and right cardiac functions, measured by LVEF (23.87 &#177; 8 <italic>vs.</italic> 26.07 &#177; 7.46%; p = 0.001) and TAPSE: 6.57 &#177; 2.08 <italic>vs.</italic> 8.11 &#177; 1.81 cm/s; p = 0.002), respectively, shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_07312fig4-body2">Figure 4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_07312fig3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_07312fig4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The group receiving SNP as vasodilator, however, also showed a significant reduction in the right ventricular area (29.21 &#177; 5.24 <italic>vs.</italic> 25.79 &#177; 4.9 mm<sup>2</sup>; p = 0.007), but only a tendency towards reduction in the right atrial area (29.71 &#177; 6.52 <italic>vs.</italic> 27.86 &#177; 6.18 mm<sup>2</sup>; p = 0.08). Nevertheless, SNP was associated with an improvement in LVEF (23.57 &#177; 4.69 <italic>vs.</italic> 24.86 &#177; 5.64 %; p = 0.02) and TAPSE (6.64 &#177; 1.51 <italic>vs.</italic> 7.72 &#177; 1.44 cm/s; p = 0.003).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Biochemical variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>SIL associated with an improvement in pO<sub>2</sub> (29.78 &#177; 3.34 <italic>vs</italic>. 34.36 &#177; 2.94 mm Hg; p &lt; 0.001) and in venous oxygen saturation (SvO<sub>2</sub>: 49.25 &#177; 8.74 <italic>vs.</italic> 58.92 &#177; 6.84 %; p &lt; 0.001), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_07312fig5-body2">Figure 5</xref>. This group also showed a significant reduction in mean pCO<sub>2</sub> (44.25 &#177; 6.61 <italic>vs.</italic> 41 &#177; 6.11 mm Hg; p &lt; 0.001) and a decrease in the serum levels of BNP (751.2 &#177; 598.01 <italic>vs.</italic> 622.27 &#177; 497.08 pg/mL; p = 0.15), but with no statistical significance.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_07312fig5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0848-00076-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The SNP group showed different results as follows: worsening of pO<sub>2</sub> (35.31 &#177; 4.17 <italic>vs.</italic> 31.34 &#177; 3.94 mm Hg; p &lt; 0.001) and SvO<sub>2</sub> (59.19 &#177; 10.1 <italic>vs.</italic> 53.58 &#177; 9.36%; p &lt; 0.001); and no interference in pCO<sub>2</sub> (45.18 &#177; 3.69 <italic>vs.</italic> 44.91 &#177; 4.29 mm Hg; p = 0.49). A tendency towards a reduction in the serum levels of BNP was observed (988.29 &#177; 500.31 <italic>vs.</italic> 836 &#177; 365.31 pg/mL; p = 0.07).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary hypertension in patients with heart failure, although considered an important comorbidity with potential risk for death after heart transplantation, has not been widely explored, and studies on its acute perioperative management are scarce.</p>
      <p>Some studies have shown that the PH reversibility test with SNP is associated with high indices of resistant PH and systemic hypotension, situations that contraindicate heart transplantation<sup>11</sup>. That group of patients had a lower survival rate (~29%) in the first 30 days following transplantation as compared with patients who had no arterial hypotension <sup>11-13</sup> (~67%).</p>
      <p>In that context, SIL has emerged as a feasible option, because it promotes selective and sustained pulmonary vasodilation, with minimum systemic effects<sup>14-16</sup>. However, the use of SIL in patients with left ventricular dysfunction is recent and uncertain, which emphasizes the importance of this study.</p>
      <p>The first limitation of this study is its open design, because two drugs with different administration routes were compared, resulting in loss of the double-blind study characteristic of avoiding prejudgment.</p>
      <p>The epidemiological profile of the population sample studied is in accordance with that of the literature, most patients being males (62%) and with heart failure of ischemic etiology (34.5%).</p>
      <p>Our study showed that SIL and SNP were effective in reducing PH of candidates for heart transplantation, but they had different effects on systemic circulation. Such findings had already been shown before, when we evidenced that the administration of a single dose of SIL reduced PH, increased cardiac output, and did not interfere with systemic blood pressure<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The effects of vasodilators on cardiac geometry and function were extremely important. Both drugs reduced the mean diameters of the right cardiac chambers and concomitantly improved biventricular function. The change in cardiac dimension and function might be secondary to the reduction in afterload, but the direct effects of SIL on right ventricular inotropism do not exclude the hypothesis of an additional action on myocardial performance. Such findings support the hypothesis that SIL and SNP act on the acute and reverse cardiac remodeling process. That expression has been widely used, even without molecular and histopathological data, as demonstrated in some studies. Bacal et al.<sup>17</sup> have assessed the normalization of right ventricular function and cardiac remodeling after heart transplantation by using only cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Similarly, Yu et al.<sup>18 </sup>and Ferrazzi et al.<sup>19</sup> have already used the term 'reverse remodeling' to designate reductions in the mean ventricular diameters and increase in systolic function, obtained from resynchronization therapy and/or ventriculoplasty.</p>
      <p>Another controversial aspect regarding two-dimension echocardiographic assessment is that the right ventricular volume and systolic function quantification remains a challenge, because of the complex geometry of that chamber and the lack of standardized methods for its evaluation; however, on clinical practice, they are usually estimated qualitatively. The assessment of systolic function on tissue Doppler (TAPSE) was the most accurate and available way<sup>20,21</sup> to satisfy the initial objectives of this study.</p>
      <p>When assessing the biochemical variables, the initial objective was to correlate the central cardiovascular effects with neurohormonal and microcirculatory markers, such as BNP and venous blood gas analysis, respectively. The improvement in the venous oxygenation indices after the administration of SIL, contrary to that of SNP, was due to the balanced reduction in SVR and PVR. The BNP levels showed no significant changes, maybe because of the short time interval between the two collections.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Both SIL and SNP significantly reduce PH in patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction, being associated with a reduction in cardiac geometry and improvement in biventricular function. Only SIL improved the rates of peripheral oxygenation, with no interference with systemic blood pressure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Aguinaldo Figueiredo de Freitas Jr. , from Faculdade de Medicina da USP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
