<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">T9qnK4BJ8CKymfRnWH4tv5M</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001200003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900300003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000071</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil hemodin&#226;mico de gravidade ao teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar em esquistossom&#243;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Japyass&#250;</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bandeira</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngela P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio R. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral Filho</surname>
            <given-names>D&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Memorial S&#227;o Jos&#233;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Hemodin&#226;mica </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia Cl&#237;nica PROCAPE </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>789</fpage>
      <lpage>796</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A taxa de vasorreatividade pulmonar da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar Esquistossom&#243;tica (HAPE) n&#227;o &#233; conhecida. Dados hemodin&#226;micos obtidos pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco associam-se aos crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos de gravidade mais utilizados. OBJETIVO: Estimar o percentual de vasorreatividade positiva ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico em hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar esquistossom&#243;tica; verificar nesses pacientes a associa&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da OMS e teste de caminhada de seis minutos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram selecionados 84 pacientes portadores de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar de etiologia esquistossom&#243;tica de um banco de dados, submetidos ao cateterismo card&#237;aco direito e esquerdo com realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar com &#243;xido n&#237;trico. Foram coletados os dados da classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da OMS e do teste de caminhada de seis minutos para fim de compara&#231;&#227;o com os dados invasivos. RESULTADOS: Dos 84 pacientes portadores de HAPE, tr&#234;s (3,5%) apresentaram os crit&#233;rios para vasorreatividade pulmonar positivo. O aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar esteve associado significativamente &#224; menor capacidade de esfor&#231;o aferida pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos (p = 0,045) e maiores sintomas de gravidade por meio de maiores classifica&#231;&#245;es funcionais da OMS (classes III/IV) (p = 0,013). A diminui&#231;&#227;o da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar esteve associada significativamente a maiores classifica&#231;&#245;es funcionais (p = 0,041). CONCLUS&#195;O: A taxa de resposta pulmonar ao teste de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes esquistossom&#243;ticos encontra-se abaixo dos valores encontrados para hipertens&#227;o pulmonar de etiologia idiop&#225;tica. A resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar s&#227;o dados hemodin&#226;micos que podem ser utilizados como marcadores de gravidade na hipertens&#227;o pulmonar esquistossom&#243;tica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>art&#233;ria pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>resist&#234;ncia vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>caminhada</kwd>
        <kwd>esquistossomose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Perfil hemodin&#226;mico de gravidade ao teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar em esquistossom&#243;ticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fl&#225;vio A. A. Japyass&#250;<sup>III</sup>; Adriano A. Mendes<sup>II</sup>; &#194;ngela P. Bandeira<sup>II</sup>; Fl&#225;vio R. A. Oliveira<sup>III</sup>; D&#225;rio Sobral Filho<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Setor de Hemodin&#226;mica do Hospital Memorial S&#227;o Jos&#233; </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia Cl&#237;nica PROCAPE, Universidade de Pernambuco </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira - IMIP., Recife, PE - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A taxa de vasorreatividade pulmonar da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar Esquistossom&#243;tica (HAPE) n&#227;o &#233; conhecida. Dados hemodin&#226;micos obtidos pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco associam-se aos crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos de gravidade mais utilizados. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estimar o percentual de vasorreatividade positiva ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico em hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar esquistossom&#243;tica; verificar nesses pacientes a associa&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da OMS e teste de caminhada de seis minutos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram selecionados 84 pacientes portadores de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar de etiologia esquistossom&#243;tica de um banco de dados, submetidos ao cateterismo card&#237;aco direito e esquerdo com realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar com &#243;xido n&#237;trico. Foram coletados os dados da classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da OMS e do teste de caminhada de seis minutos para fim de compara&#231;&#227;o com os dados invasivos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 84 pacientes portadores de HAPE, tr&#234;s (3,5%) apresentaram os crit&#233;rios para vasorreatividade pulmonar positivo. O aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar esteve associado significativamente &#224; menor capacidade de esfor&#231;o aferida pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos (p = 0,045) e maiores sintomas de gravidade por meio de maiores classifica&#231;&#245;es funcionais da OMS (classes III/IV) (p = 0,013). A diminui&#231;&#227;o da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar esteve associada significativamente a maiores classifica&#231;&#245;es funcionais (p = 0,041). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A taxa de resposta pulmonar ao teste de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes esquistossom&#243;ticos encontra-se abaixo dos valores encontrados para hipertens&#227;o pulmonar de etiologia idiop&#225;tica. A resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar s&#227;o dados hemodin&#226;micos que podem ser utilizados como marcadores de gravidade na hipertens&#227;o pulmonar esquistossom&#243;tica. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar / etiologia; art&#233;ria pulmonar; resist&#234;ncia vascular; caminhada; esquistossomose.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) &#233; uma doen&#231;a de elevada gravidade, que acomete preferencialmente pequenas art&#233;rias pulmonares e, em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia, provoca uma tr&#237;ade de altera&#231;&#245;es, ou seja, vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, trombose <italic>in situ</italic> e remodelamento vascular, dessa maneira levando a aumento da resist&#234;ncia progressiva ao fluxo sangu&#237;neo na circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Sistema esse habitualmente de baixa resist&#234;ncia, o que provoca fal&#234;ncia progressiva do ventr&#237;culo direito levando a &#243;bito, que, quando n&#227;o tratada, ocorre em m&#233;dia 2,8 anos ap&#243;s o seu diagn&#243;stico em etiologia idiop&#225;tica<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Preditores progn&#243;sticos de gravidade da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar incluem: classe funcional avan&#231;ada, pouca toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o, aferida pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6m), press&#227;o m&#233;dia de &#225;trio direito elevada, disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco diminu&#237;do, eleva&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial, diagn&#243;stico de esclerodermia<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A esquistossomose &#233; a terceira causa de endemias parasit&#225;rias no mundo, com mais de 300 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos infectados e com cerca de 600 milh&#245;es em risco de infec&#231;&#227;o<sup>4</sup>. T&#234;m sido reportadas, em &#225;reas end&#234;micas, preval&#234;ncias entre 7,5% e 21,6% de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em indiv&#237;duos portadores de esquistossomose, por&#233;m com valores de at&#233; 30% nas formas hepatoespl&#234;nicas, sendo descritos, na maioria, casos classificados como moderados ou graves e em classe funcional avan&#231;ada<sup>4,5</sup>. Em um estudo baseado em necropsia, <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> tem sido detectado em cerca de 2,1%-33% dos casos<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A hist&#243;ria natural da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar Esquistossom&#243;tica (HAPE) n&#227;o foi ainda bem estabelecida. Alguns casos menos avan&#231;ados t&#234;m sido estudados prospectivamente, com progn&#243;stico reservado; contudo, demonstrou-se que alguns pacientes podem permanecer com quadro cl&#237;nico est&#225;vel durante anos, assim indicando um curso cl&#237;nico mais benigno quando comparado a outras formas de HAP (mortalidade em tr&#234;s anos de 14,1% <italic>versus</italic> mortalidade de 15% em um ano, na HAP idiop&#225;tica)<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A HAP &#233; definida quando ocorre um aumento da press&#227;o m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria pulmonar no repouso maior ou igual a 25 mmHg, medido atrav&#233;s do cateterismo card&#237;aco direito<sup>3</sup>. Esse procedimento n&#227;o &#233; apenas padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para diagn&#243;stico dessa doen&#231;a, mas tamb&#233;m, por meio do teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar a agentes, seleciona aqueles pacientes com menor comprometimento da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar com intuito de saber quais deles ir&#227;o se beneficiar com o tratamento de longo prazo, com bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, obtendo melhora sintom&#225;tica e de sobrevida<sup>1,9-11</sup>. Tamb&#233;m h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas por mensura&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas que se associam &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a e risco de morte como aumento da press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito, aumento da press&#227;o m&#233;dia na art&#233;ria pulmonar, diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, diminui&#231;&#227;o da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar, entre outros<sup>2,11</sup>. Por meio da coronariografia tamb&#233;m se pode diagnosticar compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda pela art&#233;ria pulmonar, entidade cada vez mais descrita em HAP grave<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma vez diagnosticada, a HAP, comumente, &#233; classificada de acordo com um sistema de classe funcional adaptado pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS). Essa classe funcional mede a gravidade da HAP e reflete o impacto sobre a vida do paciente em termos de atividade f&#237;sica e sintomas. A sobreviv&#234;ncia m&#233;dia entre pacientes que s&#227;o classificados como classe funcional I e II &#233; de seis anos; entre pacientes com classe funcional III &#233; de 2,5 anos; e aqueles com classe funcional IV &#233; de apenas seis meses<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com HAP apresentam limita&#231;&#227;o aos esfor&#231;os f&#237;sicos, sendo preciso quantificar a capacidade de esfor&#231;o desses, tanto para avalia&#231;&#227;o de sua qualidade de vida como para defini&#231;&#227;o de benef&#237;cios terap&#234;uticos aos diversos f&#225;rmacos. Para a resolu&#231;&#227;o desse problema tem-se utilizado uma ferramenta simples, por&#233;m de extrema import&#226;ncia, o TC6m, exame simples, de baixo custo, que j&#225; demonstrou correla&#231;&#227;o com vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e &#233; um dos crit&#233;rios progn&#243;sticos mais utilizados nessa doen&#231;a. Myiamoto e cols.<sup>13</sup> referem que o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar, a resist&#234;ncia pulmonar total e a press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito obtidos de maneira invasiva correlacionam-se com a dist&#226;ncia caminhada ao TC6m.</p>
