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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LZDdgRHHzJ7Tb5jdb93vvGJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001100002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000066</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trimetazidina e resposta inflamat&#243;ria em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Gerez Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Bosco de Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assun&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Roberto Cavalcanti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca Bottino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Val&#234;ncia</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;ttia Ger&#250;ncio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jessen</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>688</fpage>
      <lpage>696</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A resposta inflamat&#243;ria org&#226;nica constitui um mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico presente em todas as cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CRVM-CEC), e a libera&#231;&#227;o de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios constitui um de seus mecanismos de defesa. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, em estudo prospectivo duplo-cego randomizado e controlado com placebo, os efeitos da trimetazidina (Tmz) sobre a resposta inflamat&#243;ria, por meio da varia&#231;&#227;o nas interleucinas 6 e 8; TNF-&#945;; complementos C3 e C5, e na prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-us), em dois momentos, pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 30 pacientes submetidos a CRVM-CEC utilizando cardioplegia hipot&#233;rmica intermitente, e com no m&#225;ximo disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular leve, divididos em dois grupos (placebo e Tmz), estratificados por ecocardiografia e recebendo medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo na dose de 60mg/dia. As amostras foram dosadas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio sem medica&#231;&#227;o, no dia da cirurgia com 12 a 15 dias de medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo e, seguidamente, 5 min ap&#243;s o desclampeamento a&#243;rtico, 12 e 24h, para interleucinas e complementos, e 48h para PCR. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o ocorreram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os n&#237;veis de interleucina 8, Tnf-&#945;, complementos C3 e C5, e PCR-us. No entanto, no grupo tratado, os n&#237;veis de interleucina 6 foram significativamente inferiores aos do grupo controle, em todos os momentos analisados. CONCLUS&#195;O: A trimetazidina mostrou-se eficaz apenas na redu&#231;&#227;o da interleucina 6 nos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRVM.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Trimetazidina</kwd>
        <kwd>inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Trimetazidina e resposta inflamat&#243;ria em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gerez Fernandes Martins; Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de Siqueira Filho; Jo&#227;o Bosco de Figueiredo Santos; Claudio Roberto Cavalcanti Assun&#231;&#227;o; Francisca Bottino Vieira; Alberto Val&#234;ncia; K&#225;ttia Ger&#250;ncio de Carvalho; Barbara Jessen</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A resposta inflamat&#243;ria org&#226;nica constitui um mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico presente em todas as cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CRVM-CEC), e a libera&#231;&#227;o de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios constitui um de seus mecanismos de defesa. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar, em estudo prospectivo duplo-cego randomizado e controlado com placebo, os efeitos da trimetazidina (Tmz) sobre a resposta inflamat&#243;ria, por meio da varia&#231;&#227;o nas interleucinas 6 e 8; TNF-&#945;; complementos C3 e C5, e na prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-us), em dois momentos, pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Foram estudados 30 pacientes submetidos a CRVM-CEC utilizando cardioplegia hipot&#233;rmica intermitente, e com no m&#225;ximo disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular leve, divididos em dois grupos (placebo e Tmz), estratificados por ecocardiografia e recebendo medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo na dose de 60mg/dia. As amostras foram dosadas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio sem medica&#231;&#227;o, no dia da cirurgia com 12 a 15 dias de medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo e, seguidamente, 5 min ap&#243;s o desclampeamento a&#243;rtico, 12 e 24h, para interleucinas e complementos, e 48h para PCR. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> N&#227;o ocorreram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os n&#237;veis de interleucina 8, Tnf-&#945;, complementos C3 e C5, e PCR-us. No entanto, no grupo tratado, os n&#237;veis de interleucina 6 foram significativamente inferiores aos do grupo controle, em todos os momentos analisados. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A trimetazidina mostrou-se eficaz apenas na redu&#231;&#227;o da interleucina 6 nos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRVM.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Trimetazidina/administra&#231;&#227;o &amp; dosagem; inflama&#231;&#227;o; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica presente em toda cirurgia cardiovascular tornou-se mais evidente a partir do desenvolvimento do sistema de Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) por Jonh Gibbon nos anos 1950, por aumentar a exposi&#231;&#227;o do sangue a um sistema artificial<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Essa atividade, mediada pela libera&#231;&#227;o da resposta imunol&#243;gica e celular, pode ser analisada mediante a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema de complementos, trombina, citocinas, neutr&#243;filos, mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o (Icam), mast&#243;citos e outros mediadores que se exteriorizam de v&#225;rias formas<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A partir da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da CEC, a reperfus&#227;o " fen&#244;meno fisiopatol&#243;gico que intensifica a resposta inflamat&#243;ria e que pode ocorrer nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas em geral, em tromb&#243;lise ou na angioplastia " passou a representar marcadamente as altera&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas inflamat&#243;rias relacionadas &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRVM) ap&#243;s o desclampeamento da aorta<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A fisiopatologia da reperfus&#227;o e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a resposta inflamat&#243;ria v&#234;m chamando a aten&#231;&#227;o de pesquisadores por suas evidentes e importantes repercuss&#245;es na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nico-cardiol&#243;gica, e t&#234;m levado a uma melhor compreens&#227;o de eventos relacionados. Em particular, a partir dos chamados radicais hiper&#243;xidos, que se formam nas obstru&#231;&#245;es ao fluxo coronariano, e que podem causar a inj&#250;ria ap&#243;s o desclampeamento da aorta na cirurgia card&#237;aca. Esses radicais hiper&#243;xidos compreendem o &#226;nion super&#243;xido (O-&#178;), radical hidroxila (OH) e per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio (H&#178;O&#178;), que podem ser removidos das c&#233;lulas por sistemas de enzimas com fun&#231;&#245;es antioxidantes, normalmente presentes na fisiologia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os radicais hiper&#243;xidos em conjunto com os neutr&#243;filos atuam ativamente na inj&#250;ria de reperfus&#227;o, interagindo em m&#250;ltiplos s&#237;tios e em outros