<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">g3vDtm39KsKjqV3hYwNJh6H</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001100015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900215</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012001100015</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aplica&#231;&#227;o de hipotermia terap&#234;utica em paciente com coronariopatia aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giannetti</surname>
            <given-names>Natali Schiavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>e122</fpage>
      <lpage>e124</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aplica&#231;&#227;o de hipotermia terap&#234;utica em paciente com coronariopatia aguda</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rafael Alves Franco; Natali Schiavo Giannetti; Carlos Vicente Serrano Jr; Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="add2">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipotermia/terapia; infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; parada card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da hipotermia terap&#234;utica (leve a moderada) no cen&#225;rio do tratamento p&#243;s-parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) tem-se demonstrado ben&#233;fica na preven&#231;&#227;o de danos neurol&#243;gicos. </p>
    <p>Esta deve ser considerada em situa&#231;&#245;es de PCR presenciada em ritmo choc&#225;vel (taquicardia ventricular sem pulso - TV, ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular - FV), em que o paciente permanece comatoso ap&#243;s recupera&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. Tal indica&#231;&#227;o figura nas diretrizes atuais<sup>1</sup>. Por outro lado, demonstra-se que a TV/FV &#233; uma arritmia que acomete at&#233; 10% dos pacientes hospitalizados com diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST)<sup>2</sup>, tornando-se importante no contexto de pacientes candidatos &#224; hipotermia. O caso descrito exemplifica a realidade de um hospital cardiol&#243;gico quatern&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente JG, masculino, 76 anos, casado, aposentado, hipertenso (controle inadequado) e tabagista. Apresentou-se ao pronto-atendimento com 6h de forte precordialgia e n&#225;useas. Ao ECG, evidenciou-se supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST em parede inferior. Recebeu mononitrato de isossorbida, AAS e heparina (sem terap&#234;utica de reperfus&#227;o), mantendo dor at&#233; o dia seguinte. </p>
    <p>Transferido para o InCor/HCFMUSP no 4&#186; dia do IAMCSST, seu ECG apresentava bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT), com QRS estreito e FC de escape ao redor de 35 bpm. Enviado para a hemodin&#226;mica e implantado marca-passo provis&#243;rio transvenoso, seguido de cineangiocoronariografia, que evidenciou doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria obstrutiva difusa e grave: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita oclu&#237;da no ter&#231;o proximal; art&#233;ria descendente anterior com m&#250;ltiplas estenoses, sendo a maior de 75% no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio; art&#233;ria circunflexa com estenose de 75% no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio, com placa ulcerada; art&#233;ria marginal esquerda com estenose de 50% ostial; ventriculografia esquerda: discinesia apical e hipocinesia inferior (3+/4+); fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 30%. Optou-se por tratamento cir&#250;rgico urgente.</p>
    <p>No dia subsequente, na Unidade Coron&#225;ria de Terapia Intensiva (UCo), aguardando a cirurgia que deveria ser realizada no dia seguinte, apresentou PCR em FV, sendo atendido de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es do ACLS e retornando &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea em 20 minutos; neste momento, apresentava-se comatoso, sem seda&#231;&#227;o, com escala de coma de Glasgow de 6T (abertura ocular 1 / resposta verbal 1T / resposta motora 4). O ECG p&#243;s PCR evidenciou ritmo de MP. Submetido &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita com sucesso, retornando &#224; UCo em ritmo sinusal.</p>
    <p>Frente ao estado comatoso ap&#243;s a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o, foi iniciado protocolo de hipotermia terap&#234;utica, posicionado term&#244;metro esof&#225;gico e iniciado resfriamento. Para tanto, utilizou-se infus&#227;o venosa de solu&#231;&#227;o salina 0,9% resfriada, infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina 0,9% resfriada via sonda g&#225;strica, mantas t&#233;rmicas e pacotes de gelo em axilas, virilhas e nuca. Foi utilizada hipotermia leve a moderada (32-34&#186;C) por 24 horas, com per&#237;odo de reaquecimento de 6 horas, de forma passiva, com velocidade de reaquecimento de 0,1 - 0,5&#186;C por hora (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figura 1</xref>). Durante a hipotermia, foi realizada coleta de exames seriados (a cada 6 horas) a fim de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias a hipotermia. Os exames coletados foram: CPK; CKMB; Troponina I; hemograma completo; coagulograma; s&#243;dio; pot&#225;ssio; magn&#233;sio; c&#225;lcio; f&#243;sforo; e glicemia.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e122-00015-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Dois dias ap&#243;s o reaquecimento, apresentou nova FV, revertida com o primeiro choque. O paciente evoluiu satisfatoriamente, sendo extubado ap&#243;s uma semana. Recebeu tratamento para infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar com antibi&#243;ticos. Do ponto de vista coronariano, foi submetido &#224; ICP eletiva das art&#233;rias descendente anterior e circunflexa antes da alta hospitalar. Finalmente, recebeu alta no 30&#186; dia de evolu&#231;&#227;o do IAMCSST assintom&#225;tico, deambulando, l&#250;cido e sem d&#233;ficits focais (escala de coma de Glasgow: 15).