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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rPKbnq5XC6cCrvBxQQzbptB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001200008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900300008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000073</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acur&#225;cia da radiografia de t&#243;rax associada a eletrocardiograma no diagn&#243;stico de hipertrofia em hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Marrone</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morceli</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Jorge da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Habermann</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meira</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Bojikian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Doen&#231;as Tropicais e Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>825</fpage>
      <lpage>833</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A radiografia de t&#243;rax e o eletrocardiograma (ECG) tem sido criticados em raz&#227;o de sua baixa sensibilidade no diagn&#243;stico da Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda (HVE) quando comparada ao ecocardiograma. Entretanto, esse exame n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel nos centros de atendimento prim&#225;rio para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a radiografia de t&#243;rax associada ao eletrocardiograma apresenta acur&#225;cia que justifique seu uso na detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE em hipertensos, bem como a utilidade do &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico e das radiografias obl&#237;quas na avalia&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo realizado em 177 pacientes hipertensos consecutivos, atrav&#233;s da radiografia do t&#243;rax, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma. Testes de acur&#225;cia foram utilizados para comparar esses m&#233;todos utilizando a ecocardiografia convencional como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. RESULTADOS: O &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico mostrou sensibilidade de 17% para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE, somente detectando altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas mais acentuadas. As incid&#234;ncias p&#243;stero-anterior e perfil tiveram sensibilidade de 52%, aumentando para 54% quando a radiografia de t&#243;rax foi associada ao eletrocardiograma. As incid&#234;ncias obl&#237;quas n&#227;o melhoraram significativamente a acur&#225;cia da radiografia de t&#243;rax que, por sua vez, apresentou alta especificidade e boa sensibilidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o do aumento da aorta. Foi interessante notar que essa altera&#231;&#227;o estava presente em metade dos hipertensos com HVE. CONCLUS&#195;O: A associa&#231;&#227;o da radiografia de t&#243;rax com eletrocardiograma &#233; &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de hipertensos para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, especialmente se a ecocardiografia n&#227;o estiver dispon&#237;vel. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Radiografia tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertrofia ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Acur&#225;cia da radiografia de t&#243;rax associada a eletrocardiograma no diagn&#243;stico de hipertrofia em hipertensos </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sergio Marrone Ribeiro<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Morceli<sup>I</sup>; Renato Souza Gon&#231;alves<sup>II</sup>; Roberto Jorge da Silva Franco<sup>II</sup>; Francisco Habermann<sup>II</sup>; Domingos Alves Meira<sup>I</sup>; Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Doen&#231;as Tropicais e Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A radiografia de t&#243;rax e o eletrocardiograma (ECG) tem sido criticados em raz&#227;o de sua baixa sensibilidade no diagn&#243;stico da Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda (HVE) quando comparada ao ecocardiograma. Entretanto, esse exame n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel nos centros de atendimento prim&#225;rio para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar se a radiografia de t&#243;rax associada ao eletrocardiograma apresenta acur&#225;cia que justifique seu uso na detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE em hipertensos, bem como a utilidade do &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico e das radiografias obl&#237;quas na avalia&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo prospectivo realizado em 177 pacientes hipertensos consecutivos, atrav&#233;s da radiografia do t&#243;rax, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma. Testes de acur&#225;cia foram utilizados para comparar esses m&#233;todos utilizando a ecocardiografia convencional como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico mostrou sensibilidade de 17% para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE, somente detectando altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas mais acentuadas. As incid&#234;ncias p&#243;stero-anterior e perfil tiveram sensibilidade de 52%, aumentando para 54% quando a radiografia de t&#243;rax foi associada ao eletrocardiograma. As incid&#234;ncias obl&#237;quas n&#227;o melhoraram significativamente a acur&#225;cia da radiografia de t&#243;rax que, por sua vez, apresentou alta especificidade e boa sensibilidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o do aumento da aorta. Foi interessante notar que essa altera&#231;&#227;o estava presente em metade dos hipertensos com HVE. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A associa&#231;&#227;o da radiografia de t&#243;rax com eletrocardiograma &#233; &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de hipertensos para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, especialmente se a ecocardiografia n&#227;o estiver dispon&#237;vel. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Radiografia tor&#225;cica; eletrocardiografia; ecocardiografia; hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda (HVE) &#233; um marcador de mau progn&#243;stico em pacientes hipertensos e sua detec&#231;&#227;o leva a uma abordagem terap&#234;utica mais agressiva. Estudos longitudinais em pacientes hipertensos e popula&#231;&#227;o em geral t&#234;m relatado que indiv&#237;duos em que a HVE havia declinado apresentaram posteriormente menor morbimortalidade que aqueles cuja massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tinha aumentado. Como resultado, a preven&#231;&#227;o ou a revers&#227;o da HVE hipertensiva &#233; largamente aceita como um objetivo desej&#225;vel<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de HVE &#233; particularmente baseado na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica. No entanto, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#233; frequente na popula&#231;&#227;o e o ecocardiograma (ECO) n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em todos os locais, &#224; diferen&#231;a das radiografias de t&#243;rax e do eletrocardiograma (ECG), que s&#227;o exames de baixo custo e de f&#225;cil acesso. At&#233; vinte anos atr&#225;s, o diagn&#243;stico de HVE era baseado no ECG ou radiografia de t&#243;rax, mas esses m&#233;todos foram considerados insuficientes e de baixa acur&#225;cia<sup>2</sup>. No entanto, n&#227;o encontramos nenhum estudo na literatura que procurasse avaliar a precis&#227;o das radiografias de t&#243;rax, com pelo menos dois pontos de vista, associados com ECG, definindo o papel real desses exames na abordagem de pacientes hipertensos em risco de HVE. As principais diretrizes para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>3,4</sup> n&#227;o esclarecem se a radiografia de t&#243;rax &#233; necess&#225;ria na abordagem inicial de pacientes hipertensos, nem como deve ser feito, se com uma ou duas incid&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>O custo da aplica&#231;&#227;o do ECO a toda a popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos &#233; excessivamente alto nos pa&#237;ses pobres com recursos limitados para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Mesmo em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, tem sido relatado que a disponibilidade de tais recursos para estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos &#233; ainda limitada<sup>1,5,6</sup> Al&#233;m disso, em muitos pa&#237;ses, m&#233;dicos especializados realizam os exames, aumentando assim os seus custos. Por essas raz&#245;es, dificilmente pode ser empregado como exame de rotina em