elementos da cascata inflamat&#243;ria. Durante essa agress&#227;o as plaquetas e leuc&#243;citos agem por meio de mediadores (C3a, C5a, IL6, IL8, TNF-&#945;, iNOS e radicais hiper&#243;xidos), causando dano direto ao mioc&#225;rdio<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A trimetazidina, com sua a&#231;&#227;o anti-isqu&#234;mica, reduz os danos metab&#243;licos provocados durante a isquemia por agir numa etapa cr&#237;tica do metabolismo card&#237;aco, bloqueando a betaoxida&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;cidos graxos, mediante a inibi&#231;&#227;o da 3-acetil-CoA tiolase de cadeia longa. Esse efeito anti-isqu&#234;mico resulta no aumento da oxida&#231;&#227;o da glicose, adicional &#224; glic&#243;lise, tendo como consequ&#234;ncia a redu&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tons, eleva&#231;&#227;o do pH intracelular e da acidose tecidual, recupera&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e melhoria da produ&#231;&#227;o de acetil-CoA. Al&#233;m desses efeitos, limita o ac&#250;mulo de c&#225;lcio, a inflama&#231;&#227;o e a produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres hiper&#243;xidos que ocorrem ap&#243;s reperfus&#227;o, sem provocar altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesta pesquisa foram avaliados efeitos da Tmz na resposta inflamat&#243;ria desencadeada pela CRVM-CEC, realizada com cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea hipot&#233;rmica intermitente, com objetivo de analisar os mecanismos de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, a partir da varia&#231;&#227;o dos mediadores plasm&#225;ticos IL6, IL8, TNF-&#945;, C3, C5 e da avalia&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na C reativa ultra sens&#237;vel (PCR-us), prote&#237;na de fase aguda da resposta inflamat&#243;ria, bem como a evolu&#231;&#227;o desses mediadores no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ensaio cl&#237;nico prospectivo, duplo-cego, randomizado e controlado por placebo, realizado no per&#237;odo de julho 2007 a agosto 2008, no Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro (Iecac-RJ). O objetivo principal foi examinar mudan&#231;as nos valores de marcadores sorol&#243;gicos da resposta inflamat&#243;ria em dois grupos submetidos &#224; CRVM-CEC, utilizando cardioplegia hipot&#233;rmica e intermitente, sendo um grupo tratado com Tmz e outro grupo com placebo.</p>
    <p>Martins e cols.<sup>6</sup> analisaram 137 pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de CRVM-CEC por meio de ecocardiograma, sendo selecionados 75 com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal ou disfun&#231;&#227;o leve. Desses, 60pacientes distribu&#237;dos nos grupos tratado e placebo conclu&#237;ram o estudo para exame dos marcadores sorol&#243;gicos de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica troponina-T e CpK-Mb. Desse primeiro estudo foram selecionados aleatoriamente para a presente pesquisa 15 pacientes de cada grupo, utilizando o programa <italic>Cytools Excel Add-in</italic>, para dosagem dos seguintes marcadores inflamat&#243;rios: IL6, IL8, TNF-&#945;, C3, C5, e PCR-us.</p>
    <p>As amostras dos 60pacientes foram coletadas em tubos de <italic>eppendorf</italic> com 5mL, formando quatro sorotecas ordenadas numericamente. Cada um dos centros participantes, Laborat&#243;rio Dasa- Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica e Brownstein, receberam duas delas simultaneamente. A rela&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes selecionados foi enviada por via eletr&#244;nica.</p>
    <p>No Laborat&#243;rio Dasa concentraram-se as sorotecas para as medidas de interleucinas (IL6, IL8 e TNF-&#945;), sendo mantidas a -70&#186;C, coletadas nos intervalos do protocolo da pesquisa: sem droga no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 5 minutos ap&#243;s o desclampeamento a&#243;rtico direto do &#225;trio direito, e com 12 e 24 horas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em cateter profundo. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas pela t&#233;cnica de citometria de fluxo, equipamento BD modelo FACSCanto II.</p>
    <p>No Laborat&#243;rio Brownstein realizaram-se as medidas do C3 e C5, ap&#243;s armazenamento a 4&#186;C do soro coletado nos intervalos do protocolo da pesquisa, sendo analisado o C3 por nefelometria, pelo equipamento BN2 (<italic>Dade Behring</italic>), e o C5 pelo m&#233;todo de imunodifus&#227;o radial, pelo equipamento AXl (<italic>Olympus</italic>).</p>
    <p>No Iecac-RJ foram analisadas as amostras para PCR-us, nos seguintes intervalos: sem droga no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e com 48 horas que se seguiram ao ato cir&#250;rgico, por nefelometria pelo equipamento AU400 (<italic>Olympus</italic>), sendo considerados os valores para inflama&#231;&#227;o acima de 5mg/L.</p>
    <p>A Tmz foi fornecida aos pacientes ap&#243;s mascaramento com randomiza&#231;&#227;o na propor&#231;&#227;o 1:1, permutada em blocos pelo programa <italic>Cytools Excel add-in.</italic> Os avaliadores n&#227;o tinham conhecimento sobre quais pacientes haviam utilizado droga ou placebo. Os estudos estat&#237;sticos foram realizados tamb&#233;m de forma cega, com outros c&#243;digos referentes ao medicamento/placebo quebrados apenas ap&#243;s an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes receberam a dose de 60mg de medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo divididas em tr&#234;s tomadas di&#225;rias, iniciadas com no m&#237;nimo 12 e m&#225;ximo 15 dias precedentes ao ato cir&#250;rgico, tendo os 30 pacientes permanecido com a droga por um intervalo de cinco a oito dias que se seguiram ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico, totalizando vinte dias de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico eletivo por t&#233;cnica que envolveu esternotomia mediana transesternal, com introdu&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;nulas na aorta e &#250;nica para a cava, nessa sequ&#234;ncia. A CEC foi realizada com hipotermia central moderada (32&#186;C-34&#186;C), e a prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi institu&#237;da por meio de cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea hipot&#233;rmica (4&#186;C) intermitente, infundida na raiz da aorta ou diretamente no seio coronariano. Todos os pacientes receberam anestesia geral balanceada, venoinalat&#243;ria em circuito fechado, com absorvedor de CO<sub>2</sub> (Cal-Sodada) e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Como agente inalat&#243;rio foi utilizado o isofluorane com oxig&#234;nio a 50%, misturado com &#243;xido nitroso. Das drogas venosas, foram utilizados os hipn&#243;ticos ethomidato e midazolam; como opioide, o fentanil; e como relaxante muscular, o brometo de pancur&#244;nio.</p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo <italic>software</italic> SAS 6.04 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC), utilizando-se os seguintes m&#233;todos: para a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas entre os dois grupos foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou o teste de Mann-Whitney; na compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos foi aplicado o teste Qui-quadrado (&#935;<sup>2</sup>) ou exato de Fisher. Para analisar o comportamento das vari&#225;veis ao longo do tempo por grupo de tratamento, foi realizada an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas. O teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni foi aplicado para identificar os momentos que diferiam entre si e entre os grupos. Na varia&#231;&#227;o entre dois momentos da PCR foi analisada pelo teste dos postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon, e a correspondente varia&#231;&#227;o (delta) foi comparada entre os grupos pelo teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Iecac-RJ. Os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e foram acompanhados at&#233; a alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p>A droga e o material de pesquisa foram custeados pelo autor principal. A randomiza&#231;&#227;o, o mascaramento e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>software</italic> foram coordenados por farmac&#234;utico qualificado e doados pela Empresa Farmacopa Ltda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perfil da amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_port06512t01">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta o perfil geral dos 30 pacientes selecionados para an&#225;lise, comparando os grupos Tmz e placebo, e mostra a sua homogeneidade.