<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">r6Qwqzm34nbcYQmkfBFV3sm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001000016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900100016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012001000016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva latente: o ecocardiograma &#233; suficiente?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abecasis</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiras</surname>
            <given-names>Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gouveia</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Cruz </institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>e108</fpage>
      <lpage>e111</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva latente: o ecocardiograma &#233; suficiente?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jo&#227;o Abecasis; Regina Ribeiras; Antonio Ferreira; Raquel Gouveia; Miguel Mendes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa - Portugal</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; ecocardiografia; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic; echocardiography; cardiac magnetic resonance.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apresentamos o caso cl&#237;nico de um paciente caucasiano do sexo masculino, de 51 anos, que foi encaminhado para teste ergom&#233;trico por angina n&#227;o progressiva aos esfor&#231;os. Seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico era normal. O exame f&#237;sico foi negativo para anomalias cardiovasculares espec&#237;ficas. Seu eletrocardiograma de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es em repouso (ECG), feito na posi&#231;&#227;o deitada, apresentava invers&#227;o terminal da onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1, A</xref>). O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico em modo M e bidimensional foi normal. Em seguida, realizou-se teste ergom&#233;trico. A essa altura, as anormalidades de repolariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o estavam mais presentes no ECG de repouso em p&#233; e o teste ergom&#233;trico confirmou a isquemia, tendo em vista que o paciente referia angina aos esfor&#231;os semelhante com infradesnivelamento do segmento ST concomitante atingindo os 3 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1, B</xref>). Foi solicitada tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico para verificar o in&#237;cio tardio dos sintomas e altera&#231;&#245;es ao ECG (4&#186; est&#225;gio no protocolo de Bruce), carga de exerc&#237;cio ideal e normaliza&#231;&#227;o imediata do ECG na recupera&#231;&#227;o. A perfus&#227;o de estresse revelava um poss&#237;vel defeito inferior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1, C</xref>), por isso tentou-se uma angiografia coronariana, negativa para a doen&#231;a dos grandes vasos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-e108-00016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Na tentativa de conseguir um diagn&#243;stico completo, foi realizado um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. O ecocardiograma mostrou uma assimetria leve na hipertrofia do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE): &#237;ndice de massa do VE 110 g/m<sup>2</sup> pela f&#243;rmula do cubo, com uma rela&#231;&#227;o de espessura da parede septal/posterior de 1,2. No entanto, em eixo curto paraesternal, detectava-se uma espessura m&#225;xima da parede de 19 mm medida no final da di&#225;stole no septo interventricular inferior ao n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares e a massa do VE pelo comprimento da &#225;rea foi determinada em 123 g/m<sup>2</sup>. Ambos os m&#250;sculos papilares foram levemente deslocados anteriormente e havia um rastro de movimento anterior sist&#243;lico do folheto anterior da v&#225;lvula mitral com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral protossist&#243;lica leve. N&#227;o houve obstru&#231;&#227;o intraventricular ou do trato de sa&#237;da, mesmo ap&#243;s a manobra de Valsalva e em posi&#231;&#227;o ereta. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global encontrava-se preservada, com press&#245;es de enchimento normais, embora com velocidades anulares mitrais reduzidas no exame de Doppler tecidual. O ventr&#237;culo direito n&#227;o parecia estar comprometido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1, DI</xref>, Clipe 1, 2, 3).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de deforma&#231;&#227;o sob o algoritmo do <italic>speckle tracing</italic> (60 e 82fps) foi realizada para avaliar o <italic>strain</italic> bidimensional longitudinal e radial (vistas apical e paraesternal, respectivamente). A velocidade de tor&#231;&#227;o e rota&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi avaliada (tor&#231;&#227;o de pico, taxa de tor&#231;&#227;o de pico e tempo do in&#237;cio da velocidade sem tor&#231;&#227;o). O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal m&#233;dio global foi avaliado como normal (-19,9%), mas observou-se alguma assimetria em sua distribui&#231;&#227;o. De fato, a parede lateral basal apresentava um <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal pr&#233;-sist&#243;lico positivo e as paredes septal m&#233;dia e lateral m&#233;dia apresentavam deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal sist&#243;lica reduzida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1, J</xref>, Clipe 4). Ao n&#237;vel do eixo curto na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do VE, a deforma&#231;&#227;o radial (espessamento) mostrou-se igualmente reduzida nos segmentos m&#233;dios septais inferiores e na parede inferior, correspondendo a &#225;reas de hipertrofia (Clipe 5). A tor&#231;&#227;o de pico foi determinada em 18,05&#186; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1, K</xref><italic>)</italic>.</p>
