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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WTqDLqxY387fmFNyvmkFndR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001200009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900300009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000086</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pelo speckle tracking na cardiomiopatia dilatada grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abduch</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Donadio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salgo</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tsang</surname>
            <given-names>Wendy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Victoria</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tsutsui</surname>
            <given-names>Jeane Mike</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mor-Avi</surname>
            <given-names>Victor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lang</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Insitituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Andover</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Philips Healthcare</institution>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chicago</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Chicago</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Center </institution>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>834</fpage>
      <lpage>843</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A alta e crescente preval&#234;ncia de Cardiomiopatia Dilatada (CMD) representa s&#233;rio problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Novas tecnologias v&#234;m sendo utilizadas objetivando diagn&#243;sticos mais sofisticados, que melhorem a abordagem terap&#234;utica. Nesse cen&#225;rio, o Speckle Tracking (STE) utiliza marcadores mioc&#225;rdicos naturais para analisar a deforma&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE). OBJETIVO: Mensurar o strain transmural longitudinal global (SG) do VE atrav&#233;s do STE em pacientes com CMD grave, comparando os resultados com indiv&#237;duos normais e com par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos consagrados para an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, validando o m&#233;todo nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 71 pacientes com CMD grave, (53 &#177; 12a, 72% homens) e 20 controles (30 &#177; 8a, 45% homens). Foram obtidos os volumes e a FEVE pela ecocardiografia bi e tridimensional, par&#226;metros do Doppler, Doppler tecidual e o SG pelo STE. RESULTADOS: Comparados ao grupo controle, os volumes do VE foram maiores no grupo CMD; entretanto, a FEVE e velocidade de pico da onda E foram menores neste &#250;ltimo. O &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica foi maior entre os pacientes. As velocidades do mioc&#225;rdio pelo Doppler tecidual (S', e', a') foram consideravelmente menores e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' foi maior no grupo CMD. O SG apresentou-se diminu&#237;do no grupo CMD (-5,5% &#177; 2,3%), em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles (-14,0% &#177; 1,8%). CONCLUS&#195;O: No presente estudo, o SG foi significativamente menor nos pacientes com CMD grave, abrindo novas perspectivas para abordagens terap&#234;uticas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pelo speckle tracking na cardiomiopatia dilatada grave</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Cristina Donadio Abduch<sup>I</sup>; Ivan Salgo<sup>III</sup>; Wendy Tsang<sup>II</sup>; Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira<sup>I</sup>; Victoria Cruz; Marta Lima<sup>I</sup>; Jeane Mike Tsutsui<sup>I</sup>; Victor Mor-Avi<sup>II</sup>; Roberto M. Lang<sup>II</sup>; Wilson Mathias Jr<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>InCor- Insitituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Philips Healthcare, Andover, Massachusetts, USA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A alta e crescente preval&#234;ncia de Cardiomiopatia Dilatada (CMD) representa s&#233;rio problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Novas tecnologias v&#234;m sendo utilizadas objetivando diagn&#243;sticos mais sofisticados, que melhorem a abordagem terap&#234;utica. Nesse cen&#225;rio, o Speckle Tracking (STE) utiliza marcadores mioc&#225;rdicos naturais para analisar a deforma&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Mensurar o strain transmural longitudinal global (SG) do VE atrav&#233;s do STE em pacientes com CMD grave, comparando os resultados com indiv&#237;duos normais e com par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos consagrados para an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, validando o m&#233;todo nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 71 pacientes com CMD grave, (53 &#177; 12a, 72% homens) e 20 controles (30 &#177; 8a, 45% homens). Foram obtidos os volumes e a FEVE pela ecocardiografia bi e tridimensional, par&#226;metros do Doppler, Doppler tecidual e o SG pelo STE. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Comparados ao grupo controle, os volumes do VE foram maiores no grupo CMD; entretanto, a FEVE e velocidade de pico da onda E foram menores neste &#250;ltimo. O &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica foi maior entre os pacientes. As velocidades do mioc&#225;rdio pelo Doppler tecidual (S', e', a') foram consideravelmente menores e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' foi maior no grupo CMD. O SG apresentou-se diminu&#237;do no grupo CMD (-5,5% &#177; 2,3%), em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles (-14,0% &#177; 1,8%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> No presente estudo, o SG foi significativamente menor nos pacientes com CMD grave, abrindo novas perspectivas para abordagens terap&#234;uticas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiomiopatia dilatada / fisiopatologia; ecocardiografia Doppler; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, o surgimento de novas tecnologias vem ao encontro da necessidade de diagn&#243;sticos mais precisos e precoces, que auxiliem nas decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. Nesse contexto, o emprego do <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> (STE) em cardiologia tem sido de grande valor, n&#227;o somente na detec&#231;&#227;o, como no entendimento