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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5HvhBvtc3N8h894qL5yvmmb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001100011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900211</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012001100011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: metan&#225;lise de estudos randomizados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Plentz</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Della M&#233;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sbruzzi</surname>
            <given-names>Graciele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Antonini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jana&#237;na Barcellos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dal Lago</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisioterapia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Clinica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Epidemiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>762</fpage>
      <lpage>771</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica (ICC) podem ter menor for&#231;a e resist&#234;ncia muscular inspirat&#243;ria, o que pode contribuir para a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. O Treinamento Muscular Inspirat&#243;rio (TMI) tem demonstrado efeitos ben&#233;ficos nesses pacientes. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi revisar sistematicamente os efeitos do TMI comparado a grupo controle (TMI placebo ou outra interven&#231;&#227;o) em pacientes com ICC. A busca incluiu as bases MEDLINE, PEDro e Cochrane CENTRAL, al&#233;m de refer&#234;ncias de estudos publicados, de 1960 a 2011. Ensaios randomizados comparando TMI e grupo controle no tratamento de pacientes com ICC foram inclu&#237;dos. O GRADE foi utilizado para determinar a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia para cada desfecho. Dos 119 artigos identificados, sete estudos foram inclu&#237;dos. O TMI aumentou a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos [69 m (IC95%: 7,21 a 130,79)] (evid&#234;ncia muito baixa) e a press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima [23,36 cmH20 (IC95%: 11,71 a 35,02)] comparado aos grupos controles (evid&#234;ncia baixa). Entretanto, o TMI promoveu uma melhora significativa no consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio somente nos estudos que realizaram TMI por 12 semanas, comparado a nenhuma carga inspirat&#243;ria em pacientes com fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria [3,02 ml/kg/min-1 (IC95%: 0,43 a 5,61)]. Assim, concluiu-se que o TMI melhora capacidade funcional e for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria, merecendo considera&#231;&#227;o como uma interven&#231;&#227;o adicional em pacientes com ICC. Entretanto, estudos maiores e com maior qualidade s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer o potencial benef&#237;cio do TMI nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cios respirat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>metan&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>revis&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO DE REVIS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: metan&#225;lise de estudos randomizados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Della M&#233;a Plentz<sup>I,II</sup>; Graciele Sbruzzi<sup>II</sup>; Rodrigo Antonini Ribeiro<sup>III</sup>; Jana&#237;na Barcellos Ferreira<sup>I</sup>; Pedro Dal Lago<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Fisioterapia - Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Clinica - Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Servi&#231;o de Epidemiologia - Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica (ICC) podem ter menor for&#231;a e resist&#234;ncia muscular inspirat&#243;ria, o que pode contribuir para a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. O Treinamento Muscular Inspirat&#243;rio (TMI) tem demonstrado efeitos ben&#233;ficos nesses pacientes. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi revisar sistematicamente os efeitos do TMI comparado a grupo controle (TMI placebo ou outra interven&#231;&#227;o) em pacientes com ICC. A busca incluiu as bases MEDLINE, PEDro e Cochrane CENTRAL, al&#233;m de refer&#234;ncias de estudos publicados, de 1960 a 2011. Ensaios randomizados comparando TMI e grupo controle no tratamento de pacientes com ICC foram inclu&#237;dos. O GRADE foi utilizado para determinar a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia para cada desfecho. Dos 119 artigos identificados, sete estudos foram inclu&#237;dos. O TMI aumentou a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos [69 m (IC95%: 7,21 a 130,79)] (evid&#234;ncia muito baixa) e a press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima [23,36 cmH20 (IC95%: 11,71 a 35,02)] comparado aos grupos controles (evid&#234;ncia baixa). Entretanto, o TMI promoveu uma melhora significativa no consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio somente nos estudos que realizaram TMI por 12 semanas, comparado a nenhuma carga inspirat&#243;ria em pacientes com fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria [3,02 ml/kg/min-1 (IC95%: 0,43 a 5,61)]. Assim, concluiu-se que o TMI melhora capacidade funcional e for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria, merecendo considera&#231;&#227;o como uma interven&#231;&#227;o adicional em pacientes com ICC. Entretanto, estudos maiores e com maior qualidade s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer o potencial benef&#237;cio do TMI nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Exerc&#237;cios respirat&#243;rios; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; metan&#225;lise; revis&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Existem v&#225;rias raz&#245;es para a redu&#231;&#227;o profunda da capacidade aer&#243;bia em pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica (ICC) e essas envolvem os sistemas cardiovascular, musculoesquel&#233;tico,e respirat&#243;rio. Pacientes com ICC podem apresentar anormalidades na fun&#231;&#227;o muscular respirat&#243;ria, tais como resist&#234;ncia e for&#231;a reduzidas, atrofia das fibras tipo I do diafragma<sup>1</sup> e desoxigena&#231;&#227;o aumentada durante os exerc&#237;cios<sup>2</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a atividade f&#237;sica da maioria dos pacientes com ICC &#233; limitada por fadiga e dispneia, e tem sido sugerido que a fraqueza muscular respirat&#243;ria e o descondicionamento f&#237;sico podem estar envolvidos no maior esfor&#231;o necess&#225;rio para respirar durante a hiperpneia do exerc&#237;cio<sup>3,4</sup> Al&#233;m disso, essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es importantes na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, qualidade de vida, bem como no seu pobre progn&#243;stico<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a grande maioria das pesquisas em ICC tem se concentrado em terapias el&#233;tricas ou farmacol&#243;gicas<sup>7</sup>, programas que envolvem Treinamento Muscular Inspirat&#243;rio (TMI) vem sendo cada vez mais difundidos como uma estrat&#233;gia potencial para melhora dos resultados em pacientes com ICC<sup>6</sup>. O TMI pode reduzir sintomas como dispneia e fadiga muscular inspirat&#243;ria, por meio dos efeitos nos sistemas cardiovascular e respirat&#243;rio. Apesar disso, o TMI n&#227;o &#233; amplamente utilizado como modalidade n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica do tratamento em pacientes com ICC e fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria, talvez porque haja poucos dados dispon&#237;veis sobre seu efeito na capacidade funcional<sup>6,8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR) demonstraram os efeitos do TMI sobre a for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria e resist&#234;ncia, o que leva a melhora no consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico, qualidade de vida e dispneia<sup>8-14</sup>. No entanto, os tamanhos de amostra de estudos, comparando esses benef&#237;cios &#224;queles obtidos com um grupo controle nesses pacientes, t&#234;m sido pequenos.</p>