programas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em pacientes hipertensos e na preven&#231;&#227;o das suas graves consequ&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se a associa&#231;&#227;o radiografia de t&#243;rax mais ECG atinge uma acur&#225;cia que justifique a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na detec&#231;&#227;o da HVE em pacientes hipertensos. Al&#233;m disso, procurou-se verificar a utilidade do &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico na detec&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia ou dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o estudo radiogr&#225;fico completo, incluindo duas ou quatro incid&#234;ncias da &#225;rea card&#237;aca e a utilidade de incid&#234;ncias obl&#237;quas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s incid&#234;ncias p&#243;stero-anterior e perfil na avalia&#231;&#227;o do aumento das dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; um estudo transversal, prospectivo, incluindo pacientes recrutados no momento da consulta de acompanhamento rotineira. Todos os pacientes concordaram em participar e o Comit&#234; de &#201;tica aprovou os procedimentos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 177 pacientes consecutivos com mais de 18 anos. Eles tinham diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial e foram encaminhados por centros de cuidados prim&#225;rios de sa&#250;de para exame de ecocardiografia, para triagem de HVE. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: outra doen&#231;a cardiovascular al&#233;m da hipertens&#227;o; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca manifesta; gravidez; bloqueio de ramo ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no ECG; e exames de m&#225; qualidade t&#233;cnica. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, radiografia do t&#243;rax, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma foram realizados no mesmo dia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizada por um cardiologista e incluiu hist&#243;ria completa e exame f&#237;sico. Depois de descanso de pelo menos 10 min em dec&#250;bito dorsal, procedeu-se &#224; medida das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, com a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es repetidas tomadas com 1 min de diferen&#231;a, usando um esfignoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Exame radiogr&#225;fico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quatro incid&#234;ncias de radiografia de t&#243;rax digitalizadas (p&#243;stero-anterior, perfil, obl&#237;qua anterior direita e obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda) foram obtidas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais e utilizando o equipamento radiol&#243;gico Set MULTIX B - 500 mA, Siemens, Erlangen, Alemanha. As imagens digitalizadas foram adquiridas usando o m&#243;dulo ADC COMPACT PLUS, AGFA, Alemanha, utilizando telas de f&#243;sforo e impressora laser DRY STAR 3000, tamb&#233;m da AGFA.</p>
    <p>Os seguintes crit&#233;rios foram utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico da HVE: &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico superior a 0,50, sinais de dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou arredondamento da silhueta card&#237;aca, nas incid&#234;ncias p&#243;stero-anterior e perfil (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop06912fig1">Figura 1</xref>). Esse arredondamento da silhueta card&#237;aca &#233; um crit&#233;rio visual subjetivo que reflete a forma anormal do ventr&#237;culo esquerda, validado para ambas as incid&#234;ncias, p&#243;stero-anterior e perfil. A medida de Rigler<sup>7</sup> foi usada como crit&#233;rio adicional, mas n&#227;o exclusivo. O aumento do VE identificado em pelo menos duas incid&#234;ncias foi considerado indicativo de HVE. As incid&#234;ncias obl&#237;quas foram analisadas somente ap&#243;s os radiologistas conclu&#237;rem a avalia&#231;&#227;o das incid&#234;ncias p&#243;stero-anterior e perfil, s&#243; ent&#227;o foi definido se essas incid&#234;ncias acrescentavam informa&#231;&#245;es ou modificavam a avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pr&#233;via. Al&#233;m disso, a dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo e das c&#226;maras direitas foi avaliada de acordo com os crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos estabelecidos pela literatura. Finalmente, a dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta foi definida como bot&#227;o a&#243;rtico superior a 3,5 cm na incid&#234;ncia p&#243;stero-anterior.</p>
    <p>Usando o ECO como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, foram calculados a especificidade, a sensibilidade e a acur&#225;cia, bem como os valores preditivos positivos e negativos, utilizando apenas as incid&#234;ncias p&#243;stero-anterior e perfil, que foram mais tarde associadas com as duas obl&#237;quas.</p>
    <p>As radiografias foram analisadas por dois radiologistas independentes, cegos quanto aos resultados do ECG e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Em casos de discord&#226;ncia, o exame foi avaliado em conjunto, obtendo-se assim um consenso. Usando esse m&#233;todo, a variabilidade interobservador para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE foi de 4,52% no nosso laborat&#243;rio de imagem.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ECG foi realizado por meio do m&#243;dulo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de ECG em um computador marca TEB, Brasil. Assim, 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas foram obtidas digitalmente com dura&#231;&#227;o de 8 segundos, e as medi&#231;&#245;es realizadas com um cursor autom&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>O sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o de Romhilt e Estes<sup>8</sup> foi aplicado para avaliar a sobrecarga ventricular esquerda. Romhilt estabeleceu que uma soma dos pontos maior ou igual a 5 constitui diagn&#243;stico de sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, enquanto uma pontua&#231;&#227;o igual a 4 &#233; sugestiva dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. N&#243;s consideramos o escore de pelo menos 4 para efeito de positividade para HVE.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o por ecocardiografia Doppler</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os exames foram realizados pelo mesmo cardiologista usando um aparelho Philips HP 2000 Sonnos (Bloomfield, CT, EUA), equipado com transdutor ultrass&#244;nico multifrequ&#234;ncia 3,5 MHz/2.25 de 2,0-3,5 MHz, com registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico simult&#226;neo e sistema de registro de imagem. Os exames foram realizados incluindo medi&#231;&#227;o em modo-M das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e &#225;trio esquerdo de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>9</sup>. A sa&#237;da da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e entrada da v&#225;lvula mitral foram analisadas por Doppler de onda pulsada das incid&#234;ncias apicais das cinco c&#226;maras e quatro c&#226;maras, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Os valores de refer&#234;ncia do limite superior para massa normalizada do VE para &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (95 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres e 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens)<sup>9</sup> foram utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de HVE. A Espessura Relativa da Parede (ERP) foi calculada como (espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular + espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior)/di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O limite superior de refer&#234;ncia para a ERP foi de 0,42. Com base na morfologia do VE, os pacientes foram classificados em quatro categorias: hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (hipertrofia do VE e aumento da ERP); hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (hipertrofia do VE e ERP normal); remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica (massa do VE normal e ERP aumentada); e geometria normal (massa do VE normal e ERP normal).</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios utilizados para defini&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatia hipertensiva foram: presen&#231;a de hipertrofia do VE ou remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular ou dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE, alargamento do &#193;trio Esquerdo (AE) e dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta foram<sup>10</sup>: VE <underline>&gt;</underline> 5,6 cm (normal de 3,5 a 5,6 cm), AE &gt; 3,8 cm em mulheres e &gt; 4,0 cm em homens, di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta &gt; 3,7 cm.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com os dados obtidos, as frequ&#234;ncias foram calculadas para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e a estat&#237;stica descritiva foi utilizada para as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas. Para os achados morfom&#233;tricos do ECO, a diferen&#231;a na m&#233;dia foi calculada por g&#234;nero, pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. Os valores foram calculados para sensibilidade, especificidade e acur&#225;cia, bem como valores preditivos positivos e negativos para cada exame e associa&#231;&#245;es de exames; nesse caso, a HVE foi diagnosticada se a radiografia de t&#243;rax ou ECG era positiva para hipertrofia. Para a an&#225;lise de algumas das diferen&#231;as observadas entre essas medidas, foi empregado o teste do qui-quadrado. Em todos os testes, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado foi de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 75 pacientes do sexo masculino e 102 pacientes do sexo feminino, com idades entre 20 e 85 anos (m&#233;dia 52,6 anos e mediana, 54 anos). A m&#233;dia das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram 149 &#177; 23,8 e </p>
