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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">R6PnMVfX5bRm4YzdcqFpj7Q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001100003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000063</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implante por cateter de biopr&#243;tese valvar para tratamento da estenose a&#243;rtica: experi&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Sandoli de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Breno O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grube</surname>
            <given-names>Eberhard</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perin</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>697</fpage>
      <lpage>705</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O implante por cateter de biopr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica &#233; uma nova modalidade de tratamento para portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica inoper&#225;veis ou de alto risco cir&#250;rgico. Objetivo: Relatar a experi&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s anos do implante por cateter da biopr&#243;tese CoreValve. M&#201;TODOS: Entre janeiro de 2008 e janeiro de 2011, 35 pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica (33 casos) ou disfun&#231;&#227;o de biopr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica (dois casos) de alto risco cir&#250;rgico foram submetidos ao implante da biopr&#243;tese CoreValve. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi 81,5 &#177; 9 anos, e 80% apresentavam-se em classe funcional III ou IV de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O EuroScore foi 18,4 &#177; 14,3% e o STS 14,5 &#177; 11,6%. Obteve-se sucesso do implante em 34 (97,1%) pacientes. Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transvalvar de 84,9 &#177; 22 para 22,5 &#177; 9,5 mmHg e 87,1% dos pacientes evolu&#237;ram em classe funcional I ou II. A mortalidade aos 30 dias e no seguimento m&#233;dio de 400 &#177; 298 dias foi, respectivamente, de 11,4% e 31,4%. A ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas com risco de morte foi o &#250;nico preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular. Acidente vascular cerebral ocorreu em 5,7% dos pacientes. Marca-passo permanente foi necess&#225;rio em 32,1% dos casos no primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s o procedimento. CONCLUS&#195;O: O implante por cateter de biopr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica &#233; um procedimento seguro e eficaz para ser empregado em portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica de alto risco cir&#250;rgico. O dispositivo CoreValve &#233; eficaz no m&#233;dio-prazo, em seguimento de at&#233; tr&#234;s anos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estenose da valva a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>proteses valvulares card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Implante por cateter de biopr&#243;tese valvar para tratamento da estenose a&#243;rtica: experi&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s anos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fabio Sandoli de Brito Junior; Alexandre Abizaid; Breno O. Almeida; Adriano Caixeta; Fl&#225;vio Tarasoutchi; Eberhard Grube; Marco Perin</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O implante por cateter de biopr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica &#233; uma nova modalidade de tratamento para portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica inoper&#225;veis ou de alto risco cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p> Objetivo: Relatar a experi&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s anos do implante por cateter da biopr&#243;tese CoreValve. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Entre janeiro de 2008 e janeiro de 2011, 35 pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica (33 casos) ou disfun&#231;&#227;o de biopr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica (dois casos) de alto risco cir&#250;rgico foram submetidos ao implante da biopr&#243;tese CoreValve. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi 81,5 &#177; 9 anos, e 80% apresentavam-se em classe funcional III ou IV de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O EuroScore foi 18,4 &#177; 14,3% e o STS 14,5 &#177; 11,6%. Obteve-se sucesso do implante em 34 (97,1%) pacientes. Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transvalvar de 84,9 &#177; 22 para 22,5 &#177; 9,5 mmHg e 87,1% dos pacientes evolu&#237;ram em classe funcional I ou II. A mortalidade aos 30 dias e no seguimento m&#233;dio de 400 &#177; 298 dias foi, respectivamente, de 11,4% e 31,4%. A ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas com risco de morte foi o &#250;nico preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular. Acidente vascular cerebral ocorreu em 5,7% dos pacientes. Marca-passo permanente foi necess&#225;rio em 32,1% dos casos no primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s o procedimento. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O implante por cateter de biopr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica &#233; um procedimento seguro e eficaz para ser empregado em portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica de alto risco cir&#250;rgico. O dispositivo CoreValve &#233; eficaz no m&#233;dio-prazo, em seguimento de at&#233; tr&#234;s anos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Estenose da valva a&#243;rtica; dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o; proteses valvulares card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estenose a&#243;rtica &#233; a doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca mais comum. Sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade, afetando aproximadamente 3% da popula&#231;&#227;o com idade superior a 75 anos<sup>1</sup>. No Brasil, com o aumento da expectativa de vida, estima-se que, em 2030, teremos 11 milh&#245;es de brasileiros nessa faixa et&#225;ria (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ibge.gov.br">http://www.ibge.gov.br</ext-link>) e, consequentemente, aproximadamente 350 mil pacientes com estenose valvar a&#243;rtica degenerativa<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva a&#243;rtica &#233;, h&#225; d&#233;cadas, o tratamento de elei&#231;&#227;o para pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica sintom&#225;tica, propiciando al&#237;vio dos sintomas e aumento da sobrevida. Entretanto, o risco cir&#250;rgico aumenta com o avan&#231;ar da idade e com a associa&#231;&#227;o de comorbidades, o que faz que mais de um ter&#231;o dos octogen&#225;rios com estenose a&#243;rtica sintom&#225;tica sejam recusados para a cirurgia<sup>3,4</sup>. Nesse contexto, h&#225; alguns anos, introduziu-se na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica o implante por cateter de biopr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica, uma nova modalidade de tratamento para pacientes considerados inoper&#225;veis ou de alto risco cir&#250;rgico. As evid&#234;ncias atuais, empregando os sistemas bal&#227;o-expans&#237;vel (Edwards-SAPIEN<sup>&#174;</sup>) ou autoexpans&#237;vel (Medtronic-COREVALVE<sup>&#174;</sup>), indicam tratar-se de um procedimento seguro e altamente eficaz<sup>5-15</sup>. A data da reda&#231;&#227;o deste artigo, mais de 35 mil pacientes j&#225; haviam sido tratados com esses dispositivos no mundo. No Brasil, a experi&#234;ncia com o implante transcateter valvular a&#243;rtico iniciou-se em janeiro de 2008, com a aprova&#231;&#227;o e disponibilidade do sistema CoreValve<sup>&#174;16</sup>. Relatamos, no presente estudo, a experi&#234;ncia acumulada de tr&#234;s anos com esse dispositivo no centro que iniciou o emprego dessa nova modalidade terap&#234;utica em nosso meio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre janeiro de 2008 e janeiro de 2011, 35 pacientes consecutivos portadores de estenose valvar a&#243;rtica (33 casos) ou de disfun&#231;&#227;o de biopr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica (dois casos) foram submetidos ao implante percut&#226;neo da biopr&#243;tese CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup>. Esses pacientes foram selecionados de um universo maior, onde outros casos foram avaliados e n&#227;o realizaram o procedimento por n&#227;o preencherem os crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o ou por quest&#245;es administrativas. A indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento restringiu-se a um seleto grupo de pacientes que, pela idade avan&#231;ada ou por comorbidades, apresentavam contraindica&#231;&#227;o ou risco elevado para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico convencional. O EuroScore e o STS foram os escores utilizados para estimar o risco de mortalidade cir&#250;rgica desta s&#233;rie de pacientes<sup>17,18</sup>. Em geral, consideram-se adequados para o procedimento percut&#226;neo os pacientes com &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica &lt; 1 cm<sup>2</sup>, &#226;nulo valvar a&#243;rtico <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 e <underline>&lt;</underline> 27 mm, aorta ascendente <underline>&lt;</underline> 43 mm e di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria femoral comum <underline>&gt;</underline> 6 mm.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>O rocedimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes submetidos &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea da valva a&#243;rtica receberam aspirina (100 mg) e clopidogrel (dose de ataque de 300 mg seguida de 75 mg por dia), com in&#237;cio na v&#233;spera do procedimento e recomenda&#231;&#227;o de manuten&#231;&#227;o por tr&#234;s a seis meses. A antibi&#243;tico-profilaxia foi feita com cefuroxima 1,5 g 1 hora antes e 6 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento. Durante o procedimento, administrou-se heparina na dose de 100 U/Kg, objetivando atingir tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado &gt; 250 e &lt; 300 segundos. O acesso vascular, quando por via femoral, foi obtido de forma totalmente percut&#226;nea, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos hemost&#225;ticos (Perclose e Prostar XL). Para o acesso pela art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via, utilizou-se a dissec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do acesso vascular, realizou-se a valvoplastia a&#243;rtica com bal&#227;o como pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o para o implante da pr&#243;tese. A seguir, realizou-se o implante da biopr&#243;tese CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup>(CoreValve Revalving System, Medtronic, Inc.) que consiste de tr&#234;s folhetos de peric&#225;rdio porcino, montados e suturados em um <italic>stent</italic> de nitinol de 5 cm de comprimento, autoexpans&#237;vel. O implante foi sempre realizado pelos mesmos dois operadores, utilizando-se uma bainha de 18 F (6 mm) de di&#226;metro. Para an&#233;is valvares de 20 a 23 mm, selecionou-se a pr&#243;tese de 26 mm e para an&#233;is de 23 a 27 mm, a pr&#243;tese escolhida foi a de 29 mm. Ao final do procedimento, manteve-se o marca-passo transvenoso por 24 a 48 horas, como prote&#231;&#227;o para o caso de ocorrerem bradiarritmias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Defini&#231;&#245;es e desfechos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos as complica&#231;&#245;es e desfechos do estudo seguiram os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo Valve Academic Research Consortium Consensus on Event Definition<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Considerou-se sucesso do dispositivo CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> quando foi poss&#237;vel posicionar e implantar adequadamente uma &#250;nica pr&#243;tese, com funcionamento adequado, &#225;rea valvar &gt; 1,2 cm<sup>2</sup>, gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio &lt; 20 mmHg ou velocidade de pico &lt; 3m/s e com regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, no m&#225;ximo, discreta.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coleta de dados durante o seguimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos e informa&#231;&#245;es de exames complementares durante o seguimento foram coletados em visitas m&#233;dicas ou por contato telef&#244;nico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas est&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como frequ&#234;ncias (n&#250;mero e porcentagem).</p>
    <p>Quando an&#225;lises de subgrupos foram realizadas, utilizaram-se os testes de qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher ou raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a para a an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, utilizaram-se ANOVA ou, quando a vari&#225;vel n&#227;o apresentava distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise sequencial das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, ser&#225; empregado o teste de McNemar. Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal no mesmo paciente, utilizar-se-&#225; an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas com compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Bonferroni. Quando a vari&#225;vel n&#227;o apresentar distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, o teste utilizado ser&#225; o n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Friedman e, quando detectada diferen&#231;a entre os tempos, ser&#227;o realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es dois a dois, utilizando o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon pareado, ajustado para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni.</p>
    <p>Para determinar os preditores independentes de mortalidade, mortalidade cardiovascular e de implante de marca-passo permanente foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariado, incluindo as vari&#225;veis cujos valores de <italic>p</italic> foram menores ou iguais a 15% no modelo univariado.</p>
    <p>Para construir os gr&#225;ficos de mortalidade e de mortalidade cardiovascular utilizou-se a curva de Kaplan-Meier.</p>
    <p>Utilizou-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p-valor <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos 35 pacientes desta s&#233;rie encontram-se ilustrados nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi 81,5 &#177; 9 anos (61 a 98 anos) e 80% apresentavam-se em classe funcional III ou IV de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association. O EuroScore log&#237;stico m&#233;dio foi 18,4 &#177; 14,3% (2,4 a 71,4%) e o escore STS foi 14,5 &#177; 11,6% (1,3 a 42,9%).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento dos pacientes foi de 400 &#177; 298 dias (0 a 1.105 dias). Os acompanhamentos de 1 m&#234;s, 1 ano e 2 anos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para 35 (100%), 25 (71,4%) e 11 (31,4%) pacientes, respectivamente. N&#227;o houve perda do seguimento cl&#237;nico em nenhum caso.</p>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi de 11 &#177; 12,5 dias (4 a 69 dias).