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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nTKbjFnpJQYBJMCPSrTwzqh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001100014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900214</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012001100014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 03/12: mulher de 41 anos portadora de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardi</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Luiz de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>e115</fpage>
      <lpage>e121</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMOCL&#205;NICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caso 03/12 - mulher de 41 anos portadora de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernando Luiz de Melo Bernardi; Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; taquicardia parox&#237;stica; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 41 anos, portadora de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMPH), internada por palpita&#231;&#245;es e dispneia intensa. Apresentava hist&#243;ria de palpita&#231;&#245;es taquic&#225;rdicas acompanhadas de sudorese e palidez desde os 30 anos de idade, e aos 33 anos, dispneia aos grandes esfor&#231;os, quando sofreu uma sincope e foi encaminhada para o InCor-HCFMUSP (2003).</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico (28 ago. 2003) revelou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 74 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 130 / 70 mmHg; ausculta pulmonar normal; &#224; ausculta card&#237;aca n&#227;o havia anormalidades; o exame do abdome foi normal e n&#227;o havia edema de membros inferiores; o pulso pedioso &#224; direita n&#227;o foi palpado e havia discreta estase jugular a 45&#186;.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais foram normais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a14tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a14tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e115-00014-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O ECG (fev. 2003) revelou ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia de 65 bpm, PR = 159 ms, DQRS = 87 ms, QT = 434 ms, sobrecarga atrial esquerda e de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com padr&#227;o "<italic>strain</italic>" (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a14fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a14fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e115-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (27 jul. 2003) revelou: hipertrofia de septo (18 mm); espessura de parede posterior 11 mm; aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo (45 mm). Mobilidade das paredes de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 80% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a14tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a14tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e115-00014-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (12 set. 2003) n&#227;o revelou via acess&#243;ria. Os intervalos medidos foram o AH = 66 ms; HV = 51 ms, PW = 470 ms. Embora n&#227;o tenha sido demonstrada via acess&#243;ria, foram constatados salto e eco juncional; os extraest&#237;mulos em &#225;pice e via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito n&#227;o desencadearam arritmias. </p>
    <p>O teste de esfor&#231;o (16 set. 2003) revelou altera&#231;&#245;es de segmento ST em presen&#231;a de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda; n&#227;o houve aparecimento de arritmias. </p>
    <p>O teste da inclina&#231;&#227;o (16 set. 2003) foi negativo para resposta cardioinibidora ou vasodepress&#227;o. A press&#227;o inicial foi 110 / 66 mmHg e com 70&#186; de inclina&#231;&#227;o 102 x 60 mmHg, a frequ&#234;ncia inicial era 80 bpm e se manteve inalterada at&#233; 70&#186; de inclina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O Holter (24 h) n&#227;o revelou arritmia ventricular e apenas seis extrass&#237;stoles atriais isoladas. Sintomas relatados durante o per&#237;odo do exame: cora&#231;&#227;o acelerado; dor no peito; falta de ar ou tonturas n&#227;o se correlacionaram com altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG. </p>
    <p>A paciente evoluiu com palpita&#231;&#245;es parox&#237;sticas de curta dura&#231;&#227;o em uso de 40 mg de propranolol.</p>
    <p>Foi instalado "Looper" que registrou taquicardia por reentrada nodal (16 abr. 2004) com frequ&#234;ncia de 187 bpm.</p>