    <p> 93 &#177; 16,0 mmHg, respectivamente. O curso da doen&#231;a referida pelos pacientes foi de 9,5 anos. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal e a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia, diabetes e tabagismo s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06912tab1">Tabela 1</xref>. </p>
    <p> A maioria dos pacientes estava em tratamento com duas ou tr&#234;s classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06912tab2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as frequ&#234;ncias de geometria normal, remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica, hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica e conc&#234;ntrica. Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca hipertensiva foi encontrada em 91 casos (51,4%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06912tab3">Tabela 3</xref> resume os principais achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis radiol&#243;gicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vinte pacientes (11%) apresentaram &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico elevado, enquanto 142 (80%) apresentaram &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico normal. Em 15 casos (8%), a radiografia de t&#243;rax era inadequada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico em raz&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;pulas diafragm&#225;ticas. Esses foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise de acur&#225;cia do &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico para diagn&#243;stico de HVE. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivos e negativos, bem como a acur&#225;cia do &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico para a detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE em pacientes hipertensos s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06912tab4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da silhueta card&#237;aca nas incid&#234;ncias p&#243;stero-anterior e perfil para a determina&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es do VE, segundo suspeita inicial, foi muito mais sens&#237;vel que a an&#225;lise isolada do &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico. Os achados da radiografia do t&#243;rax em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; HVE e sua compara&#231;&#227;o com o ECO s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06912tab4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p>O estudo completo, incluindo ambas as radiografias obl&#237;quas anteriores direita e esquerda com t&#233;cnica adequada, foi obtido em 153 pacientes. Os diagn&#243;sticos realizados utilizando exclusivamente incid&#234;ncias p&#243;stero-anterior e perfil foram comparados com aqueles obtidos a partir das quatro incid&#234;ncias. As diferen&#231;as observadas n&#227;o apresentam o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica pelo teste do qui-quadrado (p &gt; 0,05). O valor de p calculado foi de 1 para a sensibilidade, p = 0,486 para a especificidade e p = 0,639 para exatid&#227;o. As radiografias de t&#243;rax sem proje&#231;&#245;es obl&#237;quas apresentaram sensibilidade de 50,0% e especificidade de 67,3%, com acur&#225;cia de 62,7% para detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE. A inclus&#227;o de incid&#234;ncias obl&#237;quas incrementou ligeiramente a sensibilidade (52,5%) sem signific&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>As radiografias de t&#243;rax mostraram muito baixa sensibilidade para detec&#231;&#227;o de sobrecarga atrial esquerda, independentemente do n&#250;mero de incid&#234;ncias (9,8% para duas incid&#234;ncias e 13,7% para quatro incid&#234;ncias). As especificidades foram, respectivamente, 90,7% e 83,3%. As radiografias de t&#243;rax mostraram alta sensibilidade (72,7%) para a detec&#231;&#227;o de di&#226;metro da aorta aumentado. O valor preditivo negativo foi de 97,2% e a especificidade e acur&#225;cia foram de aproximadamente 62%. Curiosamente, metade dos pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta tamb&#233;m apresentavam HVE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06912tab4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>Congest&#227;o venosa foi identificada em radiografias de 22 pacientes (12,4%), incluindo 20 na forma leve e 2 com sinais de redistribui&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea. Todos apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada, e 17 apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica no ECO. Apesar da baixa sensibilidade desse achado para a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (13,8%), a especificidade foi elevada (90,7%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dezesseis pacientes apresentaram escore de Romhilt <underline>&gt;</underline> 4 (sugestivo de, ou com sobrecarga ventricular esquerda), enquanto o escore de 161 pacientes foi &lt;4 (normal). Apesar da elevada especificidade (92,2%), o ECG apresentou baixa sensibilidade (12,5%) para a detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE em pacientes hipertensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06912tab4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>Quando os pacientes foram separados por sexo, observamos que a sensibilidade foi maior em homens que em mulheres, 16,7% e 10,0%, respectivamente. A especificidade foi de 87,7% para homens e 95,8% para as mulheres. As diferen&#231;as observadas n&#227;o apresentam o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica pelo teste do qui-quadrado (p &gt; 0,05), com valores de p de 0,8217 para sensibilidade e 0,1676 para especificidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o de radiografias de t&#243;rax com eletrocardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o da baixa sensibilidade do ECG em detec&#231;&#227;o da HVE (12,5%), n&#227;o foi observado aumento significativo na sensibilidade pelas radiografias de t&#243;rax (52%) quando associadas com ECG para o diagn&#243;stico da HVE em pacientes hipertensos (54%), conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop06912tab4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo mostra a acur&#225;cia da radiografia de t&#243;rax associada ao ECG convencional em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ecocardiografia para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE em pacientes hipertensos. O ecocardiograma foi tomado como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia pelo uso universal na avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica, especialmente para a triagem HVE em pacientes hipertensos. A preval&#234;ncia de HVE na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de acordo com outros autores<sup>1,11-13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de duas incid&#234;ncias radiol&#243;gicas para an&#225;lise da silhueta card&#237;aca e identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es no tamanho do VE, segundo suspeita inicial, foi muito mais sens&#237;vel que a an&#225;lise isolada do &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico. A adi&#231;&#227;o de incid&#234;ncias obl&#237;quas n&#227;o melhorou a precis&#227;o das proje&#231;&#245;es p&#243;stero-anterior e perfil para a detec&#231;&#227;o de aumento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e &#225;trio esquerdo. Esses resultados explicam a pouca precis&#227;o da radiografia de t&#243;rax encontrada por outros que usaram apenas o &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico ou medidas de alargamento card&#237;aco como um todo para a detec&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda<sup>5,14-20</sup>. Conforme os estudos de Eyler e cols.