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados do procedimento encontram-se listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Um &#250;nico paciente, com aneurisma de aorta abdominal, teve o procedimento realizado por dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via. Os demais, por pun&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral comum. Obteve-se sucesso do implante em 34 (97,1%) pacientes e sucesso do dispositivo em 29 (82,8%). Os insucessos deveram-se a: um caso em que houve tamponamento card&#237;aco e &#243;bito causado por perfura&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pelo fio-guia enquanto se avan&#231;ava a pr&#243;tese em dire&#231;&#227;o ao anel valvar, e, nesse caso, a pr&#243;tese n&#227;o foi implantada; um caso em que houve mal posicionamento da pr&#243;tese, com emboliza&#231;&#227;o para a aorta ascendente e necessidade de implante de uma segunda pr&#243;tese (pr&#243;tese intrapr&#243;tese); quatro casos com regurgita&#231;&#227;o periprot&#233;tica moderada na avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo ecocardiograma, a despeito da p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o em dois desses casos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ocorreram quatro (11,4%) &#243;bitos de causa cardiovascular no procedimento, tr&#234;s por complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas (dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta abdominal, hemorragia retroperitoneal e tamponamento por perfura&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com o fio-guia) e um por choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da valvoplastia a&#243;rtica com bal&#227;o em paciente com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda acentuada. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ilustra as complica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas nos primeiros 30 dias e no seguimento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Durante o procedimento e nas primeiras 24 horas, complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas com risco de morte ou incapacitante ocorreram em seis (17,1%) pacientes e hemorragias maiores aconteceram em cinco (14,3%). Assim, as complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas maiores ou com risco de morte aconteceram, no total, em 11 (31,4%) casos, acarretando nos tr&#234;s &#243;bitos descritos acima. As complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares maiores ocorreram em seis (17,1%) casos, quatro delas acarretando complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas associadas. Essas complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares e hemorr&#225;gicas ocorreram especialmente no in&#237;cio de experi&#234;ncia e boa parte deveu-se, provavelmente, &#224; inexperi&#234;ncia com o emprego do dispositivo hemost&#225;tico Prostar.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo periprocedimento, n&#227;o ocorreram casos de acidente vascular cerebral ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e n&#227;o houve necessidade de realizar cirurgia card&#237;aca em car&#225;ter de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo entre um e 30 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, n&#227;o ocorreram &#243;bitos adicionais, de tal forma que as taxas de mortalidade por qualquer causa e de mortalidade cardiovascular aos 30 dias foram de 11,2%, semelhante &#224; mortalidade intraprocedimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). No seguimento de um m&#234;s, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o ocorreram novos infartos do mioc&#225;rdio, complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas ou hemorr&#225;gicas significativas, casos com insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda e n&#227;o houve necessidade de realizar cirurgias card&#237;acas para corrigir problemas relacionados &#224; CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup>. Dois pacientes (5,7%) apresentaram acidente vascular cerebral nesse per&#237;odo, quatro e 12 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, este &#250;ltimo em paciente portador de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Dessa forma, ao final de 30 dias, 26 (74,3%) pacientes apresentavam-se livres de qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o maior.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo entre um m&#234;s e um ano, ocorreram um infarto sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e quatro &#243;bitos adicionais, sendo dois de causa cardiovascular. Ao final de 12 meses, 21 (60%) pacientes apresentavam-se livres de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores.</p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s &#243;bitos de causa n&#227;o cardiovascular ocorreram ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico. Dessa forma, as estimativas (Kaplan-Meier) de sobrevida livre dos eventos morte por qualquer causa e morte cardiovascular atingiram, respectivamente, 54,3% e 82,7%, aos 36 meses. As curvas atuariais est&#227;o ilustradas nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nenhuma vari&#225;vel analisada se mostrou preditora independente de mortalidade por qualquer causa no modelo de regress&#227;o multivariado. Para mortalidade cardiovascular, o &#250;nico preditor identificado na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica com risco de morte no procedimento (p=0,038).</p>
    <p>O acompanhamento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes identificou uma melhora significativa da sintomatologia cl&#237;nica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>), com 87,1% dos pacientes em classe funcional I ou II j&#225; no seguimento de 30 dias. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, constatou-se manuten&#231;&#227;o do benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico, com 93,5% dos pacientes em classe funcional I ou II aos 452 &#177; 277 dias (45 a 1105 dias) de acompanhamento.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados do ecocardiograma (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>), notou-se queda imediata do gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio e de pico ap&#243;s o implante da CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os gradientes de press&#227;o medidos ap&#243;s o procedimento e no seguimento ecocardiogr&#225;fico.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica realizada ap&#243;s o procedimento mostrou que regurgita&#231;&#227;o periprot&#233;tica moderada estava presente em quatro (12,9%) dos 31 casos que sobreviveram ao procedimento, e tr&#234;s deles mantiveram o mesmo padr&#227;o no ecocardiograma de controle e um apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o da intensidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o. Em um &#250;nico caso, houve aumento do grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o perivalvar (intensidade discreta para moderada) na compara&#231;&#227;o entre o exame realizado ap&#243;s o procedimento e no seguimento. Assim, no ecocardiograma de controle realizado 319 &#177; 242 (16 a 981) dias ap&#243;s o implante da biopr&#243;tese, foram detectados quatro (12,9%) pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada, dos quais dois necessitaram reinterna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o seguimento. N&#227;o se detectou nenhuma outra anormalidade das biopr&#243;teses implantadas durante todo o per&#237;odo de seguimento.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, detectou-se uma tend&#234;ncia (p=0,057) a aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Nessa s&#233;rie, exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que faleceram no procedimento e aqueles que j&#225; eram portadores de marca-passo, 10 (35,7%) de 28 foram submetidos ao implante de marca-passo permanente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>) e 17 (60,7%) desenvolveram novo bloqueio do ramo esquerdo. Dentre aqueles que necessitaram implantar o marca-passo, em oito o implante foi realizado ainda na fase hospitalar, em um a indica&#231;&#227;o ocorreu no primeiro m&#234;s e um &#250;nico paciente teve o marca-passo permanente implantado 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, nenhuma vari&#225;vel se mostrou preditora independente da necessidade de implante de marca-passo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, com resultados cl&#237;nicos de at&#233; tr&#234;s anos de pacientes submetidos ao implante por cateter da biopr&#243;tese Corevalve<sup>&#174;</sup> para o tratamento da estenose valvar a&#243;rtica sintom&#225;tica, indica que essa nova modalidade de tratamento &#233; eficaz, proporcionando imediata amplia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea valvar e redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente de press&#227;o transvalvar a&#243;rtico, com consequente al&#237;vio nos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.</p>