    <p>O paciente tamb&#233;m foi submetido a um ecocardiograma sob estresse com exerc&#237;cios para avaliar o desenvolvimento do gradiente intraventricular din&#226;mico, o que eventualmente explicaria os sintomas. Detectou-se gradiente intraventricular de pico significativo (&gt; 30 mmHg) na 3&#170; etapa do protocolo de Bruce, aparentemente n&#227;o envolvendo o trato de sa&#237;da do VE, com aus&#234;ncia de agravamento de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1, L</xref>). Esses resultados foram simult&#226;neos ao desenvolvimento de angina. O paciente foi colocado sob o uso de betabloqueadores, com resolu&#231;&#227;o completa das queixas relatadas. O ECG Holter de 24 horas foi negativo para arritmias ventriculares.</p>
    <p>A fim de confirmar o diagn&#243;stico e para avaliar a presen&#231;a de fibrose, uma Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC) foi realizada. Imagens din&#226;micas (cine) utilizando a sequ&#234;ncia <italic>steady state free precession</italic> (SSFP) revelaram hipertrofia assim&#233;trica do VE, envolvendo principalmente o septo interventricular e a parede inferior (massa indexada do VE: 175 g/m<sup>2</sup>; espessura m&#225;xima da parede do VE: 17 mm no septo inferior m&#233;dio). O ventr&#237;culo direito n&#227;o estava hipertr&#243;fico e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o biventricular estava normal (Clipe 6, 7). A partir do <italic>tagging</italic>, a an&#225;lise qualitativa mostrou deforma&#231;&#227;o anormal no septo inferior e parede inferior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 2</xref>). N&#227;o houve realce tardio ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de gadodiamida.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-e108-00016-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apresentamos um caso de uma forma obstrutiva da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica em que o diagn&#243;stico s&#243; poderia ter sido feito ap&#243;s um estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico cuidadoso e detalhado: 1. A avalia&#231;&#227;o bidimensional revelou aumento de massa do VE, sendo posteriormente confirmado pela Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC). 2. As espessuras regionais do VE encontravam-se bem acima do normal pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional e medi&#231;&#245;es feitas pela RMC<sup>1</sup>. 3. Os m&#250;sculos papilares do VE encontravam-se anormalmente deslocados. 4. As velocidades obtidas pelo Doppler tecidual encontravam-se anormalmente baixas no septo inferior. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> bidimensional por <italic>speckle tracking</italic> nos permitiu identificar a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica regional, como j&#225; descrita, envolvendo principalmente segmentos hipertr&#243;ficos<sup>2</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, e como relatado recentemente, tanto os pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e doen&#231;a hipertensiva do cora&#231;&#227;o apresentam tor&#231;&#227;o de pico real&#231;ada, o que pode ser sugerido nesse caso<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar disso, precis&#225;vamos de m&#250;ltiplas modalidades de imagem para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e correla&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica. Na verdade, tivemos que excluir a coronariopatia e realizamos RMC para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico e obter informa&#231;&#245;es de progn&#243;stico<sup>4</sup>. No entanto, devemos enfatizar que o ecocardiograma deve ser plenamente explorado em suas diferentes modalidades (fun&#231;&#227;o regional, velocidades de fluxo e mioc&#225;rdicas, deforma&#231;&#227;o), quando esse diagn&#243;stico &#233; suspeito, j&#225; que essa t&#233;cnica pode oferecer as principais caracter&#237;sticas estruturais e funcionais. Na verdade, devem-se realizar estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de exerc&#237;cio quando houver d&#250;vida em rela&#231;&#227;o correla&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica na aus&#234;ncia de via de sa&#237;da e gradiente intracavit&#225;rio em repouso, mesmo ap&#243;s manobras de mudan&#231;a de carga.</p>
    <p>Por fim, consideramos o presente caso peculiar em raz&#227;o dos dados fornecidos por diferentes t&#233;cnicas de imagem. Esses achados n&#227;o foram importantes apenas para corroborar e confirmar o diagn&#243;stico, mas tamb&#233;m se ajustaram corretamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 2</xref>), particularmente quanto aos dados bidimensionais morfol&#243;gicos fornecidos pelo ecocardiograma e a RMC. Al&#233;m disso, e apesar de sua baixa resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial, a perfus&#227;o estresse por SPECT parece ter sido prejudicada nos segmentos posteriormente identificados como hipertr&#243;ficos. Isso poderia at&#233; mesmo corroborar o conceito de perfus&#227;o anormal e reserva de fluxo coronariano deficiente na CMH<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Jo&#227;o Maria Veiga Abecasis </p>