<sup>21</sup> e de Hoffman e Rigler<sup>22</sup>, a import&#226;ncia da radiografia lateral tornou-se evidente para avalia&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Um &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico preservado n&#227;o exclui uma espessura da parede posterior aumentada, o que ocorreu em 42% dos pacientes em um estudo usando o ECO como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia em pacientes hipertensos<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva/visual do tamanho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo provou ser t&#227;o sens&#237;vel como qualquer das medidas utilizadas<sup>23</sup>. Isso tamb&#233;m foi observado nos primeiros 50 pacientes do presente estudo e por isso abandonamos essas medidas objetivas.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel diferenciar, por radiologia, hipertrofia de dilata&#231;&#227;o<sup>24</sup>. Portanto, os pacientes com qualquer uma dessas altera&#231;&#245;es foram conjuntamente classificados como alterados, usando o termo HVE como meio de compara&#231;&#227;o com o ECO.</p>
    <p> O achado radiol&#243;gico de silhueta card&#237;aca alterada a partir de uma &#250;nica incid&#234;ncia n&#227;o pode ser explorado, uma vez que o alargamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pode simular o aumento do ventr&#237;culo direito e vice-versa<sup>25,26</sup>; ent&#227;o, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias duas incid&#234;ncias para confirmar ou descartar esse achado. O alargamento do ventr&#237;culo direito provoca o deslocamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, simulando um aumento deste &#250;ltimo, fen&#244;meno descrito inicialmente por Dinsmore e cols. em 1966<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax &#233; um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico extremamente difundido. No presente estudo, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de radiografias por especialistas deve ter tido um papel relevante na detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es na silhueta card&#237;aca, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de cardiomegalia evidente.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as significativas na detec&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica da remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica e HVE, o que sugere que tanto a remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica quanto a HVE causam mudan&#231;as no contorno do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, igualmente detect&#225;vel por radiologia, embora com menor sensibilidade no primeiro caso.</p>
    <p>O pequeno aumento na sensibilidade obtida pelo uso de radiografias obl&#237;quas na avalia&#231;&#227;o, tanto hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo quanto do alargamento do &#225;trio esquerdo, demonstrou a escassa utilidade dessas incid&#234;ncias na investiga&#231;&#227;o de pacientes hipertensos. A sensibilidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o de alargamento do &#225;trio esquerdo foi muito baixa, independentemente da inclus&#227;o de radiografias obl&#237;quas, apesar de elevada especificidade. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com estudos anteriores<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Curiosamente, encontramos uma associa&#231;&#227;o importante entre aorta aumentada na radiografia e ecocardiograma, uma associa&#231;&#227;o muito mais pr&#243;xima do que a encontrada para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A medi&#231;&#227;o do bot&#227;o a&#243;rtico em radiografias &#233; realizada mais distalmente do que na medi&#231;&#227;o do ECO, a qual &#233; realizada no n&#237;vel da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica. Na medida em que o efeito da hipertens&#227;o &#233; maior no bot&#227;o a&#243;rtico do que na raiz da aorta<sup>28</sup>, a radiografia de t&#243;rax pode ter detectado casos de verdadeira dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta que o ECO interpretou como normais. Esses casos acabam sendo interpretados como falsos-positivos. Portanto, essa correla&#231;&#227;o seria ainda melhor se as medidas do ECO fossem tomadas no arco a&#243;rtico. &#201; importante ressaltar que houve uma estreita associa&#231;&#227;o entre HVE e dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta em radiografia de t&#243;rax, em conformidade com outros autores<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar da elevada especificidade de 93%, a sensibilidade do ECG para a detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE no presente estudo foi muito baixa, apenas 12%. Deve-se levar em conta que esse diagn&#243;stico utilizou o crit&#233;rio de pontua&#231;&#227;o de Romhilt e Estes<sup>6</sup> em pacientes hipertensos, sob tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. Crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para HVE em pacientes hipertensos t&#234;m demonstrado sensibilidades que variam de 12% a 51%, e especificidades de 69% a 96%<sup>2,30</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; uma consider&#225;vel controv&#233;rsia a respeito de qual dos numerosos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para HVE tem a melhor sensibilidade e especificidade. No entanto, a acur&#225;cia desses crit&#233;rios espec&#237;ficos depende da preval&#234;ncia e gravidade da HVE nas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas<sup>31</sup>. Esse fato explica as diferentes sensibilidades encontradas no Estudo Card&#237;aco FRAMINGHAM<sup>32,33</sup> na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, e outros estudos em pacientes com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, incluindo hipertens&#227;o arterial. No primeiro caso, o ECG apresentou uma sensibilidade muito fraca, excluindo-o como m&#233;todo econ&#244;mico. Pelo contr&#225;rio, em pacientes com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, o ECG, apesar da baixa sensibilidade, tem uma especificidade suficientemente elevada para recomendar a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de rotina de pacientes hipertensos<sup>2,30</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, tem sido sugerido que crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos modificados para a detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE iriam melhorar a precis&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com os crit&#233;rios normais<sup>30,34,35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossos achados mostram que as radiografias de t&#243;rax s&#227;o mais sens&#237;veis que o ECG para detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE em pacientes hipertensos, de acordo com Kannel e cols.<sup>19</sup>. Por sua vez, Drayer e Zegarelli<sup>18</sup> relataram que a HVE pode ser avaliada com maior acur&#225;cia pelo ECG que por exame f&#237;sico ou radiografia de t&#243;rax. No entanto, os autores utilizaram apenas o &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos estudos que utiliza exame radiogr&#225;fico limitado a uma &#250;nica incid&#234;ncia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico indicou que a radiografia de t&#243;rax e o ECG, separadamente, apresentam um valor muito limitado no diagn&#243;stico da HVE<sup>12,13,15-17,36-38</sup>. Contudo, a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos poderia constituir um bom m&#233;todo para o diagn&#243;stico HVE no n&#237;vel prim&#225;rio de cuidados da sa&#250;de, o que foi demonstrado no presente estudo.</p>
    <p>O ECO oferece in&#250;meros par&#226;metros adicionais da geometria e desempenho card&#237;acos, sem a desvantagem de radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, que apesar de ser muito baixa est&#225; presente na radiografia do t&#243;rax. No entanto, o ecocardiograma n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel para todos os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial. Essa quest&#227;o &#233; pertinente n&#227;o s&#243; em pa&#237;ses subdesenvolvidos, mas tamb&#233;m, como tem sido relatada, em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<sup>4,30,39</sup>. O ECO apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com janela ac&#250;stica inadequada, como fora observado em alguns casos de Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica (DPOC) ou obesidade. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica n&#227;o apresenta tais limita&#231;&#245;es e &#233;, atualmente, o melhor m&#233;todo para avaliar a HVE. Todavia, &#233; muito cara para uso rotineiro ou em programas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica para detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de HVE em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