    <p>A pr&#243;tese CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> foi efetivamente implantada em mais de 95% dos casos e o sucesso do dispositivo foi obtido em aproximadamente 83%, &#237;ndices que s&#227;o sistematicamente relatados ap&#243;s a supera&#231;&#227;o da curva de aprendizado, tanto com o dispositivo bal&#227;o-expans&#237;vel (Sapien<sup>&#174;</sup>) como com o autoexpans&#237;vel (CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup>)<sup>5,8,10-15</sup> . Os insucessos do dispositivo CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> deveram-se, na sua maioria, &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o periprot&#233;tica moderada pelo ecocardiograma realizado imediatamente apos o implante. Em geral, a regurgita&#231;&#227;o perivalvar discreta, comum ap&#243;s o implante dos dispositivos CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> e Sapien<sup>&#174;11,12,15</sup>, &#233; muito bem tolerada clinicamente. Entretanto, acredita-se que a presen&#231;a de regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada pode ter impacto negativo sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes<sup>14</sup> e, de acordo com o Valve Academic Research Consortium Consensus on Event Definition<sup>19</sup>, essa condi&#231;&#227;o deve ser considerada como insucesso do dispositivo. De fato, em nossa experi&#234;ncia, dois (50%) dos quatro pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada n&#227;o tiveram melhora da classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e necessitaram reinterna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar para compensa&#231;&#227;o do quadro.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade de 30 dias de 11,2% do presente estudo est&#225; de acordo com aquela encontrada em diversas s&#233;ries na literatura, com varia&#231;&#227;o entre 3,4% e 20%<sup>5,7-15,20,21</sup>, e &#233; inferior &#224; mortalidade estimada para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico convencional desses mesmos pacientes, quando empregados os escores de risco EuroScore ou STS. A mortalidade de um ano, de acordo com a estimativa de Kaplan-Meier, atingiu 23,6%, e os &#243;bitos nesse per&#237;odo ocorreram predominantemente por causas cardiovasculares, a maioria deles relacionados a complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento. Ap&#243;s um ano de seguimento, n&#227;o ocorreram &#243;bitos adicionais por causas cardiovasculares, sendo todos decorrentes das s&#233;rias comorbidades inerentes a essa popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada, predominantemente de octagen&#225;rios, considerados de alto risco. Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com os encontrados em outros estudos que reportaram a evolu&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dio prazo dos pacientes submetidos ao implante de biopr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica por cateter<sup>5,8,10,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, identificou-se um &#250;nico preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular, que foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica com risco de morte ou incapacitante no procedimento, que tamb&#233;m foi um preditor de mortalidade no estudo de Tamburino e cols.<sup>14</sup>. Em nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial, detectamos elevada incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares e hemorr&#225;gicas no sitio de acesso vascular, atribu&#237;da &#224; curva de aprendizado e &#224; inexperi&#234;ncia no manuseio do dispositivo hemost&#225;tico Prostar. Esse fato motivou a modifica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de hemostasia, com emprego de dois ou tr&#234;s dispositivos Proglide (Perclose), seguindo a experi&#234;ncia com o implante percut&#226;neo de endopr&#243;teses para a corre&#231;&#227;o do aneurisma de aorta, com bainhas de at&#233; 24F<sup>22</sup>. Ap&#243;s essa modifica&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica, as complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas e vasculares tornaram-se menos frequentes.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral em nossa s&#233;rie est&#225; de acordo com o achado do estudo randomizado PARTNER e com outras s&#233;ries publicadas<sup>8,10,13,15,20</sup>, em que essa complica&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em 2,8% a 11%. Em nossa experi&#234;ncia, os eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais n&#227;o ocorreram durante o procedimento e, sim, nas primeiras semanas apos a interven&#231;&#227;o. Especula-se que essa complica&#231;&#227;o pode estar relacionada a ateroembolismo de placas presentes na aorta ascendente e no arco a&#243;rtico, a emboliza&#231;&#227;o <italic>debris</italic> calcificados dos folhetos da valva a&#243;rtica nativa, a tromboembolismo proveniente da pr&#243;tese valvar e a eventual ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, como provavelmente ocorreu em um de nossos casos. No estudo PARTNER, apenas aproximadamente metade dos casos de acidente vascular cerebral ocorreu durante o procedimento, o que, em conjunto com nossos achados, levanta quest&#227;o sobre a efic&#225;cia de dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o emb&#243;lica cerebral, se utilizados apenas no momento do implante da pr&#243;tese<sup>8,10,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nossa casu&#237;stica com o dispositivo CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup>, detectou-se dist&#250;rbio avan&#231;ado da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular com necessidade de implantar o marca-passo permanente em aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos casos. O bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo ocorreu em mais da metade dos casos. Esses achados do presente estudo est&#227;o de acordo com outras publica&#231;&#245;es em que o marca-passo permanente foi necess&#225;rio em 20% a 40% e bloqueio do ramo esquerdo ocorreu em aproximadamente 60% dos pacientes<sup>15,24-26</sup>. A proximidade do &#226;nulo valvar a&#243;rtico com o n&#243; atrioventricular, com o feixe de His (septo membranoso) e com os fasc&#237;culos do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His (regi&#227;o muscular do septo interventricular) pode explicar o motivo pelo qual as manipula&#231;&#245;es ou trauma do &#226;nulo valvar a&#243;rtico se associam a dist&#250;rbios na condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo card&#237;aco<sup>27</sup>. Edema, inflama&#231;&#227;o e isquemia podem resultar da manipula&#231;&#227;o do &#226;nulo valvar durante o ato cir&#250;rgico ou do estresse mec&#226;nico causado pelo implante percut&#226;neo de biopr&#243;teses valvares. Nas substitui&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas da valva a&#243;rtica, um ter&#231;o dos pacientes apresenta dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, e em cerca de 5% h&#225; necessidade de implante de marca-passo permanente<sup>28,29</sup>. Esses n&#250;meros se assemelham aos relatados com o implante percut&#226;neo ou transapical da pr&#243;tese Sapien<sup>&#174;8,10,30</sup>. No presente estudo, n&#227;o identificamos preditores independentes da necessidade de implantar o marca-passo permanente. Outros estudos indicam que o implante mais profundo da biopr&#243;tese CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o superdimensionamento da pr&#243;tese em rela&#231;&#227;o ao anel valvar e a presen&#231;a de bloqueio completo do ramo direito na condi&#231;&#227;o basal identificam aqueles mais propensos ao desenvolvimento de dist&#250;rbios avan&#231;ados da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular<sup>24,26,30-32</sup>.</p>