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_port06512t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_port06512t02">Tabela 2</xref> mostra a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis operat&#243;rias na qual se verifica que h&#225; uniformidade entre os grupos Tmz e placebo selecionados para o estudo quanto aos procedimentos do ato cir&#250;rgico e ao tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_port06512t02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_port06512t03">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta a an&#225;lise descritiva dos pacientes selecionados e n&#227;o selecionados que foram tratados com Tmz. Note, especialmente, a homogeneidade dos grupos no que diz respeito &#224;s vari&#225;veis cir&#250;rgicas analisadas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_port06512t03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, os n&#237;veis de IL6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>) mostrou ser significativamente inferior no grupo Tmz em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo placebo (p = 0,012). O mesmo n&#227;o ocorreu entre os grupos na evolu&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos marcadores C3 e C5, assim como em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; IL8, TNF-&#945; e PCR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g2">Gr&#225;ficos 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g4">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g5">5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="g1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="g2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="g3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="g4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="g5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A resposta inflamat&#243;ria est&#225; presente em toda cirurgia cardiovascular, sendo mais exuberante quando a CEC &#233; utilizada. Ao longo do tempo, t&#234;m sido propostos crit&#233;rios que identifiquem com precis&#227;o a gravidade da resposta inflamat&#243;ria no transcurso e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgias cardiovasculares, sendo v&#225;rios os pontos de coorte dos biomarcadores e as estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas propostas para reduzir essa resposta nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    <p>Os 30 pacientes estudados com les&#245;es bi e trivasculares com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal ou levemente comprometida foram analisados por meio dos mediadores inflamat&#243;rios C3, C5, IL6, IL8, TNF-&#945; e pela PCR-us em protocolo prospectivo que teve como objetivo examinar os efeitos da subst&#226;ncia Tmz na redu&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o em CRVM. A droga teve a posologia preconizada de 60mg de subst&#226;ncia ativa, e o tempo de utiliza&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a cirurgia foi de no m&#237;nimo 12 dias, sendo institu&#237;da de acordo com o mecanismo de biodisponibilidade.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi utilizado para selecionar por meio do &#237;ndice de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar somente aqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal ou com leve comprometimento do ventr&#237;culo<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esse protocolo teve como objetivo a an&#225;lise laboratorial comparativa dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios nos momentos considerados de maior significado cl&#237;nico, ou seja, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio sem droga, quando esses marcadores n&#227;o devem estar alterados, e 5 minutos ap&#243;s o desclampeamento a&#243;rtico, que caracteriza o momento da reperfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pela recircula&#231;&#227;o dos radicais hiper&#243;xidos para o seio venoso, e consequentemente, &#224; cavidade atrial direita, local da coleta nos intervalos analisados em 12 e 24 horas para os mediadores inflamat&#243;rios, e 48 horas para a PCR.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de biomarcadores n&#227;o possui um padr&#227;o predeterminado. Estudos com diversos protocolos analisam marcadores que envolvem a fisiopatologia da resposta inflamat&#243;ria, a qual carece conduta terap&#234;utica preventiva efetiva. No estado atual, as subst&#226;ncias analisadas em ensaios n&#227;o apresentam resultados que mostrem reduzir por completo as complica&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias na CRVM- CEC<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise descritiva das medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas como tratamento padr&#227;o, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. Cabe ressaltar que no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es clinicas e que os pacientes n&#227;o necessitaram de suporte com aminas, transfus&#245;es ou qualquer outra terapia suplementar.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e inflamat&#243;rias basais n&#227;o evidenciou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas entre os grupos. Esse fato chama aten&#231;&#227;o para estudos que relacionam valores elevados dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio a complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, sugerindo que esses valores devem estar normais antes da cirurgia<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis referentes ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico, n&#227;o foram verificadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos. Ao estender a an&#225;lise comparando os grupos Tmz e placebo selecionados para este estudo com o grupo Tmz e placebo do estudo de Martins e cols.<sup>6</sup>, essas vari&#225;veis tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas.</p>
    <p>Dentre as vari&#225;veis cir&#250;rgicas analisadas, o tempo de CEC e o tempo de clampeamento da aorta foram semelhantes entre os grupos e tamb&#233;m foram inferiores aos descritos na literatura<sup>10,14</sup>. Bucerius e cols.<sup>15</sup> em ensaio cl&#237;nico reconhecem o tempo de CEC como preditor independente de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgicas. Nissinen e cols.<sup>16</sup> estabelecem uma rela&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores, como morbidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, correlacionando-os ao tempo de CEC e de clampeamento a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p>Quando analisadas as varia&#231;&#245;es no C3 e C5 no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e no desclampeamento da aorta, os valores m&#233;dios dos grupos atingiram um pico no segundo momento, seguindo-se pela queda nos valores em 12 e 24 horas. Os grupos Tmz e Placebo n&#227;o diferiram significativamente, apresentando a mesma evolu&#231;&#227;o descrita por T&#225;rnok e cols.<sup>17</sup>, quando comparam pacientes operados com e sem CEC.</p>