    <p>Em 24 abr. 2004, procurou atendimento m&#233;dico e foi diagnosticada taquicardia por reentrada nodal com frequ&#234;ncia de 212 bpm, a qual foi revertida com uso de adenosina intravenosa. Foi aumentada a dose de propranolol para 160 mg di&#225;rios. Por apresentar frequentes epis&#243;dios de palpita&#231;&#245;es taquic&#225;rdicas, foi indicado novo estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (jun. 2005), o qual revelou, &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial programada, dupla via nodal com indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia por reentrada nodal, inicialmente com condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular 2:1 e depois 1:1. Foram realizadas seis aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia em zonas 3 e 2 da via lenta, e houve aparecimento de ritmo juncional durante as aplica&#231;&#245;es. A estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial programada e a isoprenalina evidenciaram modifica&#231;&#227;o da via lenta. O procedimento foi considerado bem-sucedido.</p>
    <p>A paciente continuou com palpita&#231;&#245;es taquic&#225;rdicas e, em um epis&#243;dio, foi constatada fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e foi iniciada a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, sendo prescrita amiodarona por via oral (2007).</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (2007) estava inalterado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a14tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Houve persist&#234;ncia das palpita&#231;&#245;es com epis&#243;dios de piora da dispneia, que ocorria mesmo em repouso e foi internada duas vezes para cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica.</p>
    <p>ECG (maio de 2009), ritmo de FA, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia 80 bpm e sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a14fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a14fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e115-00014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Novo ecocardigrama revelou disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a14tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>O Holter da mesma &#233;poca revelou que o ritmo de base era FA.</p>
    <p>Nova interna&#231;&#227;o com dispneia intensa em 25 dez, 2010; foram feitos os diagn&#243;sticos de edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es e tromboembolismo para membro superior esquerdo, e a paciente foi submetida a tromboembolectomia por cateter de art&#233;ria braquial.</p>
    <p>A radiografia da interna&#231;&#227;o revelou cardiomegalia e congest&#227;o pulmonar. </p>
    <p>Fazia uso de 25 mg de carvedilol; 200 mg de amiodarona; 20 mg de furosemida; 25 mg de losartana; 800 mg de pentoxifilina; 20 mg de omeprazol e varfarina. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de emerg&#234;ncia por crise de palpita&#231;&#245;es acompanhadas de intensa dispneia havia 30 min.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram hipotireoidismo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a14tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico (19 fev. 2011) revelou paciente taquidispneica, com sudorese profusa e extremidades frias; havia estase jugular a 45&#186;; a frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria era de 40 incurs&#245;es por minuto; taquic&#225;rdica; 140 bpm; press&#227;o arterial 120 / 80 mmHg; a ausculta pulmonar revelou estertores crepitantes at&#233; &#225;pice de ambos os hemit&#243;rax; ritmo card&#237;aco irregular com bulhas hipofon&#233;ticas sem sopros; o exame do abdome foi normal e n&#227;o havia edema em membros inferiores,</p>
    <p>Foi diagnosticado edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es desencadeado por fibrila&#231;&#227;o de alta resposta ventricular, e foram feitas tr&#234;s tentativas de cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica com energias progressivas de 100 J, 200 J e 300 J, sem sucesso. Houve melhora do quadro com controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, uso de vasodilatadores e diur&#233;ticos. </p>
    <p>O ECG (19 fev. 2011) revelou ritmo de FA; frequ&#234;ncia m&#233;dia de 138 bpm; dQRS de 163 ms; S&#194;QRS +90&#186;; dist&#250;rbio da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular do est&#237;mulo e sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a14fig03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a14fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e115-00014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram leucocitose (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a14tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). &#192; radiografia de t&#243;rax (21 fev. 2011) havia consolida&#231;&#227;o em base direita.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma mostrava disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e dilata&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a14tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>A angiotomografia pulmonar (22 fev. 2011) n&#227;o revelou falhas de enchimento arteriais; havia &#225;reas de consolida&#231;&#227;o nos segmentos basais dos lobos inferiores; linhas sugestivas de atelectasias em lobo m&#233;dio e ambas as bases; derrame pleural &#224; direita, com componente cisural, e derrame peric&#225;rdico moderado.</p>
    <p>A ultrassonografia (23 fev. 2011) revelou f&#237;gado normal, ectasia de cava superior e supra-hep&#225;tica; rins e sistema urin&#225;rio normais e ascite moderada.</p>