    <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise de ECR pode fornecer estimativas mais confi&#225;veis da efic&#225;cia do tratamento do que ensaios individuais, porque tem maior poder estat&#237;stico. Portanto, realizamos uma metan&#225;lise de ECR comparando o TMI com grupos controle (TMI placebo ou outra interven&#231;&#227;o) em pacientes com ICC. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi revisar os efeitos do TMI sobre a capacidade funcional avaliada pelo consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) e o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) e press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima (PIm&#225;x), reunindo toda evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos os ECR avaliando o TMI no tratamento de pacientes com ICC com classe funcional I, II ou III da New York Heart Association (NYHA). Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos que comparavam o TMI com grupo controle [TMI placebo (mesmo regime que o grupo TMI, exceto que o tratamento foi realizado com uma carga inspirat&#243;ria menor ou sem carga inspirat&#243;ria) ou qualquer outra interven&#231;&#227;o] e que avaliaram os seguintes resultados: VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo, dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 e/ou PIm&#225;x. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: (1) inclus&#227;o de outros indiv&#237;duos al&#233;m de pacientes com ICC; (2) falta de uma defini&#231;&#227;o confi&#225;vel do que foi considerado como ICC; (3) aus&#234;ncia de TMI com carga inspirat&#243;ria; (4) acompanhamento inferior a seis semanas; (5) falta de descri&#231;&#227;o dos dados do grupo controle.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estrat&#233;gia de busca e sele&#231;&#227;o do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Procuramos, de forma independente e em duplicata, os seguintes bancos de dados eletr&#244;nicos (de 1960 a julho de 2011): MEDLINE (acessado pelo PubMed), Banco de Dados de Evid&#234;ncias em Fisioterapia (PEDro) e Registro Cochrane de Ensaios Controlados (Cochrane CENTRAL)<sup>15</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, buscamos as refer&#234;ncias de estudos publicados<sup>6,16</sup>. A pesquisa foi realizada em julho de 2011 e compreendeu os seguintes termos: "breathing exercices", "inspiratory muscle training", "respiratory muscle training", "heart failure", "congestive heart failure", "heart ventricles", "congestive cardiomyopathy", "ventricular dysfunction", combinados com uma combina&#231;&#227;o de alta sensibilidade de palavras usadas na busca de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados<sup>17</sup>. N&#227;o houve restri&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; l&#237;ngua ou estado da publica&#231;&#227;o. A estrat&#233;gia completa de busca usada para o banco de dados MEDLINE &#233; mostrada no <xref ref-type="app" rid="a11ape01">Ap&#234;ndice</xref><sup>18</sup>. Detalhes para as outras estrat&#233;gias utilizadas est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis mediante pedido. </p>
    <p content-type="asset"/>
    <p>T&#237;tulos e resumos de todos os artigos identificados pela estrat&#233;gia de busca foram avaliados independentemente por dois investigadores (G.S. e J.B.F.), em duplicata. Todos os resumos que n&#227;o forneciam informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes sobre os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o foram selecionados para avalia&#231;&#227;o do texto completo. Na segunda fase, os mesmos revisores independentemente avaliaram os textos completos dos artigos e fizeram a sele&#231;&#227;o de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade. As diferen&#231;as entre os revisores foram resolvidas por consenso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Usando formul&#225;rios padronizados, os mesmos dois revisores de forma independente conduziram a extra&#231;&#227;o de dados com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas metodol&#243;gicas dos estudos, interven&#231;&#245;es e resultados; diferen&#231;as tamb&#233;m foram resolvidas por consenso. O principal resultado extra&#237;do foi o VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo em mL/kg/min<sup>-1</sup>. Outros resultados de interesse foram a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 em metros (m) e PIm&#225;x em cmH<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos estudos incluiu gera&#231;&#227;o da randomiza&#231;&#227;o adequada, oculta&#231;&#227;o da aloca&#231;&#227;o, cegamento, cegamento dos avaliadores dos desfechos, an&#225;lise de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar e descri&#231;&#227;o de perdas e exclus&#245;es. Estudos sem uma descri&#231;&#227;o clara de uma randomiza&#231;&#227;o adequada foram considerados como n&#227;o atendendo esse crit&#233;rio. A falta de descri&#231;&#227;o de como a lista de aloca&#231;&#227;o foi ocultada (o que poderia incluir termos como "central", "web-based" ou "telephone randomization", ou uma declara&#231;&#227;o clara de que a lista de aloca&#231;&#227;o foi ocultada) foi julgado como caracterizando aus&#234;ncia de oculta&#231;&#227;o de aloca&#231;&#227;o. O uso da an&#225;lise de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar foi considerado como confirma&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o do estudo de que o n&#250;mero de participantes randomizados e o n&#250;mero analisado eram id&#234;nticos, exceto para os pacientes perdidos no acompanhamento ou que retiraram o consentimento de participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo. Estudos sem essa caracter&#237;stica foram considerados como n&#227;o atendendo esse crit&#233;rio. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade foi realizada de forma independente pelos mesmos dois revisores (G.S. e J.B.F.).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise de dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As estimativas do efeito foram obtidas comparando as m&#233;dias do momento basal ao final do estudo para cada grupo; e foram expressas como a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia ponderada entre os grupos<sup>19</sup>. Os c&#225;lculos foram realizados utilizando um modelo de efeito rand&#244;mico. O valor de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. A heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica dos efeitos do tratamento entre os estudos foi avaliada usando o teste Q de Cochran e o teste da inconsist&#234;ncia <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>, em que valores acima de 25% e 50% foram considerados como indicativo de heterogeneidade moderada e alta, respectivamente<sup>20</sup>. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o programa Review Manager vers&#227;o 5.1 (Cochrane Collaboration)<sup>21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Exploramos a heterogeneidade entre os estudos utilizando duas estrat&#233;gias: 1) executamos novamente a metan&#225;lise retirando um artigo de cada vez para verificar se algum estudo individual explicava a heterogeneidade; 2) realizamos an&#225;lises de sensibilidade para avaliar subgrupos de estudos com maior probabilidade de produzir estimativas v&#225;lidas de interven&#231;&#227;o, com base em informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-especificadas relevantes que tenham influencia nos efeitos do TMI sobre os resultados [dura&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o, interven&#231;&#227;o realizada por grupo controle, carga inspirat&#243;ria e se os estudos inclu&#237;am pacientes com fraqueza da musculatura inspirat&#243;ria (PIm&#225;x &lt; 70% do valor previsto)].</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sum&#225;rio das evid&#234;ncias: abordagem GRADE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apresentamos a qualidade geral das evid&#234;ncias usando a abordagem GRADE, conforme recomendado pelo <italic>Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions</italic><sup>19</sup>. Para cada resultado espec&#237;fico, a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia foi baseada em cinco fatores: (1) limita&#231;&#245;es na metodologia dos estudos; (2) consist&#234;ncia dos resultados; (3) <italic>directness</italic>; (4) precis&#227;o; e (5) potencial para vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. A qualidade foi reduzida em um n&#237;vel para cada fator n&#227;o satisfeito. A abordagem GRADE resultou em quatro n&#237;veis de qualidade de evid&#234;ncias: alta, moderada, baixa e muito baixa<sup>22</sup>. Foi utilizado o software GRADE profiler (vers&#227;o 3.6)<sup>23</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estrat&#233;gia de busca resultou em 119 resumos, dos quais 14 estudos foram considerados como potencialmente relevantes e retomados para an&#225;lise detalhada. Sete desses estudos preencheram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica (n = 182). Contudo, apenas seis estudos, com um total de 150 pacientes com ICC, foram inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig01">Figura 1</xref> mostra o fluxograma dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nessa an&#225;lise e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="a11tab01">Tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas desses estudos. Cinco ensaios<sup>8-11,14</sup> compararam o TMI com TMI placebo, com carga inspirat&#243;ria m&#237;nima ou sem efeitos de treinamento (total n = 118, dos quais 61 estavam no grupo TMI); um ensaio<sup>12</sup> comparou o TMI com outra interven&#231;&#227;o [programa educacional (total n = 32, dos quais 15 estavam no grupo TMI)]; e um estudo comparou<sup>24</sup> o TMI mais exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico (EA) com EA sozinho (n total = 24, dos quais 12 estavam no grupo TMI). Este &#250;ltimo estudo n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do na metan&#225;lise nem na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade porque outra interven&#231;&#227;o (EA) foi associada com o TMI, o que &#233; diferente dos outros estudos inclu&#237;dos. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a11fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0762-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a11tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0762-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Risco de vi&#233;s</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, 71,4% apresentaram randomiza&#231;&#227;o adequada; 14,3% relataram oculta&#231;&#227;o da aloca&#231;&#227;o; 14,3% tinham cegamento de pacientes e pesquisadores; 57,1% tinham cegamento dos avaliadores dos desfechos; 85,7% descreveram perdas no acompanhamento e exclus&#245;es, e nenhum dos estudos utilizou o princ&#237;pio de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar para an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a11tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a11tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0762-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos das interven&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s estudos<sup>8,10,11</sup> avaliaram o VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (n = 72). Observamos que o TMI proporcionou uma melhora n&#227;o significativa do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo comparado com grupos controles [1,98 ml/kg/min-1 (IC95%: -0,67 a 4,62, p = 0,09; <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 59%)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig02">Figura 2</xref>). Com base na abordagem GRADE, a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia para esse resultado foi considerada muito baixa (baseado nas limita&#231;&#245;es na metodologia, imprecis&#227;o e inconsist&#234;ncia dos resultados) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a11tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a11fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0762-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a11tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0762-00011-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica pode ser explicada por Dall Ago e cols.<sup>8</sup> que mostraram um aumento maior nesse resultado quando comparado com outros estudos. Removendo esse artigo da metan&#225;lise, h&#225; aus&#234;ncia de heterogeneidade (0,45 mL/kg/min-1; IC95%: -2,01 a 2,91), <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 0%. Nessa metan&#225;lise, dois estudos<sup>8,11</sup> realizaram TMI durante 12 semanas, incluindo apenas pacientes com fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria, e tiveram grupos controles que realizaram TMI-placebo sem carga inspirat&#243;ria. Em contraste, Martinez e cols.<sup>10</sup> conduziram o treinamento apenas durante seis semanas, inclu&#237;ram pacientes sem fraqueza inspirat&#243;ria e grupo controle realizou TMI-placebo com 10% da PIm&#225;x. Nas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, analisando apenas os dois primeiros estudos<sup>8,11</sup>, observamos que o TMI promoveu uma melhora clinicamente significativa no VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo de 3,02 mL/kg/min-1 (IC 95%: 0,43-5,61, <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 39%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig02">Figura 2</xref>). </p>
    <p>Winkelmann e cols.<sup>24</sup> observaram uma melhora no VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo, quando comparado antes e depois do tratamento TMI associado ao EA (15,1 &#177; 4,2 para 19,7 &#177; 4,1, p &lt; 0,001) e no grupo EA (16,1 &#177; 4,6 para 19,2 a 4,2, p &lt;0,001). Como fora observado, o incremento m&#233;dio de 40% no VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo no grupo TMI mais EA foi significativamente maior do que o incremento m&#233;dio de 21% observado no grupo EA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s estudos<sup>8,10,14</sup> avaliaram a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 (n = 82). Observamos que o TMI proporcionou uma melhora significativa na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 comparado com os grupos controle [69 m (IC 95%: 7,21 a 130,79; <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 78%)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig03">Figura 3</xref>). De acordo com o GRADE, a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia para esse desfecho foi considerada muito baixa, baseado nas limita&#231;&#245;es na metodologia, imprecis&#227;o e inconsist&#234;ncia dos resultados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a11tab03">Tabela 3</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a11fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0762-00011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica tamb&#233;m &#233; explicada por Dall'Ago e cols.<sup>8</sup> que mostraram um aumento maior nesse resultado quando comparado com outros estudos. Esse estudo apresentou diferentes caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos outros dois estudos<sup>10,14</sup>: 1) TMI realizado durante 12 semanas; 2) grupos controles receberam TMI-placebo sem carga inspirat&#243;ria; e 3) incluiu apenas pacientes com fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria. Nas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, analisando apenas os outros dois estudos<sup>10,14</sup> que realizaram TMI durante seis semanas, e que os grupos controles receberam TMI-placebo com carga inspirat&#243;ria (10% e 15% da PIm&#225;x, respectivamente, observamos aus&#234;ncia de heterogeneidade (<italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 0%), mas tamb&#233;m menor tamanho de efeito nesse resultado (43,59 m; IC 95%: 12,77 a 74,41) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>No estudo de Winkelmann e cols.<sup>24</sup>, ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora semelhante na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 (TMI mais EA = 420 &#177; 90 m antes e 500 &#177; 72 m depois; EA = 433 &#177; 108 m antes e 489 &#177; 81 m depois). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os artigos<sup>8-12,14</sup> inclu&#237;dos nessa metan&#225;lise avaliaram a PIm&#225;x (n = 150). Houve uma melhora significativa na PIm&#225;x quando se comparou o TMI contra todos os grupos controle [23,36 cmH<sub>2</sub>0 (IC 95%: 11,71 a 35,02; <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 64%)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig04">Figura 4</xref>). Com base na abordagem GRADE, a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia para esse resultado foi baixa, baseado nas limita&#231;&#245;es na metodologia e inconsist&#234;ncia dos resultados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a11tab03">Tabela 3</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a11fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0762-00011-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica pode ser explicada por Dall'Ago e cols.<sup>8</sup> e Weiner e cols.<sup>11</sup>. Esses estudos inclu&#237;ram apenas pacientes com fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria e grupo controle que receberam TMI-placebo sem carga inspirat&#243;ria. Retirando esses artigos h&#225; aus&#234;ncia de heterogeneidade (<italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 0%). A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi realizada para a dura&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o. Observamos que o TMI realizado durante seis ou oito semanas melhorou a PIm&#225;x em 14,56 cmH<sub>2</sub>O (IC 95%: 6,38 a 22,73, <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 0%), mas os estudos que realizaram TMI durante 12 semanas produziram uma melhora ainda maior na PImax quando comparado com os grupos controles (35,17 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, IC 95%: 10,96 a 59,38) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig04">Figura 4</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, Weiner e cols.<sup>11</sup> foi o &#250;nico estudo que utilizou TMI de alta intensidade (15% a 60% da PIm&#225;x). Outros estudos realizaram o TMI com 30%<sup>8-10,12</sup> ou 40%<sup>14</sup> da PIm&#225;x. Quando esse estudo foi omitido individualmente das metan&#225;lises para avaliar poss&#237;veis influ&#234;ncias individuais sobre os resultados, a heterogeneidade e a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia ponderada se mantiveram inalteradas.</p>