    <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a CRVM provoca uma diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de C3 e C5 com concomitante aumento dos n&#237;veis do C3a, C3b e C5a; aumento da histamina e IL8; e perda de neutr&#243;filos, eosin&#243;filos e bas&#243;filos no sangue perif&#233;rico, muito provavelmente pela migra&#231;&#227;o destes para o tecido subendotelial estimulada pela resposta inflamat&#243;ria <sup>4,18,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Chakraborti e cols.<sup>7</sup> analisaram o conceito de quea inj&#250;ria de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o desempenha um papel fundamental na media&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o do complemento. O complexo de ataque de membrana (MAC), que se forma no final das vias de ativa&#231;&#227;o do complemento, &#233; observado mais rapidamente quando ocorre a reperfus&#227;o. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre neutr&#243;filo, endot&#233;lio e complemento, a a&#231;&#227;o do complemento na ader&#234;ncia e infiltra&#231;&#227;o dos neutr&#243;filos, assim como a rela&#231;&#227;o entre complemento, mitoc&#244;ndria e isquemia seguida de reperfus&#227;o, s&#227;o t&#243;picos que abordam a rela&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o com a ativa&#231;&#227;o das vias do complemento no estresse oxidativo. Pode-se considerar que a ativa&#231;&#227;o do complemento desempenha um papel fundamental na fase inicial da resposta inflamat&#243;ria na CRVM-CEC.</p>
    <p>Ensaios que examinam a evolu&#231;&#227;o da IL6 e IL8 em CRVM com e sem CEC, mostraram valores significativamente mais baixos quando a CEC n&#227;o &#233; utilizada. Neste estudo a IL6 apresentou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no grupo Tmz a partir do momento da reperfus&#227;o, ou seja, no ponto em que ocorre um grande estresse oxidativo, 5 minutos ap&#243;s o desclampeamento da aorta. A partir dessa coleta, a IL6 atingiu o seu valor m&#225;ximo em 12 horas, declinando nas 24 seguintes. O TNF-&#945; n&#227;o foi observado em nenhum momento das coletas, sendo este resultado compar&#225;vel a outros estudos<sup>20,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>A IL8 n&#227;o atingiu uma diferen&#231;a na m&#233;dia que expressasse signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,94), ou seja, os grupos evolu&#237;ram com valores muito pr&#243;ximos.</p>
    <p>O mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico e reperfundido foi observado como uma grande fonte de IL6, IL8 e TNF-&#945; durante CRVM-CEC<sup>22</sup>. O aumento acentuado nos n&#237;veis de IL6 e IL8 aparecem durante e imediatamente ap&#243;s a CEC. Seu pico de concentra&#231;&#227;o ocorre poucas horas ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da CRVM-CEC com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o gradual para n&#237;veis normais nas 24h seguintes<sup>23</sup>. A libera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica da IL6 e IL8 na CEC tem sido demonstrada ap&#243;s cirurgia em hipotermia, bem como em normotermia, n&#227;o ocorrendo eleva&#231;&#245;es do TNF-&#945; em cirurgia com normotermia, sendo os resultados dos valores do TNF-&#945; na CEC ainda conflitantes<sup>20,21,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentre os aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos analisados nas cirurgias cardiovasculares, relacionam-se os efeitos delet&#233;rios da CEC sobre o organismo. V&#225;rias revis&#245;es de ensaios prospectivos e randomizados e meta-an&#225;lises de ensaios randomizados comparam os efeitos pro e anti-inflamat&#243;rio deste procedimento, sendo evidente os menores danos inflamat&#243;rios nos procedimentos sem CEC. No entanto, n&#227;o foi observada redu&#231;&#227;o de grandes desfechos cl&#237;nicos como mortalidade, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,11,25-27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pintar e Collard<sup>21</sup> refor&#231;am os mecanismos de ativa&#231;&#227;o dos complementos C3a e C5a, das interleucinas IL6 e IL8, do TNF-&#945;, dos leucotrienos e das endotoxinas. Relatam tamb&#233;m um significativo aumento da endotelina-1, um pept&#237;deo derivado do endot&#233;lio que estimula a ativa&#231;&#227;o e o ac&#250;mulo de neutr&#243;filos.</p>
    <p>A Tmz exerce efeito protetor sobre a c&#233;lula card&#237;aca na inj&#250;ria de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o, levando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de agress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, do estresse oxidativo, e consequentemente, da resposta inflamat&#243;ria<sup>6,28</sup>. Neste ensaio cl&#237;nico, no qual foram evidenciadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos n&#237;veis da IL6 no grupo tratado com Tmz em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo placebo, foi observada uma tend&#234;ncia a valores mais baixos dos complementos C3 e C5 sem redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos. Isso pode ser justificado pelo n&#250;mero reduzido da amostra e pelo fato da coleta de sangue no terceiro momento do protocolo ter sido feita 12 horas ap&#243;s o desclampeamento da aorta, e os complementos variarem em intervalo de tempo inferior.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos n&#237;veis da PCR-us no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e 48 horas do ato cir&#250;rgico mostrou que os grupos Tmz e Placebo n&#227;o diferiram significativamente (p=0,31), evoluindo de forma semelhante ao longo do tratamento. Os valores basais nos dois grupos encontravam-se dentro da normalidade, e os valores de 48 horas foram superiores a 5mg/L.</p>
    <p>Os estudos sobre o valor cl&#237;nico da PCR foram inicialmente direcionados para o acompanhamento e o controle terap&#234;utico de processos inflamat&#243;rios. Seu papel como prote&#237;na de fase aguda decorre do fato de estar presente em muitos pontos da via inflamat&#243;ria. Produzida e liberada pelo hepat&#243;cito, postula-se tamb&#233;m uma produ&#231;&#227;o pela parede arterial. A forma&#231;&#227;o &#233; estimulada pelas Interleucinas IL1 e IL6, liberadas por macr&#243;fagos ap&#243;s a fagocitose do ant&#237;geno. Nos &#250;ltimos dez anos a an&#225;lise da PCR frente &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica passou a receber mais aten&#231;&#227;o, tendendo a se tornar um marcador de risco dessa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica<sup>29,30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Lorenzo e cols.<sup>31</sup> analisaram pacientes submetidos a CRVM-CEC em estudo prospectivo, mensurando a PCR como marcador de risco ap&#243;s CRVM-CEC. Os autores investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre valores de PCR no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e morte ap&#243;s o procedimento. Foram considerados preditivos os valores acima de 3mg/dL, na aus&#234;ncia de quadros infecciosos ou inflamat&#243;rios. Mezzomo e cols.<sup>32</sup> conclu&#237;ram em estudo com pacientes submetidos a CRVM-CEC que n&#237;veis de PCR-us superiores a 3 mg/L no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio representavam um preditor independente de infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Balciunas e cols.<sup>13</sup> relatam em estudo prospectivo que a PCR &#233; um preditor de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias quando atinge n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos superiores a 3,3mg/L. No presente ensaio n&#227;o foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias nos grupos durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento at&#233; alta hospitalar (15 dias). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi necess&#225;rio maior tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI nem utiliza&#231;&#227;o de aminas vasoativas na presen&#231;a de valores de PCR superiores aos observados por Serrano e cols.<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Figueiredo e Martin-Neto<sup>33</sup> demonstraram que a Tmz &#233; uma droga &#250;til na resposta inflamat&#243;ria ap&#243;s angioplastia coronariana (PTCA). Os autores observaram que o tratamento antes do procedimento com droga administrada por via oral durante tr&#234;s dias reduzia significativamente a eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios antes e logo ap&#243;s PTCA.</p>
