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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gChHDCfczy63CTYKVzPGSSq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001200005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000069</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da idade e da aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica na recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em homens adultos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trevizani</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benchimol-Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nadal</surname>
            <given-names>Jurandir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">COPPE </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Engenharia Biom&#233;dica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Modula&#231;&#227;o Auton&#244;mica Card&#237;aca e Envelhecimento </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>802</fpage>
      <lpage>810</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O envelhecimento fisiol&#243;gico leva a uma disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca que est&#225; associada ao surgimento e ao agravamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e a um maior risco de morte. Atualmente, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; apontado como uma estrat&#233;gia cardioprotetora, sendo necess&#225;rios mais estudos do seu benef&#237;cio na fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o controle auton&#244;mico da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em volunt&#225;rios jovens e de meia-idade com diferentes n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica. M&#201;TODOS: Participaram do estudo 68 volunt&#225;rios, estratificados quanto &#224; idade e ao n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica. Com base na aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica avaliada pelo teste de esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo, os sujeitos foram separados em dois grupos, aptid&#227;o boa e aptid&#227;o deficiente. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco se deu a partir de medidas da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso e a recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis investigadas, utilizou-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia bifatorial. RESULTADOS: A variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; significativamente menor nos volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade do que nos jovens, independentemente do n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica (p &lt; 0,01). Melhores n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica nos volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade est&#227;o associados &#224; reentrada vagal p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o mais precoce - taxa de decl&#237;nio da FC ap&#243;s 1min30s: 39,6% aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica boa vs. 28,4% deficiente (p &lt; 0,01). CONCLUS&#195;O: Melhores n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica atuam beneficamente no controle auton&#244;mico da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, preservando a velocidade de reentrada vagal em volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade. No entanto, n&#227;o atenua a redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca decorrente do processo natural de envelhecimento.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>meia idade</kwd>
        <kwd>adulto jovem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos da idade e da aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica na recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em homens adultos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gabriela Alves Trevizani<sup>I,III</sup>; Paulo Roberto Benchimol-Barbosa<sup>II,III</sup>; Jurandir Nadal<sup>I,III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de Engenharia Biom&#233;dica, COPPE/UFRJ </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>N&#250;cleo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Modula&#231;&#227;o Auton&#244;mica Card&#237;aca e Envelhecimento, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O envelhecimento fisiol&#243;gico leva a uma disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca que est&#225; associada ao surgimento e ao agravamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e a um maior risco de morte. Atualmente, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; apontado como uma estrat&#233;gia cardioprotetora, sendo necess&#225;rios mais estudos do seu benef&#237;cio na fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o controle auton&#244;mico da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em volunt&#225;rios jovens e de meia-idade com diferentes n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Participaram do estudo 68 volunt&#225;rios, estratificados quanto &#224; idade e ao n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica. Com base na aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica avaliada pelo teste de esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo, os sujeitos foram separados em dois grupos, aptid&#227;o boa e aptid&#227;o deficiente. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco se deu a partir de medidas da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso e a recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis investigadas, utilizou-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia bifatorial. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; significativamente menor nos volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade do que nos jovens, independentemente do n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica (p &lt; 0,01). Melhores n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica nos volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade est&#227;o associados &#224; reentrada vagal p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o mais precoce - taxa de decl&#237;nio da FC ap&#243;s 1min30s: 39,6% aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica boa vs. 28,4% deficiente (p &lt; 0,01). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Melhores n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica atuam beneficamente no controle auton&#244;mico da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, preservando a velocidade de reentrada vagal em volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade. No entanto, n&#227;o atenua a redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca decorrente do processo natural de envelhecimento. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0) </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica; exerc&#237;cio; meia idade; adulto jovem.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) &#233; uma ferramenta n&#227;o invasiva utilizada para an&#225;lise da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, sendo um indicador funcional do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico<sup>1</sup>. Estudos mostram que h&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC com o avan&#231;ar da idade<sup>2-6</sup> e que esta redu&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada ao surgimento ou agravamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, aumentando o risco de morte por todas as causas<sup>7-11</sup>. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o obstante, o papel cardioprotetor do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; um consenso na literatura, sendo considerado importante na preserva&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de em todas as faixas de idade. Entretanto, seu efeito sobre VFC ap&#243;s programas de treinamento aer&#243;bico e a correla&#231;&#227;o positiva esperada entre maiores de n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica e VFC ainda &#233; controversa. Estudos mostram que indiv&#237;duos idosos praticantes de atividade f&#237;sica por v&#225;rios anos possuem maiores &#237;ndices de VFC do que sedent&#225;rios<sup>12-14</sup>. Por outro lado, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que programas de treinamento aer&#243;bico n&#227;o exercem influ&#234;ncia significativa nos &#237;ndices da VFC em indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade<sup>5,15-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outra medida de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca &#233; a recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (RFC) p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, definida como a taxa de decl&#237;nio da FC ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o<sup>18</sup>. Existem relatos na literatura de que indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade e idosos apresentam retardo na recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC ap&#243;s teste de esfor&#231;o se comparado a jovens<sup>19,20</sup> e que medidas de RFC est&#227;o diretamente relacionadas ao n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica<sup>21,22</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis treinados apresentam RFC p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o mais r&#225;pida do que controles sedent&#225;rios<sup>20,23,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, empregando a an&#225;lise da VFC de repouso e da RFC ap&#243;s teste de esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo em volunt&#225;rios jovens e de meia-idade saud&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram recrutados 68 volunt&#225;rios com idade variando de 20 a 60 anos, do sexo masculino, sadios e n&#227;o fumantes. Devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o da faixa et&#225;ria da amostra, optou-se por estudar, primordialmente, 50 desses volunt&#225;rios distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos: jovens (20-30 anos) e meia-idade (40-60 anos). Sendo assim, foram investigados quatro grupos experimentais: jovens com aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica boa (JAB; n = 11; idade = 24,7 &#177; 2,8), jovens com aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica deficiente (JAD; n = 12; idade = 24,9 &#177; 2,3), meia-idade com aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica boa (MIAB; n = 13; idade = 47,3 &#177; 6,6) e meia-idade com aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica deficiente (MIAD; n = 14; idade = 48,0 &#177; 5,4). Os 18 volunt&#225;rios restantes, com idades entre 31 e 39 anos, foram considerados apenas para a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, descrita na subse&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram recrutados considerando-se os seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: i) estar fazendo uso de medica&#231;&#227;o e ii) apresentar sinais ou sintomas de patologias cardiovasculares detectados pela avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos de natureza &#233;tica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O protocolo experimental foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia. Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram esclarecidos e orientados a respeito da participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos volunt&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o, composta por: i) anamnese (dados pessoais, investiga&#231;&#227;o dos h&#225;bitos de vida e de atividade f&#237;sica, hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;as pregressas e de fatores de risco para doen&#231;as do sistema cardiovascular) e ii) exame f&#237;sico (inspe&#231;&#227;o geral, verifica&#231;&#227;o da estatura e massa corporal total, avalia&#231;&#227;o osteomiarticular global, aferi&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e respirat&#243;ria e da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de repouso).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo experimental</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o e processamento do sinal eletrocardiogr&#225;fico (ECG)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os sinais de ECG foram captados em ambiente pr&#243;prio, com temperatura controlada e baixo n&#237;vel de ru&#237;do, sempre no per&#237;odo da tarde, entre 14 h e 17 h. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo experimental, os volunt&#225;rios foram previamente orientados aos seguintes procedimentos: i) n&#227;o ingerir bebidas alco&#243;licas ou cafeinadas por 24 h, ii) ter uma boa noite de sono, iii) n&#227;o se exercitar por 24 h e iv) evitar a ingest&#227;o de alimentos por pelo menos duas horas antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste.</p>
    <p>Para aquisi&#231;&#227;o do sinal de ECG foram colocados tr&#234;s pares de eletrodos cut&#226;neos para obten&#231;&#227;o das deriva&#231;&#245;es X, Y e Z de Frank modificadas<sup>8</sup>. Ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos, os volunt&#225;rios permaneceram em repouso, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, durante um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 10 min para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da FC antes do in&#237;cio da coleta do sinal de ECG para an&#225;lise da VFC. A coleta do sinal foi realizada com respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea durante os primeiros 15 minutos. Em seguida, os volunt&#225;rios foram orientados a respirar de acordo com o ritmo determinado pelo avaliador, durante cinco minutos, sendo que a inspira&#231;&#227;o durou dois segundos e a expira&#231;&#227;o tr&#234;s segundos. Assim, o ritmo respirat&#243;rio foi controlado (RC) a uma frequ&#234;ncia de 12 incurs&#245;es respirat&#243;rias por minuto (irpm), correspondentes a 0,2 Hz para que se tivesse uma rela&#231;&#227;o 2:3 entre a inspira&#231;&#227;o e a expira&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O processamento do sinal eletrocardiogr&#225;fico para an&#225;lise da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi realizado da seguinte maneira: a partir do sinal eletrocardiogr&#225;fico digitalizado, efetuou-se a detec&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica das ondas R. A seguir, foram calculados os valores dos intervalos entre as ondas R do ECG (IRR) para constru&#231;&#227;o do tacograma. O sinal foi processado para exclus&#227;o de batimentos prematuros e artefatos e dos batimentos imediatamente anterior e posterior, e para obten&#231;&#227;o dos valores de IRR normais (INN) que foram utilizados na constru&#231;&#227;o do tacograma considerado para an&#225;lise. Seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das Sociedades Americana e Europeia de Cardiologia<sup>1</sup>, no tocante &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o dos sinais eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, utilizou-se os cinco primeiros minutos ininterruptos do sinal sem a presen&#231;a de artefatos e extrass&#237;stoles.</p>
    <p>Para o estudo da VFC, no dom&#237;nio do tempo, foram calculadas as vari&#225;veis extra&#237;das dos tacogramas de INN e baseadas em rela&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas, dadas por (<italic>TASK FORCE</italic>, 1996):</p>
    <p>a. SDNN - desvio-padr&#227;o dos intervalos INN; </p>
    <p>b. RMSSD - raiz m&#233;dia quadr&#225;tica das diferen&#231;as de batimentos sucessivos, dada por</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>na qual, n &#233; o n&#250;mero total de intervalos INN no sinal analisado e a dura&#231;&#227;o do i-&#233;simo intervalo &#233; INN<sub>i</sub>;</p>