    <p>Em virtude da exist&#234;ncia de grande n&#250;mero de pacientes portadores de esquistossomose e que podem desenvolver HAP, &#233; necess&#225;rio o melhor conhecimento dessa doen&#231;a. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo &#233; determinar a taxa de vasorreatividade pulmonar dos pacientes portadores de HAPE e vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas que podem estar associadas a um perfil cl&#237;nico de gravidade traduzido pelo TC6m e classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da OMS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram selecionados a partir do banco de dados dos pacientes portadores de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar do Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (Procape), da Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), servi&#231;o regional de refer&#234;ncia em HAP. Por meio desse banco de dados foram selecionados os pacientes que tinham o diagn&#243;stico de HAPE no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2005 a setembro de 2009, obedecendo aos protocolos pr&#243;prios para a defini&#231;&#227;o dessa etiologia. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa em seres humanos da Universidade de Pernambuco (CAAE 0116.0.106.000-09) e est&#225; de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
    <p>Foram considerados portadores de HAP aqueles pacientes que, no cateterismo, tinham press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar acima de 25 mmHg e press&#227;o capilar pulmonar menor que 15 mmHg, segundo o consenso de 2009 de HAP<sup>3</sup>. A necessidade de exclu&#237;rem-se pacientes com press&#227;o capilar elevada deve-se &#224; elimina&#231;&#227;o da etiologia venocapilar pulmonar. Para se afastar a possibilidade de mensura&#231;&#227;o equivocada da press&#227;o capilar, em todo paciente com press&#227;o capilar maior ou igual a 12 mmHg, foi medida a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>14</sup>. O cateterismo card&#237;aco com estudo de vasorreatividade pulmonar com &#243;xido n&#237;trico (40ppm) foi realizado em um servi&#231;o terceirizado pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, na Maximagem/Hospital Memorial S&#227;o Jos&#233;, por meio de um &#250;nico examinador e mesmo equipamento (angi&#243;grafo Philips Allura, Best, Holanda; pol&#237;grafo TEB SP12).</p>
    <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco foi realizado nas c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas e esquerdas, com manometria de: aorta, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, art&#233;ria pulmonar, ventr&#237;culo direito, &#225;trio direito atrav&#233;s de cateter "pig-tail" 06 French e press&#227;o capilar oclu&#237;da com cateter "Wedge" 07 French; oximetria arterial obtida da art&#233;ria femoral e venosa da art&#233;ria pulmonar, sendo analisadas pelo gas&#244;metro da Roche (Basileia, Su&#237;&#231;a) "<italic>blood gas system</italic>". Os c&#225;lculos dos d&#233;bitos e resist&#234;ncias foram executados atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula de "FICK" em dois momentos: basal, considerado como repouso por 10 minutos, e ap&#243;s 10 minutos de inala&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico. O uso do &#243;xido n&#237;trico foi implementado mediante m&#225;scara facial fechada, sendo administrado a dose de 40 ppm, aferida pelo contador "NOX 500".</p>
    <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico de esquistossomose, o crit&#233;rio adotado foi a epidemiologia positiva, ultrassonografia abdominal hep&#225;tica com achados caracter&#237;sticos (fibrose periportal, esplenomegalia, aumento do lobo hep&#225;tico esquerdo)<sup>15</sup> ou exame coproparasitosc&#243;pico positivo para ovos de esquistossoma pelo m&#233;todo de Kato-Katz, confirmados pela revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional foi considerada a tabela adaptada da organiza&#231;&#227;o mundial da sa&#250;de (OMS)<sup>17</sup>, que classifica os pacientes portadores de HAP em quatro classes, segundo seus sintomas. Ser&#227;o considerados para fins de an&#225;lise classes I/II como categoria cl&#237;nica n&#227;o grave e classes III/IV como categoria grave.</p>
    <p>Foi realizado o TC6m conforme os protocolos da Sociedade Tor&#225;cica Americana<sup>18</sup>. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de 30 minutos de repouso, cada paciente teve sua press&#227;o arterial aferida e, em seguida, caminhou em um corredor plano, sem obst&#225;culos, com 30 metros de extens&#227;o, aferindo-se frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica por meio de ox&#237;metro port&#225;til (<italic>Digital Oximetry, model </italic>513), durante todo o teste. Para o significado funcional do TC6m, em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, foram categorizados como graves aqueles que caminham menos que 335 metros; e como n&#227;o graves aqueles que caminham mais que 335 metros<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Inclu&#237;ram-se pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de HAP comprovado pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco direito, provenientes do ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar do Procape - UPE, ao mesmo tempo que se procedeu ao teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar com &#243;xido n&#237;trico 40 ppm, e etiologia esquistossom&#243;tica estabelecida [epidemiologia positiva, USG de abdome com altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas (aumento do lobo hep&#225;tico esquerdo, fibrose periportal), tratamento pr&#233;vio para esquistossomose, parasitol&#243;gico de fezes positivo para ovos do esquistossoma].</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes maiores de 70 anos ou menores de 18 anos, com descompensa&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, abuso de &#225;lcool [ingesta maior que 210 g/semana (homens) ou 140 g/semana (mulheres) nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos<sup>19</sup>], portadores de HIV, tiroidopatia, doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo ou uso atual de anorex&#237;geno, tromboembolia pulmonar, HAP familiar. Pacientes com impossibilidade de realizar cateterismo card&#237;aco (ascite volumosa, choque cardiog&#234;nico, dispneia acentuada em repouso com impossibilidade de dec&#250;bito dorsal).</p>
    <p>No momento do cateterismo card&#237;aco direito, os pacientes estavam em uso de diur&#233;tico e digoxina, n&#227;o fazendo uso pr&#233;vio de antagonistas da endotelina ou inibidores da fosfodiesterase 5; aqueles que estavam em uso de warfarina tiveram a medica&#231;&#227;o suspensa por cinco dias previamente ao procedimento.</p>
    <p>Os resultados das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram apresentados como m&#233;dia + desvio padr&#227;o, a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional, segundo a OMS, foi categorizada em dois n&#237;veis, classes I/II e classes III/IV; o resultado do teste de caminhada foi categorizado em dois n&#237;veis, grupo curta caminhada (<underline>&lt;</underline> 335 metros) e grupo longa caminhada (&gt; 335 metros). Foram selecionadas cinco vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas: press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito, press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, resist&#234;ncia pulmonar e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar para associa&#231;&#227;o com duas vari&#225;veis ditas cl&#237;nicas, TC6m e classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional pela OMS. </p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o programa Stata 9.2 e com um valor de p &lt; 0,05 para ser considerado como estatisticamente significativo. As m&#233;dias foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. A associa&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o crescente da classe funcional com valores m&#233;dios decrescentes do teste de caminhada foi submetida ao teste de tend&#234;ncia de Cuzik e ao teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Sidak.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 84 pacientes portadores de HAP no banco de dados do ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar do Procape - UPE, sendo a m&#233;dia das idades de 46,9 anos e a divis&#227;o entre sexos de 59 mulheres (70,6%) e 25 homens (29,4%). A m&#233;dia da press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi de 59,2 mmHg; as m&#233;dias dos demais par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos foram: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar de 96,5 mmHg, press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito de 11,9 mmHg, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco de 2,7l/min, resist&#234;ncia arteriolar pulmonar de 943,5 dyn/seg, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar 63,3% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06712_porttab01m">Tabela 1</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_06712_porttab01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0789-00071-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A classe funcional foi obtida em 44 dos 84 pacientes iniciais, com distribui&#231;&#227;o de 21(47,7%) pacientes com classe funcional III/IV e 23 (52,2%) pacientes com classe funcional I/II. O TC6m foi realizado nos mesmos 44 pacientes com os quais foi obtida a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional, com uma m&#233;dia de 254,9 metros caminhados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06712_porttab02m">Tabela 2</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_06712_porttab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0789-00071-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A menor capacidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico por meio do TC6m esteve associada significativamente a maiores valores de classe funcional da OMS, com varia&#231;&#227;o crescente na classe funcional, acompanhada por valores m&#233;dios decrescentes na dist&#226;ncia caminhada no TC6m (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06712_porttab02m">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>O teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar com &#243;xido n&#237;trico foi positivo em 3 dos 84 pacientes (3,5%) com diagn&#243;stico de HAPE.</p>
    <p>Observou-se que os pacientes mais jovens, menores que 40 anos, tiveram maiores medidas de press&#227;o na art&#233;ria pulmonar e resist&#234;ncia pulmonar (p &lt; 0,001 e p = 0,023, respectivamente) n&#227;o se encontrando diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas com rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos estudados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06712_porttab03m">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_06712_porttab03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0789-00071-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com maiores resist&#234;ncias pulmonares, observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com maiores classes funcionais (p = 0,013) e menor dist&#226;ncia caminhada no TC6m (p = 0,045), bem como tend&#234;ncia &#224; signific&#226;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar com CF e TC6m (p = 0,041 e p = 0,085, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06712_porttab04m">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06712_porttab05m">5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_06712_porttab04m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0789-00071-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_06712_porttab05m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0789-00071-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, press&#227;o m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria pulmonar, press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito com classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional e teste de caminhada.</p>