    <p>Winkelmann e cols.<sup>24</sup> mostraram que o TMI mais EA (57 &#177; 12 a 120 &#177; 12) e grupo EA (56 &#177; 13 a 95 &#177; 14) apresentaram melhora significativas na PIm&#225;x. Tamb&#233;m, o incremento m&#233;dio de 110% na PIm&#225;x nas 12 semanas no grupo TMI mais EA foi significativamente maior do que o incremento m&#233;dio de 72% observado no grupo EA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sum&#225;rio das evid&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, verificou-se que o TMI foi associado com melhora significativa na capacidade funcional e for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria em pacientes com ICC. No entanto, o TMI proporcionou uma melhora significativa no VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo apenas nos estudos que realizaram TMI por 12 semanas contra grupos sem carga inspirat&#243;rio e em pacientes com fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>A melhora do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo pelo TMI realizada durante 12 semanas pode ser atribu&#237;da ao atraso no desenvolvimento de fadiga diafragm&#225;tica em pacientes com ICC, levando a uma redu&#231;&#227;o na ativa&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios adicionais, aumentando a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria, e/ou reduzindo o fluxo de sangue exigido pelos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios durante o exerc&#237;cio, reduzindo consequentemente a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e melhorando a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, perfus&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos perif&#233;ricos, e aumentando a capacidade funcional<sup>25,26</sup>. Em um grupo de pacientes com ICC, Chiappa e cols.<sup>27</sup> demonstraram que o TMI foi capaz de melhorar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo dos m&#250;sculos dos membros inferiores, tanto no exerc&#237;cio quanto no repouso, no contexto de fadiga muscular respirat&#243;ria, sugerindo que o metaborreflexo muscular inspirat&#243;rio tenha sido parcialmente atenuado<sup>28</sup>. Em nosso estudo, demonstramos que a dura&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o e a fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria s&#227;o parcialmente respons&#225;veis pelas mudan&#231;as positivas observadas nos pacientes. </p>
    <p>Quanto a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6, observamos um incremento clinicamente significativo<sup>29</sup> para os pacientes do grupo TMI. Al&#233;m disso, observamos que o estudo que incluiu pacientes com fraqueza muscular inspirat&#243;ria, que realizaram TMI durante 12 semanas, e que possu&#237;am um grupo controle que recebeu TMI-placebo sem carga inspirat&#243;ria<sup>8</sup>, apresentou maiores ganhos nessa vari&#225;vel. Isso pode ser devido ao maior grau de defici&#234;ncia nos pacientes inclu&#237;dos nesse estudo e &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o mais longa da interven&#231;&#227;o, e a compara&#231;&#227;o do grupo TMI com um grupo controle que recebeu TMI-placebo sem carga inspirat&#243;ria. Laoutaris e cols.<sup>13</sup> demonstraram que existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre mudan&#231;a na dispneia e dist&#226;ncia percorrida, provavelmente ligada &#224; melhora na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Nesta metan&#225;lise, encontramos um resultado diferente sobre a capacidade funcional. Observamos um aumento significativo na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 o que n&#227;o foi observado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo. Isso pode ser explicado pelo fato de que testes m&#225;ximo e subm&#225;ximo t&#234;m determinantes fisiol&#243;gicos e potencial para melhora p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o diferentes. Assim, paradigmas diferentes de testes podem n&#227;o responder igualmente a uma determinada interven&#231;&#227;o<sup>30</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, na an&#225;lise do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo houve um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes e, conforme a abordagem GRADE, a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia apresentada por esse resultado foi muito baixa, em raz&#227;o das limita&#231;&#245;es na metodologia, imprecis&#227;o e inconsist&#234;ncia dos resultados. Acreditamos que novas pesquisas possam aumentar a confian&#231;a e alterar as estimativas de efeito. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, observamos que o TMI melhorou significativamente a PIm&#225;x em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos controle. Diversos estudos t&#234;m observado que a PIm&#225;x &#233; reduzida em pacientes com ICC. Mancini e cols.<sup>31</sup> foram os primeiros a demonstrar os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do treinamento muscular respirat&#243;rio seletivo na melhora da for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria e capacidade aer&#243;bica geral na ICC. A melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o muscular inspirat&#243;ria pode ter alcan&#231;ado descarga respirat&#243;ria com a restaura&#231;&#227;o do desequil&#237;brio entre a capacidade dos m&#250;sculos inspirat&#243;rios para sustentar a atividade e as cargas inspirat&#243;rias. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a fraqueza muscular respirat&#243;ria, observada em pacientes com ICC, &#233; revers&#237;vel. Al&#233;m disso, essa vari&#225;vel se correlaciona significativamente com o VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo, o que sugere que a fraqueza muscular respirat&#243;ria contribui para o d&#233;ficit na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio na ICC<sup>28</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outro aspecto a destacar &#233; o que diz respeito &#224; carga analisada nos artigos que variaram de 30% a 60% da Pim&#225;x. Em um estudo n&#227;o randomizado, Laoutaris e cols.<sup>32</sup> compararam TMI de alta intensidade contra baixa intensidade, em pacientes com ICC. O regime de treinamento de alta intensidade contemplou esfor&#231;os repetitivos a 60% da PIm&#225;x at&#233; a exaust&#227;o, enquanto o grupo de baixa intensidade treinou a 15% da PIm&#225;x com apenas seis esfor&#231;os inspirat&#243;rios. Os pacientes de ambos os grupos treinaram tr&#234;s vezes por semana, durante 10 semanas. Enquanto houve um aumento estatisticamente significativo na PIm&#225;x em ambos os grupos ap&#243;s o treinamento, quando comparada com a condi&#231;&#227;o basal, os ganhos foram maiores no grupo de alta intensidade de treinamento. Nessa an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica, Weiner e cols.<sup>11</sup> foi o &#250;nico estudo que utilizou TMI de alta intensidade (15% a 60% da PIm&#225;x); por&#233;m, quando esse estudo foi omitido individualmente da metan&#225;lise para avaliar poss&#237;veis influ&#234;ncias individuais nos resultados, a heterogeneidade e a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia ponderada permaneceram inalteradas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es da revis&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O nosso estudo apresenta v&#225;rios pontos fortes metodol&#243;gicos, os quais s&#227;o: 1 A quest&#227;o de revis&#227;o focada; 2 A pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica abrangente e sistem&#225;tica; e 3 A colabora&#231;&#227;o de uma equipe multidisciplinar de pesquisadores na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de e metodologistas que utilizaram crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade expl&#237;citos e reprodut&#237;veis. Al&#233;m disso, realizamos a metan&#225;lise para expressar quantitativamente os resultados obtidos e avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da evid&#234;ncia para cada desfecho analisado. </p>