    <p>Di Napoli e cols.<sup>34</sup> estudaram o impacto da Tmz na PCR em doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica cr&#244;nica do cora&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes que receberam a droga por 18 meses mantiveram a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de PCR inalterada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo placebo. Os autores sugeriram que esse efeito antiinflamat&#243;rio poderia estar relacionado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da mortalidade e a readmiss&#245;es hospitalares observadas ap&#243;s 48 meses de tratamento com a Tmz.</p>
    <p>A CRVM-CEC parece ser o melhor modelo para associar inflama&#231;&#227;o ao efeito da isquemia e reperfus&#227;o, quando se procura proteger o cora&#231;&#227;o isolado em assistolia prolongada. Por essa raz&#227;o, foi avaliado o efeito adicional da Tmz nesse processo como pr&#233;-tratamento. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos experimentais nessa &#225;rea t&#234;m demonstrado que a Tmz exerce efeito anti-isqu&#234;mico direto, limitando o ac&#250;mulo de c&#225;lcio, a acidose, a produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais hiper&#243;xidos e a inflama&#231;&#227;o, resultando em benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico<sup>6,33,34</sup>.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o aqui consideradas duas limita&#231;&#245;es contempladas neste estudo. A primeira diz respeito ao tamanho da amostra. Apesar de compar&#225;vel a outros estudos examinados na literatura sobre avalia&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios antes e ap&#243;s a CRVM-CEC, uma investiga&#231;&#227;o com popula&#231;&#227;o maior poderia trazer mais consist&#234;ncia e maior sustenta&#231;&#227;o aos resultados aqui descritos. A segunda diz respeito &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o temporal de alguns marcadores como a IL6 e IL8, que podem apresentar pico ap&#243;s a CEC em intervalos inferiores a 12 horas, e dos complementos C3 e C5, que tamb&#233;m podem estar elevados ap&#243;s 4 horas da CEC. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao protocolo utilizado com intervalos de 12 horas, os resultados replicam alguns estudos encontrados na avalia&#231;&#227;o experimental em animais e em humanos com metodologia semelhantes. Parece tamb&#233;m importante considerar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outras metodologias de prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em estudos futuros, tais como cardioplegia cont&#237;nua, normot&#233;rmica, anter&#243;grada e retr&#243;grada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo mostraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis da IL6, evidenciando que a trimetazidina pode ser eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria quando administrada como pr&#233;-tratamento a pacientes submetidos a CRVM-CEC. O mesmo efeito, no entanto, n&#227;o foi observado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros mediadores analisados, IL8, TNF-&#945;, complementos C3 e C5 e PCR-us.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos ao farmac&#234;utico Prof. Dr. Alexandre Louren&#231;o Lopes pela confec&#231;&#227;o do placebo, acompanhamento do processo de mascaramento e randomiza&#231;&#227;o do ensaio cl&#237;nico; ao Prof. Dr. Igor Couto Cruz e Rafael Nunes pela an&#225;lise das sorotecas e planilhamento dos resultados; e &#224; psicolinguista Prof&#170;. Dra. Maria do Carmo Louren&#231;o-Gomes pela revis&#227;o textual deste artigo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de doutorado de Gerez Fernandes Martins, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p>Gerez Fernandes Martins </p>
        <p> Rua Humait&#225;, 231, apto. 101 </p>
        <p> Humait&#225;. CEP 22261-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="gerezm@cardiol.br">gerezm@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gerezm@terra.com.br">gerezm@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 23/02/12 </p>
    <p> Revisado em 25/02/12 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 15/03/12</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Trimetazidine and inflammatory response in coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Organic inflammatory response is a pathophysiological mechanism present at every coronary artery bypass grafting with extracorporeal circulation (CABG-ECC), the release of inflammatory mediators being one of its defense mechanisms. OBJECTIVE: To assess, in a prospective double-blind randomized and placebo-controlled study, the effects of trimetazidine (Tmz) on the inflammatory response, by using the variation in interleukins 6 and 8, TNF-&#945;, complements C3 and C5, and highly sensitive C-reactive protein (HS-CRP) levels in the pre- and post-operative periods. METHODS: This study assessed 30 patients undergoing CABG-ECC with intermittent hypothermic cardioplegia, and having, at most, mild ventricular dysfunction. The patients were divided into two groups (placebo and Tmz), stratified by echocardiography, and received drug/placebo at the dose of 60 mg/day. Measurements were taken as follows: in the pre-operative period with no drug; on the day of surgery, corresponding to 12 to 15 days on drug/placebo; five minutes after aortic unclamping; 12 and 24 hours after surgery, for interleukins and complements; and 48 hours after surgery, for HS-CRP. RESULTS: No significant difference between the levels of interleukin 8, TNF-&#945;, C3 and C5, and HS-CRP was observed. However, the interleukin 6 levels were significantly lower in the group treated as compared with those in the control group at all time points assessed. CONCLUSION: Trimetazidine proved to be effective only for reducing interleukin 6 in patients undergoing CABG.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Trimetazidine</kwd>
        <kwd>inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial reperfusion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Trimetazidine and inflammatory response in coronary artery bypass grafting</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Gerez Fernandes Martins; Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de Siqueira Filho; Jo&#227;o Bosco de Figueiredo Santos; Claudio Roberto Cavalcanti Assun&#231;&#227;o; Francisca Bottino Vieira; Alberto Val&#234;ncia; K&#225;ttia Ger&#250;ncio de Carvalho; Barbara Jessen</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Organic inflammatory response is a pathophysiological mechanism present at every coronary artery bypass grafting with extracorporeal circulation (CABG-ECC), the release of inflammatory mediators being one of its defense mechanisms.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To assess, in a prospective double-blind randomized and placebo-controlled study, the effects of trimetazidine (Tmz) on the inflammatory response, by using the variation in interleukins 6 and 8, TNF-&#945;, complements C3 and C5, and highly sensitive C-reactive protein (HS-CRP) levels in the pre- and post-operative periods.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> This study assessed 30 patients undergoing CABG-ECC with intermittent hypothermic cardioplegia, and having, at most, mild ventricular dysfunction. The patients were divided into two groups (placebo and Tmz), stratified by echocardiography, and received drug/placebo at the dose of 60 mg/day. Measurements were taken as follows: in the pre-operative period with no drug; on the day of surgery, corresponding to 12 to 15 days on drug/placebo; five minutes after aortic unclamping; 12 and 24 hours after surgery, for interleukins and complements; and 48 hours after surgery, for HS-CRP.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> No significant difference between the levels of interleukin 8, TNF-&#945;, C3 and C5, and HS-CRP was observed. However, the interleukin 6 levels were significantly lower in the group treated as compared with those in the control group at all time points assessed.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> Trimetazidine proved to be effective only for reducing interleukin 6 in patients undergoing CABG. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Trimetazidine/administration &amp; dosage; inflammation; myocardial revascularization; myocardial reperfusion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The systemic inflammatory response present at all cardiovascular surgeries has become more evident since the development of the Extracorporeal Circulation (ECC) system by Jonh Gibbon in the 1950's, because it increases the blood exposure to an artificial system<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>That activity, mediated by immune and cell response, can be analyzed by activating the complement system, thrombin, cytokines, neutrophils, adhesion molecules (Icam), mast cells, and other mediators<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Since the use of ECC, reperfusion " a pathophysiological phenomenon that intensifies the inflammatory response and can occur in coronary syndromes in general, in thrombolysis, and in angioplasty " has begun to represent the organic inflammatory changes related to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) after the release of the aortic clamp<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pathophysiology of reperfusion and its relation with inflammatory response has gained the attention of researchers because of its evident and important repercussions on the clinical cardiological practice, and has led to a better understanding of the events related. In particular, of the superoxide radicals, which are formed in the obstructions to coronary flow and can cause injury after aortic unclamping during heart surgery. Those superoxide radicals comprise the superoxide anion (O&#178;-), hydroxyl radical (OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H&#178;O&#178;), which can be removed from the cells by enzyme systems with antioxidant functions, usually present in myocardial physiology<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The superoxide radicals together with neutrophils act actively in the reperfusion injury, interacting in several sites and with other elements of the inflammatory cascade. During that aggression, platelets and leukocytes act via mediators (C3a, C5a, IL6, IL8, TNF-&#945;, iNOS and superoxide radicals), causing direct damage to the myocardium<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Trimetazidine, with its anti-ischemic action, reduces the metabolic damage caused during ischemia by acting on a critical step of cardiac metabolism, blocking beta-oxidation of fatty acids by inhibiting the long-chain 3-acetyl-CoA thiolase. That anti-ischemic effect increases glucose oxidation, additional to glycolysis, with the consequent reduction in protons, elevation of the intracellular pH and tissue acidosis, recovery of the cardiac efficiency, and improvement in the production of acetyl-CoA. In addition, it limits calcium build-up, inflammation and the production of superoxide free radicals that occur after reperfusion, without causing hemodynamic changes<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study assessed the effects of Tmz on the inflammatory response triggered by CABG-ECC, performed with intermittent cold-blood cardioplegia, aiming at analyzing the myocardial reperfusion mechanisms, based on the variation of the plasma levels of IL6, IL8, TNF-&#945;, C3, and C5, and on the assessment of highly sensitive C-reactive protein (HS-CRP), an acute-phase protein of the inflammatory response. In addition, the evolution of those post-operative mediators was also assessed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a prospective, double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial, performed from July 2007 to August 2008 at the Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, state of Rio de Janeiro (Iecac-RJ). Its major objective was to examine the changes in the serum markers of inflammatory response of patients undergoing CABG-ECC with intermittent cold-blood cardioplegia, divided into two groups, one receiving Tmz and the other, placebo.</p>
      <p>Martins et al.<sup>6</sup> have assessed 137 patients with echocardiographic indication for CABG-ECC, 75 of whom, with normal ventricular function or mild dysfunction, were selected. Of those, 60 patients, distributed in the treated and placebo groups, completed the tests for the serum markers of myocardial injury (troponin-T and CPK-MB). For the present study, 15 patients of each group were randomly selected, by using the Cytools Excel add-in software, for measuring the following inflammatory markers: IL6, IL8, TNF-&#945;, C3, C5, and HS-CRP.</p>
      <p>The samples of the 60 patients were collected in 5-mL Eppendorf tubes, forming four numerically arranged serum sets. Each of the participating centers (Laborat&#243;rio Dasa - Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica, and Brownstein) received two of those sets simultaneously. The list of the patients selected was electronically sent.</p>
      <p>Laborat&#243;rio Dasa measured interleukins (IL6, IL8, and TNF-&#945;) from the serum sets collected at the time points specified in the research protocol as follows: in the pre-operative period, in the presence of no drug; five minutes after aortic unclamping, directly from the right atrium; and 12 and 24 hours after surgery, from a deep catheter. The serum sets were kept at -70&#186;C and analyzed by use of flow cytometry (BD FACSCanto II<sup>TM</sup> flow cytometer).</p>
      <p>Laborat&#243;rio Brownstein measured C3 and C5, after storing at 4&#186;C the serum sets collected at the time points specified in the research protocol; C3 was analyzed by use of nephelometry (Dade Behring BN2 nephelometer), and C5, by radial immunodiffusion (Olympus AXl).</p>
      <p>The HS-CRP tests were performed at Iecac-RJ by using nephelometry (Olympus AU400) at the time points specified in the research protocol: in the pre-operative period, in the presence of no drug; and 48 hours after surgery. Levels over 5mg/L were considered indicative of inflammation.</p>
      <p>Trimetazidine was provided to patients after masking with randomization at the 1:1 proportion, permuted in blocks by the Cytools Excel add-in software. The examiners did not know which patients used drug or placebo. The statistical analysis was also conducted in a blind way, and the codes referring to drug/placebo were broken only after that.</p>
      <p>The patients received 60 mg/day of drug/placebo divided into three daily doses, initiated 12-15 days prior to surgery. All 30 patients kept the drug for five to eight days after surgery, in a total of 20 days of drug/placebo use.</p>
      <p>Patients underwent elective surgery according to a technique involving median sternotomy, and introduction of cannulae into the aorta and of one single cannula into the vena cava, in this sequence. Extracorporeal circulation was performed with moderate central hypothermia (32&#186;C-34&#186;C), and myocardial protection was provided by intermittent cold-blood cardioplegia (4&#186;C), infused in the aortic root or directly in the coronary sinus. All patients underwent balanced general anesthesia, venous-inhaling closed circuit, with CO<sub>2</sub> absorber and mechanical ventilation. Isoflurane with 50% oxygen, mixed with nitrous oxide, was used as inhaling agent. Regarding venous drugs, the following were used: as hypnotic agents, etomidate and midazolam; as opioid, fentanyl; and, as muscle relaxant, pancuronium bromide.</p>