    <p>Na s&#233;rie estudada, a varia&#231;&#227;o crescente na classe funcional foi acompanhada por valores m&#233;dios decrescentes na dist&#226;ncia caminhada no TC6m. O teste de tend&#234;ncia de Cuzick indica que esse resultado n&#227;o poderia ser explicado pelo acaso (p &lt; 0,001). O teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Sidak mostra uma diferen&#231;a significante entre as m&#233;dias de qualquer par de classes funcional (p &lt; 0,007). </p>
    <p>Na s&#233;rie estudada, a dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia caminhada foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com classe funcional I ou II em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com classe funcional III ou IV (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo analisou uma s&#233;rie de 84 casos de HAPE, de um centro de refer&#234;ncia do Nordeste do Brasil (Procape), submetidos ao teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar com &#243;xido n&#237;trico, sendo o estudo com o maior n&#250;mero de pacientes dessa etiologia de que se tem conhecimento.</p>
    <p>Os dados invasivos mostraram que os pacientes selecionados eram graves, com m&#233;dia da press&#227;o m&#233;dia na art&#233;ria pulmonar de 59,3 mmHg e &#237;ndice card&#237;aco de 2,7 l/min (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06712_porttab01m">Tabela 1</xref>) e obedecia &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o geral de sexo encontrada na literatura, em torno de duas mulheres para cada homem<sup>5,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>O teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico n&#227;o s&#243; traz a informa&#231;&#227;o de que o paciente pode ser tratado com sucesso com bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio<sup>9</sup>, mas &#233; tamb&#233;m um exame com valor progn&#243;stico<sup>3,21</sup>. Foram encontrados tr&#234;s, entre 84 pacientes (3,5%), com crit&#233;rios para vasorreatividade positiva ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico na casu&#237;stica em foco, que, analisados do ponto de vista das vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, demonstraram tend&#234;ncia a apresentar menores valores de press&#227;o m&#233;dia de &#225;trio direito (p = 0,0534) e art&#233;ria pulmonar (p = 0,0870), compat&#237;veis com um perfil hemodin&#226;mico de menor gravidade. </p>
    <p>J&#225; foi indicado que aqueles indiv&#237;duos que apresentam os crit&#233;rios de positividade ao teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar assinalam menor comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico basal, prevalecendo, nesses pacientes, a vasoconstric&#231;&#227;o em se comparando ao fen&#244;meno do remodelamento<sup>21,22</sup>. Esses pacientes podem apresentar resposta cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica sustentada com a introdu&#231;&#227;o de vasodilatadores n&#227;o seletivos &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, com melhora progn&#243;stica, especificamente, aos bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, droga acess&#237;vel e de baixo custo<sup>9,23,24</sup>. O teste hemodin&#226;mico acaba por constituir uma ferramenta pr&#225;tica que fornece dados que exprimem o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular<sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>No estudo de Fernandes e cols., desenhado para an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia nos pacientes portadores de HAPE, com 54 pacientes esquistossom&#243;ticos <italic>versus</italic> 95 idiop&#225;ticos, observou-se que nenhum paciente esquistossom&#243;tico era vasorreativo, ao contr&#225;rio de 16,2% de vasorreatividade positiva nos idiop&#225;ticos<sup>8</sup>. Este estudo sugere que a etiologia esquistossom&#243;tica de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar possa estar associada estritamente &#224; hipertens&#227;o portal, fisiopatogenia essa que n&#227;o apresenta vasorreatividade pulmonar significativa<sup>8,3</sup>, informa&#231;&#227;o discordante de outros estudos, que apontam v&#225;rias semelhan&#231;as entre essas etiologias, inclusive sendo a HAPE recentemente reclassificada do grupo IV para o grupo I<sup>17,27-29</sup>. Os achados em an&#225;lise s&#227;o condizentes com o fato de que os pacientes portadores de HAPE s&#227;o vasorreativos, por&#233;m em um valor abaixo dos registrados para a HAP idiop&#225;tica que se situa em torno de 20%<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de a esquistossomose ter, na sua fisiopatogenia, a hip&#243;tese da fibrose hep&#225;tica/hipertens&#227;o portal, tem havido mudan&#231;a nos paradigmas, havendo evid&#234;ncias de que o grau de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar n&#227;o se associa com a intensidade da hipertens&#227;o portal, revelando-se associa&#231;&#227;o dessa com a s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar (doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, hipoxemia arterial, dilata&#231;&#227;o vascular intrapulmonar)<sup>6,31</sup>, al&#233;m de se considerar a influ&#234;ncia da inflama&#231;&#227;o e imunidade, por meio de mediadores qu&#237;micos como interleucinas 1 e 6, entre outras, na g&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar<sup>31-33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas est&#227;o relacionadas diretamente com risco de morte: press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar, press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito e &#237;ndice card&#237;aco<sup>11</sup>. Outras vari&#225;veis tamb&#233;m parecem exercer algum efeito progn&#243;stico como satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar, resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e rela&#231;&#227;o entre resist&#234;ncias sist&#234;mica e pulmonar<sup>3</sup>. D'Alonzo e cols.<sup>2</sup> evidenciaram que uma eleva&#231;&#227;o de 55 para 85 mmHg na press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar era associada a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na sobrevida de 48 para 12 meses, e o risco de morte associou-se com a queda do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco e o aumento da press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito (OR: 1,99), especialmente quando o seu valor ultrapassava 20 mmHg, desse modo levando a uma sobrevida m&#233;dia de cerca de um m&#234;s<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>No estudo de sobreviv&#234;ncia em HAP prim&#225;ria, onde Sandoval e cols.<sup>11</sup> elaboraram uma proposta de equa&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o da estimativa de sobreviv&#234;ncia em um, tr&#234;s e cinco anos, a an&#225;lise univariada das vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas associadas a uma menor sobreviv&#234;ncia evidenciou um "<italic>hazard ratio</italic>" de 3,40 e 4,28 (p &lt; 0,01 e p &lt; 0,005), respectivamente, para resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar, assim individuando a import&#226;ncia das medidas hemodin&#226;micas na probabilidade de sobrevida de pacientes idiop&#225;ticos<sup>11</sup>. Na nossa amostra, os dados sugerem que, na etiologia esquistossom&#243;tica, a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar tem um papel mais significativo com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estimativa de gravidade cl&#237;nica, podendo ser um referencial para o acompanhamento e avalia&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes portadores de HAPE menores de 40 anos de idade tiveram uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante, com maiores n&#237;veis de press&#227;o m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria pulmonar (p &lt; 0,001) e resist&#234;ncia pulmonar (p = 0,023) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06712_porttab03m">Tabela 3</xref>), esse perfil de maior gravidade pode ser traduzido no fato de que as doen&#231;as com menor tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentariam mecanismos de adapta&#231;&#227;o, mediante modifica&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar, como pode ocorrer em grandes dilata&#231;&#245;es aneurism&#225;ticas dos vasos pulmonares, observados no decorrer do curso da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos estudados, observou-se que, apesar da dist&#226;ncia caminhada m&#233;dia ter ficado em torno de 254,9 metros, abaixo do valor de corte considerado como de pior progn&#243;stico na literatura, a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em classes funcionais I/II e III/IV foi quase que igual (47,8% e 52,2%, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06712_porttab02m">Tabela 2</xref>)<sup>13</sup>. Por&#233;m, quando se analisa a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a menor dist&#226;ncia caminhada e a maior classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional, observa-se que a dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia caminhada foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com classe funcional I ou II em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com classe funcional III ou IV (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>Myiamoto e cols.<sup>13</sup> apontaram que a dist&#226;ncia caminhada diminui na propor&#231;&#227;o do aumento da classe funcional e que aqueles que caminharam menos de 332 metros tiveram uma maior taxa de mortalidade em se comparando aos indiv&#237;duos que caminharam mais que este valor<sup>13,34</sup>, esses autores evidenciaram ainda que, a cada aumento de 50 metros no TC6m, ocorre uma redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de morte de 18%.</p>
    <p>A classe funcional como marcador de gravidade mostrou que pacientes em classes I ou II t&#234;m uma sobrevida mediana de 58,6 meses, contra 31,5 meses dos pacientes da classe III e seis meses daqueles da classe funcional IV<sup>2</sup>. Em um estudo progn&#243;stico com pacientes mais sintom&#225;ticos (CF III/IV), esses tiveram significativamente &#237;ndices card&#237;acos mais baixos e maior risco de morte, em se comparando com as classes I/II (HR 2,1&#177;0,7 <italic>vs</italic>. 2,8 &#177; 0,8; p &lt; 0,007), por&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria pulmonar e resist&#234;ncia pulmonar<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nessa amostra observou-se que os pacientes que tinham a classe funcional mais avan&#231;ada, ou seja, eram mais sintom&#225;ticos, tiveram uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com n&#237;veis menores de satura&#231;&#245;es de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar e maiores valores de resist&#234;ncia pulmonar (p = 0,041 e p = 0,013, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06712_porttab05m">Tabela 5</xref>). Ao TC6m obtiveram-se associa&#231;&#245;es semelhantes &#224;s descritas para classe funcional, por&#233;m com menores signific&#226;ncias, p = 0,085 para satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio e p = 0,045 para resist&#234;ncia pulmonar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_06712_porttab04m">Tabela 4</xref>), o que pode apontar que, em nossa s&#233;rie, o ponto de corte para gravidade, com rela&#231;&#227;o a dist&#226;ncias caminhadas, seja menor. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o se encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre a press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito, par&#226;metro muito associado na literatura como indicador de gravidade e pior progn&#243;stico<sup>2</sup>, com classe funcional ou teste de caminhada. Uma justificativa pode ter sido o fato de que nessa s&#233;rie n&#227;o se obtiveram press&#245;es m&#233;dia de &#225;trio direito muito elevadas, o que pode ser traduzido numa press&#227;o m&#233;dia de 11,9 mmHg, menor que o valor de 12 mmHg utilizado na literatura como ponto de corte para gravidade<sup>2</sup>. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se obteve associa&#231;&#227;o com a press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Entre 84 pacientes portadores de HAPE, observou-se que 3,5% deles indicaram crit&#233;rio para teste de vasorreatividade positivo ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico, valor abaixo do encontrado para a forma idiop&#225;tica (10%-20%)<sup>30,35,36</sup> e diferente do encontrado por Fernandes e cols.<sup>8</sup>, em que, entre 54 pacientes esquistossom&#243;ticos, n&#227;o houve nenhum caso de vasorreativo. O achado em foco traduz-se como um novo dado que apontaria para que o teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar fosse &#250;til quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de gravidade nos pacientes esquistossom&#243;ticos. </p>