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da hipotermia terap&#234;utica (HT) ap&#243;s o retorno da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea ap&#243;s PCR teve sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o inicial na d&#233;cada de 40<sup>3</sup>. Partia do racional de que quanto menor o metabolismo cerebral, maior a prote&#231;&#227;o deste &#243;rg&#227;o. Inicialmente, foram utilizadas temperaturas extremamente baixas (&lt; 30&#186;C), no intuito de m&#225;xima redu&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo cerebral e, consequentemente, maior prote&#231;&#227;o e melhores desfechos neurol&#243;gicos. Limita&#231;&#245;es surgiram nesse contexto, como efeitos colaterais frequentes e importantes (desde tremores incoerc&#237;veis at&#233; sangramentos por dist&#250;rbios da coagula&#231;&#227;o e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrol&#237;ticas graves, como hipocalemia na indu&#231;&#227;o ou hipercalemia no reaquecimento)<sup>4-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Isso explica o abandono desta terap&#234;utica at&#233; meados da d&#233;cada de 80, quando experimentos em animais reavivaram o interesse no tema<sup>1</sup>. Estudos subsequentes evidenciaram sucessivamente que a melhora no progn&#243;stico neurol&#243;gico n&#227;o se devia apenas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo cerebral, e sim a uma s&#233;rie de eventos que geram les&#227;o neurol&#243;gica - desde o processo de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o at&#233; a cascata de inj&#250;ria cerebral<sup>4</sup>. Essa cascata, iniciada pela isquemia, envolve disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial, disfun&#231;&#227;o de bombas de pr&#243;tons na parede celular, forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres, aumento da permeabilidade vascular, quebra da barreira hematoencef&#225;lica, ativa&#231;&#227;o da cascata de coagula&#231;&#227;o e da resposta imune, les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o, entre outros. </p>
    <p>A ressurrei&#231;&#227;o dessa terap&#234;utica ocorreu com a publica&#231;&#227;o de Holzer e Sterz<sup>5</sup>, num estudo randomizado e multic&#234;ntrico que incluiu 275 pacientes ressuscitados ap&#243;s PCR por FV/TV, e que se mantinham comatosos ap&#243;s recupera&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. De forma aleat&#243;ria, foi comparada a hipotermia moderada com tratamento padr&#227;o (normotermia). Os resultados principais demonstraram importante melhora do progn&#243;stico neurol&#243;gico (melhora de 40% no grupo hipotermia, p = 0,009) e redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade (redu&#231;&#227;o do risco relativo de 26%, p = 0,02). </p>
    <p>No contexto da coronariopatia aguda, o IAMCSST figura como importante etiologia de arritmias ventriculares complexas (como TV e FV), com possibilidade de revers&#227;o e, por conseguinte, apresentando pacientes candidatos a serem submetidos &#224; HT. </p>
    <p>Um dos pilares da terap&#234;utica da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica &#233; a inibi&#231;&#227;o da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria<sup>9</sup>. Por outro lado, a fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria na hipotermia importante (&lt; 30&#186;C) &#233; alterada, com evid&#234;ncias em modelos animais que sugerem redu&#231;&#227;o da agregabilidade plaquet&#225;ria secund&#225;ria &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o mediada por col&#225;geno e fator de Von Willebrand, al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o da superf&#237;cie plaquet&#225;ria e consequente prolongamento no tempo de sangramento<sup>7</sup>. Em contrapartida, a hipotermia importante pode gerar um paradoxal estado protromb&#243;tico em virtude de ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor IIb/IIIa e redu&#231;&#227;o da degrada&#231;&#227;o da ADP, que seria idealmente tratado com inibidores do receptor P2Y12<sup>7</sup>. Na hipotermia leve a moderada, a disfun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria &#233; leve, com poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o na contagem plaquet&#225;ria, sem repercuss&#227;o em sangramento<sup>4</sup>, e n&#227;o implica em altera&#231;&#227;o no tratamento antiplaquet&#225;rio da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p>Outro ponto importante &#233; a seguran&#231;a e adequa&#231;&#227;o da realiza&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo e da ICP no indiv&#237;duo submetido &#224; hipotermia. Batista e cols.<sup>8</sup> compararam pacientes submetidos &#224; hipotermia e ICP, em rela&#231;&#227;o a pacientes submetidos apenas &#224; hipotermia, n&#227;o encontrando diferen&#231;a no que se refere a eventos adversos (arritmias, coagulopatia, infec&#231;&#245;es, hipotens&#227;o, sequela neurol&#243;gica ou mortalidade)<sup>8</sup>. Deve ser ressaltado ainda que a hipotermia leve a moderada no cuidado p&#243;s-parada &#233; recomendada pelas diretrizes da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> sobre cuidado avan&#231;ado em cardiologia (ACLS), sendo igualmente efetiva e segura quando utilizada concomitante &#224; ICP<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo da hipotermia no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; a melhora do progn&#243;stico neurol&#243;gico, e n&#227;o a limita&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea de necrose ou diminui&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de