das anormalidades funcionais que ocorrem nas afec&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. A ferramenta baseia-se no rastreamento (<italic>tracking</italic>) de in&#250;meros pontos (<italic>speckles</italic>) presentes no mioc&#225;rdio e que atuam como marcadores naturais das transforma&#231;&#245;es que ocorrem ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A Cardiomiopatia Dilatada (CMD), que geralmente evolui para Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Congestiva (ICC) e morte, constitui-se em um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, visto que o aumento na expectativa de vida associado &#224; morbimortalidade da doen&#231;a torna urgente o emprego de medidas terap&#234;uticas eficientes para conter seu avan&#231;o. &#201; bem estabelecido na literatura que as fibras endoc&#225;rdicas, dispostas longitudinalmente, s&#227;o as primeiras a sofrer os danos decorrentes da CMD<sup>3</sup>; desse modo, a deforma&#231;&#227;o (<italic>strain</italic>) mioc&#225;rdica que ocorre no plano longitudinal &#233; a primeira a expressar essas altera&#231;&#245;es<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo tem por objetivo validar clinicamente a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o transmural longitudinal, obtida atrav&#233;s do <italic>speckle tracking</italic>, para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular de pacientes com CMD grave, comparando-os com indiv&#237;duos normais e com par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos j&#225; consagrados para esse fim.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Setenta e um pacientes consecutivos com CMD grave foram analisados de forma prospectiva neste protocolo, segundo os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE)&lt; 35%, quantificada conforme o m&#233;todo de Simpson; ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico adequado para detec&#231;&#227;o e rastreamento dos <italic>speckles</italic>. Fizeram parte dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o idade &lt;18 e &gt;75 anos; epis&#243;dio recente (&lt;1 m&#234;s) de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; doen&#231;as concomitantes determinando um pior progn&#243;stico (exemplo, c&#226;ncer); pacientes que se recusaram a entrar no estudo; valvulopatia prim&#225;ria grave com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica significativa. Vinte volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis compuseram o grupo controle.</p>
    <p>Todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os estudos foram realizados com equipamento iE33 (Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, EUA), com transdutores transtor&#225;cicos de banda larga S3 e X3, com frequ&#234;ncia de 2-5 MHz.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiograma bidimensional</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do VE e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foram avaliados pela ecocardiografia bidimensional (E2D) atrav&#233;s dos planos apicais 4 e 2 c&#226;maras (A4C, A2C), pelo M&#233;todo de Simpson modificado, conforme recomendado<sup>5</sup>, e os dados foram indexados para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea em ambos os grupos. A an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal foi feita a partir do plano apical 4-c&#226;maras e as imagens destinadas &#224; an&#225;lise pelo <italic>speckle tracking</italic> foram obtidas com frequ&#234;ncia de quadros elevada (entre 50 e 70 Hz), em apneia, geralmente com expira&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Doppler puls&#225;til</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A velocidade do fluxo mitral foi analisada atrav&#233;s da onda de Doppler puls&#225;til obtida no plano apical quatro c&#226;maras, com o volume de amostra posicionado adjacente &#224;s extremidades das c&#250;spides da valva mitral, durante a di&#225;stole. Foi mensurada a velocidade diast&#243;lica de pico precoce - onda E, velocidade diast&#243;lica de pico tardia - onda A, a raz&#227;o entre elas e o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E. O tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (TD) foi medido num intervalo entre o pico da onda E e o ponto onde a curva de desacelera&#231;&#227;o extrapola a linha zero. O &#205;ndice de <italic>Performance</italic> Mioc&#225;rdica (IPM) do VE foi obtido atrav&#233;s do fluxo diast&#243;lico mitral, mensurando-se o tempo entre o fechamento valvar e a sua abertura no pr&#243;ximo ciclo (tempo de A) e o tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o, obtido a partir do fluxo a&#243;rtico (tempo de B), pela f&#243;rmula<sup>6</sup>:</p>
    <p>
      <disp-formula id="for01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-e01.jpg"/></disp-formula>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Doppler cont&#237;nuo e colorido</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral foi diagnosticada e graduada quantitativamente por meio do estudo com Doppler colorido, com an&#225;lise adicional da dP/dt positiva como medida da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular, calculadas a partir do estudo Dopple cont&#237;nuo, de acordo com a literatura<sup>7</sup>. A Insufici&#234;ncia Tric&#250;spide (IT) foi identificada e graduada qualitativamente pelo Doppler colorido; a partir do envelope formado pela IT, obtido pelo Doppler cont&#237;nuo, estimou-se quantitativamente a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar pelo gradiente de pico da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica entre as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas somado &#224; press&#227;o estimada no &#225;trio direito (atrav&#233;s da veia cava inferior), conforme previamente descrito<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Doppler tecidual (TDI)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica longitudinal foi analisada por meio das velocidades do mioc&#225;rdio obtidas pelo Doppler tecidual no corte apical 4-c&#226;maras, com o volume da amostra posicionado na regi&#227;o basal das paredes septal e lateral. Foram determinadas as velocidades de pico da onda S' (correspondente &#224; s&#237;stole ventricular), e' (correspondente &#224; fase de enchimento diast&#243;lico m&#225;ximo) e a' (correspondente &#224; s&#237;stole atrial). Os valores obtidos foram utilizados para calcular o &#237;ndice eas (easi), proposto por Mogelvang e cols.<sup>9 </sup>para exprimir simultaneamente o desempenho sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do VE, segundo a f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <p>