    <p>O seguimento ecocardiogr&#225;fico tardio dessa s&#233;rie demonstrou a manuten&#231;&#227;o dos benef&#237;cios obtidos imediatamente ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea valvar e aos gradientes de press&#227;o transvalvar a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio e de pico, com tend&#234;ncia a melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda durante o acompanhamento. N&#227;o foram detectados casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o da biopr&#243;tese CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> nesse per&#237;odo. Clinicamente, mais de 90% dos pacientes em acompanhamento apresentaram-se em classe funcional I ou II de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Esses achados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de efic&#225;cia de m&#233;dio prazo do dispositivo CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> s&#227;o concordantes com os resultados de outros estudos publicados<sup>5,6,8,10,11,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233;, seguramente, o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos, especialmente quando se busca identificar preditores independentes de eventos adversos. Entretanto, acreditamos tratar-se de uma experi&#234;ncia significativa para a realidade brasileira e seu car&#225;ter investigativo deve motivar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos com maior n&#250;mero de casos, como o Registro Brasileiro de Implante por Cateter de Biopr&#243;tese Valvar A&#243;rtico, conduzido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia Intervencionista<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, 1) o implante por cateter da biopr&#243;tese CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> &#233; um procedimento seguro e eficaz para ser empregado em pacientes selecionados, de alto risco cir&#250;rgico ou inoper&#225;veis; 2) complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas s&#227;o preditoras de mortalidade cardiovascular; 3) aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes necessita do implante de marca-passo permanente por dist&#250;rbios avan&#231;ados da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular ap&#243;s o implante da pr&#243;tese CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup>; 4) os resultados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos indicam que o dispositivo CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> &#233; eficaz no m&#233;dioprazo, em seguimento de at&#233; tr&#234;s anos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores Fabio Sandoli de Brito Junior, Marco Perin e Eberhard Grube receberam honor&#225;rios da ind&#250;stria (Medtronic) para consultoria e palestras.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Fabio Sandoli de Brito Junior </p>
        <p> Rua Dom Armando Lombardi, 819/82a, Vila Progredior </p>
        <p> CEP 05616011, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fsbrito@superig.com.br">fsbrito@superig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 28/01/12 </p>
    <p> Revisado em 30/01/12 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 15/03/12</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Transcatheter bioprosthesis implantation for the treatment of aortic stenosis: three-year experience</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic bioprosthesis implantation is a new treatment modality for patients with aortic stenosis who are inoperable or at high surgical risk. OBJECTIVE: To report the three-year experience with transcatheter CoreValve&#174; bioprosthesis implantation. METHODS: From January 2008 to January 2011, 35 patients with aortic stenosis (33) or aortic valve bioprosthesis dysfunction (two) at high surgical risk underwent transcatheter CoreValve&#174; bioprosthesis implantation. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 81.5 &#177; 9 years, and 80% had heart failure functional class III or IV. The EuroScore was 18.4 &#177; 14.3% and the STS risk score was 14.5 &#177; 11.6%. Successful device implantation was achieved in 34 (97.1%) patients. After the intervention, a reduction in the transvalvular pressure gradient from 84.9 &#177; 22 to 22.5 &#177; 9.5 mm Hg was observed, and 87.1% of the patients progressed to functional class I or II. Thirty-day mortality and mortality in the follow-up of 400 &#177; 298 days were 11.4% and 31.4%, respectively. The occurrence of life-threatening hemorrhagic complications was the only independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Stroke occurred in 5.7% of the patients. Permanent pacemaker was required in 32.1% of the patients within the first month after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Transcatheter aortic bioprosthesis implantation is a safe and effective procedure to be used in patients with aortic stenosis at high surgical risk. The CoreValve&#174; prosthesis proved to have mid-term efficacy in a three-year follow-up.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic valve stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>balloon dilatation</kwd>
        <kwd>heart valve prosthesis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Transcatheter bioprosthesis implantation for the treatment of aortic stenosis: three-year experience</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Fabio Sandoli de Brito Junior; Alexandre Abizaid; Breno O. Almeida; Adriano Caixeta; Fl&#225;vio Tarasoutchi; Eberhard Grube; Marco Perin</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Transcatheter aortic bioprosthesis implantation is a new treatment modality for patients with aortic stenosis who are inoperable or at high surgical risk.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To report the three-year experience with transcatheter CoreValve&#174; bioprosthesis implantation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> From January 2008 to January 2011, 35 patients with aortic stenosis (33) or aortic valve bioprosthesis dysfunction (two) at high surgical risk underwent transcatheter CoreValve&#174; bioprosthesis implantation.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The patients' mean age was 81.5 &#177; 9 years, and 80% had heart failure functional class III or IV. The EuroScore was 18.4 &#177; 14.3% and the STS risk score was 14.5 &#177; 11.6%. Successful device implantation was achieved in 34 (97.1%) patients. After the intervention, a reduction in the transvalvular pressure gradient from 84.9 &#177; 22 to 22.5 &#177; 9.5 mm Hg was observed, and 87.1% of the patients progressed to functional class I or II. Thirty-day mortality and mortality in the follow-up of 400 &#177; 298 days were 11.4% and 31.4%, respectively. The occurrence of life-threatening hemorrhagic complications was the only independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Stroke occurred in 5.7% of the patients. Permanent pacemaker was required in 32.1% of the patients within the first month after the procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Transcatheter aortic bioprosthesis implantation is a safe and effective procedure to be used in patients with aortic stenosis at high surgical risk. The CoreValve&#174; prosthesis proved to have mid-term efficacy in a three-year follow-up.