desfechos cardiovasculares, como se poderia presumir pela preven&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es induzidas pelo mecanismo de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o, presentes no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da hipotermia leve a moderada adequadamente indicada (pacientes comatoso ap&#243;s recupera&#231;&#227;o de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e que tiveram inicialmente ritmos choc&#225;veis - FV/TV sem pulso) no contexto da coronariopatia aguda parece segura e efetiva, levando a melhora nos desfechos neurol&#243;gicos e n&#227;o interferindo de forma significativa nas terap&#234;uticas antiplaquet&#225;rias e intervencionistas por meio da ICP. Tais perspectivas devem ser testadas em estudos desenhados para tal a fim de conclus&#245;es definitivas sobre este tema de elevado interesse nos dias atuais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="add2" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rafael Alves Franco </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Diogo de Faria, 650, Apto 14. </p>
        <p> CEP 04037-002, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="rafael.alvesfranco@yahoo.com.br">rafael.alvesfranco@yahoo.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rapa20@hotmail.com">rapa20@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 12/07/11; revisado em 12/07/11; aceito em 6/10/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Peberdy MA, Callaway CW, Neumar RW,Glocadin RG, Zimmerman JL, Donnino M, et al. Post_ccardiac arrest care: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122(18 Suppl 3);S768-S786.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Post_ccardiac arrest care: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S768</fpage>
          <lpage>S786</lpage>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Peberdy</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Callaway</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neumar</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glocadin</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmerman</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donnino</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP. Braunwald's heart disease: A textbook of cardiovascular medicine, 8th edition. Philadephia; Lippincott; 2008.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Braunwald's heart disease: A textbook of cardiovascular medicine</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Libby</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zipes</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Fay T. Observations on prolonged human refrigeration. NY State J Med .   1940; 40: 1351-4</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Observations on prolonged human refrigeration</article-title>
          <source>NY State J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1940</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1351</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fay</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Polderman KH. Mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and complications of hypothermia. Crit Care Med 2009; 37[7 Suppl.]:S186 -S202.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and complications of hypothermia</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S186 </fpage>
          <lpage>S202</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Polderman</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Holzer M, Sterz F. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(8):549-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>549</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>346</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Holzer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sterz</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Parham W, Edelstein K, Unger B, Mooney M. Therapeutic hypothermia for acute myocardial infarction: Past, present, and future. Crit Care Med. 2009; 37[7 Suppl.]:S234 -S237.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Therapeutic hypothermia for acute myocardial infarction: Past, present, and future</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S234 </fpage>
          <lpage>S237</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parham</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edelstein</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Unger</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mooney</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Staub A, Westein E, Bassler N, et al. Abstract 2322: Mechanisms of Cold-Induced Platelet Dysfunction: P2Y12 Receptor Blockade Protects Platelets during Hypothermia as Employed in Clinical Settings[abstract]. Circulation. 2008;118:S706.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Abstract 2322: Mechanisms of Cold-Induced Platelet Dysfunction: P2Y12 Receptor Blockade Protects Platelets during Hypothermia as Employed in Clinical Settings[abstract]</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Staub</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Westein</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bassler</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Batista LM, Lima FO, Januzzi JL Jr, Donahue V, Snydeman C, Greer DM.. Feasibility and safety of combined percutaneous coronary intervention and therapeutic hypothermia following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2010; 81(4):398-403.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Feasibility and safety of combined percutaneous coronary intervention and therapeutic hypothermia following cardiac arrest</article-title>
          <source>Resuscitation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>398</fpage>
