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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mB9QgKdS4DYCQN8K5cfjXtM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001200007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900300007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000080</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acur&#225;cia dos escores GRACE e TIMI na predi&#231;&#227;o da gravidade angiogr&#225;fica da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Esteves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Michael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maraux</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esteves</surname>
            <given-names>J. P&#233;ricles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Bahia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Portugu&#234;s</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>818</fpage>
      <lpage>824</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A acur&#225;cia dos escores GRACE e TIMI em predizer a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCA) n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecida. OBJETIVO: Testar a hip&#243;tese de que os escores de risco GRACE e TIMI predizem satisfatoriamente a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana, em pacientes com SCA submetidos a coronariografia. M&#201;TODOS: Indiv&#237;duos admitidos com crit&#233;rios objetivos de SCA e que realizaram coronariografia durante o internamento foram consecutivamente analisados. A doen&#231;a coronariana angiogr&#225;fica foi descrita de tr&#234;s formas: quantifica&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana pelo escore de Gensini; presen&#231;a de qualquer obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana (&gt; 70% ou &gt; 50% quando tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda); presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a severa (triarterial ou tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda). RESULTADOS: Em 112 pacientes avaliados, observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o positiva do escore de Gensini com os escores GRACE (p = 0,017) e TIMI (p = 0,02), por&#233;m essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi de fraca magnitude (r = 0,23 e r = 0,27; respectivamente). O escore GRACE n&#227;o foi capaz de predizer doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva (&#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC = 0,57; 95%IC = 0,46 - 0,69), nem doen&#231;a coronariana severa (ROC = 0,59; 95%IC = 0,48 -0,70). O Escore TIMI se mostrou modesto preditor em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana (ROC = 0,65; 95%IC = 0,55 - 0,76) e presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a severa (ROC = 0,66; 95%IC = 0,56 - 0,76). CONCLUS&#195;O: (1) Existe associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o valor dos escores TIMI ou GRACE e a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria em pacientes com SCA; (2) No entanto, o grau dessa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para que esses escores sejam preditores acurados dos resultados da coronariografia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>pontua&#231;&#227;o de propens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>angiografia coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>vasos coron&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Acur&#225;cia dos escores GRACE e TIMI na predi&#231;&#227;o da gravidade angiogr&#225;fica da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carolina Esteves Barbosa; Mateus Viana; Mariana Brito; Michael Sabino; Guilherme Garcia; Mayara Maraux; Alexandre Costa Souza; M&#225;rcia Noya-Rabelo; J. P&#233;ricles Esteves; Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica; Hospital S&#227;o Rafael; Hospital Portugu&#234;s, Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A acur&#225;cia dos escores GRACE e TIMI em predizer a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCA) n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecida. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Testar a hip&#243;tese de que os escores de risco GRACE e TIMI predizem satisfatoriamente a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana, em pacientes com SCA submetidos a coronariografia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Indiv&#237;duos admitidos com crit&#233;rios objetivos de SCA e que realizaram coronariografia durante o internamento foram consecutivamente analisados. A doen&#231;a coronariana angiogr&#225;fica foi descrita de tr&#234;s formas: quantifica&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana pelo escore de Gensini; presen&#231;a de qualquer obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana (<underline>&gt;</underline> 70% ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% quando tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda); presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a severa (triarterial ou tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Em 112 pacientes avaliados, observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o positiva do escore de Gensini com os escores GRACE (p = 0,017) e TIMI (p = 0,02), por&#233;m essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi de fraca magnitude (r = 0,23 e r = 0,27; respectivamente). O escore GRACE n&#227;o foi capaz de predizer doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva (&#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC = 0,57; 95%IC = 0,46 - 0,69), nem doen&#231;a coronariana severa (ROC = 0,59; 95%IC = 0,48 -0,70). O Escore TIMI se mostrou modesto preditor em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana (ROC = 0,65; 95%IC = 0,55 - 0,76) e presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a severa (ROC = 0,66; 95%IC = 0,56 - 0,76). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> (1) Existe associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o valor dos escores TIMI ou GRACE e a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria em pacientes com SCA; (2) No entanto, o grau dessa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para que esses escores sejam preditores acurados dos resultados da coronariografia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda / complica&#231;&#245;es; pontua&#231;&#227;o de propens&#227;o; angiografia coronariana / utiliza&#231;&#227;o; vasos coron&#225;rios / anatomia &amp; histologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos hospitalizados por s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCA) possuem amplo espectro de gravidade, que varia de acordo com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais<sup>1</sup>. Dessa forma, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; essencial para adequada decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, discriminando indiv&#237;duos que se beneficiam de estrat&#233;gias mais agressivas. Est&#225; demonstrado que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de modelos multivariados na forma de escores representa o meio mais acurado para predi&#231;&#227;o de risco, superior ao obtido subjetivamente pela impress&#227;o cl&#237;nica<sup>2</sup>. Os escores TIMI e GRACE s&#227;o os mais utilizados e com valor progn&#243;stico estabelecido por estudos de coorte prospectiva<sup>1,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, a predi&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o anat&#244;mica da doen&#231;a coronariana &#233; potencialmente &#250;til para a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Isso porque a predi&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a obstrutiva (ou severamente obstrutiva) representa mais um crit&#233;rio a favor da realiza&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia, pois esse achado antecipa a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A esse respeito, alguns trabalhos demonstram associa&#231;&#227;o entre o valor do escore TIMI e o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias acometidas por doen&#231;a obstrutiva. Por sua vez, nenhum desses estudos faz uma an&#225;lise de acur&#225;cia discriminat&#243;ria, deixando em aberto a valor diagn&#243;stico desse escore quanto a presen&#231;a e severidade da doen&#231;a coronariana<sup>4-7</sup>. Quanto ao escore GRACE, n&#227;o h&#225; trabalhos que explorem sua associa&#231;&#227;o com anatomia coronariana.</p>