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Aortic valve stenosis; balloon dilatation; heart valve prosthesis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aortic stenosis is the most common heart valve disease. Its prevalence increases with age, affecting approximately 3% of the population over the age of 75 years<sup>1</sup>. In Brazil, with the increased life expectancy, it is estimated that by 2030 there will be 11 million Brazilians in that age group (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ibge.gov.br">http://www.ibge.gov.br</ext-link>), and, thus, approximately 350,000 patients with degenerative aortic stenosis<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>For decades, surgical aortic valve replacement has been the treatment of choice for patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis, providing symptom relief and increasing survival. However, the surgical risk increases as age advances and comorbidities associate, determining that more than one third of the octogenarians with symptomatic aortic stenosis be denied surgery<sup>3,4</sup>. In this context, transcatheter implantation of aortic valve bioprosthesis, a new modality of treatment for patients considered inoperable or at high surgical risk, was introduced in clinical practice some years ago. The Edwards-Sapien<sup>&#174;</sup> balloon-expandable transcatheter heart valve and the self-expandable Medtronic-CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> system have proved to be safe and highly effective<sup>5-15</sup>. By the time this study was written, over 35,000 patients had already been treated with those devices worldwide. In Brazil, the experience with transcatheter aortic valve implantation began in January 2008, with the approval and availability of the CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> system<sup>16</sup>. In this study, we report the experience accumulated over three years with that device at the medical center that initiated the use of that new therapeutic modality in Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Selection of patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January 2008 to January 2011, 35 consecutive patients with aortic valve stenosis (33 cases) or aortic valve bioprosthesis dysfunction (two cases) underwent percutaneous implantation of the CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> bioprosthesis. Those patients were selected from a greater universe, where other cases were assessed and did not undergo the procedure due to either lack of compliance with the indication criteria, or administrative questions. The indication of the procedure was restricted to a selected group of patients, who, because of advanced age or comorbidities, were at high risk or had contraindications for conventional surgical treatment. The EuroScore and the STS risk score were used to estimate the risk of surgical mortality of those patients<sup>17,18</sup>. In general, patients with an aortic valve area &lt; 1 cm<sup>2</sup>, aortic valve annulus <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 and <underline>&lt;</underline> 27 mm, ascending aorta <underline>&lt;</underline> 43 mm, and diameter of the common femoral artery <underline>&gt;</underline> 6 mm are considered fit for the percutaneous procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>The procedure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients undergoing percutaneous aortic valve replacement received aspirin (100 mg) and clopidogrel (attack dose of 300 mg, followed by 75 mg per day), starting on the day preceding the procedure and recommended to be maintained for three to six months. Antibiotic prophylaxis was performed with cefuroxime, 1.5 g one hour before and six hours after the procedure. During the procedure, heparin, at the dose of 100 U/kg, was administered aiming at reaching an activated coagulation time &gt; 250 and &lt; 300 seconds. The vascular approach, when performed through the femoral access, was totally percutaneous, using hemostatic devices (Perclose and Prostar XL). The subclavian access required surgical dissection. After obtaining vascular access, balloon aortic valvuloplasty was performed to pre-dilate the native valve for prosthesis implantation. Then, the CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> bioprosthesis (CoreValve Revalving System, Medtronic, Inc.) was implanted and consisted of three porcine pericardial leaflets, mounted and sutured on a self-expandable 5-cm nitinol stent. Implantation was always performed by the same two surgeons, using an 18-F sheath (6 mm). For valvular annulus sizes between 20 and 23 mm, the 26-mm prosthesis was selected, and for valvular annulus sizes between 23 and 27 mm, the 29-mm prosthesis was selected. At the end of the procedure, transvenous pacemaker was maintained for 24 to 48 hours, as a protection if bradyarrhythmia occurred.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Definitions and endpoints</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All complications and study endpoints were adjudicated in accordance with the Valve Academic Research Consortium Consensus on Event Definition<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> device success was achieved when one single prosthesis could be positioned and properly implanted, with proper function, heart valve area &gt; 1.2 cm<sup>2</sup>, mean aortic transvalvular pressure gradient &lt; 20 mm Hg or peak velocity &lt; 3 m/s, and, at most, mild aortic regurgitation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data collection during follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical data and complementary test results during follow-up were collected on medical visits or via telephone.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The continuous variables are presented as mean and standard deviation, and the categorical variables as frequencies (number and percentage).</p>
      <p>When analyses of subgroups were performed, the chi-square test, Fisher exact test or likelihood ratio test were used for categorical variables. For continuous variables, ANOVA was used, or, when the variable did not have a normal distribution, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used.</p>
      <p>The McNemar test was used for the sequential analysis of categorical variables. For continuous variables with normal distribution in the same patient, ANOVA was used for repeated measures with Bonferroni multiple comparison test. When the variable did not have normal distribution, the non-parametric Friedman test was used, and, when a difference between times was detected, two-by-two comparisons were performed using the non-parametric paired Wilcoxon test, adjusted to the Bonferroni multiple comparison test.</p>
      <p>To determine independent predictors of mortality, of cardiovascular mortality and of permanent pacemaker implantation, multivariate logistic regression was used, including variables whose <italic>p</italic> values were lower than or equal to 15% in the univariate model.</p>
      <p>The Kaplan-Meier curve was used to build the mortality and cardiovascular mortality graphs.</p>
      <p>The significance level adopted was 5% (p-valor <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The demographic, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the 35 patients studied are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">2</xref>. The patients' mean age was 81.5 &#177; 9 years (61 to 98 years), and 80% of them were in New York Heart Association heart failure functional class III or IV. The mean logistic EuroScore was 18.4% &#177; 14.3% (2.4% to 71.4%), and the mean STS risk score was 14.5 &#177; 11.6% (1.3% to 42.9%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean follow-up time was 400 &#177; 298 days (0 to 1,105 days). The 1-month, 1-year- and 2-year follow-ups were available for 35 (100%), 25 (71.4%) and 11 (31.4%) patients, respectively. There was no loss to clinical follow-up.</p>