    <p>Quando se comparam as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas selecionadas (&#237;ndice card&#237;aco, press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar, press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito e resist&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar) com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional e dist&#226;ncia caminhada, observa-se que a resist&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar associa-se negativamente com a dist&#226;ncia caminhada e positivamente com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional, denotando, neste estudo, que a resist&#234;ncia pulmonar n&#227;o &#233; apenas ferramenta diagn&#243;stica, mas tamb&#233;m auxiliaria na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica por ser valor denotativo de gravidade nos pacientes portadores de HAPE.</p>
    <p><bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es:</bold> a natureza monoc&#234;ntrica e o fato de ter sido realizado em um centro de refer&#234;ncia em &#225;rea end&#234;mica para esquistossomose podem ter originado um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, com pacientes mais graves e com a doen&#231;a em curso cl&#237;nico mais avan&#231;ado. Este foi um estudo com dados hemodin&#226;micos obtidos atrav&#233;s do cateterismo card&#237;aco, em que houve uma estimativa de gravidade cl&#237;nica mediante compara&#231;&#227;o com o teste de caminhada e classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da OMS; necessitando, por&#233;m, um seguimento cl&#237;nico de longo prazo dos pacientes para avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi obtida uma percentagem de resposta positiva ao teste de vasorreatividade pulmonar ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico de 3,5% (3 entre 84) nos pacientes portadores de HAPE, valor abaixo do encontrado para outras etiologias, sendo um dado in&#233;dito e que deve ser considerado em virtude do expressivo n&#250;mero de pacientes envolvidos. Essa frequ&#234;ncia de resposta indica que, nessa etiologia, n&#227;o se pode usar bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio para o tratamento sem que tenha sido testada a vasorreatividade pulmonar. A resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio na art&#233;ria pulmonar s&#227;o vari&#225;veis do estudo hemodin&#226;mico que devem ser utilizadas como marcadores de gravidade na HAPE. Pacientes menores de 40 anos constituem um subgrupo de maior risco em virtude de piores padr&#245;es hemodin&#226;micos, provavelmente, devidos ao menor tempo de adapta&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar aos grandes regimes press&#243;ricos encontrados nessa etiologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Fl&#225;vio Adolfo Aranha Japyass&#250; pela Universidade de Pernambuco.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fl&#225;vio Adolfo Aranha Japyass&#250; </p>
        <p> Rua Am&#225;lia Bernardino de Souza, n&#186; 710/1002 </p>
        <p> CEP 51021-150, Boa Viagem, Recife, PE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="flavioaranha@hotmail.com">flavioaranha@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 15/11/11; revisado em 20/11/11; aceito em 16/02/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(2):111-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Primary pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>336</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rubin</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. D'Alonzo GE, Barst RJ, Ayres SM, Bergofsky EH, Brundage BH, Detre KM, et al. Survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension: results from a national prospective registry. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115(5):343-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension: results from a national prospective registry</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>343</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D'Alonzo GE</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barst</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayres</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergofsky</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brundage</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Detre</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. McLaughlin VV, Archer SL, Badesch DB, Barst RJ, Farber HW, Lindner JR, et al. ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society, Inc.; and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(17):1573-619.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society, Inc: ; and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1573</fpage>
          <lpage>619</lpage>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McLaughlin</surname>
              <given-names>VV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Archer</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badesch</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barst</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farber</surname>
              <given-names>HW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindner</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Butrous G, Ghofrani HA, Grimminger F. Pulmonary vascular disease in the developing world. Circulation. 2008;118(17):1758-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pulmonary vascular disease in the developing world</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1758</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Butrous</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghofrani</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grimminger</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Lapa MS, Ferreira EVM, Jardim C, Martins BCS Arakaki JSO, Souza R. Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em dois centros de refer&#234;ncia em S&#227;o Paulo. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2006;52(3):139-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em dois centros de refer&#234;ncia em S&#227;o Paulo</article-title>
          <source>Rev Assoc Med Bras</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lapa</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>EVM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jardim</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>BCS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arakaki</surname>
              <given-names>JSO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Ferreira RC, Domingues AL, Bandeira AP, Markman Filho B, Albuquerque Filho ES, Correia de Araujo AC, et al. Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in patients with schistosomal liver fibrosis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2009;103(2):129-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in patients with schistosomal liver fibrosis</article-title>
          <source>Ann Trop Med Parasitol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>129</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Domingues</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bandeira</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markman Filho</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albuquerque Filho</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia de Araujo</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Cavalcanti IL, Tompson G. Hist&#243;ria natural e diagn&#243;stico diferencial da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar esquistossom&#243;tica. J Bras Med. 1964;8:335-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hist&#243;ria natural e diagn&#243;stico diferencial da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar esquistossom&#243;tica</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1964</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>335</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
              <given-names>IL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tompson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. dos Santos Fernandes CJ, Jardim CV, Hovnanian A, Hoette S, Dias BA, Souza S, et al. Survival in schistosomiais-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(9):715-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Survival in schistosomiais-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>715</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>dos Santos Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jardim</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hovnanian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoette</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Rich S, Kaufmann E, Levy PS. The effect of high doses of calcium-channel blockers on survival in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(2):76-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The effect of high doses of calcium-channel blockers on survival in primary pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>76</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>327</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rich</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaufmann</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Raffy O, Azarian R, Brenot F, Parent F, Sitbon O, Petipretz P, et al. Clinical significance of the pulmonary vasodilator response during short-term infusion of prostacyclin in primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1996;93(3):484-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical significance of the pulmonary vasodilator response during short-term infusion of prostacyclin in primary pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>484</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Raffy</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azarian</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brenot</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parent</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sitbon</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petipretz</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Sandoval J, Baurerle O, Palomar A, Gomez A, Martinez-Guerra ML, Beltran M. Survival in primary pulmonary hypertension: validation of a prognostic equation. Circulation. 1994;89(4):1733-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Survival in primary pulmonary hypertension: validation of a prognostic equation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1733</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sandoval</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baurerle</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palomar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez-Guerra</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beltran</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Mendes AA, Japyassu FAA, Roberto F, Lampreia D, Albuquerque E, Roncal CGP, et al. Tratamento com stent em tronco de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda por compress&#227;o do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar em paciente com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar esquistossom&#243;tica. Rev Bras Cardiol Invasiva. 2010;18(1):89-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Tratamento com stent em tronco de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda por compress&#227;o do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar em paciente com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar esquistossom&#243;tica</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cardiol Invasiva</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>89</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mendes</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Japyassu</surname>