    <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o apresentou febre, tosse produtiva e leucocitose, e foi iniciada antibioticoterapia com ceftriaxona. Houve compensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, contudo apresentou dois epis&#243;dios de taquicardias ventriculares que necessitaram cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica e foi indicado o uso de desfibrilador, cardioversor implant&#225;vel. Enquanto aguardava o procedimento, apresentou bradicardia, seguida de atividade el&#233;trica sem pulsos, sem repostas &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o, e faleceu (9 mar. 2011).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica (CMPH) &#233; uma doen&#231;a prim&#225;ria do mioc&#225;rdio, heredit&#225;ria, de car&#225;ter autoss&#244;mica dominante, que se caracteriza por hipertrofia inadequada do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco. A CMPH &#233; a doen&#231;a prim&#225;ria do mioc&#225;rdio mais comum, com uma incid&#234;ncia de 1:500, podendo manifestar-se em qualquer faixa et&#225;ria<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A CMPH &#233; considerada uma "doen&#231;a do sarc&#244;mero" e sua etiopatogenia consiste na muta&#231;&#227;o de algum gene respons&#225;vel pela forma&#231;&#227;o das estruturas do sarc&#244;mero. J&#225; foram identificadas muta&#231;&#245;es em nove genes causadores da CMPH, sendo necess&#225;rio somente haver muta&#231;&#227;o em um &#250;nico desses genes para desenvolver a doen&#231;a, tendo uma penetr&#226;ncia-a&#231;&#227;o de 95%<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os achados morfol&#243;gicos na CMPH consistem em hipertrofia inadequada do mioc&#225;rdio. Essa hipertrofia leva a um desarranjo das estruturas do mi&#243;cito, culminando em disfun&#231;&#227;o celular, apoptose e forma&#231;&#227;o de fibrose no interst&#237;cio do mioc&#225;rdio. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es explicam as manifesta&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas da CMPH, que consistem em disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e arritmias. A hipertrofia ventricular em 50% dos casos &#233; sim&#233;trica, e na outra metade dos casos ela &#233; assim&#233;trica, muitas vezes acometendo o septo interventricular. A CMPH tamb&#233;m pode ser classificada em obstrutiva ou n&#227;o obstrutiva. A presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o &#233; definida na presen&#231;a de gradiente press&#243;rico intraventricular ou na via de sa&#237;da do VE &gt; 30 mmHg<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Clinicamente a CMPH se manifesta como uma s&#237;ndrome de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e/ou como arritmias card&#237;acas. Na IC inicialmente predomina a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular, havendo perda da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica mais tardiamente na evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da doen&#231;a. Tanto arritmias supraventriculares quanto ventriculares podem ocorrer na CMPH, e as suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es clinicas v&#227;o desde palpita&#231;&#245;es sintom&#225;ticas com ou sem descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC, s&#237;ncope ou morte s&#250;bita. A morte s&#250;bita &#233; a apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais tem&#237;vel dessa doen&#231;a, sendo muitas vezes a apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial da CMPH, e &#233; a principal causa de morte s&#250;bita em pessoas com at&#233; 40 anos<sup>3,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A paciente do caso &#233; uma mulher jovem que iniciou quadro de IC e palpita&#231;&#245;es aos 30 anos de idade, quando foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de CMPH assim&#233;trica septal com FE preservada. Foi tamb&#233;m identificada em avalia&#231;&#227;o subsequente (com registro de Looper) uma Taquicardia por Reentrada Nodal (TRN), sendo indicada abla&#231;&#227;o da via nodal lenta com sucesso. Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s anos, a paciente evoluiu com novos epis&#243;dios de palpita&#231;&#245;es, constatada FA e iniciada anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral e amiodarona. Ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da FA, a paciente evoluiu com piora progressiva dos sintomas de IC e o ECO demonstrou perda progressiva da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular. Ap&#243;s oito anos do diagn&#243;stico da CMPH, a paciente deu entrada no Pronto-Socorro com quadro de edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es e FA de alta resposta ventricular, que complicou com uma pneumonia, levando a paciente ao &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>A FA &#233; um fator complicador frequente desses pacientes, tanto pelo risco de eventos cardioemb&#243;licos quanto pelo risco de descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC. Assim como foi feito com a paciente do caso, deve-se indicar anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral e buscar o controle do ritmo da FA. Caso o paciente j&#225; se encontre com FA permanente, o controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; fundamental<sup>3,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de os pacientes com CMPH normalmente apresentarem-se com sintomas de IC, somente 10% a 15% dos casos com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada evoluem para classe funcional III ou IV, e apenas 3% evoluem com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular importante. Fatores associados com essa progress&#227;o s&#227;o a presen&#231;a de FA e de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE. A disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#233; um marcador de p&#233;ssimo progn&#243;stico, com progress&#227;o de IC refrat&#225;ria ou morte s&#250;bita de 10%/ano<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a na paciente, evidenciada pelo surgimento de FA, piora dos sintomas de IC e perda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, demostrava um mau progn&#243;stico. A perda da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE nos pacientes com CMPH, mesmo de pequena magnitude, deve ser um sinal de alerta de progress&#227;o para doen&#231;a terminal e irrevers&#237;vel. Nesses casos, al&#233;m da terapia medicamentosa otimizada para IC, deve-se considerar precocemente a indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica:</bold> cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica com evolu&#231;&#227;o para forma com dilata&#231;&#227;o e IC. <bold>(Dr. Fernando Luiz de Melo Bernardi)</bold></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Necropsia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 408 g, notando-se ao exame externo dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada de ambos os &#225;trios e ventr&#237;culos, os quais se apresentavam de forma volume preservados. Corte transversal dos ventr&#237;culos evidenciou &#225;reas irregulares de substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrosa do mioc&#225;rdio, exuberantes na parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, septo ventricular e parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a14fig04">Figura 4</xref>). As paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o septo ventricular apresentavam aproximadamente a mesma espessura, de cerca de 1,0 cm. A espessura do ventr&#237;culo direito era 0,3 cm. O exame histol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular confirmou as &#225;reas de substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrosa vistas ao exame macrosc&#243;pico, e revelou fibrose intersticial difusa, extensas &#225;reas de desarranjo dos cardiomi&#243;citos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a14fig05">Figura 5</xref>), e focalmente arter&#237;olas com parede acentuadamente espessada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a14fig06">Figura 6</xref>). N&#227;o havia trombos nas cavidades card&#237;acas e o exame macrosc&#243;pico das art&#233;rias coronarianas epic&#225;rdicas n&#227;o evidenciou aterosclerose significativa ou obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal. Os pulm&#245;es pesaram 634 g em conjunto e apresentavam congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica, com espessamento septal e presen&#231;a de macr&#243;fagos albergando pigmento hemosider&#243;tico. N&#227;o havia edema agudo, tromboembolia pulmonar ou broncopneumonia. Encontraram-se m&#250;ltiplas &#225;reas de infarto antigo, cicatrizado, no c&#243;rtex de ambos os rins, e pequeno infarto cortical antigo, cicatrizado, &#250;nico, na regi&#227;o occiptal esquerda do enc&#233;falo. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a14fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e115-00014-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
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    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a14fig05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e115-00014-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
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    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a14fig06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e115-00014-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos - Cardiomioptia hipertr&#243;fica sim&#233;trica; infartos antigos, cicatrizados, do c&#243;rtex de ambos os rins e focal do enc&#233;falo; congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica pulmonar. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caso de mulher de 41 anos diagnosticada como portadora de CMPH<sup>7</sup>, revelando arritmias card&#237;acas de dif&#237;cil tratamento, e que apresentou morte s&#250;bita no ambiente hospitalar, enquanto aguardava implante de cardiodesfibrilador. A necropsia confirmou o diagn&#243;stico da cardiopatia perante o encontro de extensas &#225;reas de desarranjo dos cardiomi&#243;citos, achado t&#237;pico de tal doen&#231;a. &#201; interessante notar que n&#227;o havia assimetria das paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e que as essas apresentavam espessura dentro dos limites da normalidade, firmando-se, portanto, o diagn&#243;stico de CMPH sim&#233;trica<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Deve-se, entretanto, ter em mente que a necropsia mostra o aspecto do cora&#231;&#227;o no momento do &#243;bito, com as altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias ao remodelamento card&#237;aco ocorrido no decorrer da doen&#231;a, e que n&#227;o podemos excluir que houvesse assimetria nas etapas iniciais da cardiopatia, como sugerido pelos ecocardiogramas pr&#233;vios. Tais exames evolutivos evidenciaram ainda queda progressiva da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, atestando o desenvolvimento de IC progressiva, o que pode ocorrer na CMPH<sup>7</sup>. Saliente-se tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a de extensas &#225;reas de substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrosa do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular, irregulares e localizadas em ambos os ventr&#237;culos, que julgamos constitu&#237;a o substrato morfol&#243;gico arritmog&#234;nico. A ocorr&#234;ncia de &#225;reas de fibrose ventricular &#233; descrita na CMPH e parece correlacionar-se com a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana, como as relatadas no presente caso, com acentuado espessamento da parede das arter&#237;olas<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de n&#227;o encontrarmos trombos nas cavidades card&#237;acas no momento da necropsia, &#233; muito prov&#225;vel que tenha havido tromboembolismo sist&#234;mico a partir de tal s&#237;tio, o que &#233; atestado pela ocorr&#234;ncia de FA, hist&#243;ria de tromboembolectomia de art&#233;ria do membro superior esquerdo e aos achados necrosc&#243;picos de &#225;reas de infarto cicatrizados nos rins e enc&#233;falo<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Cremos que o &#243;bito, de ocorr&#234;ncia s&#250;bita, foi decorrente de arritmia card&#237;aca, pois n&#227;o encontramos outra causa que pudesse justific&#225;-lo, como edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es ou tromboembolismo pulmonar. A morte s&#250;bita por arritmia card&#237;aca &#233; evento descrito na CMPH<sup>10</sup>. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Vera D. Aiello </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p> Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 03/12: a 41-year-old female patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL SESSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Case 03/12 - a 41-year-old female patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Fernando Luiz de Melo Bernardi; Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart failure; cardiomyopathy,hypertrophic; tachycardia, paroxysmal; ventricular dysfunction, left.</p>
      <p>A 41-year-old female patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was hospitalized for palpitations and severe dyspnea. She had a history of tachycardic palpitations accompanied by diaphoresis and paleness since 30 years of age; at 33 she started to present with dyspnea on heavy exertion, when she had an episode of syncope and was referred to InCor-HCFMUSP (2003). </p>
      <p>On physical examination (August 28, 2003), her heart rate was 74 bpm, blood pressure 130 / 70 mmHg; pulmonary auscultation normal; cardiac auscultation normal; abdominal examination normal; no lower limb edema was observed; her right dorsalis pedis pulse was not palpated; mild jugular venous distension at 45&#186; was observed. Her laboratory tests were normal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a14tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a14tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e115-00014-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>ECG (Feb 2013) showed normal sinus rhythm, rate of 65 bpm, PR = 159 ms, DQRS = 87 ms, QT = 434 ms, left atrial and left ventricular overload with strain pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a14fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a14fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e115-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiogram (Jul 27, 2003) revealed septal hypertrophy (18 mm); posterior wall thickness of 11 mm; left atrial enlargement (45 mm); normal left ventricular wall motion and ejection fraction of 80% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a14tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a14tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e115-00014-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Electrophysiological study (Sep 12, 2003) showed no accessory pathway. The intervals measured were AH = 66 ms; HV = 51 ms, PW = 470 ms. Although no accessory pathway had been demonstrated, jump and junctional echo were detected; the extrastimuli in the apex and right ventricular outflow tract did not trigger arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>Exercise test (Sep 16, 2003) showed ST-segment abnormalities in the presence of left ventricular overload; no arrhythmia was observed.</p>