      <p>The mean hospital length of stay was 11 &#177; 12.5 days (4 to 69 days).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Procedure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Procedural data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>. Only one patient, who had an abdominal aorta aneurysm, underwent the procedure through dissection of the subclavian artery. The others underwent puncture of the common femoral artery. Successful device implantation was achieved in 34 (97.1%) patients, and device success was achieved in 29 (82.8%). The failures were as follows: one patient had cardiac tamponade and died due to perforation of the left ventricle caused by the guidewire while guiding the prosthesis towards the valvular annulus, in which case, the prosthesis was not implanted; one prosthesis malpositioning, with embolization to the ascending aorta and need for implantation of a second prosthesis (valve-in-valve); and four cases of moderate periprosthetic regurgitation on echocardiographic evaluation, despite balloon post-dilation in two cases.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Complications</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Four (11.4%) patients died in the procedure due to cardiovascular causes as follows: three patients due to hemorrhagic complications (abdominal aorta dissection, retroperitoneal hemorrhage, and tamponade due to left ventricular perforation with guidewire); and one patient with severe left ventricular dysfunction died because of refractory cardiogenic shock after balloon aortic valvuloplasty. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the complications that occurred in the first 30 days and during clinical follow-up.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>During the procedure and within the first 24 hours, life-threatening or disabling hemorrhagic complications occurred in six (17.1%) patients, while major hemorrhages occurred in five (14.3%). Thus, major hemorrhages or life-threatening or disabling hemorrhagic complications were observed in 11 (31.4%) patients, three of whom died. Major vascular complications occurred in six (17.1%) patients, four of which caused associated hemorrhagic complications. The vascular and hemorrhagic complications were observed mainly in the beginning of our experience, and most of them might have been due to the lack of familiarity with the Prostar hemostastic device.</p>
      <p>In the periprocedural period, neither stroke nor myocardial infarction was observed, and no emergency cardiac surgery was required.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Endpoints</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the period between 1 and 30 days after the procedure, no additional deaths were observed, and, thus, the all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality rates within 30 days after the procedure were 11.2%, similar to the intraprocedural mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>). In the one-moth follow-up, the following were not observed: new myocardial infarctions; significant ischemic or hemorrhagic complications; acute renal failure; and need for cardiac surgery to fix problems related to the CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> bioprosthesis. Two patients (5.7%) had stroke in that period, 4 and 12 days after the procedure, the latter being a patient with atrial fibrillation. Thus, at the end of 30 days, 26 (74.3%) patients had no major complication.</p>
      <p>In the period between one month and one year, one non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and four additional deaths were observed, two of which had a cardiovascular cause. Thus, at the end of 12 months, 21 (60%) patients had no major complication.</p>
      <p>Three non-cardiovascular deaths occurred after one year of clinical follow-up. Thus, the survival estimates (Kaplan-Meier) free from the all-cause death and cardiovascular death events reached 54.3% and 82.7%, respectively, at 36 months. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">2</xref> show the actuarial curves.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>None of the variables assessed proved to be an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in the multivariate regression model. Regarding cardiovascular mortality, the only predictor identified on logistic regression was the occurrence of life-threatening hemorrhagic complication during the procedure (p=0.038).</p>
      <p>The clinical follow-up of the patients identified a significant improvement in the clinical symptomatology of heart failure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5-body2">Table 5</xref>), with 87.1% of the patients achieving functional class I or II already within the first 30 days. After that period, the clinical benefit persisted, with 93.5% of the patients with functional class I or II at 452 &#177; 277 days (45 to 1,105 days) of follow-up.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0697-00063-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic endpoints</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding echocardiographic data (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>), an immediate drop in the mean and peak aortic transvalvular pressure gradients was identified after CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> implantation. No significant difference was observed between the pressure gradients measured after the procedure and on echocardiographic follow-up.</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic assessment after bioprosthesis implantation revealed moderate periprosthetic regurgitation in four (12.9%) of the 31 patients who survived the procedure; three of them maintained the same pattern on control echocardiogram and one showed a reduction in the intensity of the regurgitation. Only one patient had an increase in the intensity of perivalvular regurgitation (from mild to moderate) when comparing the tests performed after the procedure and during follow-up. Thus, on control echocardiography performed 319 &#177; 242 (16 to 981) days after bioprosthesis implantation, four (12.9%) patients were identified as having moderate regurgitation, two of whom required readmission due to heart failure. No other abnormality in the bioprostheses implanted was identified during the entire follow-up.</p>
      <p>Regarding left ventricular function, a trend (p=0.057) towards an increase in the ejection fraction was detected during clinical follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>In this series, excluding the patients who died during the procedure and those already having a pacemaker, ten (35.7%) of 28 underwent permanent pacemaker implantation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>) and 17 (60.7%) developed a new left bundle branch block. Of those requiring pacemaker implantation, eight had it implanted while still hospitalized, one had the implantation indicated in the first month, and only one patient had the permanent pacemaker implanted 12 months after the procedure. In logistic regression analysis, no variable proved to be an independent predictor of the need for pacemaker implantation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study, comprising the three-year follow-up of patients undergoing transcatheter CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> bioprosthesis implantation for the treatment of symptomatic aortic valve stenosis, shows that this new modality of treatment is effective. It provides immediate enlargement of the valvular area and a reduction in the aortic transvalvular pressure gradient, with consequent relief of the congestive heart failure symptoms.</p>