              <given-names>FAA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roberto</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lampreia</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roncal</surname>
              <given-names>CGP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Myiamoto S, Nagaya N, Satoh T, Kyotani S, Sakamaki S, Fujita M, et al. Clinical correlates and prognostic significance of six-minute walk test in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension: comparison with cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(2 Pt 1):487-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical correlates and prognostic significance of six-minute walk test in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension: comparison with cardiopulmonary exercise testing</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>487</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>161</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Myiamoto</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagaya</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Satoh</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kyotani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sakamaki</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fujita</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Halpern SD, Taichman DB. Misclassification of pulmonary hypertension due to reliance on pulmonary capillary wedge pressure rather than left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Chest. 2009;136(1):37-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Misclassification of pulmonary hypertension due to reliance on pulmonary capillary wedge pressure rather than left ventricular end-diastolic pressure</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>136</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Halpern</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taichman</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Machado MM, Rosa ACF, Oliveira IRS, Cerri GG. Aspectos ultrassonogr&#225;ficos da esquistossomose hepatoespl&#234;nica. Radiol Bras. 2002;35(1):41-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Aspectos ultrassonogr&#225;ficos da esquistossomose hepatoespl&#234;nica</article-title>
          <source>Radiol Bras</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>41</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>ACF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>IRS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cerri</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J. A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 1972;14(6):397-400.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni</article-title>
          <source>Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo</source>
          <date>
            <year>1972</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>397</fpage>
          <lpage>400</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Katz</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaves</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellegrino</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Barst RJ, McGoon M, Torbicki A, Sitbon O, Krowka MJ, Olschewski H, et al. Diagnosis and differential assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(Suppl.):40S-7S.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diagnosis and differential assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertensio</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>40S</fpage>
          <lpage>7S</lpage>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barst</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGoon</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torbicki</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sitbon</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krowka</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olschewski</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(1):111-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>166</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Walsh K, Alexander G. Alcoholic liver disease. Postgrad Med J. 2000;76(895):280-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Alcoholic liver disease</article-title>
          <source>Postgrad Med J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>280</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>895</issue>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Walsh</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Appelbaum L, Yigla M, Bendayan D, Reichart N, Fink G, Priel I, et al. Primary pulmonary hypertension in Israel: a national survey. Chest. 2001;119(6):1801-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Primary pulmonary hypertension in Israel: a national survey</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1801</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Appelbaum</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yigla</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bendayan</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reichart</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fink</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Priel</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Jardim CVP. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da distensibilidade da art&#233;ria pulmonar atrav&#233;s resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a resposta ao teste agudo com vasodilatador em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar [disserta&#231;&#227;o]. S&#227;o Paulo (SP): Faculdade de Medicina.Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; 2005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da distensibilidade da art&#233;ria pulmonar atrav&#233;s resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a resposta ao teste agudo com vasodilatador em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar [disserta&#231;&#227;o]</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jardim</surname>
              <given-names>CVP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Chemla D, Castelain V, Herve P, Lecarpentier Y, Brimioulle S. Haemodynamic evaluation of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(5):1314-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haemodynamic evaluation of pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1314</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chemla</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castelain</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herve</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lecarpentier</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brimioulle</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Sitbon O, Humbert M, Jais X, Ioos V, Hamid AM, Provencher S, et al. Long-term response to calcium channel blockers in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2005;111(23):3105-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term response to calcium channel blockers in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>3105</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sitbon</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humbert</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jais</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ioos</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamid</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Provencher</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Humbert M, Sitbon O, Simonneau G. Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(14):1425-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1425</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <volume>351</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Humbert</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sitbon</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simonneau</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Robbins IM, Barst RJ, Channick RN, Rubin LJ. Pulmonary vasoreactivity in PPH. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(4):1267-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pulmonary vasoreactivity in PPH</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1267</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Robbins</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barst</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Channick</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rubin</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Sitbon O, Brenot F, Denjean A, Bergeron A, Parent F, Azarian R, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide as a screening vasodilator agent in primary pulmonary hypertension. A dose-response study and comparison with prostaciclin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151(2 Pt 1):384-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Inhaled nitric oxide as a screening vasodilator agent in primary pulmonary hypertension: A dose-response study and comparison with prostaciclin</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>384</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>151</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sitbon</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brenot</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Denjean</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergeron</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parent</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azarian</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Lapa M, Dias B, Jardim C, Fernandes JC, Dourado PM, Fiqueiredo M, et al. Cardiopulmonary manifestations of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Circulation. 2009;119(11):1518-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiopulmonary manifestations of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1518</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lapa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jardim</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dourado</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fiqueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Guimar&#227;es AC. Situa&#231;&#227;o atual dos conhecimentos sobre o envolvimento cardiopulmonar na esquistossomose mans&#244;nica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1982;38(4):301-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Situa&#231;&#227;o atual dos conhecimentos sobre o envolvimento cardiopulmonar na esquistossomose mans&#244;nica</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>301</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Simonneau G, Robbins IM, Beghetti M, Channick RN, Delcroix M, Denton CP, et al. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(1 Suppl):S43-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S43</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Simonneau</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robbins</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beghetti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Channick</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delcroix</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Denton</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Opitz CF, Wensel R, Bettmann M, Schaffarczyk R, Linscheid M, Hetzer R, et al. Assessment of the vasodilator response in primary pulmonary hypertension: comparing prostacyclin and iloprost administered by either infusion or inhalation. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(4):356-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Assessment of the vasodilator response in primary pulmonary hypertension: comparing prostacyclin and iloprost administered by either infusion or inhalation</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>356</fpage>