      <disp-formula id="for02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-e02.jpg"/></disp-formula>
    </p>
    <p>S&#227;o considerados normais valores em torno de 0.18; valores maiores s&#227;o indicativos de pior desempenho ventricular.</p>
    <p>A partir dos valores obtidos pelo Doppler convencional e tecidual, calculou-se a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e', que reflete de modo n&#227;o invasivo a press&#227;o capilar pulmonar. Valores acima de 15 indicam press&#227;o capilar pulmonar maior do que 20 mmHg<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional em Tempo Real (E3DTR)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Essa t&#233;cnica foi utilizada por calcular com maior acur&#225;cia os volumes e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>11</sup>. O bloco volum&#233;trico piramidal originou-se a partir de imagens bidimensionais obtidas pelo plano apical 4-c&#226;maras, sendo composto por 4 a 7 subvolumes, correspondentes a 4 a 7 batimentos card&#237;acos. A fim de serem determinados os volumes, tr&#234;s planos ortogonais foram utilizados <italic>off-line</italic>, empregando-se software especializado (QLab 7.0, Philips Medical Systems - Andover, MA, USA): sagital (correspondente ao eixo longo), coronal (semelhante ao apical 4-c&#226;maras) e transversal (correspondente ao eixo curto). Na sequ&#234;ncia, tr&#234;s pontos foram tra&#231;ados manualmente: um relacionado ao &#225;pice do VE e os outros dois referentes ao anel valvar mitral; ap&#243;s alguns segundos, o software &#233; capaz de detectar automaticamente os bordos endoc&#225;rdicos e reproduzir um molde tridimensional, calculando assim os volumes e a FEVE<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Strain Transmural Longitudinal Global (SG)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Essa vari&#225;vel foi determinada a partir do corte A4C, posicionando manualmente 3 pontos: um em cada lado do anel valvar mitral e o terceiro no bordo endoc&#225;rdico apical. Imediatamente ap&#243;s, o software (QLab 8.1, Philips Medical Systems - Andover, MA, USA) cria uma regi&#227;o de interesse (<italic>template</italic>), com a determina&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica dos bordos endoc&#225;rdico e epic&#225;rdico, onde os <italic>speckles</italic> s&#227;o rastreados ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco, derivando dai a deforma&#231;&#227;o transmural global (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop08112fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop08112fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo controle e o grupo de portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada foi feita por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. Caso a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o preenchesse os crit&#233;rios de normalidade, foi aplicado o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o foi feita por meio do Coeficiente de Pearson e as propor&#231;&#245;es entre os g&#234;neros foram analisadas pelo teste do Qui-Quadrado. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. A reprodutibilidade do m&#233;todo foi testada por meio da an&#225;lise intraobservador, calculando-se, em 15 pacientes escolhidos aleatoriamente, a m&#233;dia da diferen&#231;a absoluta das medidas realizadas pelo mesmo observador num intervalo m&#237;nimo de um m&#234;s e obtendo-se da&#237; o erro percentual de variabilidade. Os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas clinicas dos doentes estudados (Grupo CMD).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O grupo controle foi significativamente mais jovem do que o grupo CMD (30 <underline>+</underline> 8 anos e 53 <underline>+</underline> 12 anos, respectivamente - p &lt; 0,001) e tamb&#233;m foi composto por um n&#250;mero menor de indiv&#237;duos do g&#234;nero masculino (grupo controle = 45% de homens, grupo CMD = 72% de homens - p = 0,047).</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08112tab02">Tabela 2</xref> encontram-se os dados do grupo CMD e dos controles obtidos pela ecocardiografia bidimensional.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08112tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais do VE apresentaram valores maiores entre os doentes, quando comparados ao grupo controle (p &lt; 0,001); j&#225; a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE) foi significativamente menor para o grupo CMD, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos normais (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>Considerando-se os par&#226;metros de an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica obtidos pelo Doppler puls&#225;til, apenas a velocidade de pico diast&#243;lico precoce (E) foi significativamente menor entre os doentes (p = 0,021).</p>
    <p>As velocidades sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica precoce e diast&#243;lica tardia obtidas pelo Doppler tecidual (S, e' e a', respectivamente) mostraram-se estatisticamente menores entre os pacientes, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles (p &lt; 0,001). O contr&#225;rio foi observado na rela&#231;&#227;o E/e', com valores maiores para o grupo CMD (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico mensurado pelo Doppler tecidual (easi) n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os dois grupos (p = 0,691). J&#225; o IPM do grupo controle foi menor do que entre os doentes (p &lt; 0,001), bem como a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar (p &lt; 0,001). O dP/dt n&#227;o pode ser comparado entre os grupos, uma vez que, quando presente nos indiv&#237;duos normais, a insufici&#234;ncia mitral foi de grau m&#237;nimo, impossibilitando a forma&#231;&#227;o de uma curva com envelope adequado para essa an&#225;lise. Entretanto, o SG foi significativamente menor para os pacientes (p &lt; 0,001), quando comparado aos controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop08112fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop08112fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No grupo CMD, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais de an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular e o SG foi positiva para os volumes ventriculares calculados pela ecocardiografia tridimensional e negativa para a FEVE e velocidade da onda S (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop08112fig03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop08112fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada, tendo o SG como vari&#225;vel dependente e como vari&#225;veis independentes os volumes ventriculares e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pela ecocardiografia bi e tridimensional, a velocidade de S, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e', o IPM, a rela&#231;&#227;o dP/dt e o &#237;ndice eas, mostrou que apenas a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o calculada pela ecocardiografia tridimensional foi preditora negativa (R<sup>2 </sup>= -0,404&#177;0,186, p = 0,038) do SG no grupo de pacientes, ou seja, quanto menor a FEVE, maiores os valores do SG (indicando menor deforma&#231;&#227;o).</p>