    <p>Observamos que muitos desses ECR foram metodologicamente limitados por um grau de vi&#233;s. Apenas um estudo descrevia claramente o cegamento (pacientes e terapeutas)<sup>14</sup>, e a confidencialidade da oculta&#231;&#227;o da aloca&#231;&#227;o<sup>12</sup>, e quatro ensaios relataram que os avaliadores dos desfechos foram cegos<sup>8,11,14,24</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, um estudo<sup>10</sup> n&#227;o descreveu as perdas e exclus&#245;es que ocorreram durante o treinamento. Portanto, as an&#225;lises de sensibilidade foram prejudicadas pela qualidade metodol&#243;gica apresentada pelos estudos inclu&#237;dos e pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos e participantes. Al&#233;m do mais, os estudos inclu&#237;dos n&#227;o t&#234;m poder suficiente, pois mesmo realizando a metan&#225;lise, os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% continuaram sendo amplos, sugerindo que novos estudos deveriam ser realizados com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes e maiores per&#237;odos de acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>De acordo com a abordagem GRADE, todos os resultados apresentaram qualidade da evid&#234;ncia baixa ou muito baixa. Isso indica que qualquer estimativa de efeito &#233; muito incerta e &#233; muito prov&#225;vel que uma pesquisa adicional tenha um impacto mais importante sobre a nossa confian&#231;a para estimar o efeito, e &#233; prov&#225;vel que altere a estimativa<sup>22</sup>, sugerindo que novos estudos deveriam ser realizados com um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes.</p>
    <p>Decidimos realizar uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise, uma vez que esse tipo de estudo pode fornecer estimativas mais confi&#225;veis da efic&#225;cia do tratamento do que ensaios individuais, porque possui maior poder estat&#237;stico. Em raz&#227;o da heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica encontrada na metan&#225;lise, realizamos uma explora&#231;&#227;o detalhada das poss&#237;veis fontes de heterogeneidade entre os estudos, incluindo uma descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada da an&#225;lise de sensibilidade e an&#225;lise de subgrupos. Os passos utilizados para analisar as heterogeneidades moderada e alta dos estudos foram: 1) executar as metan&#225;lises retirando um artigo de cada vez para verificar se algum estudo individual explicava a heterogeneidade; 2) realizamos an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, com base em informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-especificadas relevantes que tenham influ&#234;ncia nos efeitos do TMI sobre os resultados [dura&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o, interven&#231;&#227;o realizada pelo grupo controle, carga inspirat&#243;ria e se os estudos inclu&#237;am pacientes com fraqueza da musculatura inspirat&#243;ria (PIm&#225;x &lt; 70% do valor previsto)]. Usando essas an&#225;lises, observamos que o TMI para pacientes com fraqueza dos m&#250;sculos inspirat&#243;rios, e submetidos a TMI durante 12 semanas, aumenta os ganhos em todos os resultados avaliados. Ainda, a carga inspirat&#243;ria n&#227;o parece influenciar nos resultados observados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise sugere que o tratamento com treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio melhora a capacidade funcional e for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria, merecendo assim considera&#231;&#227;o como interven&#231;&#227;o adicional em pacientes com ICC. No entanto, a qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos artigos inclu&#237;dos e os pequenos tamanhos de amostra sugerem que s&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos ECR sobre esse assunto. Os estudos devem ser planejados com maior rigor metodol&#243;gico, um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes e per&#237;odos de interven&#231;&#227;o mais longos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) e pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (Capes).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Graciele Sbruzzi pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia e Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncia da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rodrigo Della M&#233;a Plentz </p>
        <p> Rua Sarmento Leite, 245 </p>
        <p> CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="roplentz@yahoo.com.br">roplentz@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/07/11; revisado em 02/09/2011, aceito em 07/03/12.</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="app" rid="a11ape01">
        <p content-type="break">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0762-00011-e01.jpg"/></p>
        <p content-type="break"> Ap&#234;ndice - Clique para ampliar</p>
      </xref>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/5HvhBvtc3N8h894qL5yvmmb/10399e64fbc3accb3d502d542ce31dfd9e1f8914.jpg"/>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure: meta-analysis of randomized trials</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) may have lower inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, which may contribute to exercise intolerance. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) can have beneficial effects on these patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to systematically review the effects of IMT compared to control groups (placebo-IMT or another intervention) in patients with CHF. A search of databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL and PEDro) and references of published studies, from 1960 to 2011, was conducted. Randomized trials comparing IMT to control groups in the treatment of patients with CHF were included. The GRADE approach was used to determine the quality of evidence for each outcome. Of 119 articles identified, 7 studies were included. IMT increased the distance walked in the six-minute walk test [69 m (95% CI: 7.21 to 130.79)] (very low evidence) and maximal static inspiratory pressure [23.36 cmH20 (95% CI: 11.71 to 35.02)] (low evidence) compared to control groups. However, IMT provides a significant improvement in peak oxygen consumption only in the studies that performed IMT for 12 weeks against no inspiratory load in patients with inspiratory muscle weakness [3.02 ml/kg/min-1 (95% CI: 0.43 to 5.61)]. IMT improves functional capacity and inspiratory muscle strength thereby deserving consideration as an additional intervention in patients with CHF. Larger and better-designed studies, however, are needed to clarify the potential benefit of IMT in this patient population.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Breathing exercises</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>meta-analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>review</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>REVIEW ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="enda-body2"/>Inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure: meta-analysis of randomized trials</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rodrigo Della M&#233;a Plentz<sup>I,II</sup>; Graciele Sbruzzi<sup>II</sup>; Rodrigo Antonini Ribeiro<sup>III</sup>; Jana&#237;na Barcellos Ferreira<sup>I</sup>, Pedro Dal Lago<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Physical Therapy Department - Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Laboratory of Clinical Investigation - Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Service of Epidemiology - Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/ Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) may have lower inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, which may contribute to exercise intolerance. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) can have beneficial effects on these patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to systematically review the effects of IMT compared to control groups (placebo-IMT or another intervention) in patients with CHF. A search of databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL and PEDro) and references of published studies, from 1960 to 2011, was conducted. Randomized trials comparing IMT to control groups in the treatment of patients with CHF were included. The GRADE approach was used to determine the quality of evidence for each outcome. Of 119 articles identified, 7 studies were included. IMT increased the distance walked in the six-minute walk test [69 m (95% CI: 7.21 to 130.79)] (very low evidence) and maximal static inspiratory pressure [23.36 cmH20 (95% CI: 11.71 to 35.02)] (low evidence) compared to control groups. However, IMT provides a significant improvement in peak oxygen consumption only in the studies that performed IMT for 12 weeks against no inspiratory load in patients with inspiratory muscle weakness [3.02 ml/kg/min-1 (95% CI: 0.43 to 5.61)]. IMT improves functional capacity and inspiratory muscle strength thereby deserving consideration as an additional intervention in patients with CHF. Larger and better-designed studies, however, are needed to clarify the potential benefit of IMT in this patient population.