          <lpage>65</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Opitz</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wensel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bettmann</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaffarczyk</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Linscheid</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hetzer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Vargas FS, Checchi H, Pereira Barreto AC, Bellotti G, Romeiro Neto M, Pileggi F. Altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas na esquistossomose mans&#244;nica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1981;37(6):443-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas na esquistossomose mans&#244;nica</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>443</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vargas</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Checchi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romeiro Neto</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Chaves E. The pathology of the arterial pulmonary vasculature in manson's schistosomiasis. Dis Chest. 1966;50(1):72-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The pathology of the arterial pulmonary vasculature in manson's schistosomiasis</article-title>
          <source>Dis Chest</source>
          <date>
            <year>1966</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>72</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chaves</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Ross AGP, Bartley PB, Sleigh AC, Olds GR, Li Y, Wiliams GM, et al. Schistosomiasis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(16):1212-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Schistosomiasis</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1212</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <volume>346</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>AGP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartley</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sleigh</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olds</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiliams</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Paciocco G, Martinez FJ, Bossone E, Pielsticker E, Gillespie M, Rubenfire M, et al. Oxygen desaturation on the six-minute walk test and mortality in untreated primary pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2001;17(4):647-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Oxygen desaturation on the six-minute walk test and mortality in untreated primary pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>647</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paciocco</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bossone</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pielsticker</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillespie</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rubenfire</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Leuchte HH, Schwaiblmar M, Baumgartner RA, Neurohr CF, Kolbe T, Behr J. Hemodynamic response to sildenafil, nitric oxide, and iloprost in primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2004;125(2):580-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hemodynamic response to sildenafil, nitric oxide, and iloprost in primary pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>580</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leuchte</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwaiblmar</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumgartner</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neurohr</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kolbe</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behr</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Guimar&#227;es JI, Lopes AA, Martins RF, Aiello VD, Carvalho ACC, Almeida DR, et al. [Guideline for diagnosis, evaluation and therapeutic of pulmonary hypertension]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;81(Suppl 8):1-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>[Guideline for diagnosis evaluation and therapeutic of pulmonary hypertension]</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>ACC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hemodynamic profile of severity at pulmonary vasoreactivity test in schistosomiasis patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The pulmonary vasoreactivity rate of Schistosomal Pulmonary Artery Hypertension (SPAH) is not known. Hemodynamic data obtained by cardiac catheterization are associated with the most commonly used clinical criteria of severity. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the percentage of positive vasoreactivity to nitric oxide in schistosomal pulmonary arterial hypertension and verify the association of hemodynamic parameters with WHO functional classification and the six-minute walk test in these patients. METHODS: A total of 84 patients with schistosomal pulmonary hypertension were selected from a database, who had been submitted to the right and left cardiac catheterization and pulmonary vasoreactivity test with nitric oxide. Data on WHO functional classification and six-minute walk test were collected for comparison with invasive data. RESULTS: Of the 84 patients with SPAH, 3 (3.5%) had positive criteria for pulmonary vasoreactivity. The increase in pulmonary vascular resistance was significantly associated with lower exercise capacity measured by the six-minute walk test (p = 0.045) and greater symptom severity by higher functional classifications (WHO class III/IV) (p = 0.013). The decrease in oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery was significantly associated with higher functional classifications (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION: The pulmonary response rate to the vasodilation test of schistosomiasis patients is below the values found for idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary vascular resistance and oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery are hemodynamic data that can be used as markers of severity in schistosomal pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary, hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>pulmonary artery</kwd>
        <kwd>vascular resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>walking</kwd>
        <kwd>schistosomiasis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Hemodynamic profile of severity at pulmonary vasoreactivity test in schistosomiasis patients</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Fl&#225;vio A. A. Japyass&#250;<sup>III</sup>; Adriano A. Mendes<sup>II</sup>; &#194;ngela P. Bandeira<sup>II</sup>; Fl&#225;vio R. A. Oliveira<sup>III</sup>; D&#225;rio Sobral Filho<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Setor de Hemodin&#226;mica do Hospital Memorial S&#227;o Jos&#233;</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia Cl&#237;nica PROCAPE, Universidade de Pernambuco</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira - IMIP., Recife, PE - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The pulmonary vasoreactivity rate of Schistosomal Pulmonary Artery Hypertension (SPAH) is not known. Hemodynamic data obtained by cardiac catheterization are associated with the most commonly used clinical criteria of severity.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To estimate the percentage of positive vasoreactivity to nitric oxide in schistosomal pulmonary arterial hypertension and verify the association of hemodynamic parameters with WHO functional classification and the six-minute walk test in these patients.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 84 patients with schistosomal pulmonary hypertension were selected from a database, who had been submitted to the right and left cardiac catheterization and pulmonary vasoreactivity test with nitric oxide. Data on WHO functional classification and six-minute walk test were collected for comparison with invasive data.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the 84 patients with SPAH, 3 (3.5%) had positive criteria for pulmonary vasoreactivity. The increase in pulmonary vascular resistance was significantly associated with lower exercise capacity measured by the six-minute walk test (p = 0.045) and greater symptom severity by higher functional classifications (WHO class III/IV) (p = 0.013). The decrease in oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery was significantly associated with higher functional classifications (p = 0.041).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The pulmonary response rate to the vasodilation test of schistosomiasis patients is below the values found for idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary vascular resistance and oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery are hemodynamic data that can be used as markers of severity in schistosomal pulmonary hypertension. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Pulmonary, hypertension / etiology; pulmonary artery; vascular resistance; walking; schistosomiasis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a disease of high severity, which mainly affects small pulmonary arteries and ultimately causes a triad of alterations, i.e., vasoconstriction,<italic> in situ </italic>thrombosis and vascular remodeling, thus leading to progressive increase in resistance to flow blood in the pulmonary circulation. This system usually has low resistance, which causes progressive right ventricular failure leading to death, which, when untreated, occurs on average 2.8 years after diagnosis of the disease with idiopathic etiology<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Prognostic predictors of pulmonary hypertension severity include: advanced functional class, poor exercise tolerance measured by the six-minute walk test, elevated mean right atrial pressure, right ventricular dysfunction, decreased cardiac index, elevated atrial natriuretic peptide levels, diagnosis of scleroderma<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Schistosomiasis is the third leading cause of endemic parasitic diseases worldwide, with more than 300 million infected individuals and approximately 600 million at risk of infection<sup>4</sup>. Prevalence rates between 7.5% and 21.6% of pulmonary hypertension have been reported in endemic areas, in individuals with schistosomiasis, which can reach up to 30% in the hepatosplenic forms and most described cases being classified as moderate or severe with advanced functional class<sup>4,5</sup>. In an autopsy-based study, cor pulmonale was detected in approximately 2.1% -33% of cases<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The natural history of Schistosomal Pulmonary Artery Hypertension (SPAH) has not been well established. Some less advanced cases have been prospectively studied, with a poor prognosis; however, it has been demonstrated that some patients may remain clinically stable for years, indicating a more benign clinical course when compared to other forms of PAH (3-year mortality of 14.1% <italic>versus</italic> one-year mortality of 15%, in idiopathic PAH)<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>PAH is defined when there is an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure at rest <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 mmHg, measured by right cardiac catheterization<sup>3</sup>. This procedure is not only a reference standard for disease diagnosis, but also, through the testing of pulmonary vasoreactivity to agents, selects those patients with lower impairment of pulmonary circulation, to establish which ones will benefit from long-term treatment with calcium channel blockers, obtaining symptomatic and survival improvement<sup>1,9-11</sup>. There are also prognostic information through measurements of hemodynamic variables that are associated with disease severity and risk of death, such as increased mean right atrial pressure, increased pulmonary artery pressure, decreased cardiac index, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, decreased oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery, and others<sup>2,11</sup>. By means of coronary angiography, one can also diagnose extrinsic compression of the left main coronary artery by the pulmonary artery, an entity that has been increasingly described in severe PAH<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Once diagnosed, PAH is commonly classified according to a functional class system adapted by the World Health Organization (WHO). This functional class measures PAH severity and reflects the impact on the patient's life in terms of physical activity and symptoms. The mean survival in patients who are classified as functional class I and II is six years; in patients with functional class III is 2.5 years, and in those with functional class IV, it is only six months<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with PAH have limitation to physical exertion, being necessary to quantify their exercise tolerance, both to evaluate their quality of life and to define the therapeutic benefits of several drugs. The six-minute walk test (6MWT), a simple but extremely important tool, has been used to solve this problem. This simple and low-cost test has demonstrated correlation with hemodynamic variables and is one of the most used prognostic criteria in this disease. Myiamoto et al.