    <p>A reprodutibilidade da an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> transmural longitudinal global, avaliada pela variabilidade intraobservador, foi de 07 &#177; 0,22.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo mostrou que a deforma&#231;&#227;o do VE no plano longitudinal, estimada por meio do <italic>speckle tracking</italic> encontra-se significativamente reduzida em pacientes com CMD grave, quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos normais. Tamb&#233;m mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com par&#226;metros convencionais de an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica, como os volumes ventriculares, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e a velocidade de S'. A FEVE estimada pela ecocardiografia tridimensional foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel capaz de predizer o SG no grupo CMD.</p>
    <p>Um dos determinantes mais importantes do progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel na CMD &#233; o remodelamento ventricular que ocorre em raz&#227;o da diminui&#231;&#227;o das for&#231;as mec&#226;nicas, sendo caracterizado pela dilata&#231;&#227;o (&gt;20% do volume diast&#243;lico ou sist&#243;lico final) e disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do VE. &#201; de consenso geral que baixos &#237;ndices de FEVE est&#227;o intimamente relacionados aos sintomas e ao progn&#243;stico, de modo que a mensura&#231;&#227;o deste par&#226;metro pela ecocardiografia bidimensional &#233; largamente utilizada para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular e para definir terap&#234;uticas. Entretanto, alguns estudos recentes mostraram que nem sempre isso ocorre no &#226;mbito cl&#237;nico, pois a FEVE apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es importantes, relacionadas especialmente &#224; determina&#231;&#227;o acurada dos bordos endoc&#225;rdicos e com a necessidade de se presumir formas geom&#233;tricas para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no c&#225;lculo dos volumes<sup>13-15</sup>. A ecocardiografia tridimensional em tempo real supera essas limita&#231;&#245;es, por&#233;m, ainda n&#227;o &#233; aplicada rotineiramente<sup>15</sup>. Assim como a FEVE, outro &#237;ndice comumente utilizado &#233; a dP/dt positiva, consagrada para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular, sendo tamb&#233;m utilizado como preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com ICC<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>O STE &#233; capaz de quantificar rota&#231;&#227;o, tor&#231;&#227;o e deforma&#231;&#227;o (<italic>strain</italic>) do VE durante a s&#237;stole e a di&#225;stole, pelo rastreamento de pontos menores do que o comprimento de onda do ultrassom (<italic>speckles</italic>), localizados quadro a quadro por semelhan&#231;a de padr&#227;o. Por utilizar as escalas de cinza convencionais do ecocardiograma bidimensional, o STE n&#227;o &#233; afetado pelo &#226;ngulo de incid&#234;ncia do ultrassom e sofre menor influ&#234;ncia de artefatos, interfer&#234;ncias, ru&#237;dos ac&#250;sticos e do movimento de transla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, ao contr&#225;rio do Doppler tecidual<sup>2,16-18</sup>.</p>
    <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o apresenta tr&#234;s componentes de deforma&#231;&#227;o: longitudinal, circunferencial e radial, dispostos num complexo arranjo helicoidal, com a finalidade de facilitar a eje&#231;&#227;o e suc&#231;&#227;o do sangue<sup>2,19,20</sup>. &#201; bem estabelecido cientificamente que as fibras card&#237;acas longitudinais localizadas no subendoc&#225;rdio s&#227;o as primeiras a sofrer os efeitos de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica<sup>3</sup>, e estudos recentes sobre deforma&#231;&#227;o que utilizam o STE mostram concord&#226;ncia com esses resultados<sup>21,22</sup>. Em pacientes com hipertrofia card&#237;aca de etiologias variadas, Sun e cols.<sup>23</sup> demonstraram que o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal &#233; aquele que melhor se correlaciona com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e com &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. Foi provado tamb&#233;m que o <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal &#233; capaz de prever eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com ICC<sup>24</sup> e morte relacionada a diferentes causas em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do VE foi significativamente menor entre os pacientes quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos normais (-5,53 &#177; 2,34 x -14,02 &#177; 1,83, respectivamente), apresentando tamb&#233;m m&#233;dia de idade superior e um maior n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos do g&#234;nero masculino do que o grupo controle. De acordo com o recente estudo HUNT, Dalen e cols.