    <p>No intuito de testar a hip&#243;tese de que os escores de risco TIMI e GRACE s&#227;o preditores acurados da presen&#231;a e extens&#227;o de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva, foram analisados pacientes consecutivamente admitidos no Registro de S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas (Resca) que foram submetidos a coronariografia, sem passado de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. A capacidade preditora dos escores foi analisada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida quantitativa da extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria (escore de Gensini), &#224; presen&#231;a de qualquer doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva e &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva de grau severo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos consecutivamente admitidos na Unidade Coron&#225;ria de nosso Hospital entre agosto de 2007 e janeiro de 2009, com diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel ou infarto sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, foram considerados candidatos ao Resca. O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o desse registro &#233; definido por desconforto precordial t&#237;pico e em repouso, nas &#250;ltimas 48 horas, associado a pelo menos uma das seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: 1) marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica positivo, definido por troponina T <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,01 ug/L ou troponina I &gt; 0,034 &#181;g/L,</p>
    <p>o que corresponde a valores acima do percentil 99<sup>8,9</sup>; 2) altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas, consistindo de invers&#227;o de onda T (<underline>&gt;</underline> 0,1 mV) ou infradesnivelamento transit&#243;rio do segmento ST (<underline>&gt;</underline> 0,05 mV); 3) doen&#231;a arterial coronariana previamente documentada, definida por hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou angiografia pr&#233;via demonstrando obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. Para a presente an&#225;lise, dentre os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no Resca, foram selecionados aqueles submetidos a coronariografia invasiva durante o internamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Escores GRACE e TIMI</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para os c&#225;lculos dos escores, foram utilizados dados cl&#237;nicos da apresenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente no setor de emerg&#234;ncia, registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos realizados nas primeiras seis horas de atendimento, dosagens de troponina T referentes &#224;s primeiras 12 horas de atendimento e o valor da primeira creatinina plasm&#225;tica. Eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica como componente dos escores foi definida como troponina T <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,01 ug/L ou troponina I <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,034 &#181;g/L, ou seja, acima do percentil 99<sup>8,9</sup>. A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip<sup>10</sup> foi tamb&#233;m aplicada aos pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel a fim de que o escore GRACE fosse calculado.</p>
    <p>Foram utilizados os crit&#233;rios previamente definidos nos respectivos trabalhos de valida&#231;&#227;o dos escores. Resumidamente, o Escore de Risco TIMI consiste de sete vari&#225;veis, todas dicot&#244;micas. A presen&#231;a de cada vari&#225;vel adiciona um ponto ao escore total, que varia de zero a sete. Essas vari&#225;veis s&#227;o relacionadas &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (<italic>infradesnivelamento do segmento ST, eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, &gt; 1 epis&#243;dio de angina em 24 horas</italic>) ou a caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;vias dos pacientes (<italic>idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos, uso de aspirina, obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica</italic>)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>O escore GRACE consiste de oito vari&#225;veis: cinco delas computadas de forma semiquantitativa, ou seja, diferente peso para cada estrato de <italic>idade, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, creatinina plasm&#225;tica e classe de Killip</italic>; tr&#234;s delas computadas de forma dicot&#244;mica (<italic>infradesnivelamento do segmento ST, eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, parada card&#237;aca na admiss&#227;o</italic>). O escore final pode variar de 0 a 372<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A anatomia coronariana foi analisada por um &#250;nico hemodinamicista experiente, que definiu a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana de duas formas: quantitativa e categ&#243;rica. A an&#225;lise quantitativa foi realizada pelo escore de Gensini<sup>11,12</sup>. Resumidamente, esse escore avalia 28 segmentos coron&#225;rios, que s&#227;o pontuados de acordo com a sua import&#226;ncia anat&#244;mica (variando de 0,5 a 5) multiplicada pela pontua&#231;&#227;o referente ao grau m&#225;ximo de obstru&#231;&#227;o (0-25% = 2; 26%-50% = 4; 51%-75% = 8; 76%-90% =16; 91%-99% = 32; 100% = 64 pontos). A pontua&#231;&#227;o dos 28 segmentos &#233; somada, resultando no escore final.</p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista categ&#243;rico, a anatomia foi definida de duas formas: presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva (qualquer obstru&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% se em tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda); presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana severa (obstru&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% em descendente anterior, circunflexa e coron&#225;ria direita, caracterizando padr&#227;o triarterial ou obstru&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise dos dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Considerando que o escore de Gensini apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal (teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov), as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram prioritariamente n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. No intuito de avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre escores de risco (GRACE ou TIMI) e extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana, algumas an&#225;lises foram utilizadas. Primeiro, a associa&#231;&#227;o linear de cada escore de risco com o escore de Gensini foi avaliada por correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, enquanto regress&#227;o linear foi utilizada para demonstrar a for&#231;a de influ&#234;ncia do valor dos escores GRACE ou TIMI na extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria. Segundo, teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado para comparar os valores do escore de Gensini entre os grupos divididos de acordo com os tercis dos escores de risco. Terceiro, curva receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) foi utilizada para testar a acur&#225;cia preditora dos escores de risco em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria severa. Predi&#231;&#227;o significativa ocorreu quando a &#225;rea abaixo da curva foi estatisticamente diferente de 0,5.</p>