      <p>Tilt test (Sep 16, 2003) was negative for a cardioinhibitory response or vasodepression. The initial blood pressure was 110 / 66 mmHg and 102 / 60 mmHg at 70&#186; inclination; the initial heart rate was 80 bpm and remained unchanged up to 70&#186; inclination.</p>
      <p>The 24-h Holter monitoring did not show ventricular arrhythmia and only six isolated atrial extrasystoles. The symptoms reported during examination were racing heart, chest pain, shortness of breath and dizziness which did not correlate with ECG changes.</p>
      <p>The patient progressed with short-duration paroxysmal palpitations on propranolol 40 mg.</p>
      <p>A "Looper" was installed, which recorded nodal reentrant tachycardia (Apr 16, 2004) with a rate of 187 bpm.</p>
      <p>In April 24, 2004, she sought medical care and was diagnosed with nodal reentrant tachycardia with a rate of 212 bpm, which was reverted with intravenous adenosine. The propranolol dose was increased to 160 mg daily. Due to frequent episodes of tachycardic palpitations, a new electrophysiological study was indicated (June 2005), which revealed double nodal pathway on programmed atrial stimulation with induction of tachycardia by nodal reentry, initially with an atrioventricular conduction of 2:1 and later of 1:1. Six radiofrequency applications were delivered in zones 3 and 2 of the slow pathway; junctional rhythm was observed during the applications. Programmed atrial stimulation and isoprenaline showed changes in the slow pathway. The procedure was considered successful. </p>
      <p>The patient remained with tachycardic palpitations and atrial fibrillation was detected in one episode; oral anticoagulation with amiodarone was started (2007). </p>
      <p>Echocardiogram (2007) remained unchanged (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a14tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Palpitations persisted with episodes of worsened dyspnea, which occurred even at rest and the patient was hospitalized twice for electrical cardioversion. </p>
      <p>ECG (May 2009) showed atrial fibrillation, mean heart rate of 80 bpm, and left ventricular overload (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a14fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a14fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e115-00014-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A new echocardiogram showed moderate left ventricular dysfunction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a14tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Holter monitoring at that time revealed atrial fibrillation as the baseline rhythm. </p>
      <p>The patient was hospitalized again in December 25, 2010, with severe dyspnea. She was diagnosed with acute pulmonary edema and thromboembolization to her left upper limb, and underwent thromboembolectomy via brachial artery catheterization.</p>
      <p>Chest radiography showed cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion.</p>
      <p>She was on carvedilol 25 mg; amiodarone 200 mg; furosemide 20 mg; losartan 25 mg; pentoxifylline 800 mg; omeprazole 20 mg, and warfarin. </p>
      <p>Finally, she sought emergency medical care for an episode of palpitations accompanied by severe dyspnea for 30 minutes. </p>
      <p>Laboratory tests revealed hypothyroidism (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a14tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>Physical examination (February 19, 2011) showed tachydyspnea, profuse diaphoresis and cold extremities; jugular venous distension at 45&#186;; respiratory rate of 40 breaths per minute; tachycardia 140 bpm; blood pressure 120 / 80 mmHg. Cardiopulmonary auscultation revealed crackles up to the apex of both lungs; irregular cardiac rhythm; diminished S1 and S2; no murmurs. Abdominal examination was normal. No lower limb edema was present.</p>
      <p>The patient was diagnosed with acute pulmonary edema triggered by fibrillation with fast ventricular response; electrical cardioversion was attempted three times with progressive energies of 100 J, 200 J and 300 J, unsuccessfully. The patient improved with heart rate control and the use of vasodilators and diuretics. </p>
      <p>ECG (February 19, 2011) revealed atrial fibrillation; mean rate of 138 bpm; dQRS of 163 ms; S&#194;QRS +90&#186;; intraventricular conduction disturbance and left ventricular overload (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a14fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a14fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-e115-00014-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a14tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). Chest radiography (February 21, 2011) showed consolidation in right lung base. </p>