          <lpage>403</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Batista</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>FO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi Jr</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donahue</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snydeman</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greer</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Pesaro AEP, Serrano Jr CV, Nicolau JC. Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio - sindrome coronariana aguda com  supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2): 214-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio - sindrome coronariana aguda com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST</article-title>
          <source>Rev Assoc Med Bras</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>214</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pesaro</surname>
              <given-names>AEP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serrano Jr</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolau</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Janata A, Holzer M. Hypothermia after cardiac arrest [review]. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 ;52(2):168-79.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hypothermia after cardiac arrest [review]</article-title>
          <source>Prog Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>168</fpage>
          <lpage>79</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Janata</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holzer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Use of therapeutic hypothermia in a patient with acute coronary heart disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Use of therapeutic hypothermia in a patient with acute coronary heart disease</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Rafael Alves Franco; Natali Schiavo Giannetti; Carlos Vicente Serrano Jr; Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Hypothermia/therapy; myocardial infarction; cardiac arrest</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of therapeutic hypothermia (mild to moderate) after cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) has proved to be beneficial to prevent neurological damage. </p>
      <p>The use of therapeutic hypothermia should be considered in situations of CRA in the presence of heart rhythms with indication for electrical cardioversion (pulseless ventricular tachycardia - VT, or ventricular fibrillation - VF), in which the patient remains incoma after recovering spontaneous circulation. That indication can be found in current guidelines<sup>1</sup>. However, VT/VF has been proved to be an arrhythmia that affects 10% of hospitalized patients diagnosed with ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI)<sup>2</sup>, gaining importance in the context of candidates for hypothermia. The case reported is an example of the reality of a quaternary cardiac hospital.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient JG is a 76-year-old, married, retired, hypertensive (inadequate control) male smoker. He arrived at the emergency unit complaining of strong chest pain and nauseas for six hours. On ECG, elevation of the ST segment was evidenced on the inferior wall. The patient received isosorbide mononitrate, acetylsalicylic acid, and heparin (without reperfusion therapy), but the pain persisted until the following day. </p>
      <p>The patient was transferred to the InCor/HCFMUSP on the fourth day of the STEMI. His ECG showed complete atrioventricular block (CAVB), with narrow QRS and escape heart rate of 35 bpm. The patient was sent to the catheterization laboratory, where a temporary transvenous pacemaker was placed. Then, coronary angiography followed and evidenced diffuse and severe obstructive coronary artery disease as follows: right coronary artery occlusion in its proximal third; anterior descending artery with multiple stenoses, the largest being 75% in its middle third; circumflex artery with 75% stenosis in its middle third, and an ulcerated plaque; and left marginal artery with 50% ostial stenosis. Left ventriculography showed apical dyskinesia, inferior hypokinesia (3+/4+), and ejection fraction of 30%. Emergency surgical treatment was indicated.</p>
      <p>On the subsequent day, at the Coronary Intensive Care Unit (CoICU), while awaiting surgery, which would be performed on the following day, the patient experienced CRA in VF, and was managed according to the American Heart Association guidelines for advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS), recovering spontaneous circulation in 20 minutes. On the occasion, the patient was comatose, without sedation (score on Glasgow coma scale, 6: eye opening = 1 / verbal response = 1 / motor response = 4). The ECG after CRA evidenced pacemaker rhythm. The patient underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the right coronary artery, returning to the CoICU in sinus rhythm.</p>