    <p>Foi estimado o tamanho amostral necess&#225;rio para as an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o e a descri&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas abaixo da curva ROC. Para a primeira an&#225;lise, considerando um coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nimo de 0,25 e alfa de 0,05, um tamanho amostral de 96 pacientes seria suficiente para proporcionar um poder estat&#237;stico de 80% na rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese nula de aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o. Na segunda an&#225;lise, antevendo uma &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC de 0,65, seriam necess&#225;rios 100 pacientes (30 sem doen&#231;a e 70 sem doen&#231;a obstrutiva ou 70 sem doen&#231;a severa e 30 com doen&#231;a severa) para proporcionar uma precis&#227;o de &#177; 0,12 no intervalo de confian&#231;a da curva ROC, o que seria suficiente para rejeitar a hip&#243;tese nula de &#225;rea de 0,50.</p>
    <p>Os escores foram descritos em mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ) e signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida por p &lt; 0,05. SPSS Statistical Software (Vers&#227;o 9.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) foi utilizada para an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, 241 pacientes foram admitidos no Resca. Desses, 76 n&#227;o realizaram coronariografia durante o internamento e 53 tinham cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via. Dessa forma, foram estudados 112 pacientes para o objetivo do presente estudo, idade 70 &#177; 12 anos, 51% do sexo masculino, 63% com diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e os demais com angina inst&#225;vel. A mediana do escore GRACE foi de 115 (IIQ 91 - 141), enquanto o escore TIMI apresentou mediana de 3 (IIQ 2 - 4), indicando uma distribui&#231;&#227;o sim&#233;trica dos indiv&#237;duos entre as faixas de baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto risco. Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip &gt; 1 e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica pelo menos moderada (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 45%) estiveram presentes em apenas 11% e 12% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0818-00080-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da coronariografia, 71% dos pacientes apresentavam pelo menos uma obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%. Doen&#231;a coronariana severa (triarterial ou tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda) esteve presente em 32% da amostra, biarterial em 18%, uniarterial em 21% e os 29% restantes n&#227;o tinham doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria obstrutiva. O escore angiogr&#225;fico de Gensini apresentou mediana de 103 (IIQ 65 - 155) e distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Predi&#231;&#227;o da anatomia coronariana pelo escore GRACE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o linear positiva entre o escore GRACE e o escore de Gensini, representada pela f&#243;rmula de regress&#227;o Gensini = 48 + 0,65 x GRACE (p = 0,001). Embora essa rela&#231;&#227;o seja estatisticamente significante, o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman indicou fraco grau de associa&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,23; p = 0,017) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_port_f01">Figura 1A</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop07512_port_f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0818-00080-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O escore de Gensini apresentou mediana de 85 (IIQ = 60 - 128) no primeiro tercil do Escore GRACE, mediana de 89 (67 - 167) no segundo tercil, comparados a mediana de 132 (78 - 187) no terceiro tercil. Essa tend&#234;ncia a maior extens&#227;o do doen&#231;a coronariana de acordo com tercis do GRACE n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,099) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_port_f01">Figura 1B</xref>.</p>
    <p>Apesar das tend&#234;ncias acima descritas, o escore GRACE n&#227;o apresentou capacidade discriminat&#243;ria entre pacientes com ou sem doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva, tendo &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC de 0,57 (95% IC = 0,46 - 0,69; p = 0,22) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_port_f01">Figura 1C</xref>. A preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a obstrutiva foi semelhante entre os primeiro, segundo e terceiro tercis do GRACE (respectivamente, 66%, 71%, 77%; p = 0,58). O escore GRACE tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi capaz de discriminar pacientes com ou sem doen&#231;a coronariana severa (tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda ou triarterial) - &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC de 0,59 (95% IC = 0,48- 0,70; p = 0,13) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_port_f01">Figura 1D</xref>. A preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana severa n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os tr&#234;s tercis do GRACE (respectivamente, 25%, 33%, 37%; p = 0,56).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Predi&#231;&#227;o da anatomia coronariana pelo escore TIMI</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o linear positiva entre o escore TIMI e o escore de Gensini, representada pela f&#243;rmula de regress&#227;o Gensini = 79 + 16 x TIMI (p = 0,009). Embora essa rela&#231;&#227;o seja estatisticamente significante, o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman indicou fraco grau de associa&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,28; p = 0,003) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_port_f02">Figura 2A</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop07512_port_f02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0818-00080-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O escore de Gensini apresentou mediana de 78 (IIQ = 62 - 117) no primeiro tercil do escore TIMI, mediana de 107 (62 - 188) no segundo tercil, comparados a mediana de 120 (95 - 166) no terceiro tercil (p = 0,024) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_port_f02">Figura 2B</xref>.</p>
    <p>O escore TIMI apresentou capacidade discriminat&#243;ria entre pacientes com ou sem doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva, por&#233;m de car&#225;ter modesto, com &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC = 0,65 (95% IC = 0,55 - 0,76; p = 0,01) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_port_f02">Figura 2C</xref>. A preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva apresentou tend&#234;ncia a aumento de acordo com tercis ascendentes do TIMI (61%, 69%, 86%; p = 0,056). Da mesma foram, o escore TIMI discriminou modestamente pacientes com ou sem doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria severa (tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda ou triarterial) - &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC de 0,66; 95% IC = 0,56 - 0,76; p = 0,008 - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_port_f02">Figura 2D</xref>. Essa modesta capacidade discriminat&#243;ria se refletiu em menor preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a severa no primeiro tercil do GRACE quando comparado aos dois tercis superiores (15%, 44%, 40%, respectivamente; p = 0,10).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o confirma a hip&#243;tese inicial de que os escores TIMI e GRACE predizem de forma acurada a presen&#231;a e extens&#227;o anat&#244;mica da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria em pacientes com SCA.