      <p>Echocardiogram showed moderate left ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dilatation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a14tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Pulmonary computed tomographic angiography (February 22, 2011) did not show arterial filling defects. There were consolidation areas in the basal segments of the lower lobes; lines suggestive of atelectases in middle lobe and both bases; pleural effusion on the right side with fissure involvement; and moderate pericardial effusion. </p>
      <p>Ultrasound (February 23, 2011) showed normal liver, ectasia of the superior vena cava and suprahepatic vein; normal kidneys and urinary system; moderate ascites.</p>
      <p>During follow-up, the patient developed fever, productive cough and leukocytosis. Antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone was started. She was hemodynamically compensated; however, she had two episodes of ventricular tachycardia that required electric cardioversion. The use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was indicated. While awaiting the procedure, the patient presented with bradycardia followed by pulseless electrical activity irresponsive to resuscitation procedures and died on March 9, 2011. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCMP) is an inherited autosomal dominant primary myocardial disorder characterized by inadequate hypertrophy of the cardiac muscle. HCMP is the most common primary myocardial disease, with an incidence of 1:500, and may manifest at any age<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>HCMP is considered a "disease of the sarcomere" and its etiopathogenesis consists of the mutation of some gene responsible for the formation of sarcomere structures. Mutations have already been identified in nine genes causing HCMP, and mutation in only one of these genes is necessary for the development of the disease; the penetrance-action is of 95%<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The morphological findings in HCMP consist of inadequate myocardial hypertrophy, which leads to a disarray of the myocyte structures culminating in cell dysfunction, apoptosis and formation of fibrosis in the myocardial interstitium. These changes explain the pathophysiological manifestations of HCMP, which are characterized by ventricular dysfunction and arrhythmias. Ventricular hypertrophy is symmetrical in 50% of the cases; in the other 50% it is asymmetrical and frequently affects the interventricular septum. HCMP may be classified as an obstructive or nonobstructive disease. Obstruction is defined in the presence of an intraventricular or LV outflow tract pressure gradient &gt; 30 mmHg<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Clinically, HCMP manifests as a heart failure (HF) syndrome and/or as cardiac arrhythmias. In HF, ventricular diastolic dysfunction initially predominates, and loss of the systolic function is observed later in the natural progression of the disease. Both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias may occur in HCMP and their clinical manifestations range from symptomatic palpitations with or without decompensation of heart failure, syncope or sudden death. Sudden death is the most feared presentation of the disease, and is commonly the initial presentation of HCMP; it is the major cause of sudden death in individuals with up to 40 years of age<sup>3,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patient reported was a young woman who first presented with HF and palpitations at 30 years of age, when she was diagnosed with asymmetrical septal HCMP with preserved EF. In a subsequent assessment (with Looper recording) nodal reentrant tachycardia (NRT) was also identified; ablation via the slow nodal pathway was indicated, and successfully performed. Three years later, the patient had new episodes of palpitations; atrial fibrillation (AF) was detected and oral anticoagulation and amiodarone were started. After developing AF, the patient presented progressive worsening of symptoms of HF; ECHO showed progressive deterioration of the systolic ventricular function. Eight years after HCMP was diagnosed, the patient was admitted in the emergency room with acute pulmonary edema and AF with fast ventricular response, which complicated with pneumonia and resulted in death. </p>
      <p>AF is a frequent complicating factor for these patients, both for the risk of cardioembolic events and of HF decompensation. As was done with the patient reported, oral anticoagulation should be indicated and AF should be controlled. If the patient already has permanent AF, control of the heart rate is fundamental<sup>3,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although patients with HCMP usually have symptoms of HF, only 10% to 15% of those with preserved ejection fraction progress to functional class III or IV, and only 3% develop significant ventricular systolic dysfunction. Factors associated with this progression are the presence of AF and LV outflow tract obstruction. Systolic dysfunction is a marker of very poor prognosis, with progression to refractory HF or sudden death by 10% per year<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Progression of disease as evidenced by the development of AF, worsening of HF symptoms and deterioration of LV ejection fraction in this patient pointed to a poor prognosis. Deterioration of the LV systolic function in patients with HCMP, even when minor, should be regarded as a warning sign of progression to irreversible end-stage disease. In these cases, in addition to optimized drug therapy for HF, early indication of cardiac transplantation should be considered.</p>