    <p>A alta sensibilidade na detec&#231;&#227;o do alargamento da aorta &#233; um achado que deveria receber maior prioridade nos pacientes hipertensos, mesmo sem qualquer outra altera&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica, dada a sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a HVE em cerca de metade deles. Assim, uma aorta aumentada na radiografia de t&#243;rax de um paciente hipertenso poderia ser considerada um importante marcador de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca hipertensiva. Isso constituiria uma situa&#231;&#227;o em que o ECO seria priorizado. Al&#233;m disso, a padroniza&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica de dimens&#245;es normais de aorta, de acordo com idade e sexo, e sua valida&#231;&#227;o com outro m&#233;todo de imagem padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia tornariam a radiografia de t&#243;rax ainda mais sens&#237;vel para a detec&#231;&#227;o de dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta, e at&#233; mesmo como marcador radiol&#243;gico de HVE em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
    <p>Simone e cols.<sup>40</sup> afirmaram que o uso generalizado do ECO para detectar hipertrofia do VE duplicaria o custo do processo diagn&#243;stico inicial para hipertens&#227;o arterial (incluindo ECG), um &#244;nus que precisa demonstrar que &#233; &#250;til e de valor adicional em termos de informa&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria para orientar as decis&#245;es do m&#233;dico, na condu&#231;&#227;o do paciente. Com o conhecimento atual, o ECO n&#227;o acrescenta informa&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas para a tomada de decis&#227;o, quando outras informa&#231;&#245;es sobre fatores de risco cardiovasculares e danos em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo j&#225; obrigam &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes como alto ou muito alto risco<sup>40</sup>. Portanto, se a HVE &#233; detectada por radiografia de t&#243;rax ou ECG, deve ser considerada como indicativo de dano card&#237;aco, mesmo antes de realizar a ECO.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a acur&#225;cia da radiografia de t&#243;rax mais ECG para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE &#233; suficiente para justificar seu uso na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de pacientes hipertensos. O &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico apresenta baixa sensibilidade para detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE. O exame radiogr&#225;fico card&#237;aco sempre deve ser realizado com, no m&#237;nimo, duas incid&#234;ncias, p&#243;stero-anterior e perfil. O agregado de incid&#234;ncias obl&#237;quas n&#227;o melhora a precis&#227;o do exame para detec&#231;&#227;o de dimens&#245;es aumentadas no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e &#225;trio esquerdo, e a dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta &#233; um importante marcador de HVE na radiografia de t&#243;rax. Portanto, como esses exames s&#227;o baratos e facilmente encontrados em centros de cuidados prim&#225;rios, &#233; nossa opini&#227;o que a radiografia de t&#243;rax com duas incid&#234;ncias, juntamente com o eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es devem ser inclu&#237;dos na abordagem de rotina inicial de pacientes hipertensos. Assim, deve ser valorizada especialmente a sensibilidade da radiografia de t&#243;rax, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sinais diretos de hipertrofia/alargamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e alargamento da aorta, e a alta especificidade do &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico e Eletrocardiograma.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - FAPESP [2004/ 09460-5].</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Sergio Marrone Ribeiro pela Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Sergio Marrone Ribeiro </p>
        <p> Rua Nelo Pedretti, n&#194;&#186; 420, Ch&#225;cara Montagna </p>
        <p> CEP 18609-030, Botucatu, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="sribeiro@fmb.unesp.br">sribeiro@fmb.unesp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="epbribeiro@uol.com.br">epbribeiro@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
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    <p>Artigo recebido em 27/09/11; revisado em 27/09/11; aceito em 09/04/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Accuracy of chest radiography plus electrocardiogram in diagnosis of hypertrophy in hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Chest radiography and electrocardiogram have been criticized due to their low sensitivity for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy diagnosis compared to echocardiogram. This one, however, is not available in primary health care centers to all hypertensive population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the association chest radiography-electrocardiogram provides the accuracy to justify its use in left ventricular hypertrophy detection in hypertensive patients, as well as the usefulness of the cardiothoracic ratio and oblique radiographs in relation to frontal and lateral views in evaluating dimensions of left cardiac chambers. METHODS: This was a prospective study including 177 consecutive hypertensive patients through chest radiography, electrocardiogram and echocardiography. Accuracy test was used to compare these methods using echocardiography as gold standard. RESULTS: The cardiothoracic ratio showed 17% sensitivity for detection of left ventricular hypertrophy, only indicating cardiac alterations at an advanced stage. Frontal plus lateral views showed sensitivity of 52%, which rose to 54% when chest radiography was associated with electrocardiogram. The oblique views did not significantly improve chest radiography accuracy. Chest radiography presented high specificity and elevated sensitivity for detection of aortal enlargement. Interestingly, this alteration was present in half of the hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the association chest radiography-electrocardiogram is useful for the screening of hypertensive patients for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy, especially if echocardiogram is unavailable. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chest radiography</kwd>
        <kwd>electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>left ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Accuracy of chest radiography plus electrocardiogram in diagnosis of hypertrophy in hypertension</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sergio Marrone Ribeiro<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Morceli<sup>I</sup>; Renato Souza Gon&#231;alves<sup>II</sup>; Roberto Jorge da Silva Franco<sup>II</sup>; Francisco Habermann<sup>II</sup>; Domingos Alves Meira<sup>I</sup>; Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Doen&#231;as Tropicais e Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Chest radiography and electrocardiogram have been criticized due to their low sensitivity for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy diagnosis compared to echocardiogram. This one, however, is not available in primary health care centers to all hypertensive population.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate whether the association chest radiography-electrocardiogram provides the accuracy to justify its use in left ventricular hypertrophy detection in hypertensive patients, as well as the usefulness of the cardiothoracic ratio and oblique radiographs in relation to frontal and lateral views in evaluating dimensions of left cardiac chambers.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This was a prospective study including 177 consecutive hypertensive patients through chest radiography, electrocardiogram and echocardiography. Accuracy test was used to compare these methods using echocardiography as gold standard.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The cardiothoracic ratio showed 17% sensitivity for detection of left ventricular hypertrophy, only indicating cardiac alterations at an advanced stage. Frontal plus lateral views showed sensitivity of 52%, which rose to 54% when chest radiography was associated with electrocardiogram. The oblique views did not significantly improve chest radiography accuracy. Chest radiography presented high specificity and elevated sensitivity for detection of aortal enlargement. Interestingly, this alteration was present in half of the hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> We conclude that the association chest radiography-electrocardiogram is useful for the screening of hypertensive patients for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy, especially if echocardiogram is unavailable. </p>