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Breathing exercises; heart failure; meta-analysis; review.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There are multiple reasons for the profound reduction of aerobic capacity in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and they involve the cardiovascular, skeletal muscle and respiratory systems. Patients with CHF may present abnormalities in respiratory muscle function, such as reduced endurance and strength, diaphragm fiber I atrophy<sup>1</sup> and increased deoxygenation during exercises<sup>2</sup>. Moreover, the physical activity of most patients with CHF is limited by fatigue and dyspnea, and it has been suggested that respiratory muscle weakness and deconditioning may be involved in the increased effort required to breathe during exercise hyperpnea<sup>3,4</sup>. In addition, these abnormalities may have important implications for exercise capacity, quality of life as well as in their poor prognosis<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although the vast majority of research into CHF has focused on pharmacological or electrical therapies<sup>7</sup>, programs involving inspiratory muscle training (IMT) are increasingly propagated as a potential strategy for further improving outcomes in CHF patients<sup>6</sup>. IMT can reduce symptoms such as dyspnea and inspiratory muscle fatigue, through effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Despite this, IMT is not widely used as a non-pharmacological treatment in patients with CHF and inspiratory muscle weakness, perhaps because few data are available regarding its effect on functional capacity<sup>6,8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have focused on the effects of IMT on inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, which leads to improvement in peak oxygen consumption, quality of life and dyspnea<sup>8-14</sup>. However, the sample sizes of studies comparing these benefits to those obtained with a control group in these patients have been small.</p>
      <p>Systematic review with meta-analysis of RCTs can provide more reliable estimates of treatment effectiveness than individual trials because they have greater statistical power. Therefore, we report a meta-analysis of RCTs comparing IMT to control groups (placebo-IMT or another intervention) in patients with CHF. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to estimate the effects of IMT on functional capacity evaluated by peak oxygen consumption (peak VO<sub>2</sub>) and the 6-minute walk test (6-MWT) and maximal static inspiratory pressure (PImax) by gathering all available evidence.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Eligibility criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We included RCTs assessing IMT in the treatment of CHF patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I, II or III. We included studies that compared IMT to control groups [placebo-IMT (the same regimen as the IMT group, except that the treatment was performed with a lower inspiratory load or with no inspiratory load) or any other intervention] and that evaluated the following outcomes: peak VO<sub>2</sub>, distance walked in the 6-MWT and/or PImax. Exclusion criteria were the following: (1) inclusion of subjects other than CHF patients; (2) lack of a reliable definition of what was considered CHF; (3) absence of IMT with inspiratory load; (4) follow-up shorter than 6 weeks; (5) lack of control group data description.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Search strategy and study selection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We independently searched, in duplicate, the following electronic databases (from 1960 to July 2011): MEDLINE (accessed by PubMed), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane CENTRAL)<sup>15</sup>. In addition, we searched the bibliographies of published studies<sup>6,16</sup>. The search was performed in July 2011 and comprised the following terms: "breathing exercises", "inspiratory muscle training", "respiratory muscle training", "heart failure", "congestive heart failure", "heart ventricles", "congestive cardiomyopathy", "ventricular dysfunction" combined with a high sensitivity combination of words used in the search for randomized clinical trials<sup>17</sup>. There were no language or publication status restrictions. The complete search strategy used for the MEDLINE database is shown in <xref ref-type="app" rid="en_a11app01-body2">Appendix</xref><sup>18</sup>. Details for the other strategies used are available on request. </p>
      <p content-type="asset"/>
      <p>Titles and abstracts of all articles identified by the search strategy were independently evaluated by two investigators (G.S. and J.B.F.), in duplicate. All abstracts that did not provide sufficient information regarding the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for full-text evaluation. In the second phase, the same reviewers independently evaluated the full-text articles and made their selection in accordance with the eligibility criteria. Disagreements between reviewers were solved by consensus.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data extraction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Using standardized forms, the same two reviewers independently conducted data extraction with regard to the methodological characteristics of the studies, interventions and outcomes; disagreements were also solved by consensus. The main outcome extracted was peak VO<sub>2</sub> in ml/kg/min<sup>-1</sup>. Other outcomes of interest were distance walked in the 6-MWT in meters (m) and PImax in cmH<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Assessment of risk of bias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Study quality assessment included adequate sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, blinding of outcome assessors, use of intention-to-treat analysis and description of losses and exclusions. Studies without a clear description of an adequate sequence generation were considered not to have fulfilled these criteria. A lack of description of how the allocation list was concealed (which could include terms like "central", "web-based" or "telephone randomization", or a clear statement that the allocation list was concealed) was judged to characterize absence of allocation concealment. Use of intention-to-treat analysis was considered as confirmation on study assessment that the number of participants randomized and the number analyzed were identical, except for patients lost to follow-up or who withdrew consent for study participation. Studies without this characteristic were considered not to have fulfilled this criterion. Quality assessment was independently performed by the same two reviewers (G.S. and J.B.F.).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pooled-effect estimates were obtained by comparing the least square mean percentage change from baseline to study end for each group, and were expressed as the weighted mean difference between groups<sup>19</sup>. Calculations were performed using a random effects method. p value <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical heterogeneity of the treatment effects among studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test and the inconsistency <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup> test, in which values above 25% and 50% were considered indicative of moderate and high heterogeneity, respectively<sup>20</sup>. All analyses were conducted using Review Manager version 5.1 (Cochrane Collaboration)<sup>21</sup>. </p>