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, a anatomia coronariana foi descrita como vari&#225;vel quantitativa (escore de Gensini) e como vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica (presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a obstrutiva ou doen&#231;a severa). No primeiro caso, houve correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante da anatomia com ambos os escores. Essa tend&#234;ncia &#233; confirmada pelo gradiente dose-resposta entre os tercis dos escores e o valor do escore de Gensini, estatisticamente significante no caso do TIMI e lim&#237;trofe no caso do GRACE. Essas an&#225;lises sugerem que a informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica contida nos escores &#233; parcialmente mediada pela extens&#227;o da anatomia coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Quando, entretanto, &#233; feita a an&#225;lise da for&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o desses escores com a anatomia coronariana, os resultados v&#227;o em outra dire&#231;&#227;o. Primeiro, a fraca correla&#231;&#227;o (r &lt; 0,30) com o escore de Gensini demonstra que a calibra&#231;&#227;o dos escores progn&#243;sticos para predizer anatomia coronariana &#233; pequena. Ou seja, utilizando a f&#243;rmula de regress&#227;o para extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana, &#233; grande a diferen&#231;a entre o valor predito e o valor observado do escore de Gensini. Segundo, h&#225; uma razo&#225;vel superposi&#231;&#227;o dos IIQ do escore de Gensini entre os tercis do GRACE ou TIMI. Terceiro, a &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC do escore GRACE n&#227;o &#233; estatisticamente significante e a do escore TIMI, embora estatisticamente significante, revela modesta acur&#225;cia na discrimina&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a obstrutiva ou com doen&#231;a severa (&#225;rea &lt; 0,70). Esses dados indicam que os escores progn&#243;sticos n&#227;o exercem um bom papel como modelos preditores de anatomia coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a coronariana &#233; diretamente influenciado pela extens&#227;o do acometimento arterial<sup>12</sup>. Como explicar ent&#227;o que modelos progn&#243;sticos n&#227;o s&#227;o bons modelos preditores da anatomia? A resposta para essa quest&#227;o vem do fato de que a extens&#227;o anat&#244;mica da doen&#231;a representa apenas um dos v&#225;rios determinantes de gravidade em um modelo multivariado complexo, t&#237;pico da maioria dos sistemas biol&#243;gicos. Ou seja, o progn&#243;stico n&#227;o depende apenas da anatomia. Sendo assim, esses escores podem ser capazes de predizer risco, sem necessariamente predizer anatomia na mesma propor&#231;&#227;o. Por exemplo, mesmo uniarterial, um paciente pode apresentar um infarto com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda se houver comprometimento proximal da descendente anterior provocando isquemia severa de grande extens&#227;o. A gravidade desse paciente se refletiria nas vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, marcadores de necrose que constituem esses escores.</p>
    <p>O escore GRACE tem superior valor progn&#243;stico quando comparado ao escore TIMI em diferentes trabalhos<sup>2,5,13</sup>. Paradoxalmente, o TIMI demonstrou melhor predi&#231;&#227;o da anatomia. Esse achado pode ser explicado pelo fato de o escore TIMI considerar algumas vari&#225;veis especificamente relacionadas &#224; exist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana<sup>1</sup>. Por exemplo, umas das vari&#225;veis do TIMI &#233; exatamente o conhecimento pr&#233;vio de que o paciente tem doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva; al&#233;m disso, <italic>uso pr&#233;vio de aspirina</italic> e <italic>n&#250;mero de fatores de risco</italic>, vari&#225;veis exclusivas do TIMI, marcam doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria mais extensa.</p>
    <p>As implica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas dos resultados encontrados devem ser discutidas. Os dois escores s&#227;o comumente utilizados na decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes com SCA, no intuito de definir a agressividade do tratamento antitromb&#243;tico e a estrat&#233;gia de estratifica&#231;&#227;o, invasiva ou seletiva<sup>14,15</sup>. Essa utilidade &#233; embasada no valor progn&#243;stico estabelecido desses escores e na rela&#231;&#227;o do risco basal com a magnitude de benef&#237;cio de certas estrat&#233;gias. Importante salientar que nossos resultados n&#227;o contradizem o valor dos escores na decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Contudo, devemos reconhecer que a utilidade desses seria maior se fossem capazes de predizer anatomia. Isso porque a estrat&#233;gia invasiva, aplicada a pacientes de risco m&#233;dio a alto de acordo com os escores, se completa com um procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria culpada. Se os escores fossem capazes de identificar melhor a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a obstrutiva, identificariam pacientes cuja estrat&#233;gia invasiva seja mais &#250;til. Outro exemplo de utilidade seria a predi&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a extensa, prevenindo a administra&#231;&#227;o de certos antiplaquet&#225;rios que aumentassem o risco de sangramento de uma eventual cirurgia precoce.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; originalidade, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que descreve a associa&#231;&#227;o do escore GRACE com anatomia coronariana. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao escore TIMI, h&#225; quatro trabalhos que avaliaram essa quest&#227;o<sup>4-7</sup>. Todos descrevem uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o valor do escore e a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana. No entanto, sabemos que associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para garantir acur&#225;cia. Essa deve ser avaliada por testes de calibra&#231;&#227;o e capacidade discriminat&#243;ria entre doentes <italic>versus</italic> saud&#225;veis (ou doen&#231;a severa <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o severa). Sendo nosso trabalho o &#250;nico a fazer esse tipo de an&#225;lise, nossa conclus&#227;o foi contr&#225;ria ao valor do escore TIMI em predizer anatomia, diferente dos trabalhos pr&#233;vios que se limitaram a demonstrar a presen&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o entre o escore TIMI e n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias acometidas. Nossos dados confirmam a associa&#231;&#227;o com extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a, por&#233;m demonstram que essa &#233; insuficiente para promover uma acur&#225;cia satisfat&#243;ria. Al&#233;m disso, dentre os estudos citados, fomos os primeiros a mensurar a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria de forma quantitativa, pelo escore de Gensini.</p>