    <p>A vari&#225;vel SDNN reflete a participa&#231;&#227;o de todos os componentes r&#237;tmicos respons&#225;veis pela variabilidade, sendo relacionada &#224;s contribui&#231;&#245;es de ambos os ramos do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, enquanto que a vari&#225;vel RMSSD reflete as contribui&#231;&#245;es de varia&#231;&#245;es em altas frequ&#234;ncias, as quais est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; atua&#231;&#227;o vagal<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para investiga&#231;&#227;o da VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, cada tacograma de INN foi interpolado, por meio de <italic>spline</italic> linear, para obten&#231;&#227;o de amostras igualmente espa&#231;adas, e reamostrado com frequ&#234;ncia de 2 Hz para ser utilizado no c&#225;lculo da estimativa da fun&#231;&#227;o densidade espectral de pot&#234;ncia (PSD) pela transformada r&#225;pida de Fourier (FFT).</p>
    <p>A partir da PSD foram consideradas duas bandas de frequ&#234;ncia: baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF; 0,04-0,15 Hz), relacionada ao mecanismo barorreflexo; e alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF; 0,15-0,4 Hz), relacionada &#224; respira&#231;&#227;o e &#224; atividade vagal<sup>25,26</sup>. Em seguida, foi estimada a rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF que caracteriza o balan&#231;o simpatovagal<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste ergom&#233;trico subm&#225;ximo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para classifica&#231;&#227;o dos volunt&#225;rios em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica subm&#225;xima, realizou-se o teste ergom&#233;trico subm&#225;ximo (crit&#233;rio de interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste: atingir 85% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima predita para a idade (220 menos a idade)), com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de Bruce<sup>27</sup>. A partir do tempo total gasto na realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico subm&#225;ximo (Tempo TE), efetuou-se a an&#225;lise descritiva dessa vari&#225;vel. A mediana do tempo TE entre todos os testes realizados, para cada faixa et&#225;ria, foi usada para classificar a popula&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica subm&#225;xima como descrito adiante. A escala de percep&#231;&#227;o subjetivo do esfor&#231;o de Borg foi utilizada para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o a cada etapa do teste ergom&#233;trico. Al&#233;m disso, no in&#237;cio e ao final de cada etapa do referido teste, aferia-se a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD). Quanto ao n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica subm&#225;xima, a amostra foi qualitativamente classificada em: (a) aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica boa (AB): indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram tempo TE maior do que a mediana, estratificados por faixa et&#225;ria; ou (b) aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica deficiente (AD): indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram tempo TE menor do que a mediana, estratificados por faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-teste de esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado de tal forma que a recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o se desse de forma lenta, gradual, minimizando efeitos adversos, como desmaio, queda press&#243;rica anormal entre outros. Com esse intuito foi dividido em tr&#234;s etapas sequenciais:</p>
    <p>Etapa 1 - durante retirada gradual da inclina&#231;&#227;o da esteira, no decorrer de 1 min e 30 s, a velocidade era gradualmente diminu&#237;da at&#233; que atingisse 1,6 Km/h;</p>
    <p>Etapa 2 - o volunt&#225;rio caminhava a uma velocidade de 1,6 Km/h durante 1 min e 30 s adicionais;</p>
    <p>Etapa 3 - o volunt&#225;rio permanecia em p&#233; sobre a esteira rolante por mais 2 min, encerrando o protocolo de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>A RFC foi definida como a diferen&#231;a entre a FC <sub>pico</sub> e a FC atingida em cada etapa da recupera&#231;&#227;o definida acima normalizada pela FC pico e estudada em cada uma das seguintes fases:</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em todos os testes estat&#237;sticos, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em &#945; = 0,05. Os dados num&#233;ricos s&#227;o apresentados no formato m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP). A apresenta&#231;&#227;o visual dos resultados est&#225; no formato de gr&#225;fico <italic>boxplot</italic>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de amostragem foi realizada sobre a vari&#225;vel RMSSD baseada no trabalho de Marocolo e cols.<sup>28</sup>, considerando uma diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias dos grupos sedent&#225;rio e ativo fisicamente de 34,4 ms, desvio-padr&#227;o de 28,8 ms em ambos os grupos e distribui&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o 1:1, considerando valores de erros &#945; = 0,05 e &#946; = 0,1. O tamanho da amostra foi calculado com aux&#237;lio do <italic>softwareStatGraphics 5.1</italic>, resultando 10 sujeitos para cada faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: FC de repouso, FR de repouso, PAS, PAD, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do esfor&#231;o na &#250;ltima etapa do TE subm&#225;ximo (PSE), tempo TE, RFC nas etapas D1, D2 e R, e &#237;ndices da VFC (SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, LF/HF) durante respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea e RC. Para tais vari&#225;veis, foi empregada a an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia bifatorial (ANOVA <italic>two-way</italic>) com os fatores faixa et&#225;ria e aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica, seguida do p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni. As vari&#225;veis da VFC foram transformadas em seus logaritmos naturais (LnT), com o objetivo de normalizar as fun&#231;&#245;es de distribui&#231;&#227;o de probabilidade<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com o intuito de verificar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros da VFC e a vari&#225;vel idade realizou-se an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla <italic>Stepwise</italic> foi realizada a fim de se obter quais s&#227;o as vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas (idade, FC, FR, PAS, PAD, RFC - D1, D2 e R, IMC, tempo TE) respons&#225;veis por poss&#237;veis mudan&#231;as nos par&#226;metros de an&#225;lise da VFC em homens saud&#225;veis de 20 a 60 anos. Nesse caso espec&#237;fico, foram considerados os dados de 68 sujeitos, sendo acrescentados os dados dos 18 volunt&#225;rios com faixa et&#225;ria entre 31 e 39 anos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas, IMC, PAS, PAD, FC de repouso, FR de repouso e PSE n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos estudados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06812_porttab01m">Tabela 1</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_06812_porttab01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>No que diz respeito ao tempo total de dura&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico (Tempo TE), a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia indicou diferen&#231;as significativas (p &lt; 0,0001) em fun&#231;&#227;o da faixa et&#225;ria e da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06812_porttab01m">Tabela 1</xref>). Observou-se que o tempo TE foi significativamente menor (p &lt; 0,0001) nos grupos AD se comparado aos indiv&#237;duos com AB, tanto em volunt&#225;rios jovens quanto de meia-idade. Adicionalmente, o tempo TE foi significativamente menor (p &lt; 0,001) nos volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade em compara&#231;&#227;o aos jovens, para ambos os n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06812_porttab01m">Tabela 1</xref>). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeito das faixas de idade e da aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica sobre VFC</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros da VFC, tanto em respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea quanto em respira&#231;&#227;o controlada, foram significativamente mais baixos nos volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade quando comparado aos volunt&#225;rios jovens, exceto para a vari&#225;vel Ln(LF/HF) que reflete o balan&#231;o simpatovagal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06812_porttab02m">Tabela 2</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos quando analisada a aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06812_porttab02m">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_06812_porttab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise da recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca p&#243;s-teste</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Considerando a RFC nas fases D1 e D2, observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da RFC nos volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade com aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica deficiente em compara&#231;&#227;o aos de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica boa (p &lt; 0,01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gra01">Gr&#225;ficos 1a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gra01">1b</xref>, respectivamente). Na fase R, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos estudados, tanto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade quanto &#224; aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gra01">Gr&#225;fico 1c</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="gra01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros da VFC e a vari&#225;vel idade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson entre os par&#226;metros da VFC, em respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea e em respira&#231;&#227;o controlada, e a vari&#225;vel idade dos volunt&#225;rios foi significativa para todos os par&#226;metros estudados. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a vari&#225;vel idade com Ln(SDNN), Ln(RMSSD), Ln(LF), Ln(HF) e correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com Ln(LF/HF). Desses par&#226;metros, o que apresentou maior correla&#231;&#227;o com a idade, tanto em respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea como em respira&#231;&#227;o controlada, foi Ln(HF) no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia e Ln(RMSSD) no dom&#237;nio do tempo, par&#226;metros estes representantes da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06812_porttab03m">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_06812_porttab03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise da regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise da regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, foi testada como vari&#225;vel dependente o Ln (RMSSD_E), por representar a vari&#225;vel no dom&#237;nio do tempo com maior correla&#231;&#227;o com a idade e apresentar maior simplicidade no c&#225;lculo. Inicialmente, as seguintes vari&#225;veis independentes entraram no modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla: tempo de TE, PAS, IMC, FR, RFC (D1, D2 e R), FC de repouso e idade (20 a 60 anos).</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise das colinearidades e ajustes do modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla <italic>stepwise</italic>, as seguintes vari&#225;veis independentes permaneceram no modelo final: idade e FC de repouso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06812_porttab04m">Tabela 4</xref>). O coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o foi R<sup>2</sup> = 64,9% (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_06812_porttab04m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A equa&#231;&#227;o do modelo final ajustado foi a seguinte:</p>
    <p>Ln(RMSSD_E) = 8,52 - (0,06 x FC de repouso) - (0,03 x Idade)</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla mostra que a vari&#225;vel modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca representada pela vari&#225;vel Ln(RMSSD) em respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea (Ln(RMSSD_E)) foi explicada (aproximadamente 65%) pela FC de repouso e a idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06812_porttab04m">Tabela 4</xref>). </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis independentes do modelo final de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, FC de repouso e idade, apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o negativa com a vari&#225;vel dependente Ln(RMSSD_E) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_06812_portgra02m">Gr&#225;ficos 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_06812_portgra03m">3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_06812_portgra02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_06812_portgra03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise <italic>post hoc</italic> da pot&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o <italic>post hoc</italic> do poder do teste estat&#237;stico (1-&#946;) foi realizada tomando por base a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis RFC nas fases D1 e D2 entre os grupos volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade com aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica boa <italic>versus</italic> os de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica deficiente, considera&#231;&#227;o uma abordagem unicaudal. A an&#225;lise evidenciou que com o tamanho da amostra utilizada no presente estudo para a an&#225;lise da vari&#225;vel D1, o teste estat&#237;stico apresentou um poder de 95% e para a vari&#225;vel D2 de 90%. A vari&#225;vel LnRMSSD em respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea apresentou um poder de 95% na amostra recrutada quando comparado os indiv&#237;duos jovens <italic>versus</italic> os de meia-idade com aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica boa, assim como os indiv&#237;duos jovens <italic>versus</italic> os de meia-idade com aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica deficiente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica da FC, medida por meio da VFC de repouso, foi significativamente menor nos volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade em compara&#231;&#227;o com os jovens, caracterizando o efeito delet&#233;rio do envelhecimento na fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. Esse achado foi similar a v&#225;rios estudos descritos na literatura que avaliaram indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis com faixas et&#225;rias parecidas &#224;s do presente trabalho<sup>2,4,6,15,29</sup>. Por&#233;m, melhores valores de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica n&#227;o foram eficazes em atenuar a redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC com o avan&#231;ar da idade. </p>
    <p>Migliaro e cols.<sup>29</sup> encontraram resultados semelhantes ao do presente trabalho, na medida em que n&#227;o evidenciaram diferen&#231;as significativas na VFC de repouso entre jovens sedent&#225;rios e n&#227;o sedent&#225;rios. Avaliando o efeito de um programa de treinamento aer&#243;bico de curta dura&#231;&#227;o com intensidade leve a moderada na VFC de indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade (40-60 anos), Silva<sup>15</sup> n&#227;o encontrou nenhuma mudan&#231;a nos &#237;ndices da VFC, apesar de ter evidenciado melhora na aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica. Por outro lado, De Meersman<sup>30 </sup>mostrou que indiv&#237;duos ativos fisicamente apresentam maior modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca do que sedent&#225;rios, tanto em volunt&#225;rios jovens como em indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade. </p>