      <p>Because of the comatose state after resuscitation, the therapeutic hypothermia protocol was initiated, the esophageal thermometer positioned, and cooling started by using the following: chilled saline solution infused intravenously and via gastric catheter; thermal blankets; and ice packs on the axillary pits, groins and nape. Mild to moderate hypothermia (32-34&#186;C) was used for 24 hours, with a passive rewarming period of six hours, at a rewarming rate of 0.1 - 0.5&#186;C per hour (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). During hypothermia, the following serial laboratory tests were performed every six hours to detect changes secondary to hypothermia: CPK; CKMB; troponin I; complete blood count; coagulogram; sodium; potassium; magnesium; calcium; phosphorus; and glycemia. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e122-00015-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Two days after rewarming, the patient experienced new VF, which was reversed by the first shock of electrical cardioversion. The patient evolved satisfactorily, being extubated after one week. He underwent treatment for lung infection with antibiotics. Regarding his coronary arteries, the patient underwent elective PCI of the anterior descending and circumflex arteries prior to hospital discharge. Finally, the patient was discharged on the 30th day of the STEMI, asymptomatic, walking, sane, and with no focal deficits (Glasgow coma scale, 15). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Therapeutic hypothermia after recovering spontaneous circulation following CRA was initially used in the 1940s<sup>3</sup>. It was based on the rationale that the lower the brain metabolism, the greater the brain protection. Initially, extremely low temperatures (&lt; 30&#186;C) were used, to provide maximum reduction in brain metabolism, and, thus, greater protection and better neurological outcomes. In that context, frequent and important side effects were observed, from incoercible tremors to bleeding due to coagulation disorders and severe electrolytic changes, such as hypokalemia on induction or hyperkalemia on rewarming<sup>4-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>This explains why that therapy was abandoned until the middle 1980s, when experiments with animals shed new light on the subject<sup>1</sup>. Subsequent studies have evidenced successively that the improvement in the neurological prognosis was due to the reduction not only in brain metabolism, but in a series of events that generate neurological damage - from the ischemia-reperfusion process to the brain injury cascade<sup>4</sup>. Such cascade, initiated by ischemia, involves the following: mitochondrial dysfunction; proton pump dysfunction in cell wall; free radical formation; increase in vascular permeability; blood-brain barrier disruption; activation of the coagulation cascade and of the immune response; and reperfusion injury. </p>
      <p>Therapeutic hypothermia has reemerged with the randomized and multicenter study by Holzer and Sterz<sup>5</sup>, with 275 patients resuscitated after CRA due to VF/VT, and who remained comatose after recovering spontaneous circulation. Moderate hypothermia was randomly compared with standard treatment (normothermia). The major results have shown an important improvement in the neurological prognosis (40% improvement in the hypothermia group, p = 0.009) and a reduction in mortality (26% relative risk reduction, p = 0.02). </p>
      <p>In the context of acute coronary heart disease, STEMI is an important cause of complex ventricular arrhythmias (VT and VF), which can be reversed, and, thus, provides candidates for therapeutic hypothermia. </p>
      <p>One of the pillars of the treatment of ischemic heart disease is the inhibition of platelet aggregation<sup>9</sup>. However, in important hypothermia (&lt; 30&#186;C), platelet function is altered, and that has been evidenced in animal models suggesting a reduction in platelet aggregation secondary to the decrease in platelet adhesion mediated by collagen and Von Willebrand factor, in addition to the reduction in the platelet surface and consequent prolongation in the bleeding time<sup>7</sup>. On the other hand, important hypothermia can generate a paradoxical prothrombotic state due to the activation of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor and the reduction in ADP degradation, which would be ideally treated with P2Y12 receptor inhibitors<sup>7</sup>. In mild to moderate hypothermia, platelet dysfunction is mild, with a possible reduction in platelet count but no repercussion in bleeding<sup>4</sup>, which does not require a change in the antiplatelet treatment of the disease. </p>
      <p>Another important point is the safety and adequacy of performing catheterization and PCI in an individual undergoing hypothermia. Batista et al.<sup>8</sup>, comparing patients undergoing hypothermia and PCI with those undergoing only hypothermia, have reported no difference regarding adverse events (arrhythmias, coagulopathy, infections, hypotension, neurological sequelae or mortality)<sup>8</sup>. It is worth noting that mild to moderate hypothermia in the post-CRA setting is recommended by the American Heart Association guidelines for advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS), and it is equally effective and safe when used concomitantly with PCI<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>The objective of hypothermia in acute myocardial infarction is to improve the neurological prognosis, and neither to limit the area of necrosis nor to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular outcomes, as it could be assumed by the prevention of ischemia-reperfusion mechanism-induced damage, present in myocardial infarction<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Briefly, the use of mild to moderate hypothermia properly indicated (comatose patients after recovering from CRA, who initially had heart rhythms with indication for electrical cardioversion - pulseless VF/VT) in the context of acute coronary heart disease seems safe and effective, leading to the improvement in neurological outcomes and interfering significantly with neither antiplatelet therapies nor PCI. Those perspectives should be tested in further studies designed for that purpose, so that definitive conclusions on such a relevant subject can be drawn.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