      <p>We explored heterogeneity between studies using two strategies: 1) we re-ran the meta-analyses removing one paper at a time to check whether some individual study explained heterogeneity; 2) we performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate subgroups of studies most likely to yield valid estimates of intervention based on pre-specified relevant clinical information which influences IMT effects on outcomes [duration of the intervention, intervention performed by control group, inspiratory load and if the studies included patients with weakness of inspiratory muscles (PImax &lt; 70% of predicted)].</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Summary of evidence: GRADE-criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We presented the overall quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach as recommended by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions<sup>19</sup>. For each specific outcome, the quality of the evidence was based on 5 factors: (1) limitations of the study design; (2) consistency of results; (3) directness; (4) precision and (5) potential for publication bias. The quality was reduced by one level for each of the factors not met. The GRADE approach resulted in 4 levels of quality of evidence: high, moderate, low and very low<sup>22</sup>. GRADE profiler software (version 3.6) was used<sup>23</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Description of studies</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The search strategy yielded 119 abstracts, from which 14 studies were considered as potentially relevant and retrieved for detailed analysis. Seven of these studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review (n = 182). However, only six studies, with 150 patients with CHF, were included in the meta-analysis. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the flow diagram of the studies included in this review and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a11tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> summarizes the characteristics of these studies. Five trials<sup>8-11,14</sup> compared IMT to placebo-IMT, with minimum inspiratory load or with no training effects (total n = 118, of which 61 were on IMT), one trial<sup>12</sup> compared IMT to another intervention [education program (total n = 32, of which 15 were on IMT)] and one study<sup>24</sup> compared IMT plus aerobic exercise training (AE) to AE alone (total n = 24, of which 12 were on IMT). This last study was not included in the meta-analysis and in the sensitivity analysis because it was associated with another intervention (AE) with the IMT, which is different from the other studies included.</p>
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Risk of bias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the included studies in the systematic review, 71.4% presented an adequate sequence generation, 14.3% reported allocation concealment, 14.3% had blinded patients and investigators, 57.1% had blinded assessment of outcomes, 85.7% described losses to follow-up and exclusions, and none of the studies used the intention-to-treat principle for statistical analyses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a11tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effects of interventions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Peak oxygen consumption</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Three studies<sup>8,10,11</sup> assessed peak VO<sub>2</sub> (n = 72). We observed that IMT provides a non-significant improvement in peak VO<sub>2</sub> compared to control groups [1.98 ml/kg/min<sup>-1</sup> (95% CI: -0.67 to 4.62, p = 0.09; <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 59%)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). Based on the GRADE approach, the quality of the evidence for this outcome was considered very low (based on the limitations in design, imprecision and inconsistency of the results) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a11tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). Statistical heterogeneity can be explained by Dall'Ago et al.<sup>8</sup> which showed a higher improvement in this outcome compared to other studies. Removing this paper from meta-analysis, there is an absence of heterogeneity (0.45 ml/kg/min<sup>-1</sup>; 95% CI: -2.01 to 2.91), <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 0%. In this meta-analysis, two studies<sup>8,11</sup> performed IMT for 12 weeks, included only patients with inspiratory muscle weakness, and had control groups that performed placebo-IMT with no inspiratory load. In contrast, Mart&#237;nez et al.<sup>10</sup> conducted training only for 6 weeks, included patients without inspiratory weakness and the control group performed placebo-IMT at 10% of PImax. In sensitivity analyses, analyzing only the first two studies<sup>8,11</sup>, we observed that IMT promoted a clinically significant improvement in peak VO<sub>2</sub> by 3.02 ml/kg/min<sup>-1</sup> (95% CI: 0.43 to 5.61, <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 39%) compared to control groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
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      <p>Winkelmann et al.<sup>24</sup> observed an improvement in peak VO<sub>2</sub> comparing before and after treatment measurements in the IMT plus AE group (15.1 &#177; 4.2 to 19.7 &#177; 4.1, p &lt; 0.001) and in the AE group (16.1 &#177; 4.6 to 19.2 to 4.2, p &lt; 0.001). As noted, 40% mean increment in peak VO<sub>2</sub> in the IMT plus AE group was significantly larger than the 21% mean increment observed in the AE group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Distance walked in the 6-MWT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Three studies<sup>8,10,14</sup> assessed distance walked in the 6-MWT (n = 82). We observed that IMT provides a significant improvement in distance walked in the 6-MWT compared to control groups [69 m (95% CI: 7.21 to 130.79; <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 78%)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). According to GRADE, there was very low quality evidence for this outcome based on the limitations in design imprecision and inconsistency of the results (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a11tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). </p>
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      </p>
      <p>Statistical heterogeneity is also explained by Dall'Ago et al.<sup>8</sup>, who showed a higher improvement in this outcome compared to other studies. This study presented different clinical characteristics from the other two studies<sup>10,14</sup>: 1) IMT performed for 12 weeks, 2) control groups received placebo-IMT with no inspiratory load, and 3) included only patients with weakness of inspiratory muscles. In sensitivity analyses, analyzing only the other two studies<sup>10,14</sup> that performed IMT for 6 weeks, the control groups received placebo-IMT with inspiratory load (10% and 15% of PImax, respectively). We observed an absence of heterogeneity (<italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 0%), but also smaller effect size in this outcome (43.59 m; 95% CI: 12.77 to 74.41) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>In the study by Winkelmann et al.<sup>24</sup> both groups presented similar improvement in the distance walked in the 6-MWT (IMT plus AE = 420 &#177; 90 m before and 500 &#177; 72 m after; AE = 433 &#177; 108 m before and 489 &#177; 81 m after).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maximal static inspiratory pressure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All articles<sup>8-12,14</sup> included in this meta-analysis evaluated PImax (n = 150). There was a significant improvement in PImax when comparing IMT versus all control groups [23.36 cmH<sub>2</sub>0 (95% CI: 11.71 to 35.02; <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 64%)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). Based on the GRADE approach, the quality of evidence for this outcome was low, based on the limitations in design and inconsistency of the results (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a11tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). </p>
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      </p>
      <p>Statistical heterogeneity can be explained by Dall'Ago et al.<sup>8</sup> and Weiner et al.<sup>11</sup> These studies included only patients with inspiratory muscle weakness and control groups that received placebo-IMT with no inspiratory load. Removing these articles there is an absence of heterogeneity (<italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 0%). Sensitivity analysis was performed for duration of intervention. We observed that IMT performed for 6 or 8 weeks improved PImax by 14.56 cmH<sub>2</sub>O (95% CI: 6.38 to 22.73, <italic>I</italic><sup><italic>2</italic></sup>: 0%), but studies that performed IMT for 12 weeks led to a higher improvement in PImax compared to control groups (35.17 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; 95% CI: 10.96 to 59.38) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). Furthermore, Weiner et al.<sup>11</sup> was the only study that used high-intensity IMT (15% to 60% PImax). The other studies performed IMT with 30%<sup>8-10,12</sup> or 40%<sup>14</sup> of PImax. When this study was omitted individually from the meta-analyses to assess possible individual influences on results, heterogeneity and weighted mean difference remained unchanged.</p>