<sup>26</sup>, numa an&#225;lise realizada em 1.266 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, conclu&#237;ram que o <italic>strain</italic> diminui com a idade e &#233; menor entre os homens, o que poderia gerar questionamentos acerca da rela&#231;&#227;o entre o <italic>strain</italic> reduzido e a CMD. Contudo, os resultados encontrados para a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica longitudinal s&#227;o concordantes e se correlacionam com os par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica obtidos pela ecocardiografia convencional e j&#225; bem estabelecidos para a doen&#231;a em quest&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08112tab02">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop08112fig03">Figura 3</xref>)<sup>7,10,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O <italic>strain</italic> transmural longitudinal global apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com os volumes e com a FEVE obtidos a partir da ecocardiografia tridimensional; al&#233;m disso, esta &#250;ltima vari&#225;vel foi a &#250;nica capaz de predizer o SG. Considerando-se que a E3DTR oferece resultados mais precisos do que a E2D e que a an&#225;lise de deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal pode ser obtida de maneira r&#225;pida, semiautom&#225;tica e acurada, essa nova ferramenta abre novas perspectivas para o estudo de pacientes com CMD grave. A possibilidade de identificar, entre essa popula&#231;&#227;o, aqueles que est&#227;o mais propensos a eventos cardiovasculares &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia para a otimiza&#231;&#227;o e o direcionamento da terap&#234;utica, na tentativa de reduzir a morbimortalidade de uma doen&#231;a que se tornou um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em raz&#227;o da crescente incid&#234;ncia e dos altos custos do tratamento.</p>
    <p>Considerando o grupo CMD, o aumento significativo da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; e do IPM, bem como a redu&#231;&#227;o na velocidade de enchimento diast&#243;lico tardio (a&#180;), refor&#231;am a tese de que a s&#237;stole e a di&#225;stole s&#227;o intimamente relacionadas<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es do STE dizem respeito &#224; necessidade da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens com qualidade t&#233;cnica superior (nem sempre poss&#237;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica) e &#224; baixa resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal.</p>
    <p>O rastreamento dos <italic>speckles</italic> &#233; feito pela identifica&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es semelhantes quadro a quadro, ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco; portanto, quanto maior o n&#250;mero de quadros adquiridos por segundo (ou seja, quanto maior a frequ&#234;ncia de quadros), maior ser&#225; a confiabilidade dos resultados. Isso se torna especialmente importante nos pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular, onde n&#227;o raro &#233; necess&#225;rio aumentar o &#226;ngulo do setor para que o cora&#231;&#227;o possa ser visibilizado por completo. Por outro lado, resolu&#231;&#245;es temporais muito altas diminuem as chances de diagnosticar altera&#231;&#245;es presentes, devido aos <italic>speckles</italic> com velocidade pr&#243;xima de zero, o que pode causar instabilidade matem&#225;tica ao algoritmo.<sup> 1,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que o <italic>strain</italic> transmural longitudinal global encontra-se reduzido significativamente nos pacientes com CMD grave, correlacionando-se com os volumes ventriculares e FEVE obtidos a partir da E3DTR. A partir disso, abrem-se novas possibilidades de abordagem terap&#234;utica e de avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica nesse grupo espec&#237;fico de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo), projetos # 2004/07474-9 e 2008/05723-2.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de p&#243;s-doutorado de Maria Cristina Donadio Abduch pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="corresp" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maria Cristina Donadio Abduch </p>
        <p> Pra&#231;a Guido Cagnacci, 05, Vila Madalena </p>
        <p> CEP 05444-060, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="cristinaabduch@cardiol.br">cristinaabduch@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="abduchmc@gmail.com">abduchmc@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 02/08/11; revisado em 04/08/11; aceito em 09/04/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Myocardial deformation by speckle tracking in severe dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The high and increasing prevalence of Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents a serious public health problem. New technologies are being used aiming at more accurate diagnoses in order to improve therapeutic approach. In this scenario, speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) uses natural myocardial markers to analyze the systolic deformation of the left ventricle (LV). OBJECTIVE: To measure the longitudinal transmural global strain (GS) of the LV through STE in patients with severe DCM, comparing the results with normal individuals and with echocardiographic parameters established for the analysis of LV systolic function, validating the method in this population. METHODS: We studied 71 patients with severe DCM (53 &#177; 12 years, 72% men) and 20 controls (30 &#177; 8 years, 45% men). We obtained LV volumes and ejection fraction by two and three-dimensional echocardiography, Doppler parameters, tissue Doppler and GS was obtained by STE. RESULTS: Compared to controls, LV volumes were higher in the DCM group; however, LVEF and peak velocity of E wave were lower in the latter. The myocardial performance index was higher among patients. Myocardial velocities at the tissue Doppler (S', e', a') were significantly lower and E/e' ratio was higher in the DCM group. The GS was decreased in the DCM group (-5.5% &#177; 2.3%) when compared to controls (-14.0% &#177; 1.8%). CONCLUSION: In this study, GS was significantly lower in patients with severe DCM, bringing new perspectives for therapeutic approaches in this specific population.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, dilated</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular dysfunction, left</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="inicio-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Myocardial deformation by speckle tracking in severe dilated cardiomyopathy</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Maria Cristina Donadio Abduch<sup>I</sup>; Ivan Salgo<sup>III</sup>; Wendy Tsang<sup>II</sup>; Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira<sup>I</sup>; Victoria Cruz; Marta Lima<sup>I</sup>; Jeane Mike Tsutsui<sup>I</sup>; Victor Mor-Avi<sup>II</sup>; Roberto M. Lang<sup>II</sup>; Wilson Mathias Jr<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Heart Institute (InCor), The University of Sao Paulo, School of Medicine, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Philips Healthcare, Andover, Massachusetts, USA</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The high and increasing prevalence of Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents a serious public health problem. New technologies are being used aiming at more accurate diagnoses in order to improve therapeutic approach. In this scenario, speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) uses natural myocardial markers to analyze the systolic deformation of the left ventricle (LV).