      <p>The significance level adopted was 5%. The statistical analysis used the 6.04 SAS software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) and the following tests: Student <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney test for comparing numerical variables between the two groups; chi-square (&#945;<sup>2</sup>) test or Fisher exact test for comparing categorical variables between the two groups. For assessing the behavior of the variables over time according to the group of treatment, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons was used to identify the time points that differed between themselves and between the groups. The variation between two CRP measurements at different time points was assessed by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, and the corresponding variation (delta) was compared between the groups by using the Mann-Whitney test.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research of the Iecac-RJ. Participants provided written informed consent and were followed up until hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>The drug and the research material were provided by the major author. Randomization, masking, and software use were coordinated by a certified pharmacist, and donated by Farmacopa Ltda.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample profile</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the general profile of the 30 patients selected for analysis, comparing the Tmz and placebo groups, and evidencing its homogeneity.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the analysis of the surgical variables, which evidences uniformity of the Tmz and placebo groups regarding the surgical procedures and the intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the descriptive analysis of the patients selected and non-selected who were treated with Tmz. Note the homogeneity of the groups regarding the surgical variables analyzed.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of the inflammatory markers</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of the inflammatory markers showed that IL6 levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1-body2">Graphic 1</xref>) were significantly lower in the Tmz group as compared with those in the placebo group (p = 0.012). The same was not observed for the markers C3, C5, IL8, TNF-&#945; and CRP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g2-body2">Graphics 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g3-body2">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g4-body2">4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g5-body2">5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="g1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="g2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="g3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="g4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="g5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-02-0688-00066-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The inflammatory response is always present in all cardiovascular surgeries, being more exuberant when ECC is used. Criteria precisely identifying the severity of the inflammatory response during and after cardiovascular surgery have been proposed, and several cutoff points for the biomarkers and therapeutic strategies have been proposed to reduce that response in clinical trials.</p>
      <p>The 30 patients with two-vessel and three-vessel disease and normal or slightly impaired ventricular function were assessed by analyzing the inflammatory mediators C3, C5, IL6, IL8, and TNF-&#945;, and HS-CRP in a prospective protocol that aimed at assessing the effects of Tmz in reducing those markers after reperfusion in CABG. The Tmz dose recommended was 60mg/day of the active substance, for at least 12 days before surgery, according to the bioavailability mechanism.</p>
      <p>Transthoracic echocardiography was used to select only patients with normal or slightly impaired ventricular function by use of a segmentary contraction index<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The protocol was aimed at the comparative laboratory analysis of the inflammatory markers at the time points considered of greatest clinical significance as follows: the pre-operative period, with no drug, when those markers should not be altered; five minutes after aortic unclamping, characterizing the myocardial reperfusion time point due to recirculation of superoxide radicals to the venous sinus, and, consequently, to the right atrial cavity, which was the collection site for the next time points; 12 and 24 hours after surgery (for the inflammatory mediators), and 48 hours after surgery (for CRP).</p>
      <p>The analysis of the biomarkers does not have a predetermined pattern. Studies with several protocols have assessed markers involved in the pathophysiology of the inflammatory response, which still lacks effective preventive management. Currently, the substances assessed on trials have not proved to completely reduce the inflammatory complications in CABG-ECC<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The descriptive analysis of the drugs used as standard treatment showed no difference between the groups in the pre-operative period. It is worth noting that, in the post-operative period, neither clinical complications occurred nor support with amines, transfusions or any other supplementary therapy was required.</p>
      <p>The descriptive analysis of the baseline clinical and inflammatory variables showed no significant change between the groups. This draws attention to studies relating high pre-operative levels of inflammatory markers to post-operative complications, suggesting that those levels should be normal prior to surgery<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the variables regarding the surgical treatment showed no significant difference between the groups. When extending the analysis to compare the Tmz and placebo groups of this study with those of the study by Martins et al.<sup>6</sup>, those variables showed no significant difference.</p>
      <p>Of the surgical variables analyzed, the ECC time and aortic cross-clamping time were similar between the groups and were also lower than those described in the literature<sup>10,14</sup>. Bucerius et al.<sup>15</sup>, in a clinical trial, have recognized the ECC time as an independent predictor of post-operative complications. Nissinen et al.<sup>16</sup> have established a list of major complications, such as post-operative morbidity and stroke, correlating them with the ECC and aortic cross-clamping times.</p>
      <p>When assessing the variations in C3 and C5 in the pre-operative period and at aortic unclamping, the mean levels in the groups reached a peak at the latter, followed by level drops at 12 and 24 hours. The Tmz and Placebo groups did not significantly differ, showing the same evolution reported by T&#225;rnok et al.<sup>17</sup>, when comparing patients operated on with and without ECC.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have shown that CABG causes the following: a reduction in the serum levels of C3 and C5, with a concomitant increase in the serum levels of C3a, C3b and C5a; an increase in histamine and IL8; and a reduction in the peripheral blood levels of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, most likely due to their migration to the subendothelial tissue stimulated by the inflammatory response<sup>4,18,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Chakraborti et al.<sup>7</sup> have assessed the concept that the ischemia and reperfusion injuries play a fundamental role in mediating complement activation. The membrane attack complex (MAC), which is formed at the end of the complement activation pathways, is more rapidly observed when reperfusion occurs. The association between neutrophil, endothelium and complement, the effect of complement on neutrophil adherence and infiltration, and the relationship between complement, mitochondria and ischemia followed by reperfusion are topics approaching the relationship of reperfusion and the activation of complement pathways in oxidative stress. Complement activation is considered to play a fundamental role in the initial phase of the inflammatory response in CABG-ECC.</p>