      <p> (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Chest radiography; electrocardiography; echocardiography; hypertrophy, left ventricular; hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a marker of poor prognosis in hypertensive patients and its detection leads to a more aggressive therapeutic approach. Longitudinal studies in hypertensive patients and the general population have reported that individuals in whom LVH had declined subsequently presented lower morbidity and mortality rates than those whose left ventricular mass had risen. As a result, the prevention or reversal of hypertensive LVH is widely accepted as a desirable objective<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of LVH is particularly based on echocardiography. Nevertheless, systemic arterial hypertension is widespread among the population and the echocardiogram (Echo) exam is not available in all locations, in contrast to chest radiographs and Electrocardiogram (ECG), which are inexpensive exams of easy access. Until 20 years ago LVH diagnosis was based on ECG or chest radiographs, but these methods were found insufficient and of low accuracy<sup>2</sup>. However, we found no study in the literature that sought to evaluate the accuracy of chest radiographs, with at least two views, associated with ECG, defining the actual role of these exams in approaching hypertensive patients at risk for LVH. The main guidelines for the diagnosis and management in arterial hypertension<sup>3,4</sup> do not clarify whether chest radiograph is necessary in the initial approach to hypertensive patients, neither how it should be done, if with one or two views.</p>
      <p>The cost of applying Echo to the whole population of hypertensive patients is excessively high for poor countries with limited funds for public health. Even in developed countries, it has been reported that the availability of such resources for epidemiological studies is still limited<sup>5,1,6</sup>. Furthermore, in many countries, specialized physicians perform the exams, thus increasing their costs. For these reasons, it can hardly be employed as a routine exam in public health programs for early detection of LVH in hypertensive patients and for prevention of its serious consequences.</p>
      <p>The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether the chest radiograph-plus-ECG association attains an accuracy that justifies its use in the detection of LVH in hypertensive patients. In addition, we sought to verify the usefulness of the cardiothoracic ratio in the detection of hypertrophy or dilation of the left ventricle, compared with the full radiographic study including two or four views of the cardiac area and the utility of oblique views in relation to frontal and lateral views in evaluating enlargement of dimensions in left cardiac chambers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional, prospective study including subjects recruited at the time of routine follow-up appointments. All patients agreed to participate and the Institution's Ethics Committee approved the procedures.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred and seventy-seven consecutive patients older than 18 years were included in the study. They had previous diagnosis of arterial hypertension and were referred from primary health care centers for echocardiography examination for LVH screening. The exclusion criteria were cardiovascular disease other than hypertension, overt heart failure, pregnancy, bundle branch block or atrial fibrillation in ECG, and poor technique exams. Clinical evaluation, chest radiograph, electrocardiogram and echocardiography were performed on the same day.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical evaluation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It was performed by a cardiologist and included a complete history and physical exam. After resting for at least 10 min in supine position, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were determined as the average of three replicate measurements taken 1 min apart using a mercury sphygmomanometer.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Radiographic examination</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Four views digitalized chest radiographs (frontal, lateral, right anterior oblique and left anterior oblique) were obtained according to international recommendations and using the equipment Radiological Set MULTIX B - 500 mA, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany. Digitalized images were acquired using the Module ADC COMPACT PLUS, AGFA, Germany, utilizing phosphorus screens and the DRY laser printer STAR 3000, also from AGFA.</p>
      <p>The following criteria were used for diagnosis of LVH: cardiothoracic ratio greater than 0.50, signs of left ventricle dilation or rounding of the cardiac silhouette, in frontal and lateral views (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop06912fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). This cardiac silhouette rounding is a visual subjective criterion reflecting abnormal left ventricular shape, validated for both views, frontal and lateral. The Rigler's measurement<sup>7</sup> was used as an additional, but not exclusive criterion. LV enlargement identified in at least two views was taken as indicative of LVH. The oblique views were analyzed only after the radiologists had concluded the evaluation of frontal and lateral views, when, thus, it was defined whether or not these views added information or modified the previous cardiac evaluation. In addition, dilation of left atrium and right chambers was evaluated according to the classic criteria established by the literature. Finally, aortal dilation was defined as aortic knob greater than 3.5 cm in the frontal view.</p>
      <p>Using Echo as the gold standard, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated as well as the positive and negative predictive values, utilizing only the frontal and lateral views, which were later associated with the two oblique views.</p>
      <p>The radiographs were analyzed by two independent radiologists, blinded as to the ECG and echocardiography results. In cases of disagreement, the exam was evaluated jointly, thereby obtaining a consensus. Using this method, the interobserver variability for LVH diagnosis was 4.52% in our imaging laboratory.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Electrocardiographic evaluation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ECG was accomplished by means of the ECG Acquisition Module on a TEB brand computer, Brazil. Thus, 12 simultaneous derivations were obtained digitally with duration of 8 seconds and the measurements realized with an automatic cursor.</p>
      <p>The scoring system of Romhilt and Estes<sup>8</sup> was applied to evaluate left ventricular overload. Romhilt established that a sum of points greater than or equal to 5 constitutes a diagnosis of left ventricular overload, while a score equal to 4 is suggestive of this condition. We consider patients with a score of at least 4 to be positive for LVH.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Doppler-echocardiography evaluation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All exams were performed by the same cardiologist using a Philips HP Sonnos 2000 apparatus (Bloomfield, CT, USA) equipped with an ultrasonic multifrequency 3.5 MHz/2.25 transducer of 2.0-3.5 MHz, with simultaneous electrocardiographic recording and image registry system. The exams were performed including M-mode measurement of left atrial and left ventricular dimensions according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>9</sup>. Aortic valve outflow and mitral valve inflow were analyzed by pulsed wave Doppler from apical five-chamber and four-chamber views, respectively.</p>