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To measure the longitudinal transmural global strain (GS) of the LV through STE in patients with severe DCM, comparing the results with normal individuals and with echocardiographic parameters established for the analysis of LV systolic function, validating the method in this population.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We studied 71 patients with severe DCM (53 &#177; 12 years, 72% men) and 20 controls (30 &#177; 8 years, 45% men). We obtained LV volumes and ejection fraction by two and three-dimensional echocardiography, Doppler parameters, tissue Doppler and GS was obtained by STE.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Compared to controls, LV volumes were higher in the DCM group; however, LVEF and peak velocity of E wave were lower in the latter. The myocardial performance index was higher among patients. Myocardial velocities at the tissue Doppler (S', e', a') were significantly lower and E/e' ratio was higher in the DCM group. The GS was decreased in the DCM group (-5.5% &#177; 2.3%) when compared to controls (-14.0% &#177; 1.8%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In this study, GS was significantly lower in patients with severe DCM, bringing new perspectives for therapeutic approaches in this specific population. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiomyopathy, dilated / physiopathology; echocardiography, Doppler; ventricular dysfunction, left.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Instruction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In recent years, novel technologies have appeared to improve diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases. In this context, speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is useful to detect and comprehend the abnormalities that occur in cardiac diseases. STE is based on the tracking of natural myocardial markers during the cardiac cycle<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM), which usually culminates in congestive heart failure (CHF) and death, represents a severe public health issue, as population ageing, associated with morbidity and mortality of this disease requires effective therapeutic approaches. It is well established in literature that endocardial fibers, arranged longitudinally, are the first to undergo damage in DCM<sup>3</sup>; thus, myocardial deformation (strain) that occurs in the longitudinal plane is the first to express these alterations<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study aims to clinically validate the use of longitudinal transmural strain, obtained through speckle tracking, to assess left ventricular systolic function in patients with severe DCM, by comparing them with normal individuals and with already established echocardiographic parameters.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Seventy-one consecutive patients with severe DCM were prospectively analyzed in this protocol, according to the following inclusion criteria: left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 35%, measured according to modified Simpson's rule and transthoracic echocardiogram suitable for detection and tracking of speckles. The exclusion criteria were age &lt; 18 and &gt; 75 years; recent episode (&lt;1 month) of ventricular fibrillation; atrial fibrillation; concomitant diseases determining a poor prognosis (e.g., cancer), patients who refused to participate in the study; severe primary valvular disease with significant hemodynamic effect. Twenty healthy volunteers comprised the control group.</p>
      <p>All patients gave written informed consent, and the study was approved by Sao Paulo Medical School Ethical Committee.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All studies were performed using the iE33 (Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, USA) with transthoracic S3 and X3 broadband transducers (frequency= 2 - 5 MHz).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Two-dimensional echocardiogram</bold>
      </p>
      <p>LV volumes and ejection fraction were assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) through apical 4- and 2-chamber (A4C, A2C) views, using the modified Simpson's rule, as recommended<sup>5</sup>; data were indexed for body surface in both groups. Images to analyze the LV longitudinal strain were obtained through A4C view at high frame rates (50 to 70 Hz), during apnea, usually with forced expiration.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pulsed Wave Doppler</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mitral flow velocity was measured by pulsed wave Doppler obtained in A4C view, with the sample volume positioned at the tips of the mitral valve leaflets. Peak early diastolic velocity - E wave, peak late diastolic velocity - A wave, E/A ratio and E wave deceleration time were calculated. The deceleration time (DT) was measured in an interval between the peak E wave and the point where the deceleration curve reaches the baseline. LV myocardial performance index (MPI) was obtained through the mitral diastolic flow, by measuring the time between the closure of the valve and its opening in the next cycle (A time) divided by the ejection time (B time), according to the following formula<sup>6</sup>:</p>
      <p>