      <p><bold>Working diagnosis: </bold>hypertrophic cardiomyopathy progressing to dilatation and heart failure. <bold>(Dr. Fernando Luiz de Melo Bernardi)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Necropsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The heart weighted 408 g. On external examination, pronounced dilatation of both atria and ventricles could be observed; their volume and shape were preserved. Cross-section of the ventricles showed irregular areas of replacement fibrosis in the myocardium that were exuberant in the left ventricular posterior wall, ventricular septum and right ventricular anterior wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a14fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). The left ventricular walls and ventricular septum had approximately the same thickness of approximately 1.0 cm. The right ventricular wall thickness was 0.3 cm. Histological examination of the ventricular myocardium confirmed the areas of replacement fibrosis seen on gross examination and revealed diffuse interstitial fibrosis, extensive areas of cardiomyocyte disarray (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a14fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>), and focal areas of arterioles with markedly thickened walls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a14fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>). No thrombi were observed in the cardiac chambers, and gross examination of the epicardial coronary arteries did not show significant atherosclerosis or luminal obstruction. The lungs weighted 634 g taken together and showed chronic passive congestion with septal thickening and presence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages. No acute edema, pulmonary thromboembolism or bronchopneumonia were observed. Multiple areas of previous healed infarctions were found in the cortex of both kidneys, and a single small previous healed cortical infarction was found in the left occipital region of the brain. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
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      <p><bold>Pathological diagnoses -</bold> Symmetrical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; previous healed infarcts in the cortex of both kidneys and focal healed infarct in the brain; chronic passive pulmonary congestion <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 41-year-old female patient diagnosed with HCMP<sup>7</sup> and difficult-to-treat cardiac arrhythmias, who had in-hospital sudden death while awaiting cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. Necropsy confirmed the diagnosis of HCMP because of the presence of extensive areas of cardiomyocyte disarray, a typical finding of this disease. It is interesting to note that no asymmetry of the left ventricular walls was found and their thickness was within normal limits; thus the diagnosis of symmetrical HCMP<sup>8</sup> was made.</p>
      <p>However, we should bear in mind that necropsy shows how the heart looks like at the moment of death with the changes secondary to cardiac remodeling that occurred throughout the disease, and that asymmetry in the initial phases of the heart disease cannot be ruled out, as suggested by the previous echocardiographic studies. The repeated tests also revealed progressive decrease of the left ventricular ejection fraction, thus confirming the development of progressive HF, which can occur in HCMP<sup>7</sup>. We should also point out the presence of extensive areas of replacement fibrosis in the ventricular myocardium that were irregular and located in both ventricles, and which we believe were the arrhythmogenic morphological substrate. The occurrence of areas of ventricular fibrosis is described in HCMP and seems to correlate with the presence of changes in the coronary microcirculation, such as those reported in the present case, with significant arteriolar wall thickening<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although thrombi were not found in the cardiac chambers on necropsy, it is very likely that systemic thromboembolism from this site had occurred; this is corroborated by the occurrence of atrial fibrillation, history of thromboembolectomy of a left upper limb artery, and the necroscopic findings of areas of healed infarction in the kidneys and brain<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>We believe that the sudden death resulted from cardiac arrhythmia, because we did not find any other cause such as acute pulmonary edema or pulmonary thromboembolism that could explain it. Sudden death for cardiac arrhythmia is an event described in HCMP<sup>10</sup>. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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