      <p>Reference upper limit values for LV mass normalized for body surface area (95 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women and 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men)<sup>9</sup> were used for echocardiographic diagnosis of LVH. The relative wall thickness (RWT) was calculated as (IVSd + PWTd)/LVIDd, where IVSd, PWTd and LVIDd are the diastolic interventricular septum thickness, posterior wall thickness and LV internal dimension, respectively. The reference upper limit for RWT was 0.42. Based on LV morphology, patients were classified into four categories: concentric hypertrophy (LV hypertrophy and increased RWT), eccentric hypertrophy (LV hypertrophy and normal RWT), concentric remodeling (normal LV mass and increased RWT) and normal geometry (normal LV mass and normal RWT). The criteria used for definition of hypertensive cardiopathy were: presence of LV hypertrophy or concentric remodeling, systolic ventricular dysfunction or LV dilation. The diagnostic criteria for LV dilation, left atrium (LA) enlargement and aorta dilation were<sup>10</sup>: LV <underline>&gt;</underline> 5.6 cm (normal from 3.5 to 5.6 cm), LA &gt; 3.8 cm in women and &gt; 4.0 cm in men, aortic root diameter &gt; 3.7 cm.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>According to the data obtained, frequencies were calculated for the categorized variables and the descriptive statistics for the numeric variables. For Echo morphometric findings, the difference in means was calculated by gender by the Student's t test. Values were calculated for sensitivity, specificity and accuracy as well as positive and negative predictive values for each exam and for associations of exams; in this case LVH was diagnosed if chest radiograph or ECG were positive for hypertrophy. For analysis of some of the differences observed among these measures, the chi-square test was employed. In all tests the significance level was considered 5% (p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical and demographic characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Seventy-five male and 102 female patients aged between 20 and 85 years (mean 52.6 years and median 54 years) were included in the study. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 149 &#177; 23.8 and 93 &#177; 16.0 mmHg, respectively. The time course of the disease reported by the patients was 9.5 years. Body mass index and medical history of arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and tobacco smoking are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06912tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. The majority of patients were under treatment with 2 or 3 classes of antihypertensive drugs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06912tab2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the frequencies of normal geometry, concentric remodeling, eccentric and concentric hypertrophy. Hypertensive heart disease was found in 91 cases (51.4%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06912tab3-body2">Table 3</xref> summarizes the main echocardiographic findings in the study population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Radiological variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty patients (11%) presented an elevated cardiothoracic ratio, whereas 142 (80%) displayed a normal cardiothoracic ratio. In 15 cases (8%), the chest radiograph was unsuitable for cardiothoracic ratio evaluation due to elevated diaphragmatic domes. These were excluded from the analysis of accuracy of cardiothoracic ratio for diagnosis of LVH. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values as well as accuracy of the cardiothoracic ratio for LVH detection in hypertensive patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06912tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p>The analysis of cardiac silhouette in the frontal and lateral view for determination of LV alterations, as initially suspected, was much more sensitive than isolated analysis of the cardiothoracic ratio. The chest radiograph findings in relation to LVH and their comparison with Echo are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06912tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p>The complete study including both right and left oblique anterior radiographs with a suitable technique was obtained in 153 patients. The diagnoses accomplished utilizing only frontal and lateral views were compared with those obtained from the four views. The differences observed did not present the level of statistic significance through the Chi-square test (p&gt;0.05). The p-value calculated was 1 for sensitivity, p=0.486 for specificity and p=0.639 for accuracy. Chest radiographs without oblique projections presented sensitivity of 50.0% and specificity of 67.3%, with accuracy of 62.7% for detection of LVH. The inclusion of oblique views slightly increased sensitivity (52,5%) without significance.</p>
      <p>The chest radiographs showed very low sensitivity for detection of left atrial enlargement, independently of the number of views (9.8% for two views and 13.7% for four views). The specificities were, respectively, 90.7% and 83.3%. Chest radiographs showed high sensitivity (72.7%) for detection of increased aortal diameter. Negative predictive value was 97.2% and specificity and accuracy were approximately 62%. Interestingly, half of the patients presenting aortal dilatation also had LVH (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06912tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>Venous congestion was identified in radiographs of 22 patients (12.4%), including 20 in mild form and 2 with signs of blood redistribution. All of them showed preserved systolic function, and 17 presented with diastolic dysfunction in Echo. Despite the low sensitivity of this finding for diastolic dysfunction (13.8%), the specificity was high (90.7%).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Electrocardiographic variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sixteen patients presented Romhilt score <underline>&gt;</underline> 4 (suggestive of or with left ventricular overload) while 161 patients scored &lt; 4 (normal). Despite its high specificity (92.2%), ECG displayed low sensitivity (12.5%) for detection of LVH in hypertensive patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06912tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>When patients were separated by gender, we observed that sensitivity was greater in men than in women, being 16.7% and 10.0% respectively. Specificity was 87.7% for men and 95.8% for women. The differences observed did not present level of statistic significance through the Chi-square test (p&gt;0.05), with p-value of 0.8217 for sensibility and 0.1676 for specificity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Association of chest radiographs with electrocardiogram</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Due to the low sensitivity of ECG in LVH detection (12.5%), no significant increase was observed in sensitivity by chest radiographs (52%) when associated with ECG for diagnosis of LVH in hypertensive patients (54%), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06912tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study demonstrates the accuracy of chest radiograms associated to conventional ECG compared with echocardiography for LVH diagnosis in hypertensive patients. Echocardiogram was taken as golden standard because of its worldwide use for cardiac evaluation, particularly for LVH screening in hypertensive patients. The prevalence of LVH in this population was in accordance with other authors<sup>1,11-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The use of two radiological views for analyzing cardiac silhouette and identifying LV size alterations, as initially suspected, was much more sensitive than isolated analysis of the cardiothoracic ratio. The addition of oblique views did not improve the accuracy of posteroanterior and lateral projections for detection of enlargement of the left ventricle and left atrium. These results explain the poor accuracy of chest radiograms found by others that used only the cardiothoracic ratio or measures of cardiac enlargement as a whole for detection of left ventricular enlargement<sup>5,14-20</sup>. Since the studies of Eyler et al.<sup>21</sup> and of Hoffman and Rigler<sup>22</sup>, the importance of lateral radiography has become evident for evaluation of the left ventricle. Preserved cardiothoracic ratio did not exclude augmented LV posterior wall thickness, which occurred in 42% of patients in a study using Echo as the gold standard in hypertensive patients<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The subjective/visual evaluation of left ventricular size proved to be as sensitive as any of the used measures<sup>23</sup>. This was also observed in the first 50 patients of this study and so we have abandoned these objective measurements.</p>
      <p>It is not possible to differentiate, by radiology, hypertrophy from dilation<sup>24</sup>. Therefore, the patients with any of these alterations were jointly classified as altered, using the term LVH as a means of comparison with Echo.</p>