      <p>The CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> prosthesis was effectively implanted in more than 95% of the patients and device success was achieved in approximately 83%, indices systematically reported after overcoming the learning curve for both the balloon-expandable heart valve (Sapien<sup>&#174;</sup>) and the self-expandable prosthesis (CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup>)<sup>5,8,10-15</sup>. The lack of success of the CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> device was mainly due to the detection of moderate periprosthetic regurgitation on the echocardiography performed immediately after implantation. Usually, mild periprosthetic regurgitation, common after the implantation of CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> and Sapien<sup>&#174;</sup> devices<sup>11,12,15</sup>, is clinically very well tolerated. However, the presence of moderate regurgitation is believed to have a negative impact on the clinical evolution of patients<sup>14</sup>, and, according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium Consensus on Event Definition<sup>19</sup>, that condition should be considered a device failure. In fact, in our experience, two (50%) of four patients with moderate aortic regurgitation had no improvement in heart failure functional class, requiring hospital readmission to achieve compensation.</p>
      <p>The 30-day mortality of 11.2% observed in the present study is in accordance with that reported in several series (ranging from 3.4% to 20%)<sup>5,7-15,20,21</sup>, being lower than the mortality estimated for the conventional surgical treatment of the same patients, when using the EuroScore or STS risk score. One-year mortality, according to the Kaplan-Meier estimate, reached 23.6%, and the deaths within that period were mostly due to cardiovascular causes, most of them related to procedural complications. After one year of follow-up, no additional cardiovascular deaths occurred, all of them being due to the severe comorbidities inherent to that specific population, mostly composed of high-risk octogenarians. Such findings are in accordance with those reported by other studies on the mid-term follow-up of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic bioprosthesis implantation<sup>5,8,10,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study identified one single independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality, which was the occurrence of life-threatening or disabling hemorrhagic complications during the procedure, which was also a mortality predictor in the study by Tamburino et al.<sup>14</sup>. In our initial experience, we detected an elevated incidence of vascular and hemorrhagic complications in the vascular access site, attributed to the learning curve and to the lack of familiarity in handling the Prostar hemostastic device. That fact determined a change in the hemostasis technique, with the use of two or three Proglide devices (Perclose), following the experience with the percutaneous implantation of endoprostheses for correcting aortic aneurysm, with sheaths of up to 24F<sup>22</sup>. After this change in technique, hemorrhagic and vascular complications became less frequent.</p>
      <p>The incidence of stroke in our series is in accordance with that of the randomized PARTNER trial and of other published series<sup>8,10,13,15,20</sup>, in which that complication occurred in 2.8% to 11% of the patients. In our experience, ischemic cerebral events did not occur during the procedure, but in the first weeks following the intervention. That complication might be related to atheroembolism of plaques in the ascending aorta and aortic arch, embolization of calcified debris of native aortic valve leaflets, thromboembolism originating from the valvular prosthesis, and the occasional occurrence of atrial fibrillation, as might have occurred in one of our patients. In the PARTNER trial, only approximately half of the cases of stroke occurred during the procedure, which, along with our findings, raise the question about the efficacy of protective devices against cerebral embolism when used only at the occasion of prosthesis implantation<sup>8,10,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our case series with the CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> device, advanced atrioventricular conduction disorder was detected, requiring permanent pacemaker implantation in approximately one third of the patients. Complete left bundle branch block was identified in over half of the patients. These findings of the present study are in accordance with those of other studies in which permanent pacemaker was necessary in over 20% to 40% of the patients, and left bundle branch block occurred in approximately 60% of the patients<sup>15,24-26</sup>. Proximity of the aortic valve annulus to the atrioventricular node, to the bundle of His (membranous septum), and to the fascicles of the left bundle branch (muscular region of the interventricular septum) can explain why manipulation and trauma of the aortic valve annulus are associated with heart conduction system disorders<sup>27</sup>. Edema, inflammation and ischemia can result from the manipulation of the aortic valve annulus during surgery or from the mechanical stress caused by percutaneous aortic valve implantation. In surgical aortic valve replacement, one third of the patients has heart conduction system disorders, and around 5% of them require permanent pacemaker implantation<sup>28,29</sup>. These numbers are similar to those reported in studies with percutaneous or transapical implantation of the Sapien<sup>&#174;</sup> prosthesis<sup>8,10,30</sup>. In the present study, independent predictors of the need to implant a permanent pacemaker were not identified. Other studies have reported that the deeper implantation of the CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> bioprosthesis in left ventricle outflow tract, the over-dimensioning of the prosthesis regarding the valvular annulus, and the presence of complete right bundle branch block at baseline condition identify those with a higher tendency to develop advanced atrioventricular conduction disorders<sup>24,26,30-32</sup>.</p>
      <p>Late echocardiographic follow-up of this series showed persistence of the benefits obtained immediately after the intervention regarding valvular area and mean and peak aortic transvalvular pressure gradients, with the tendency towards a left ventricular function improvement during follow-up. CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> bioprosthesis dysfunction was not detected in any patient during that period. Clinically, more than 90% of the patients being followed up had heart failure functional class I or II. Those clinical and echocardiographic findings of mid-term efficacy of the CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> prosthesis are in accordance with those of other published studies<sup>5,6,8,10,11,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The major limitation of the present study is the small number of patients included, especially when aiming at identifying independent predictors of adverse events. However, we believe this is a significant experience for the Brazilian reality and its investigative character should motivate the performance of larger sample studies, such as the Brazilian Registry of Transcatheter Aortic Bioprosthesis Implantation conducted by the Brazilian Society of Interventionist Cardiology<sup>33</sup>.<sup>.</sup></p>
      <p>In conclusion: 1) transcatheter CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> bioprosthesis implantation is a safe and effective procedure to be used for selected high-risk or inoperable patients; 2) hemorrhagic complications are predictors of cardiovascular mortality; 3) approximately one third of the patients require permanent pacemaker implantation, because of advanced atrioventricular conduction disorder following CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> bioprosthesis implantation; and 4) clinical and echocardiographic results show that CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> bioprosthesis has mid-term efficacy in a three-year follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors Sandoli Fabio Junior de Brito, Marco Perin, and Eberhard Grube received honorariums from industry (Medtronic) for consulting and lectures.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