<sup>13</sup> reported that cardiac output, oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery, total pulmonary resistance and mean right atrial pressure obtained from invasive examinations correlate with the distance walked at the 6MWT. </p>
      <p>Due to the large numbers of patients with schistosomiasis who may develop PAH, a better understanding of this disease is needed. In this sense, the objective of this study is to determine the rate of pulmonary vasoreactivity in patients with SPAH and hemodynamic variables that can be associated with a clinical severity expressed by the 6MWT and WHO functional classification. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients were selected from the database of patients with pulmonary hypertension of the emergency room of Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (Procape), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), a regional reference service in PAH. From this database, we selected patients who had a diagnosis of SPAH from January 2005 to September 2009, following the appropriate protocols to define this etiology. The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee for study in humans of Universidade de Pernambuco (CAAE 0116.0.106.000-09) and is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. </p>
      <p>Patients were considered to have PAH when, at catheterism, they had mean pulmonary artery pressure &gt; 25 mmHg and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure &lt; 15 mmHg, according to the PAH consensus of 2009<sup>3</sup>. The need to exclude patients with high capillary pressure was due to the elimination of those with pulmonary venocapillary hypertension. To exclude the possibility of erroneous measurement of capillary pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic blood pressure was measured in every patient with capillary pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 12 mmHg<sup>14</sup>. Cardiac catheterization with pulmonary vasoreactivity study with nitric oxide (40 ppm) was performed at another service, Maximagem/Hospital Memorial S&#227;o Jos&#233;, provided by the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS), by a single examiner and using the same equipment (Philips Allura angiography equipment, Best, Holland; polygraph TEB SP12).</p>
      <p>Cardiac catheterization was performed in the right and left cardiac chambers, with aorta, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, right ventricle and right atrium manometry using a 06-French pigtail catheter and occluded capillary wedge pressure using a 07-French wedge catheter; blood oximetry was obtained from the femoral artery and venous pulmonary artery, being analyzed in a Roche blood gas analysis system (Basilea, Switzerland). The output and resistance calculations were performed using the "FICK" formula at two moments: baseline, considered after a 10-minute rest and 10 minutes after nitric oxide inhalation. The nitric oxide was administered through a face mask at a dose of 40 ppm measured by the NOX 500 equipment.</p>
      <p>For the diagnosis of schistosomiasis, the criterion used was the positive epidemiology, hepatic/abdominal ultrasound with characteristic findings (periportal fibrosis, splenomegaly, left hepatic lobe enlargement)<sup>15</sup> or coproparasitological examination positive for schistosome eggs using the the Kato-Katz method, confirmed by review of medical records<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>For functional classification, we considered the table adapted from the World Health Organization (WHO)<sup>17</sup>, which classifies patients with PAH in four classes, according to symptoms. Classes I/II will be considered non-severe clinical category and class III/IV as severe category for the purpose of analysis.</p>
      <p>The 6MWT was carried out according to the American Thoracic Society protocols<sup>18</sup>. After a period of 30-minute rest, each patient had their blood pressure measured and then walked along a 30-meter flat-surface corridor without obstacles, with heart rate and oxygen saturation being measured by means of portable oximeter (Digital Oximetry, model 513), during the entire test. The criteria used to establish the functional significance of six-minute walk test in patients with pulmonary hypertension were: those who walked less than 335 meters were classified as severe, and those walked more than 335 meters were classified as non-severe<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients diagnosed with PAH confirmed by right heart catheterization, from the pulmonary hypertension outpatient clinic of Procape - UPE, simultaneously submitted to the pulmonary vasoreactivity test with nitric oxide at 40 ppm, and established schistosomal etiology [positive epidemiology, abdominal ultrasonography with suggestive alterations (left hepatic lobe enlargement, periportal fibrosis), previous treatment for schistosomiasis, stool test positive for schistosome eggs] were included.</p>
      <p>Patients aged 70 years or younger than 18 years, those with decompensated liver disease, alcohol abuse [intake greater than 210 g/week (men) or 140 g/week (women) in the last five years<sup>19</sup>], HIV-infected patients, those with thyroid disease, connective tissue diseases or currently using anorectic drugs, patients with pulmonary thromboembolism, familial SPAH were excluded, as well as patients unable to undergo cardiac catheterization (ascites, cardiogenic shock, severe dyspnea at rest, not capable of staying in the supine position).</p>
      <p>At the time of right cardiac catheterization, patients were taking diuretics and digoxin, with no prior use of endothelin antagonists or phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors; those taking warfarin had the medication withdrawn for five days prior to the procedure. </p>
      <p>The results of numerical variables are shown as mean &#177; standard deviation, the functional classification, according to the WHO, was categorized into two levels, class I/II and class III/IV; the outcome of the 6MWT was categorized into two levels, short walking distance group (<underline>&lt;</underline> 335 meters) and long walking distance group (&gt; 335 meters). Five hemodynamic variables were selected: mean right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac index, pulmonary vascular resistance and oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery for association with the two aforementioned clinical variables, the six-minute walk test and functional classification by WHO. </p>
      <p>Statistical analyzes were performed with Stata 9.2 and a p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Means were compared by Student's <italic>t</italic> test. The association of increasing variation in functional class with decreasing mean values at the 6MWT was submitted to Cuzik's trend test and Sidak's multiple comparisons test. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 84 patients with PAH from the database of the pulmonary arterial hypertension outpatient clinic of Procape - UPE, with a mean age of 46.9 years, consisting of 59 women (70.6%) and 25 men (29.4%) were evaluated. The mean of the mean pulmonary artery pressure was 59.2 mmHg; the mean of other hemodynamic parameters were: pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 96.5 mmHg, mean right atrial pressure of 11.9 mmHg, cardiac index of 2.7l/min, pulmonary arteriolar resistance of 943.5 dyn/sec, oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery of 63.3% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06712_ingtab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop06712_ingtab01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0789-00071-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The functional class was obtained in 44 of the 84 initial patients, with 21 (47.7%) patients being functional class III/IV and 23 (52.2%) being functional class I/II. The six-minute walk test was carried out in the same 44 patients from whom functional classification was obtained, with a mean of 254.9 meters walked (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06712_ingtab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop06712_ingtab02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0789-00071-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The lower capacity to perform physical exertion at the six-minute walk test (6MWT) was associated with significantly higher values of WHO functional class, with increasing variation in functional class, accompanied by a decrease in the mean distance walked during the 6MWT (p &lt;0.001 ) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06712_ingtab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <p>The pulmonary vasoreactivity test with nitric oxide was positive in 3 of 84 patients (3.5%) diagnosed with SPAH.</p>
      <p>It was observed that patients younger than 40 years had higher measurements of pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary resistance (p &lt;0.001 and p = 0.023, respectively), with no statistically significant differences in relation to other studied hemodynamic parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06712_ingtab03m-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop06712_ingtab03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0789-00071-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In patients with increased pulmonary resistance, there was a statistically significant association with higher functional class (p = 0.013) and shorter distance walked during the 6MWT (p = 0.045) and significant trend of association between oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery with FC and 6MWT (p = 0.041 and p = 0.085, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06712_ingtab04m-body2">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06712_ingtab05m-body2">5</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop06712_ingtab04m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0789-00071-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop06712_ingtab05m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-03-0789-00071-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>There was no significant association of the cardiac index, mean pulmonary artery pressure and mean right atrial pressure with functional class and 6-minute walk test. </p>