    <p>Devemos reconhecer as limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo. Em primeiro lugar, o vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo que representa o foco de nossa quest&#227;o, indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Idealmente dever&#237;amos avaliar toda a amostra de pacientes com crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos dessa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Por&#233;m, apenas 60% dos indiv&#237;duos sem cirurgia pr&#233;via realizaram coronariografia, limitando a amostra do estudo. Embora tal caracter&#237;stica seja inerente &#224; maioria dos estudos de anatomia coronariana, essa pode provocar um vi&#233;s na avalia&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia dos escores de risco quanto &#224; anatomia. Na pr&#225;tica, pacientes com escores baixos tendem ser menos submetidos a coronariografia. Esse vi&#233;s reduz a especificidade do escore de risco em reconhecer pacientes sem doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva. Ou seja, possivelmente esses escores reconheceriam certo n&#250;mero de pacientes como n&#227;o portadores de doen&#231;a obstrutiva ou de doen&#231;a severa, por&#233;m esses n&#227;o foram computados na an&#225;lise, pois o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia (coronariografia) n&#227;o foi realizado. Por outro lado, a sensibilidade pode estar superestimada, pois o grupo de pacientes que realizaram coronariografia tende a ter maior frequ&#234;ncia de valores altos dos escores. Esse fen&#244;meno &#233; denominado vi&#233;s de verifica&#231;&#227;o<sup>16</sup>. Por esse motivo, evitamos descrever especificamente sensibilidade e especificidade, optando pela an&#225;lise da &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC, o que representa uma an&#225;lise combinadas dessas duas propriedades diagn&#243;sticas<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossa segunda limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o tamanho amostral relativamente pequeno. Essa caracter&#237;stica foi parcialmente resolvida pela abordagem de an&#225;lise dos dados. Primeiro, a descri&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria sob a forma quantitativa (escore de Gensini) permitiu poder estat&#237;stico suficiente para an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o. Segundo, na descri&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC, o tamanho amostral foi suficiente para garantir precis&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria. Mesmo assim, devemos reconhecer que estudos futuros com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes fornecer&#227;o maior precis&#227;o &#224;s nossas estimativas.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o presente estudo sugere que os escores TIMI e GRACE n&#227;o s&#227;o ferramentas acuradas para predi&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. A utilidade desses escores no racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico deve se limitar &#224; estimativa da probabilidade de eventos cardiovasculares recorrentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa da Bahia (FAPESB).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Carolina Esteves Barbosa pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402, Gra&#231;a </p>
        <p> CEP 40150-080, Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lccorreia@cardiol.br">lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>; </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lccorreia@terra.com.br">lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/11/11 </p>
    <p> Revisado em 16/11/11 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 05/04/12</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Accuracy of the GRACE and TIMI scores in predicting the angiographic severity of acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The accuracy of the GRACE and TIMI scores in predicting coronary disease extension in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS) has not been established. OBJECTIVE: To assess the hypothesis that the GRACE and TIMI risk scores satisfactorily predict coronary disease extension in patients withnon-ST-elevation ACS undergoing coronary angiography. METHODS: Individuals meeting the objective criteria for ACS and undergoing coronary angiography during hospitalization were consecutively assessed. Angiographic coronary disease was described as follows: quantification of coronary disease extension by using Gensini score; presence of any coronary artery obstruction (&gt; 70% or &gt; 50% when affecting left main coronary artery); and presence of severe disease (three-vessel disease or affecting the left main coronary artery). RESULTS: Of 112 patients assessed, a positive correlation of the Gensini score was observed with the GRACE (p = 0.017) and TIMI (p = 0.02) scores, but that association was weak (r = 0.23 and r = 0.27; respectively). The GRACE score could predict neither obstructive coronary disease (area under the ROC curve = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.46 - 0.69), nor severe coronary disease (ROC = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.48 - 0.70). The TIMI score proved to be a modest predictor of coronary disease (ROC = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.55 - 0.76) and of severe coronary disease (ROC = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.56 - 0.76). CONCLUSION: (1) There is a positive association between the values of the TIMI or GRACE scores and the extension of coronary artery disease in patients with ACS; (2) however, the degree of that association is not sufficient to make those scores accurate predictors of coronary angiography results.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute coronary syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>propensity score</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary vessels</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Accuracy of the GRACE and TIMI scores in predicting the angiographic severity of acute coronary syndrome</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Carolina Esteves Barbosa; Mateus Viana; Mariana Brito; Michael Sabino; Guilherme Garcia; Mayara Maraux; Alexandre Costa Souza; M&#225;rcia Noya-Rabelo; J. P&#233;ricles Esteves; Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica; Hospital S&#227;o Rafael; Hospital Portugu&#234;s, Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The accuracy of the GRACE and TIMI scores in predicting coronary disease extension in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS) has not been established.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the hypothesis that the GRACE and TIMI risk scores satisfactorily predict coronary disease extension in patients with non-ST-elevation ACS undergoing coronary angiography.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Individuals meeting the objective criteria for ACS and undergoing coronary angiography during hospitalization were consecutively assessed. Angiographic coronary disease was described as follows: quantification of coronary disease extension by using Gensini score; presence of any coronary artery obstruction (<underline>&gt;</underline> 70% or <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% when affecting left main coronary artery); and presence of severe disease (three-vessel disease or affecting the left main coronary artery).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of 112 patients assessed, a positive correlation of the Gensini score was observed with the GRACE (p = 0.017) and TIMI (p = 0.02) scores, but that association was weak (r = 0.23 and r = 0.27; respectively). The GRACE score could predict neither obstructive coronary disease (area under the ROC curve = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.46 - 0.69), nor severe coronary disease (ROC = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.48 - 0.70). The TIMI score proved to be a modest predictor of coronary disease (ROC = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.55 - 0.76) and of severe coronary disease (ROC = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.56 - 0.76).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> (1) There is a positive association between the values of the TIMI or GRACE scores and the extension of coronary artery disease in patients with ACS; (2) however, the degree of that association is not sufficient to make those scores accurate predictors of coronary angiography results.