    <p>A RFC, no presente trabalho, foi menor nos volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade com aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica deficiente, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos volunt&#225;rios de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica boa. Esses resultados corroboram os achados de Cole e cols.<sup>19</sup> e Du e cols.<sup>23</sup>, na medida em que, no primeiro, os autores encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre baixos valores de RFC nos volunt&#225;rios com pior aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica e, no segundo, estudando mulheres maratonistas (32 a 42 anos), evidenciaram que a RFC &#233; mais r&#225;pida em maratonistas do que no grupo controle sedent&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>Diversos autores evidenciaram o papel preditivo e progn&#243;stico da resposta da FC ap&#243;s teste de exerc&#237;cio<sup>18,19,31,32</sup>. Ainda assim, poucas investiga&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com o intuito de compreender a intera&#231;&#227;o entre medidas de RFC, aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica e mortalidade. Em um estudo pioneiro, KoKKinos e cols.<sup>33</sup>, avaliando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre RFC (1&#186; e 2&#186; min de recupera&#231;&#227;o), aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica e risco de mortalidade por todas as causas em uma coorte de 5.974 homens com um per&#237;odo de seguimento de 6,2 anos, evidenciaram que, em indiv&#237;duos com baixa aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica e baixa RFC, o risco de mortalidade foi, aproximadamente, sete vezes maior se comparado a indiv&#237;duos com alta aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica e alta RFC. Os autores destacam que a aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica associada &#224; RFC afeta de forma substancial a mortalidade. Esse estudo evidencia o impacto da aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica na RFC.</p>
    <p>Os resultados que se referem &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca encontrados em nosso trabalho (VFC de repouso e RFC p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o) foram discrepantes ao evidenciar que h&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC com o envelhecimento, por&#233;m sem repercuss&#227;o da aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica sobre seus valores. Por outro lado, a RFC n&#227;o foi diferente nas faixas et&#225;rias estudadas, mesmo apresentando diferen&#231;as significativas em fun&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica. </p>
    <p>A literatura atual vem evidenciado a n&#227;o correla&#231;&#227;o entre medidas da VFC de repouso e RFC<sup>34-36</sup>. Ainda n&#227;o se sabe ao certo o papel fisiol&#243;gico dessas medidas no sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico. Acredita-se que o &#237;ndices da VFC relacionados &#224; atividade vagal reflitam a magnitude da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica vagal, enquanto aqueles relacionados &#224; RFC reflitam o t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico propriamente dito<sup>37</sup>. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para elucidar tal quest&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla <italic>stepwise</italic> adotada no presente trabalho evidenciou que na amostra estudada, mudan&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca medida pelo &#237;ndice Ln(RMSSD) &#233; significativamente explicada por mudan&#231;as na FC de repouso e na idade, com pouca ou nenhuma participa&#231;&#227;o da RFC e indistinta ao n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica. </p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es descritas na literatura indicam que o envelhecimento fisiol&#243;gico leva &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC. Entretanto, ainda n&#227;o &#233; totalmente claro o papel do treinamento f&#237;sico e de melhores n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica nesse processo. O presente trabalho, baseado em um protocolo ajustado de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo, evidenciou que indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade com aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica boa apresentam recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio mais r&#225;pida do que indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade com aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica deficiente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Melhores n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica atuam beneficamente no controle auton&#244;mico da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, preservando a velocidade de reentrada vagal em volunt&#225;rios de meia-idade. No entanto, tais n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o parecem n&#227;o atenuar a redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso decorrente do processo natural de envelhecimento na faixa et&#225;ria analisada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por CAPES e CNPq. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Gabriela Alves Trevizani pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Programa de Engenharia Biom&#233;dica/ COPPE).</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jurandir Nadal </p>
        <p> Programa de Engenharia Biom&#233;dica COPPE/UFRJ </p>
        <p> Caixa Postal 68510 </p>
        <p> CEP 21941-972, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jn@peb.ufrj.br">jn@peb.ufrj.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/11/11; revisado em 23/11/11; aceito em 28/03/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of age and aerobic fitness on heart rate recovery in adult men</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Physiological aging leads to cardiac autonomic dysfunction, which is associated with the onset and worsening of cardiovascular disease and an increased risk of death. Currently, physical exercise is considered a cardioprotective strategy and more research is needed on its benefit on cardiac autonomic function. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the autonomic control of heart rate in healthy young and middle-aged volunteers with different levels of aerobic fitness. METHODS: The study included 68 volunteers, stratified for age and level of aerobic fitness. Based on aerobic fitness assessed by the submaximal exercise test, subjects were separated into two groups, good fitness and poor fitness. Assessment of cardiac autonomic control was performed based on measurements of heart rate variability at rest and heart rate recovery post-exercise. Analysis of variance with two factors was used to compare the variables investigated. RESULTS: The heart rate variability is significantly lower in middle-aged volunteers than in young individuals, regardless of the aerobic fitness level (p &lt;0.01). Higher levels of aerobic fitness in middle-aged volunteers are associated with earlier post-effort vagal reentry - rate of HR decline after 1min30s: 39.6% good aerobic fitness vs. poor 28.4% (p &lt; 0.01). CONCLUSION: Better levels of aerobic fitness act beneficially on the autonomic control of post-exercise heart rate, preserving the vagal reentry velocity in healthy middle-aged volunteers. However, it does not attenuate the decrease in heart rate variability due to the natural aging process.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Autonomic nervous system</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate</kwd>
        <kwd>physical fitness</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>middle aged</kwd>