        <disp-formula id="for01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-e01-en.jpg"/></disp-formula>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Continuous wave and color Doppler</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mitral regurgitation was diagnosed and quantitatively graded by color Doppler, with additional analysis of positive dP/dt as a measure of ventricular systolic function, calculated by continuous wave Doppler, according to the literature<sup>7</sup>. Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) was identified and qualitatively graded by color Doppler; the TR curve obtained by continuous wave Doppler and the estimated right atrial pressure were used to quantitatively estimate the pulmonary systolic arterial pressure, as previously described<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The longitudinal myocardial function was assessed by means of myocardial velocities obtained by TDI in the A4C view, with the sample volume positioned on the mitral valve annulus at the septal and lateral walls. Peak systolic velocity (S wave), e' (corresponding to the early diastolic filling) and a' (corresponding to the atrial systole) were determined. The values &#8203;&#8203;obtained were used to calculate the eas index (easi), proposed by Mogelvang et al.<sup>9</sup> to express both the systolic and diastolic performance of the LV, according to the formula:</p>
      <p>
        <disp-formula id="for02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-e02-en.jpg"/></disp-formula>
      </p>
      <p>Normal values <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.18; higher values indicate worse ventricular performance.</p>
      <p>The noninvasive assessment of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, E / e ' ratio, was calculated after conventional Doppler and TDI. Values &#8203;&#8203;&gt; 15 indicate pulmonary capillary pressure &gt; 20 mmHg<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This technique is more accurate to determine the LV volumes and ejection fraction<sup>11</sup>. The full volume was obtained through the three orthogonal planes: sagittal (corresponding to the long axis), coronal (similar to the apical 4-chamber view) and transversal (corresponding to the short axis). Then, three points were manually plotted: one related to the LV apex and the other two for the mitral valve annulus; after a few seconds, dedicated software (QLAB 7.0, Philips Medical Systems - Andover, MA, USA) automatically detected the endocardial borders and calculated the LV volumes and EF<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Longitudinal transmural global strain (GS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Apical 4C view was used to determine GS by manually positioning three reference points: one on each side of the mitral valve annulus and the third at the apical endocardial border. Immediately, dedicated software (QLAB 8.1, Philips Medical Systems - Andover, MA, USA) creates a region of interest (template) with the automatic delineation of endocardial and epicardial borders, tracking the speckles throughout the cardiac cycle, thus deriving the transmural global strain (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08112fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop08112fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparisons between the control group and the DCM group were made &#8203;&#8203;using the Student's <italic>t</italic> test. If the criteria of normality fail, nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used. Correlation analysis was performed using Pearson's coefficient and the proportions between the genders were analyzed by chi-square test. P values &#8203;&#8203;&lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. To test the intra-observer variability, GS analysis was repeated in 15 randomly chosen patients by the same observer in a minimal interval of one month. This variability was expressed as a percent error for each measurement and was determined as the mean difference between the two measurements. The results were expressed as mean &#177; SD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical characteristics of the studied patients (DCM group). The control group was significantly younger than the DCM group (30 + 53 + 8 years and 12 years respectively; p &lt; 0.001) and also comprised a smaller number of male subjects (control group = 45% of men; DCM group = 72% of men; p = 0.047).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08112tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the data of DCM and control groups obtained by two-dimensional echocardiography.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08112tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>LV end diastolic and end systolic volumes &#8203;&#8203;were higher in patients when compared to controls (p &lt; 0.001), whereas LVEF was significantly lower in the DCM group, when compared with normal subjects (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>Considering the parameters of diastolic function analysis obtained by pulsed wave Doppler, the peak early diastolic velocity (E) was the only one significantly lower in DCM group, when compared with the controls (p = 0.021).</p>
      <p>The systolic, early diastolic and late diastolic velocities obtained by TDI (S, e' and a', respectively) were lower in DCM group compared with controls (p &lt; 0.001). Regarding E/e' ratio, the higher values were observed in DCM group (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>The myocardial performance index measured by TDI (easi) showed no statistical difference between the two groups (p = 0.691). Compared with patients, MPI evaluated by pulsed wave Doppler showed lower values in the control group (p &lt; 0.001), likewise the systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (p &lt; 0.001). The dP/dt could not be compared between the groups, since the mitral regurgitation diagnosed in normal subjects was discrete, preventing an adequate curve for analysis. However, GS was significantly lower in the DCM group (p &lt; 0.001) when compared with controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08112fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop08112fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In DCM group, the correlation between conventional echocardiographic parameters of ventricular systolic function and GS was positive for the ventricular volumes obtained by RT3DE and negative for the LVEF and S (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08112fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop08112fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0834-00086-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Multivariate analysis showed that the only negative predictor of GS in DCM group was the ejection fraction calculated by RT3DE (R<sup>2</sup> = -0.404 &#177; 0.186, p = 0.038), i.e., the smaller the LVEF, the higher the values &#8203;&#8203;of GS (indicating lower deformation). There was no correlation between GS and LV volumes, LVEF by 2DE, S velocity, E/e&#180;ratio, MPI, dP/dt and eas index.</p>