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Acute coronary syndrome / complications; propensity score; coronary angiography / utilization; coronary vessels / anatomy &amp; histology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Individuals hospitalized due to non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS) have a wide variation in their disease severity, which ranges according to clinical and laboratory characteristics<sup>1</sup>. Thus, risk stratification is essential for adequate clinical decision, discriminating individuals who benefit from more aggressive strategies. The use of multivariate models in the form of scores has been shown to represent the most accurate way to predict risk, being superior to the subjective clinical impression<sup>2</sup>. The TIMI and GRACE risk scores are the most used, and their prognostic value has been established by prospective cohort studies<sup>1,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In addition to prognostic assessment, predicting the anatomical extension of coronary artery disease is potentially useful for clinical decision. This is due to the fact that the prediction of obstructive disease (or severely obstructive disease) represents one more criterion in favor of performing coronary angiography, because that finding anticipates the need for myocardial revascularization. Some studies have shown an association between the TIMI score value and the number of arteries affected by obstructive disease. However, none of those studies has performed an analysis of discriminatory accuracy, and, thus, the diagnostic value of that score regarding the presence of coronary artery disease and its severity remains uncertain<sup>4-7</sup>. Regarding the GRACE score, no study has assessed its association with coronary artery anatomy.</p>
      <p>Aiming at testing the hypothesis that the TIMI and GRACE risk scores are accurate predictors of the presence and extension of obstructive coronary artery disease, this study analyzed patients consecutively admitted to the Acute Coronary Syndromes Registry (Resca), who underwent coronary angiography and had not undergone revascularization surgery. The predictive capacity of the scores was analyzed regarding the following: the quantitative measure of coronary artery disease extension (Gensini score); the presence of any obstructive coronary artery disease; and the presence of severe obstructive coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample selection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Individuals consecutively admitted to the Coronary Unit of our hospital from August 2007 to January 2009, diagnosed with unstable angina or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, were considered candidates to Resca. The inclusion criterion in that registry has been defined as typical chest discomfort at rest for the past 48 hours, associated with at least one of the following characteristics: 1) positive myocardial necrosis marker, defined as troponin T <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.01 ug/L or troponin I &gt; 0.034 &#181;g/L, corresponding to values over the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile<sup>8,9</sup>; 2) ischemic electrocardiographic changes, consisting of T wave inversion (<underline>&gt;</underline> 0.1 mV) or transient ST-segment depression (<underline>&gt;</underline> 0.05 mV); 3) coronary artery disease previously documented, defined by a history of myocardial infarction or previous angiography showing coronary artery obstruction <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%. For the current analysis, of the patients included in Resca, those undergoing invasive coronary angiography during hospitalization were selected.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>GRACE and TIMI scores</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For calculating the scores, the following data were used: clinical data on the occasion of patient's presentation to the emergency service; electrocardiographic records of the first six hours of medical care; troponin T measures regarding the first 12 hours of medical care; and the first plasma creatinine value. Elevation of the myocardial necrosis marker as a component of the scores was defined as troponin T <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.01 ug/L or troponin I <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.034 &#181;g/L, that is, above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile<sup>8,9</sup>. Killip classification<sup>10</sup> has also been applied to patients with unstable angina so that the GRACE score could be calculated.</p>
      <p>The criteria previously defined in the respective validation studies of those scores were used. Briefly, the TIMI risk score consists of seven dichotomous variables. The presence of each variable adds one point to the total score, which ranges from zero to seven. Such variables relate to the clinical presentation of ACS (<italic>ST-segment depression, elevation in myocardial necrosis marker, more than one angina episode in 24 hours</italic>) or the previous characteristics of the patients (<italic>age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years, use of aspirin, coronary artery obstruction <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, at least three risk factors for atherosclerotic disease</italic>)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The GRACE score consists of eight variables, five of which are computed semi-quantitatively, that is, with a different weight for each stratum of <italic>age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, plasma creatinine and Killip class</italic>; the other three are computed dichotomously (<italic>ST-segment depression, elevation in myocardial necrosis marker, cardiac arrest on admission</italic>). The final score can range from zero to 372<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Assessment of coronary artery disease extension</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Coronary artery anatomy was assessed by one single experienced cardiac catheterization physician, who defined the coronary artery disease extension quantitatively and categorically. Quantitative analysis was performed by using the Gensini score<sup>11,12</sup>. Briefly, that score assesses 28 coronary artery segments, which are scored according to their anatomical importance (ranging from 0.5 to 5) multiplied by the score regarding the maximum degree of obstruction (0-25% = 2; 26%-50% = 4; 51%-75% = 8; 76%-90% =16; 91%-99% = 32; 100% = 64 points). The points of the 28 segments are summed to yield a final score.</p>
      <p>From the categorical viewpoint, coronary artery anatomy was defined as follows: presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (any obstruction <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% or <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% if in the left main coronary artery); presence of severe coronary artery disease (obstruction <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% in the anterior descending, circumflex and right coronary artery, characterizing a three-vessel pattern, or obstruction <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% in the left main coronary artery).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Considering that the Gensini score showed non-normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test), the statistical analyses were mainly non-parametric. Aiming at assessing the association between the GRACE or TIMI risk scores and coronary artery disease extension, some analyses were used. First, the linear association of each risk score with the Gensini score was assessed by use of Spearman correlation, while linear regression was used to demonstrate the strength of the influence of the GRACE and TIMI score values on coronary artery disease extension. Second, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the Gensini score values between the groups divided according to the tertiles of risk scores. Third, the receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to test the predictive accuracy of risk scores regarding the presence of coronary artery disease and of severe coronary artery disease. Significant prediction occurred when the area under the ROC curve was statistically different from 0.5.</p>