      <p> The radiological finding of altered cardiac silhouette from a single view cannot be exploited since enlargement of the left ventricle can simulate augmentation of the right ventricle and vice versa<sup>25,26</sup>6, so that a minimum of two views is needed to confirm or discard this finding. Enlargement of the right ventricle provokes dislocation of the left ventricle simulating increase of the latter, a phenomenon initially described by Dinsmore et al. in 1966<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Chest radiograph is an extremely widespread diagnostic method. In this study, the interpretation of radiographs by specialists must have had a role in the detection of cardiac silhouette alterations, even in the absence of evident cardiomegaly.</p>
      <p>We did not observe significant differences in the radiological detection of concentric remodeling and LVH, suggesting that both concentric remodeling and LVH cause change in the left ventricular contour equally detectable by radiology, although with lower sensitivity in the first case.</p>
      <p>The slight increase in sensitivity obtained by the use of oblique radiographs in evaluating both left ventricle hypertrophy and left atrial enlargement showed the poor utility of these views in the investigation of hypertensive patients. The sensitivity for detecting left atrial enlargement was very low independently of inclusion of oblique radiographs, despite elevated specificity. These findings are in agreement with previous studies<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Interestingly, we found an important association between augmented aorta in radiograms and echocardiogram, a much closer association than that found for the left ventricle. The aortic knob measured at chest radiographs is performed more distal than in the Echo measurement, which is performed at the aortic valve level. As the effect of hypertension is greater at the aortic knob than the aortic root<sup>28</sup> the chest radiograph may have detected cases of true aortic dilation that Echo interpreted as normal. Such cases end up being interpreted as false positives. Therefore, this correlation would be even better if the Echo measures had been taken at the aortic arch. Importantly, there was a close association between LVH and aortal dilation in chest radiography, in accordance with others<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the high specificity of 93%, the sensitivity of ECG for detecting LVH in this study was very low, only 12%. It must be considered that this diagnosis utilized the scoring criterion of Romhilt and Estes<sup>6</sup> in hypertensive patients under pharmacological treatment. Electrocardiographic criteria for LVH in hypertensive patients have shown sensitivities varying from 12% to 51% and specificities from 69% to 96%<sup>2,30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considerable controversy exists as to which of the numerous electrocardiographic criteria for LVH have the best sensitivity and specificity. However, the accuracy of these particular criteria depends on the prevalence and severity of LVH in the studied populations<sup>31</sup>. This fact explains the distinct sensitivities found in the FRAMINGHAM Cardiac Study<sup>32,33</sup> in general population and other studies in patients with cardiac diseases including arterial hypertension. In the first case, ECG presented a very poor sensitivity excluding this one as a cost effective method. On the contrary, in patients with cardiac diseases, ECG despite the low sensitivity has a sufficiently high specificity to recommend its use in routine clinical evaluation of hypertensive patients<sup>2,30</sup>. Also, it has been suggested that, electrocardiographic-modified criteria for LVH detection would improve accuracy compared to standard criteria<sup>30,34,35</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our findings show that chest radiographs are more sensitive than ECG for LVH detection in hypertensive patients, in accordance with Kannel et al.<sup>19</sup> On the other hand Drayer and Zegarelli<sup>18</sup> reported that LVH can be more accurately evaluated by ECG than by physical exam or chest radiograph. However, the authors used only the cardiothoracic ratio.</p>
      <p>Most of studies using radiographic exam limited to a single view for evaluation of the cardiothoracic ratio, have indicated that chest radiograph and ECG, separately, present very limited value in LVH diagnosis<sup>12,13,15-17,36-38</sup>. However, the combination of both could constitute a good method for LVH diagnosis at the primary level of health care, which was demonstrated in this study.</p>
      <p>Echo provides numerous additional parameters on cardiac geometry and performance without the disadvantage of ionizing radiation, which despite of being very low is present on chest radiograph. However, echocardiograms are not available for every patient with arterial hypertension. This matter is pertinent not only in underdeveloped countries but also, as has been reported in developed ones<sup>4,30,39</sup>. Echo presents some limitations in patients with inadequate acoustic window as observed in some cases of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or obesity. Magnetic Resonance Imaging does not present such limitations, and is, nowadays, the best method to evaluate LVH. However, it is too expensive for routine use or in public health programs for early detection of LVH in hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>The high sensitivity in detection of aortal enlargement is a finding that should receive greater priority in the hypertensive patient, even when without any other radiological alteration, given its association with LVH in about half of them. Thus, an augmented aorta in the chest radiograph of a hypertensive patient might be considered an important marker of hypertensive heart disease. This would constitute a situation where Echo would be prioritized. Furthermore, radiological standardization of normal aortal dimensions, according to age and gender, and its validation with other gold standard image method would make chest radiograph even more sensitive for detection of aortal dilatation and even as a radiological marker of LVH in hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>Simone et al.<sup>40</sup> claimed that the generalized use of Echo to detect LV hypertrophy would double the cost of the initial work-up for arterial hypertension (including ECG), a burden that needs to be proven useful and of additional value in terms of information needed to guide physicians' decisions for patient management. With present knowledge, the Echo does not add critical information for decision-making when other information on cardiovascular risk factors and target organ damage already mandates classification of patients in the high or very high-risk rank.<sup>40</sup> Therefore, if LVH is detected by chest radiography or ECG it should be assumed as an indication of cardiac damage, even before accomplishing Echo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We conclude that the accuracy of chest radiography plus ECG for diagnosis of LVH is sufficient to justify its use in the initial evaluation of hypertensive patients. The cardiothoracic ratio presents very low sensitivity for detecting LVH. Radiographic cardiac examination must always be accomplished with at least two basic views, frontal and lateral. The addition of oblique views does not improve the accuracy of the exam for detection of enlarged dimensions in the left ventricle and left atrium, and aorta dilatation is an important marker of LVH in chest radiographs. Therefore, because these exams are inexpensive and easily available in primary care centers, it is our opinion that two-view chest radiograph along with the 12-lead electrocardiogram should be included in the routine initial approach to hypertensive patients. Thus, it should be valorized mainly the sensibility of chest radiography related to the direct signs of left ventricle hypertrophy/enlargement and the enlargement of the aorta and the high specificity of the cardiothoracic ratio and Electrocardiogram.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - FAPESP 2004/ 09460-5].</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the doctoral thesis submitted by Sergio Marrone Ribeiro , from Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Sergio Marrone Ribeiro</p>
          <p> Rua Nelo Pedretti, n&#194;&#186; 420, Ch&#225;cara Montagna</p>
          <p> Postal Code 18609-030, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="sribeiro@fmb.unesp.br">sribeiro@fmb.unesp.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="epbribeiro@uol.com.br">epbribeiro@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received September 27, 2011; manuscript revised September 27, 2011; accepted April 9, 2012.</p>
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