        <kwd>young adult</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Effects of age and aerobic fitness on heart rate recovery in adult men</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Gabriela Alves Trevizani<sup>I,III</sup>; Paulo Roberto Benchimol-Barbosa<sup>II,III</sup>; Jurandir Nadal<sup>I,III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de Engenharia Biom&#233;dica, COPPE/UFRJ</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>N&#250;cleo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Modula&#231;&#227;o Auton&#244;mica Card&#237;aca e Envelhecimento, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Physiological aging leads to cardiac autonomic dysfunction, which is associated with the onset and worsening of cardiovascular disease and an increased risk of death. Currently, physical exercise is considered a cardioprotective strategy and more research is needed on its benefit on cardiac autonomic function.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the autonomic control of heart rate in healthy young and middle-aged volunteers with different levels of aerobic fitness.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study included 68 volunteers, stratified for age and level of aerobic fitness. Based on aerobic fitness assessed by the submaximal exercise test, subjects were separated into two groups, good fitness and poor fitness. Assessment of cardiac autonomic control was performed based on measurements of heart rate variability at rest and heart rate recovery post-exercise. Analysis of variance with two factors was used to compare the variables investigated.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The heart rate variability is significantly lower in middle-aged volunteers than in young individuals, regardless of the aerobic fitness level (p &lt;0.01). Higher levels of aerobic fitness in middle-aged volunteers are associated with earlier post-effort vagal reentry - rate of HR decline after 1min30s: 39.6% good aerobic fitness vs. poor 28.4% (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Better levels of aerobic fitness act beneficially on the autonomic control of post-exercise heart rate, preserving the vagal reentry velocity in healthy middle-aged volunteers. However, it does not attenuate the decrease in heart rate variability due to the natural aging process.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Autonomic nervous system; heart rate; physical fitness; exercise; middle aged; young adult.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive tool used for the analysis of cardiac autonomic modulation, being a functional indicator of the autonomic nervous system<sup>1</sup>. Studies have shown that there is a decrease in HRV with advancing age<sup>2-6 </sup>and that this reduction is associated with the emergence or worsening of cardiovascular disease, increasing the risk of death from all causes<sup>7-11</sup>. </p>
      <p>However, the cardioprotective role of physical exercise is a consensus in the literature and is considered important in maintaining health in all age groups. However, its effect on HRV after aerobic training programs and the expected positive correlation between higher levels of aerobic fitness and HRV remains controversial. Studies have shown that older adults engaged in physical activity for several years have higher levels of HRV than sedentary ones<sup>12-14</sup>. On the other hand, there is evidence that aerobic training programs do not exert significant influence on HRV indices in middle-aged individuals<sup>5,15 -17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another evaluation measure of cardiac autonomic function is heart rate recovery (HRR) post-exercise, defined as the rate of decline in HR after cessation of the effort<sup>18</sup>. There are reports in the literature that middle-aged and elderly individuals have delayed HR recovery after exercise test, when compared to young individuals<sup>19,20</sup> and that HRR measures are directly related to the level of aerobic fitness<sup>21,22</sup>. Furthermore, healthy trained individuals have a faster post-exercise HRR than sedentary controls<sup>20,23,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the cardiac autonomic function, using the analysis of HRV at rest and HRR after submaximal exercise test in healthy young and middle-aged individuals. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 68 volunteers were recruited, aged 20-60 years, male, healthy and nonsmokers. Due to the sample age distribution, we chose to study primarily 50 of these volunteers, divided into two groups: young (20-30 years) and middle-aged (40-60 years). Thus, we investigated four experimental groups: young individuals with good aerobic fitness (YGF, n = 11, age = 24.7 &#177; 2.8), young individuals with poor aerobic fitness (YPF, n = 12, age = 24.9 &#177; 2.3), middle-aged individuals with good aerobic fitness (MAGF n = 13, age = 47.3 &#177; 6.6) and middle-aged individuals with poor aerobic fitness (MAPF, n = 14, age = 48.0 &#177; 5.4). The remaining 18 volunteers, aged 31 to 39 years were considered only for the multiple regression analysis, described in the statistical analysis subsection. All volunteers were recruited considering the following exclusion criteria: i) use of medication and ii) having signs or symptoms of cardiovascular diseases detected by clinical evaluation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ethical aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia. All volunteers were informed and instructed about the study participation and signed the free and informed consent form. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Volunteer assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All volunteers underwent evaluation, consisting of: i) history (personal data, investigation of lifestyle and physical activity, history of previous diseases and risk factors for cardiovascular system diseases) and ii) physical examination (general assessment, height and total body mass measurement, overall osteoarticular assessment, heart and respiratory rate measurement and systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurement at rest). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Experimental protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold> Electrocardiographic signal acquisition and processing (ECG)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ECG signals were acquired in an adequate environment, with controlled temperature and low noise, always in the afternoon, between 2 pm and 5 pm. To undergo the experimental protocol, the subjects were previously instructed to follow the following procedures: i) do not drink alcohol or caffeinated beverages for 24 hours prior to the examination, ii) have a good night's sleep, iii) not to exercise for 24 hour prior to the examination iv) avoid food intake of at least two hours before the test.</p>
      <p>For the acquisition of the ECG signal three pairs of skin electrodes were placed to obtain the modified Frank's derivations X, Y and Z<sup>8</sup>. After electrode placement, the volunteers remained at rest in the supine position for a minimum period of 10 minutes for HR stabilization before the acquisition of the ECG signal for HRV analysis. Signal acquisition was performed with spontaneous breathing during the first 15 minutes. Then the volunteers were instructed to breathe in accordance with the rhythm determined by the examiner for five minutes, with the inspiration lasting 2 seconds and expiration lasting 3 seconds. Thus, the respiratory rate was controlled (CR) at a frequency of 12 respirations per minute (rpm), corresponding to 0.2 Hz to attain a 2:3 ratio between inspiration and expiration. </p>
      <p>The electrocardiographic signal processing for the analysis of the autonomic modulation of heart rate was performed as follows: from the digitized ECG signal, we performed the automatic detection of R waves. Then the values of intervals between the R waves at the ECG (RRI) were calculated to establish the tachogram. The signal was processed to exclude artifacts and premature beats and immediately before and after beats, and to obtain the normal values of RRI (NNI) that were used to construct the tachogram considered for analysis. Following the recommendations of the American and European Societies of Cardiology<sup>1</sup>, regarding the duration of the electrocardiographic signs of short duration, we used the first five minutes of uninterrupted signal without the presence of artifacts and extrasystoles.</p>
      <p>For the study of HRV in the time domain we calculated variables from the INN tachogram and based on statistical relationships, given by (TASK FORCE, 1996):</p>