      <p>The sample size necessary for the correlation analyses and description of the areas under the ROC curve was estimated. For the first analysis, considering a minimum correlation coefficient of 0.25 and alpha of 0.05, a sample size of 96 patients would suffice to provide a statistical power of 80% in the null hypothesis rejection of lack of correlation. In the second analysis, considering an area under the ROC curve of 0.65, 100 patients (30 without disease and 70 with obstructive disease or 70 without severe disease and 30 with severe disease) would be necessary to provide a precision of &#177; 0.12 in the confidence interval (CI) of the ROC curve, which would suffice to reject the null hypothesis of the 0.50 area.</p>
      <p>The scores were described as median and interquartile interval (IQI), and statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05. The SPSS Statistical Software (9.0 version, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for data analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Characteristics of the sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the study, 241 patients were admitted to the Resca, 76 of whom did not undergo coronary angiography during hospitalization and 53 had already undergone surgical myocardial revascularization. Thus, this study assessed 112 patients (mean age of 70 &#177; 12 years; 51% of the male sex), 63% of whom diagnosed with non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction and the others with unstable angina. The median of the GRACE score was 115 (IQI: 91 - 141), while that of the TIMI score was 3 (IQI: 2 - 4), indicating a symmetrical distribution of individuals in the low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups. Killip class &gt; 1 and systolic dysfunction at least moderate (ejection fraction &lt; 45%) were identified in only 11% and 12% of the patients, respectively. Other clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0818-00080-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The analysis of the coronary angiography showed that 71% of the patients had at least one coronary artery obstruction <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%. Severe coronary artery disease (three-vessel disease or left main coronary artery) was identified in 32% of the sample, two-vessel disease in 18% of the sample, single-vessel disease in 21%, and no coronary artery obstruction in 29% of the sample. The Gensini angiographic score showed median of 103 (IQI: 65 - 155) and non-normal distribution (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Coronary artery anatomy prediction by use of the GRACE score</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Positive linear association was observed between the GRACE and Gensini scores, represented by the regression formula Gensini = 48 + 0.65 x GRACE (p = 0.001). Although that relationship is statistically significant, the Spearman correlation coefficient indicated a weak association (r = 0.23; p = 0.017) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_ing_f01-body2">Figure 1A</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop07512_ing_f01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0818-00080-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The Gensini score had a median of 85 (IQI: 60 - 128) in the first tertile of the GRACE score, a median of 89 (67 - 167) in the second tertile, and a median of 132 (78 - 187) in the third tertile. This tendency towards greater coronary artery disease extension according to the GRACE tertiles did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.099) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_ing_f01-body2">Figure 1B</xref>.</p>
      <p>Despite those tendencies, the GRACE score showed no discriminatory capacity between patients with and without obstructive coronary artery disease, having an area under the ROC curve of 0.57 (95% CI: 0.46 - 0.69; p = 0.22) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_ing_f01-body2">Figure 1C</xref>. The prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease was similar in the first, second and third tertiles of the GRACE score (66%, 71%, and 77%, respectively; p = 0.58). Similarly, the GRACE score could not discriminate patients with and without severe coronary artery disease (left main coronary artery or three-vessel disease) - area under the ROC curve of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.48 - 0.70; p = 0.13) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_ing_f01-body2">Figure 1D</xref>. The prevalence of severe coronary artery disease did not significantly differ between the three GRACE tertiles (25%, 33%, and 37%, respectively; p = 0.56).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Prediction of coronary artery anatomy by use of the TIMI score</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Positive linear association was observed between the TIMI and Gensini scores, represented by the regression formula Gensini = 79 + 16 x TIMI (p = 0.009). Although that relationship is statistically significant, the Spearman correlation coefficient indicated a weak association (r = 0.28; p = 0.003) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_ing_f02-body2">Figure 2A</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop07512_ing_f02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0818-00080-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The Gensini score had a median of 78 (IQI: 62 - 117) in the first tertile of the TIMI score, a median of 107 (62 - 188) in the second tertile, and a median of 120 (95 - 166) in the third tertile (p = 0.024) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_ing_f02-body2">Figure 2B</xref>.</p>
      <p>The TIMI score showed a modest discriminatory capacity between patients with and without obstructive coronary artery disease, having an area under the ROC curve of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.55 - 0.76; p = 0.01) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_ing_f02-body2">Figure 2C</xref>. The prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease had a tendency towards an increase according to the ascending TIMI tertiles (61%, 69%, 86%; p = 0.056). Similarly, the TIMI score discriminated modestly patients with or without severe coronary artery disease (left main coronary artery or three-vessel disease) - area under the ROC curve of 0.66; 95% CI: 0.56 - 0.76; p = 0.008 - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07512_ing_f02-body2">Figure 2D</xref>. That modest discriminatory capacity reflected in a lower prevalence of severe disease in the first GRACE tertile as compared with the two higher tertiles (15%, 44%, 40%, respectively; p = 0.10).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study does not confirm the initial hypothesis that the TIMI and GRACE risk scores predict accurately the presence and anatomical extension of coronary artery disease in patients with ACS.</p>
      <p>In this study, coronary anatomy was described as a quantitative variable (Gensini score) and as a categorical variable (presence of obstructive or severe disease). In the first case, a statistically significant correlation of the coronary anatomy with both scores was observed. That tendency is confirmed by the dose-response gradient between the tertiles of the scores and the value of the Gensini score, statistically significant in the case of the TIMI score and borderline in the case of the GRACE score. Such analyses suggest that the prognostic information contained in the scores is partially mediated by the extension of coronary anatomy.</p>