      <p>The reproducibility of longitudinal transmural global strain assessed by intra-observer variability was 7 &#177; 0.22.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study showed that LV deformation in the longitudinal plane estimated by speckle tracking is significantly reduced in patients with severe DCM, when compared with normal individuals. It also showed correlation with conventional echocardiographic parameters, such as ventricular volumes, ejection fraction and S' velocity. LVEF estimated by RT3DE was the only predictor of GS in DCM group.</p>
      <p>One of the most important determinants of poor prognosis in DCM is the ventricular remodeling that occurs due to the decrease in mechanical forces, characterized by dilatation (&gt; 20% of the diastolic or end-systolic volume) and LV contractile dysfunction. It is accepted that low LVEF is closely related to symptoms and prognosis, so that the measurement of this parameter by two-dimensional echocardiography is widely used to assess LV systolic function and to define the therapeutic measures. However, some recent studies showed that, in the clinical setting, the measurement of LVEF has important issues, especially related to the accurate determination of the endocardial borders and the need to presume geometric modeling in order to calculate LV volumes<sup>13-15</sup>. RT3DE overcomes LV foreshortening and geometric assumptions; however, it is not yet routinely applied<sup>15</sup>. Likewise LVEF, another established index to assess left ventricular systolic function is the positive dP/dt, also used as a predictor of mortality in patients with CHF<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Through STE it is possible to measure LV rotation, torsion and strain along the cardiac cycle by the recognition of speckles smaller than an ultrasound wavelength, using a sum of absolute difference algorithm. Since it is obtained by 2DE conventional gray scale, STE is angle-independent and is less affected by artifacts, acoustic noise and translation motion, unlike tissue Doppler<sup>2,16-18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Myocardial strain is comprised by three components: longitudinal, circumferential and radial, disposed in a complex helicoid arrangement, in order to facilitate the ejection and suction of the blood<sup>2,19,20</sup>. It is well established that the longitudinal cardiac fibers located in the subendocardium are the first to be affected by myocardial injury<sup>3</sup>, and recent studies using STE are in agreement with these results<sup>21,22</sup>. In patients with cardiac hypertrophy of various etiologies, Sun et al.<sup>23</sup> demonstrated that the longitudinal strain showed the best correlation with LVEF and diastolic function indices. It was also demonstrated that the longitudinal global strain can predict cardiovascular events in patients with CHF<sup>24</sup> and death due to different causes in individuals with heart disease<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, LV myocardial strain was significantly lower in DCM group when compared with normal individuals (-5.53 x -14.02 &#177; 2.34 &#177; 1.83, respectively); the patients were older and there was a higher number of men in relation to the healthy volunteers. According to the recent HUNT study, Dalen et al.<sup>26</sup>, analyzing 1266 healthy subjects, concluded that the strain decreases with age and is lower in men; these results could raise questions about the association between reduced strain and DCM. However, the values of GS are consistent and correlate with the parameters of systolic function assessment obtained by conventional echocardiography that are well established for this disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08112tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08112fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>)<sup>7,10,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The longitudinal transmural global strain correlated with LV volumes and LVEF obtained by RT3DE assessment; moreover, the latter was the only predictor of GS. Considering that RT3DE is more robust than 2DE and the analysis of longitudinal deformation can be obtained quickly, semi-automatically and accurately, this novel technology sheds light on the comprehension of severe DCM. The ability to identify, in this population, those patients who are more prone to cardiovascular events is of paramount importance for the therapeutic optimization and targeting, in an attempt to reduce morbidity and mortality, once this disease represents a public health issue due to the increasing incidence and high cost of treatment.</p>
      <p>Concerning the DCM group, the increase in E/e&#180;ratio and MPI, as well as the decrease in the late diastolic filling velocity (a&#180;), indicate the presence of diastolic dysfunction, supporting the hypothesis that systole and diastole are closely related<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main limitations of STE are related to the need for image acquisition with higher technical quality (not always possible in the clinical setting) and to the low temporal resolution.</p>
      <p>Speckle tracking results from the sum of absolute difference algorithm; thus, the higher the frame rate, the greater the reliability of the results. This may represent an issue when considering patients with ventricular dilatation, since it is often necessary to increase the sector angle in order to allow a complete visualization of the heart. On the other hand, very high temporal resolutions impair the detection of abnormalities because of those speckles with velocities near zero, which can produce mathematical instability in the algorithm<sup>1,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study demonstrated that longitudinal transmural global strain is significantly reduced in patients with severe DCM; this parameter correlates with ventricular volumes and LVEF obtained from RT3DE. Based on that, new possibilities arise for therapeutic and prognostic evaluation in this specific group of patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by Fapesp (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo), projects # 2004/07474-9 and 2008/05723-2.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of postdoctoral submitted by Maria Cristina Donadio Abduch, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