      <p>Trials assessing the evolution of IL6 and IL8 levels in CABG with and without ECC have shown significantly lower levels when ECC is not used. In this study, IL6 levels were significantly reduced in the Tmz group from reperfusion onwards, that is, at the time point where a great oxidative stress occurred, five minutes after aortic unclamping. After that collection, IL6 reached its maximum level in 12 hours, declining in the following 24 hours. TNF-&#945; was not observed at any collection time, similarly to that which was observed in other studies<sup>20,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mean IL8 level did not reach a statistically significant difference (p=0.94), that is, IL8 levels in the groups progressed very similarly.</p>
      <p>The ischemic and reperfused myocardium proved to be a major source of IL6, IL8 and TNF-&#945; during CABG-ECC<sup>22</sup>. A marked increase in IL6 and IL8 levels appear during and immediately after ECC. Its peak concentration occurs a few hours after the end of CABG-ECC, with a gradual reduction to normal levels in the following 24 hours<sup>23</sup>. The characteristic release of IL6 and IL8 in ECC has been demonstrated after hypothermic and normothermic surgery, but no increase in TNF-&#945; levels occur in normothermic surgery, the results of TNF-&#945; levels in ECC being still conflicting<sup>20,21,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Of the pathophysiological aspects assessed in cardiovascular surgeries, the deleterious effects of ECC on the body stand out. Several reviews of prospective and randomized trials and meta-analyses of randomized trials have compared the pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of that procedure, and have evidenced the smaller inflammatory damages in procedures without ECC. However, no reduction in the major clinical outcomes, such as mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, and need for reintervention, has been observed<sup>1,11,25-27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Pintar and Collard<sup>21</sup> have emphasized the activation mechanisms of C3a and C5a, IL6 and IL8, TNF-&#945;, leukotrienes, and endotoxins. They have also reported a significant increase in endothelin-1 levels, a peptide derived from the endothelium that stimulates neutrophil activation and accumulation.</p>
      <p>Trimetazidine has a protective effect on the cardiac cell against the ischemia and reperfusion injury, leading to a reduction in the markers of myocardial aggression, of oxidative stress, and, thus, of inflammatory response<sup>6,28</sup>. In this clinical trial, which evidenced significant differences in the IL6 levels in the Tmz group as compared with those in the placebo group, a tendency towards lower C3 and C5 levels was observed, with no statistically significant reduction in the groups. This can be justified by the reduced size of the sample and the fact that blood collection at the third time point of the protocol was performed 12 hours after aortic unclamping, and that the complements varied at a shorter interval.</p>
      <p>The HS-CRP levels in the pre-operative period and 48 hours after surgery did not significantly differ between the Tmz and Placebo groups (p=0.31), evolving similarly throughout the treatment. The baseline levels in both groups were within the normal range, and the 48-hour levels were over 5 mg/L.</p>
      <p>Studies on the clinical value of CRP levels were, at first, directed to follow-up and therapeutic control of inflammatory processes. Its role as an acute phase protein is due to its presence in many points of the inflammatory pathway. Produced and released by the liver cell, a production by the arterial wall has been also postulated. Its formation is stimulated by IL1 and IL6, and it is released by macrophages after phagocytosis of the antigen. In the past ten years, the CRP role in the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease received more attention, CRP tending to become a risk marker of that clinical condition<sup>29,30</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a prospective study, Lorenzo et al.<sup>31</sup> have assessed patients undergoing CABG-ECC, measuring CRP as a risk marker after CABG-ECC. Those authors have investigated the association between pre-operative CRP levels and death after surgery. Levels over 3mg/dL have been considered predictive in the absence of infectious or inflammatory findings. Mezzomo et al.<sup>32</sup>, studying patients who had undergone CABG-ECC, have concluded that pre-operative HS-CRP levels over 3 mg/L were an independent predictor of post-operative respiratory infection. Balciunas et al.<sup>13</sup>, in a prospective study, have reported that CRP is a predictor of post-operative complications when serum levels over 3.3 mg/L are achieved. In the present study, no post-operative complications were observed in the groups during the follow-up period until hospital discharge (15 days). In addition, neither a longer ICU length of stay nor the use of vasoactive amines was required in the presence of CRP levels over those reported by Serrano et al.<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Figueiredo and Martin-Neto<sup>33</sup> have shown that Tmz is a useful drug to manage the inflammatory response following coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Those authors have reported that the pre-operative treatment with oral Tmz for three days reduced significantly the elevation in inflammatory markers before and right after PTCA.</p>
      <p>Di Napoli et al.<sup>34</sup> have assessed the impact of Tmz on CRP levels in the chronic ischemic heart disease. Patients who had received that drug for 18 months maintained their plasma CRP levels unaltered as compared with those of the placebo group. Those authors have suggested that such anti-inflammatory effect could relate to the significant reduction in mortality and in hospital readmissions observed after 48 months of treatment with Tmz.</p>
      <p>CABG-ECC seems to be the best model to associate inflammation with the effect of ischemia and reperfusion, when attempting to protect the isolated heart during prolonged asystole. Thus, the additional effect of Tmz in that process was assessed as a pre-treatment. Experimental clinical trials in that area have shown that Tmz has a direct anti-ischemic effect, limiting the accumulation of calcium, acidosis, production of superoxide radicals, and inflammation, leading to clinical benefit<sup>6,33,34</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study had some limitations. The first relates to the size of the sample. Although similar to other studies assessing inflammatory markers before and after CABG-ECC, the evaluation of a larger population could provide more consistency and sustainability to the results. The second limitation relates to the temporal evaluation of some markers, such as IL6 and IL8, which can peak after ECC at intervals shorter than 12 hours, and C3 and C5, which can also be elevated four hours after ECC. Regarding the protocol with blood collections at 12-hour intervals, the results replicate those of some experimental studies with animals and humans using similar methodology. It is worth considering, for future studies, the use of other methodologies of myocardial protection, such as anterograde and retrograde continuous, normothermic cardioplegia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of this study showed a significant reduction in IL6 levels, evidencing that Tmz can be effective in reducing the inflammatory response when administered as a pre-treatment for patients undergoing CABG-ECC. The same effect, however, was not observed for the other mediators assessed, such as IL8, TNF-&#945;, C3 and C5, and HS-CRP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank the pharmacist Prof. Alexandre Louren&#231;o Lopes, PhD, for manufacturing the placebo, following up the masking process, and randomizing the clinical trial. We also thank Prof. Igor Couto Cruz, PhD, and Rafael Nunes for analyzing the sera and the results, and the psycholinguist Prof. Maria do Carmo Louren&#231;o-Gomes, PhD, for reviewing this text.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study had no external financing sources.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the doctorate dissertation of Gerez Fernandes Martins, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