      <p>However, when analyzing the strength of the association of those scores with coronary anatomy, the results differ. First, the weak correlation (r &lt; 0.30) with the Gensini score showed that the calibration of the prognostic scores to coronary anatomy is small. That is, using the regression formula for coronary artery disease extension, the difference between the predicted and the observed values of the Gensini score is large. Second, there is a reasonable overlap of the IQI of the Gensini score between the tertiles of the GRACE or TIMI scores. Third, the area under the ROC curve of the GRACE score is not statistically significant and that of the TIMI score, although statistically significant, shows modest accuracy in discriminating patients with obstructive disease or with severe disease (area &lt; 0.70). Such data indicate that the prognostic scores do not play a good role as predictive models of coronary anatomy.</p>
      <p>The prognosis of coronary artery disease is known to be directly influenced by the extension of arterial impairment<sup>12</sup>. How to explain that the prognostic models are not good predictive models of the anatomy? The response to that question originates from the fact that the disease anatomic extension represents only one of the several determinants of severity in a complex multivariate model, typical of most biological systems. That is, prognosis does not depend only on anatomy. Thus, those scores can predict risk, without necessarily predicting anatomy at the same proportion. For example, even having single-vessel disease, a patient can have an infarction with severe left ventricular dysfunction in the presence of proximal impairment of the descending anterior coronary artery, causing severe extensive ischemia. The severity of that patient would reflect in the hemodynamic and electrocardiographic variables, and in the necrosis markers that constitute those scores.</p>
      <p>The GRACE score has shown a greater prognostic value as compared with that of the TIMI score in different studies<sup>2,5,13</sup>. Paradoxically, the TIMI score has shown better prediction of the anatomy. This finding can be explained by the fact that the TIMI score considers some variables specifically related to the existence of coronary artery disease<sup>1</sup>. For example, one of the variables of TIMI score is the patient's previous knowledge about his/her obstructive coronary artery disease; in addition, previous aspirin use and number of risk factors, variables exclusive to the TIMI score, indicate more extensive coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>The practical implications of the results found should be discussed. Both scores are commonly used for the clinical decision of patients with ACS, aiming at defining the aggressiveness of the antithrombotic treatment and the either invasive or selective strategy of stratification<sup>14,15</sup>. That use is based on the established prognostic value of those scores and on the relationship between baseline risk and the magnitude of the benefit of certain strategies. It is worth noting that our results do not contradict the value of those scores for clinical decision. However, we should recognize that they would be more useful if they could predict coronary anatomy. This is due to the fact that the invasive strategy, applied to patients at medium to high risk according to those scores, is completed with a procedure of revascularization of the culprit artery. If the scores could better identify the presence of obstructive disease, they would identify patients to whom the invasive strategy would be more useful. Another example of usefulness would be the prediction of patients with extensive disease, preventing the administration of certain antiplatelet agents that would increase their risk of bleeding in an occasional early surgery.</p>
      <p>Regarding originality, this is the first study describing the association between the GRACE score and coronary anatomy. Regarding the TIMI score, four studies have assessed that question<sup>4-7</sup>. All have reported a positive association between score value and coronary artery disease extension. However, we know that the association is not sufficient to ensure accuracy, which should be assessed by use of tests of calibration and discriminatory capacity of ill individuals <italic>versus</italic> healthy individuals (or severe disease <italic>versus</italic> non-severe disease). Because ours was the only study to perform that type of analysis, our conclusion contradict the TIMI score value in predicting anatomy, differing from the previous studies which were limited to demonstrating the presence of the association between the TIMI score and the number of arteries affected. Our data confirm the association with disease extension, but demonstrate that it is insufficient to provide satisfactory accuracy. In addition, of the studies cited, ours was the first to measure the coronary artery disease extension quantitatively by using the Gensini score.</p>
      <p>This study had limitations, such as the selection bias regarding its target population, individuals with non-ST-elevation ACS. Ideally, we should assess the entire sample of patients meeting diagnostic criteria for that clinical condition. However, only 60% of the individuals with no previous surgery underwent coronary angiography, limiting the study sample. Although that is a characteristic inherent to most studies about coronary anatomy, it may cause a bias in the assessment of accuracy of risk scores regarding anatomy. In practice, patients with low scores tend to undergo coronary angiography less frequently. Such bias reduces the specificity of the risk score in recognizing patients without obstructive coronary artery disease. That is, those scores might identify a certain number of patients as having neither obstructive disease nor severe disease, but they were not computed in the analysis, because the reference standard (coronary angiography) was not performed. However, sensitivity can be overestimated, because the group of patients undergoing coronary angiography tends to have higher score values more frequently. That phenomenon is called assessment bias<sup>16</sup>. Thus, we avoided describing specifically sensitivity and specificity, choosing to analyze the area under the ROC curve, which would represent a joint analysis of those two diagnostic properties<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our second limitation is the relatively small sample size, which was partially overcome through the data analysis approach. First, the quantitative description of coronary artery disease (Gensini score) provided sufficient statistical power to the correlation analysis. Second, when describing the area under the ROC curve, the sample size was sufficient to ensure satisfactory precision. However, it is worth noting that future studies with a higher number of patients will provide more precision to our estimates.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the present study suggests that the TIMI and GRACE scores are not accurate tools to predict the coronary artery disease extension in patients with non-ST-elevation ACS. The usefulness of those scores for clinical reasoning should be limited to estimating the probability of recurring cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa da Bahia (FAPESB).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Carolina Esteves Barbosa , from Escola Bahiana de Medicina.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402, Gra&#231;a</p>
          <p> Postal Code 40150-080, Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="lccorreia@cardiol.br">lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>; </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lccorreia@terra.com.br">lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received November 16, 2011</p>
      <p> Manuscript revised November 16</p>
      <p> Accepted April 5, 2012</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