      <p>a. SDNN - standard-deviation INN intervals; </p>
      <p>b. RMSSD - root mean square of the differences of successive beats, given by:</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>in which, n is the total number of INN intervals in the evaluated signal and the duration of the i-esimo interval is INN<sub>i</sub>;</p>
      <p>The variable SDNN reflects the participation of all rhythmic components responsible for variability, being related to the contributions of both branches of the autonomic nervous system, while the variable RMSSD reflects the contributions of variations at high frequencies, which are related to vagal action<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>To investigate the HRV in the frequency domain, each tachogram of NNI was interpolated using a linear spline to obtain equally spaced samples, and resampled at a rate of 2 Hz to be used in the calculation of the estimated power spectral density (PSD) function through fast Fourier transform (FFT). </p>
      <p>Based on the PSD, two frequency bands were considered: low frequency (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz), related to the baroreflex mechanism, and high frequency (HF, 0.15-0.4 Hz), related to respiration and vagal activity<sup>25,26</sup>. The LF/HF ratio was then estimated, which characterizes the sympathovagal balance<sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Submaximal exercise test</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Aerobic fitness classification</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The classification of volunteers in relation to the level of submaximal aerobic fitness was carried out through a submaximal exercise test (test withdrawal criteria: reaching 85% of maximal predicted heart rate for age (220 minus age), using Bruce protocol<sup>27</sup>. From the total time spent performing the submaximal exercise test (ET), a descriptive analysis of this variable was performed. The median of the ET time between all tests performed for each age group was used to classify the population in relation to the level of submaximal aerobic fitness as described below. The Borg scale of subjective perception of effort was used to monitor effort at every step of the exercise test. </p>
      <p>Moreover, at the beginning and end of each stage of that test, heart rate (HR) was measured, as well as systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure. Regarding the level of submaximal aerobic fitness, the sample was qualitatively classified as: (a) good aerobic fitness (GF): individuals who had an ET greater than the median, stratified by age, or (b) poor aerobic fitness (PF): individuals who had ET less than the median, stratified by age. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Recovery protocol after submaximal exercise test</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It was carried out so that post-exercise recovery was performed in a slow, gradual manner, minimizing adverse effects, such as fainting, and other abnormal pressure decreases. With this purpose, it was divided into three sequential steps:</p>
      <p>Step 1 - during the gradual withdrawal of the treadmill inclination, during 1 min and 30 s, the speed was gradually reduced until it reached 1.6 Km / h;</p>
      <p>Step 2 - the volunteer walked at a speed of 1.6 km / h for 1 min and additional 30 s;</p>
      <p>Step 3 - the volunteer remained standing on the treadmill for 2 min, ending the recovery protocol post-exercise. </p>
      <p>The HRR was defined as the difference between the peak HR and the HR achieved at each stage of recovery defined above normalized by peak HR and studied in each of the following phases:</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In all statistical tests, the level of significance was set at &#945; = 0.05. Numerical data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). The visual presentation of the results is shown in the boxplot chart format.</p>
      <p>The sample analysis was performed on the variable RMSSD based on the work of Marocolo et al.<sup>28</sup>, considering a difference between the means of sedentary and physically active groups of 34.4 ms, standard deviation of 28.8 ms in both groups and distribution of individuals between groups with a ratio of 1:1, whereas error values &#945; = 0.05 and &#946; = 0.1. The sample size was calculated using the software Statgraphics 5.1, resulting in 10 subjects for each age group.</p>
      <p>The variables analyzed were: resting HR, resting RR, SBP, DBP, body mass index (BMI), perceived exertion at the last stage of the submaximal ET (PSE), ET time, HRR at stages D1, D2 and R and HRV indices (SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, LF/HF) during spontaneous breathing and CR. For such variables, we used the bi-factorial analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) with the factors age and aerobic fitness, followed by Bonferroni post-test. The HRV variables were transformed into their natural logarithms (LnT), in order to normalize the probability distribution functions<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>In order to verify the correlation between HRV parameters and the age variable, an analysis was performed using Pearson's linear correlation. </p>
      <p>The stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to obtain which physiological variables (age, HR, RR, SBP, DBP, HRR - D1, D2 and R, BMI, ET time) were responsible for possible alterations in parameters of HRV analysis in healthy men aged 20 to 60 years. In this particular case, we considered data from 68 subjects, with added data from 18 volunteers aged 31 to 39 years.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The physiological variables, BMI, SBP, DBP, resting HR, resting RR and PSE were not significantly different between groups (Table 1).</p>
      <p>Regarding the total duration of the exercise test (ET time), the analysis of variance indicated significant differences (p&lt;0.0001) as a function of age range and physical fitness (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06812_ingtab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>). It was observed that the ET time was significantly lower (p &lt;0.0001) in groups with PF compared to individuals with GF, both in young and middle-aged volunteers. Additionally, the ET time was significantly lower (p &lt;0.001) in middle-aged subjects compared to young individuals for both levels of aerobic fitness (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06812_ingtab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop06812_ingtab01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effect of age ranges and aerobic fitness on HRV</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The HRV parameters both in spontaneous breathing and in controlled breathing were significantly lower in middle-aged subjects compared to young volunteers, except for the variable Ln (LF/HF) reflecting the sympathovagal balance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06812_ingtab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>). There were no significant differences between groups when aerobic fitness was analyzed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06812_ingtab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop06812_ingtab02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of the correlation between HRV parameters and the age variable</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of Pearson's linear correlation between the HRV parameters in spontaneous breathing and in controlled breathing and the variable age of volunteers was significant for all studied parameters. There was a negative correlation between the age variable and Ln (SDNN), Ln (RMSSD), Ln (LF), Ln (HF) and a positive correlation with Ln (LF/HF). Of these parameters, the one that showed the highest correlation with age in both spontaneous breathing and in controlled breathing was Ln (HF) in the frequency domain and Ln (RMSSD) in the time domain; these parameters represent cardiac vagal modulation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06812_ingtab03m-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop06812_ingtab03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of multiple linear regression</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For the multiple regression analysis, Ln (RMSSD_S) was tested as the dependent variable, as it represented the variable in the time domain with the highest correlation with age and greater simplicity in the calculation. Initially, the following independent variables were entered in the multiple regression model: ET time, SBP, BMI, RR, HRR (D1, D2 and R), resting HR and age (20-60 years).</p>