      <p>Winkelmann et al.<sup>24</sup> show that the IMT plus AE (57 &#177; 12 to 120 &#177; 12) and AE group (56 &#177; 13 to 95 &#177; 14) presented significant improvements in PImax. Likewise, the 110% mean increment in PImax at 12 weeks in the IMT plus AE group was significantly larger than the 72% mean increment observed in the AE group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Summary of evidence</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this systematic review, we found that IMT was associated with significant improvement in functional capacity and inspiratory muscle strength in patients with CHF. However, IMT provides a significant improvement in peak VO<sub>2</sub> only in the studies that performed IMT for 12 weeks against no inspiratory load in patients with inspiratory muscle weakness.</p>
      <p>The improvement of peak VO<sub>2</sub> by IMT performed for 12 weeks can be attributed to delay in the development of diaphragmatic fatigue in patients with CHF, leading to a reduction in the recruitment of accessory respiratory muscles, increasing ventilatory efficiency, and/or reducing the blood flow required by the respiratory muscles during exercise, consequently reducing sympathetic activation and improving systemic vasodilation, perfusion of the peripheral muscles, and increasing functional capacity<sup>25,26</sup>. In a group of CHF patients, Chiappa et al.<sup>27</sup> demonstrated that IMT was able to improve blood flow to both resting and exercising limb muscles in the setting of respiratory muscle fatigue, suggesting that the inspiratory muscle metaboreflex had been partially attenuated<sup>28</sup>. In our study, we demonstrated that duration of intervention and inspiratory muscle weakness are partly responsible for the positive changes observed in patients. </p>
      <p>As to distance walked in the 6-MWT, we observed a clinically significant increase<sup>29</sup> for patients in the IMT group. Furthermore, we observed that the study that included patients with inspiratory muscle weakness, who performed IMT for 12 weeks, and had a control group that received placebo-IMT with no inspiratory load<sup>8</sup> showed greater gains in this variable. This may be due to the greater degree of impairment in the patients included in this trial and the longer duration of the intervention and it compares the IMT group to the control group that received placebo-IMT with no inspiratory load. Laoutaris et al.<sup>13</sup> demonstrated that there is an inverse correlation between change in dyspnea and walking distance, probably linked to improved exercise capacity.</p>
      <p>In this meta-analysis, we found a different result concerning functional capacity. We observed a significant increase in distance walked in the 6-MWT which was not observed in relation to peak VO<sub>2</sub>. This can be explained by the fact that maximal and submaximal tests have physiological determinants and potential for improvement different post-intervention. Thus, different test paradigms may not respond equally to a given intervention<sup>30</sup>. Furthermore, in the analysis of peak VO<sub>2</sub>, there was a small number of patients and, according to GRAD E, the quality of evidence presented by this outcome was very low, due to the limitations in design, imprecision and inconsistency of the results. We believe that further research may increase confidence and change the estimates of effect. </p>
      <p>In addition, we observed that IMT significantly improved PImax compared to control groups. Several studies have observed that PImax is reduced in patients with CHF. Mancini et al.<sup>31</sup> were the first to demonstrate the beneficial effects of selective respiratory muscle training in improving respiratory muscle strength and overall aerobic capacity in CHF. The improvement in inspiratory muscle function may have achieved respiratory unloading with restoration of the imbalance between the ability of the inspiratory muscles to sustain activity and inspiratory loads. There is evidence that respiratory muscle weakness observed in CHF patients is reversible. Furthermore, this variable correlates significantly with peak VO<sub>2</sub>, suggesting that respiratory muscle weakness contributes to impaired exercise capacity in CHF<sup>28</sup>. </p>
      <p>Another aspect to note is with regard to load analyzed in articles that ranged from 30% to 60% PImax. In a non-randomized trial, Laoutaris et al.<sup>32</sup> compared high intensity versus low intensity IMT in patients with CHF. The high-intensity training regimen involved repetitive efforts at 60% PImax until exhaustion, whereas the low intensity group trained at 15% of PImax with only six inspiratory efforts. Patients in both groups trained three times a week for 10 weeks. While there was a statistically significant increase in PImax in both groups after training compared with baseline, the gains were greater in the high-intensity training group. However, in this systematic review, Weiner et al.<sup>11</sup> was the only RCT that used high-intensity IMT (15% to 60% PImax) and when this study was omitted individually from the meta-analyses to assess possible individual influences on results, heterogeneity and weighted mean difference were unchanged.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Strengths and limitations of the review</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study has several methodological strengths, which are: 1. The focused review questions, 2. A comprehensive and systematic literature search and 3. The collaboration of a multidisciplinary team of health researchers and methodologists that used explicit and reproducible eligibility criteria. Furthermore, we employed meta-analysis to quantitatively express the results obtained and evaluated the quality of evidence for each outcome analyzed. </p>
      <p>We found that many of these RCTs were methodologically limited by a degree of attrition bias. Only one study clearly described the blinding (patients and therapists)<sup>14</sup>, and the confidentiality of the allocation concealment<sup>12</sup>, and four trials reported that the outcome evaluation was blind<sup>8,11,14,24</sup>. Moreover, one study<sup>10</sup> also failed to describe the losses and exclusions that occurred during the treatment period. Therefore, sensitivity analyses were impaired by the methodological quality presented by the included studies and by the small number of studies and participants. Furthermore, the included studies do not have sufficient power, since even performing meta-analysis, the 95% confidence intervals remained wide, suggesting that further studies should be performed with a larger number of patients and longer follow-up periods.</p>
      <p>According to the GRADE approach, all outcomes presented low or very low quality of evidence. This indicates that any estimate of effect is very uncertain and further research is very likely to have a major impact on our confidence to estimate effect and is likely to change the estimate<sup>22</sup>, suggesting that new studies should be carried out with a larger number of patients.</p>
      <p>We decided to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis since this type of study can provide more reliable estimates of treatment effectiveness than individual trials because they have greater statistical power. Because of statistical heterogeneity found in the meta-analysis, we performed a detailed exploration of possible sources of heterogeneity between studies, including a detailed description of sensitivity analysis and subgroups analysis. The steps used to deal with the moderate and high heterogeneity of the studies were: 1) to perform the meta-analyses removing each paper at a time to check whether some individual study explained heterogeneity; 2) performed sensitivity analyses based on pre-specified relevant clinical information which influences IMT effects on outcomes [duration of the intervention, intervention performed by control group and if the studies included patients with weakness of inspiratory muscles (PImax &lt; 70% of predicted)]. Using these analyses, we observe that IMT for patients with weakness of the inspiratory muscles and undergoing IMT for 12 weeks increases the gains in all outcomes evaluated. Thus, the inspiratory load does not seem to influence the results observed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This systematic review with meta-analysis suggests that treatment with inspiratory muscle training improves functional capacity and inspiratory muscle strength thereby deserving consideration as an additional intervention in patients with CHF. However, the methodological quality of the articles included and the small sample sizes suggest that new RCTs are needed on this subject. Studies must be planned with greater methodological strictness, a larger number of patients and longer periods of intervention. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) and Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Graciele Sbruzz, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia e Programa de Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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