      <p>In the studied series, the increasing variation in functional class was accompanied by a decrease in the mean distance walked during the 6MWT. Cuzick's trend test indicates that this result could not be explained by chance (p &lt;0.001). Sidak's multiple comparisons test shows a significant difference between the means of any pair of functional classes (p &lt; 0.007). In the studied series, the mean distance walked was significantly higher in patients with functional class I or II, when compared with those with functional class III or IV (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study analyzed a series of 84 cases of SPAH from a reference center in northeastern Brazil (Procape), submitted to pulmonary vasoreactivity test with nitric oxide, being, to the best of our knowledge, the study with the largest number of patients with this etiology.</p>
      <p>The invasive data show that the selected patients were severe cases, with mean pulmonary artery pressure of 59.3 mmHg and cardiac index of 2.7 l/min (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06712_ingtab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>) and followed the overall gender distribution found in literature, of around two women for every man<sup>5,20</sup>. </p>
      <p>The pulmonary vasoreactivity test with nitric oxide does not only provide the information that the patient can be successfully treated with calcium-channel blockers <sup>9</sup>, but is also a test with prognostic value<sup>3,21</sup>. Three of the 84 patients (3.5%) had positive criteria for vasoreactivity to nitric oxide in the sample, which analyzed from the viewpoint of hemodynamic parameters, showed a tendency to present lower values of mean right atrial pressure (p = 0.0534) and pulmonary artery (p = 0.0870), consistent with a less severe hemodynamic profile. </p>
      <p>It has been shown that those individuals with the positive criteria at pulmonary vasoreactivity test show lower basal hemodynamic impairment, with vasoconstriction predominating in these patients when compared to the remodeling phenomenon<sup>21,22</sup>. These patients may have sustained hemodynamic and clinical response to the introduction of non-selective vasodilators to pulmonary circulation, with improved prognosis, specifically with calcium channel blockers, which are accessible and affordable drugs<sup>9,23,24</sup>. The hemodynamic testing turns out to be a practical tool that provides data reflecting the process of vascular remodeling<sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the study by Fernandes et al. designed to analyze survival in patients with SPAH, the study of 54 schistosomiasis patients <italic>versus</italic> 95 idiopathic ones showed that no patient with schistosomiasis was vasoreactive, against 16.2% of positive vasoreactivity in idiopathic ones<sup>8</sup>. This study suggests that the etiology of pulmonary hypertension may be closely associated to portal hypertension, a physiopathogeny that shows no significant pulmonary vasoreactivity<sup>8,3</sup>, which is in disagreement with other studies that indicate many similarities between these etiologies, with SPAH being recently reclassified from group IV to group I<sup>17,27-29</sup>. The findings in the analysis are consistent with the fact that patients with SPAH are vasoreactive, but at a value below those recorded for idiopathic PAH, which is around 20%<sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although the physiopathogenesis of schistosomiasis can have the hypothesis of hepatic fibrosis/portal hypertension, there has been a change in paradigms and there is evidence that the degree of pulmonary hypertension is not associated with the severity of portal hypertension, disclosing an association of the latter with hepatopulmonary syndrome (liver disease, arterial hypoxemia, intrapulmonary vascular dilatation)<sup>6,31</sup>, as well as considering the influence of inflammation and immunity, by means of chemical mediators such as interleukins 1 and 6, among others, in the genesis of pulmonary hypertension<sup>31- 33</sup>. </p>
      <p>Three hemodynamic variables are directly related to risk of death: mean pulmonary artery pressure, mean right atrial pressure and cardiac index<sup>11</sup>. Other variables also seem to play a role in prognosis such as oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vascular resistance and the systemic and pulmonary resistance relation<sup>3</sup>. D'Alonzo et al.<sup>2</sup> showed that an increase of 55 to 85 mmHg in the mean pulmonary artery pressure was associated with a decrease in survival from 48 to 12 months, and the risk of death was associated with a decrease in cardiac index and increase in the mean right atrial pressure (OR = 1.99), especially when the value exceeded 20 mmHg, thereby leading to a mean survival time of about one month<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the study of survival in primary PAH, where Sandoval et al.<sup>11</sup> proposed an equation for the evaluation of survival estimate at one, three and five years, the univariate analysis of hemodynamic variables associated with a lower survival showed a hazard ratio of 3.40 and 4.28 (p &lt;0.01 and p &lt; 0.005), respectively, for pulmonary vascular resistance and oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery, thus demonstrating the importance of individualized hemodynamic measures when calculating the probability of survival of idiopathic patients<sup>11</sup>. In our sample, the data suggest that, in the schistosomal etiology, pulmonary vascular resistance has a more significant role regarding the estimate of clinical severity and may be a reference for monitoring and evaluation of therapy in these patients. </p>
      <p>Patients with SPAH under 40 years of age had a statistically significant association with higher levels of mean pulmonary artery pressure (p &lt;0.001) and pulmonary resistance (p = 0.023) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06712_ingtab03m-body2">Table 3</xref>); this higher severity profile can be translated in the fact that diseases with less evolution time would not show adaptation mechanisms upon changes in lung compliance, as may occur in large aneurysmatic dilatations of the pulmonary vessels, observed during the course of the disease.</p>
      <p>Regarding the clinical parameters studied, we observed that despite the mean walked distance was around 254.9 meters below the cutoff considered as the worse prognosis in the literature, the distribution of patients in functional class I/II and III/IV was almost the same (47.8% and 52.2%, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06712_ingtab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>)<sup>13</sup>. However, when analyzing the association between longer and shorter distance walked and higher functional classification, it was observed that the mean distance walked was significantly longer in patients with functional class I or II when compared with those with functional class III or IV (p &lt;0.001.)</p>
      <p>Myiamoto et al.<sup>13</sup> showed that the distance walked decreases in proportion to the increase in functional class and those who walked fewer than 332 meters had a higher mortality rate when compared to individuals who walked more than that distance<sup>13,34</sup>. These authors also showed that, for each 50-meter increase in the 6MWT, there was an 18% decrease in the risk of death. </p>
      <p>The functional class as a marker of severity showed that functional class I or II patients have a median survival of 58.6 months compared with 31.5 months for patients in class III and six months for those in functional class IV<sup>2</sup>. In a prognostic study with more symptomatic patients (class III/IV), these had significantly lower heart rates and higher risk of death when compared to classes I / II (2.1 &#177; 0.7 <italic>vs</italic>. HR. 2.8 &#177; 0.8, p &lt; 0.007), but there was no significant difference regarding the mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary resistance<sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>In this sample we observed that patients who had the most advanced functional class, i.e., were more symptomatic, had a statistically significant association with lower levels of oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery and higher values of pulmonary resistance (p = 0.041 and p = 0.013, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06712_ingtab05m-body2">Table 5</xref>). The 6MWT showed associations similar to those described for functional class, but with lower significance, p = 0.085 for oxygen saturation and p = 0.045 for pulmonary resistance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop06712_ingtab04m-body2">Table 4</xref>), which can indicate that, in our series, the cutoff for severity in relation to the walked distances is smaller. </p>
      <p>There was no significant association between mean right atrial pressure, a parameter closely associated in the literature as an indicator of severity and worse prognosis<sup>2</sup> with functional class or 6MWT. One explanation could be the fact that in this series, the mean right atrial pressures obtained were not very high, which can be translated into a mean pressure of 11.9 mmHg, lower than the value of 12 mmHg used in the literature as a cutoff for severity<sup>2</sup>. Moreover, there was no association with mean pulmonary artery pressure. Of the 84 patients with SPAH, it was observed that 3.5% of them showed criterion for a positive vasoreactivity test with nitric oxide, below the value found for the idiopathic form (10% -20%)<sup>30,35,36</sup> and different from that found by Fernandes et al.<sup>8</sup>, in which of 54 schistosomiasis patients, there were no vasoreactive cases. This finding consists in new data that would show that the pulmonary vasoreactivity test is useful in the assessment of severity in patients with schistosomiasis. </p>
      <p>When comparing the selected hemodynamic variables (cardiac index, mean pulmonary artery pressure, oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery, mean right atrial pressure and pulmonary artery resistance) with the functional classification and distance walked, it was observed that the pulmonary artery resistance was negatively associated with the distance walked and positively correlated with the functional classification, showing, in this study, that pulmonary resistance is not only a diagnostic tool, but also help in clinical decision-making due to its characterization of severity in patients with SPAH.</p>
      <p>Study limitations include the monocentric nature of the study and the fact that it was carried out in a reference center in an endemic area for schistosomiasis, which may have caused a selection bias, with more severe patients and disease with a more advanced clinical course. This was a study of hemodynamic data obtained during cardiac catheterization procedures, in which there was an estimate of clinical severity in comparison with the 6MWT and WHO functional classification, requiring, however, a long-term clinical follow-up of patients for prognostic evaluation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A positive response percentage of 3.5% (3 of 84 patients) was obtained at the pulmonary vasoreactivity test with nitric oxide in patients with SPAH, below the value found for other etiologies; this unprecedented information should be taken into account, considering the significant number of patients involved in the study. </p>
      <p>This response frequency indicates that, in this etiology, one cannot use calcium channel blockers for the treatment without testing the pulmonary vasoreactivity. Pulmonary vascular resistance and oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery are hemodynamic variables to be used as markers of SPAH severity. Patients younger than 40 years constitute a subgroup at higher risk due to worse hemodynamic patterns, probably due to the shorter time of adaptation of the pulmonary circulation to high pressure regimens found in this etiology. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Fl&#225;vio Adolfo Aranha Japyass&#250;, from Universidade de Pernambuco.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