      <p>After analysis of collinearity and adjustment of the stepwise multiple regression model, the following independent variables remained in the final model: age and resting HR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06812_ingtab04m-body2">Table 4</xref>). The coefficient of determination was R <sup>2</sup> = 64.9% (p &lt;0.001). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop06812_ingtab04m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The equation of the final model was adjusted as follows:</p>
      <p>Ln (RMSSD_S) = 8.52 - (0.06 x resting HR) - (0.03 x age)</p>
      <p>The multiple regression analysis shows that the variable cardiac vagal modulation represented by the variable Ln (RMSSD) in spontaneous breathing (Ln (RMSSD_S)) was explained (approximately 65%) by resting HR and age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06812_ingtab04m-body2">Table 4</xref>). </p>
      <p>The independent variables in the final multiple regression model, resting HR and age were inversely associated with the dependent variable Ln (RMSSD_S) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop06812_inggra02m-body2">Graphs 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop06812_inggra03m-body2">3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop06812_inggra02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop06812_inggra03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Post-hoc analysis of statistical power</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The post hoc evaluation of the power of statistical test (1-&#946;) was performed using as basis of comparison the means of the HRR variables in phases D1 and D2 between the groups of middle-aged volunteers with good aerobic fitness versus those with poor aerobic fitness, considering a one-tailed approach. The analysis showed that, with the sample size used in this study for the analysis of the variable D1, the statistical test showed a 95% power to the variable D2, 90%.</p>
      <p>The variable LnRMSSD bin spontaneous breathing showed a 95% power in the recruited sample when comparing young subjects with middle-aged ones with good aerobic fitness, as well as young individuals <italic>versus</italic> middle aged ones with poor aerobic fitness.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The autonomic modulation of HR, as measured by HRV at rest was significantly lower in middle-aged volunteers compared with young individuals, characterizing the deleterious effect of aging on cardiac autonomic function. This finding was similar to several published studies that evaluated healthy subjects at similar age ranges to the ones in the present work<sup>2,4,6,15,29</sup>. However, better aerobic fitness values were not effective in attenuating the reduction in HRV with age. </p>
      <p>Migliaro et al.<sup>29</sup> found similar results to those of the present study, as they did not find significant differences in resting HRV between young sedentary and non-sedentary individuals. Evaluating the effect of a short-duration aerobic training program of mild to moderate intensity on heart rate variability in middle-aged individuals (40-60 years), Smith<sup>15</sup> found no alteration in HRV indices, although he showed improvement in aerobic fitness. On the other hand, De Meersman<sup>30</sup> showed that physically active individuals have a higher cardiac vagal modulation than sedentary individuals, in both young volunteers and middle-aged individuals. </p>
      <p>The HRR, in the present study was lower in middle-aged volunteers with poor aerobic fitness, when compared to volunteers with good aerobic fitness. These results corroborate the findings of Cole et al.<sup>19</sup> and Du et al.<sup>23</sup>, as in the first study, the authors found an association between low HRR values in subjects with poor aerobic fitness and, in the second, when studying women marathon runners (32-42 years), the authors showed that the HRR was faster in the marathon runners than in the sedentary control group. </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0802-00069-e03-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Several authors have demonstrated the prognostic and predictive role of HR response after exercise testing<sup>18,19,31,32</sup>. Still, few studies were carried out in order to understand the interaction between HRR measures, aerobic fitness and mortality. In a pioneering study, Kokkinos et al.<sup>33</sup>, evaluating the association between HRR (1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> min of recovery), aerobic fitness and risk of mortality from all causes in a cohort of 5,974 men with a follow-up period of 6.2 years, showed that in individuals with low aerobic fitness and low HRR, the mortality risk was approximately seven times higher when compared to subjects with good aerobic fitness and high HRR. The authors emphasize that the aerobic fitness associated with HRR substantially affects mortality. This study demonstrates the impact of aerobic fitness on the HRR. </p>
      <p>The results regarding the cardiac autonomic function found in our study (HRV at rest and HRR after exertion) were discrepant by showing that HRV decreases with aging, but there is no effect of aerobic fitness on its values. Moreover, the HRR was not different among age groups, even though there were significant differences as a function of aerobic fitness. </p>
      <p>The current literature has shown the lack of correlation between measures of HRV at rest and HRR<sup>34-36</sup>. The role of these measures in the autonomic nervous system remains to be elucidated. It is believed that the HRV indices related to vagal activity reflect the magnitude of the vagal autonomic modulation, whereas those related to HRR reflect the autonomic tone itself<sup>37</sup>. More studies are needed to clarify this issue. </p>
      <p>The analysis of stepwise multiple linear regression adopted in this study showed that, in the sample studied, alterations in cardiac vagal tone measured by Ln (RMSSD) index is significantly explained by alterations in resting HR and age, with little or no participation of the HRR and indistinct at the level of aerobic fitness. </p>
      <p>The information described in the literature indicates that normal aging leads to reduced HRV. However, the role of exercise training and improved levels of aerobic fitness in this process remain unclear. This study, based on an adjusted protocol of post-submaximal exercise recovery, showed that middle-aged individuals with good aerobic fitness have a faster HR recovery after exercise than middle-aged individuals with poor aerobic fitness. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Better levels of aerobic fitness are beneficial to the autonomic control of heart rate after exertion, preserving the velocity of vagal reentry in middle-aged volunteers. However, such fitness levels do not seem to attenuate the reduction in heart rate variability at rest due to the natural aging process in the analyzed age group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by CAPES e CNPq. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gabriela Alves Trevizani, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Programa de Engenharia Biom&#233;dica/ COPPE). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