        <p> Rua de S&#227;o Ciro, 52 - 2&#186; E </p>
        <p> 1200-823 - Lisboa - Portugal </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="joaoabecasis@hotmail.com">joaoabecasis@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 20/06/11 </p>
    <p> Revisado em 23/08/11 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 28/09/11</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Cain PA, Ahl    R, Hedstrom E, Ugander M, Allansdotter-Johnsson A, Friberg P, et al. Age and    gender specific normal values of left ventricular mass, volume and function    for gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging: a cross sectional study. BMC Med    Imaging. 2009;9:2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Age and gender specific normal values of left ventricular mass, volume and function for gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging: a cross sectional study</article-title>
          <source>BMC Med Imaging</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2</fpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cain</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahl</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hedstrom</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ugander</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allansdotter-Johnsson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friberg</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Yang H, Sun    JP, Lever HM, Popovic ZB, Drinko JK, Greenberg NL, et al. Use of strain imaging    in detecting segmental dysfunction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.    J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003:16(3):233-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Use of strain imaging in detecting segmental dysfunction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>233</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lever</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popovic</surname>
              <given-names>ZB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drinko</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>NL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Takahashi K,    Al Naami G, Thompson R, Inage A, Mackie AS, Smallhorn JF. Normal rotational,    torsion and untwisting data in children, adolescents and young adults. J Am    Soc Echocardiogr. 2010:23(3):286-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Normal rotational, torsion and untwisting data in children, adolescents and young adults</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>286</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Takahashi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al Naami</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inage</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mackie</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smallhorn</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Ommen SR, Nishimura    RA. Hyperthrophic cardiomyopathy. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2004:29(5):239-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hyperthrophic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Curr Probl Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>239</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ommen</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishimura</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Latent obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: is echocardiography enough?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac magnetic resonance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Latent obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: is echocardiography enough?</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jo&#227;o Abecasis; Regina Ribeiras; Antonio Ferreira; Raquel Gouveia; Miguel Mendes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa - Portugal</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic; echocardiography; cardiac magnetic resonance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We present a clinical case of a 51 year-old Caucasian male patient referred for exercise stress test because of non-progressive exertional chest pain. His past medical history was unremarkable. Physical examination was negative for specific cardiovascular abnormalities. His resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), made in a lying position, had terminal T-wave inversion in the precordial leads (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_16f01-body2">Figure 1, A</xref>). M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic exam was reported as normal. An exercise ECG stress test was then performed. By this time, repolarization abnormalities were no longer present in standing resting ECG and exercise test was positive for ischemia, as the patient referred similar exertional chest pain with simultaneous near-3mm ST segment depression (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_16f01-body2">Figure 1, B</xref>). A single photon emission computed tomography was requested attending to late onset of symptoms and ECG changes (4<sup>th</sup> stage at Bruce protocol), good exercise workload and immediate ECG normalization at recovery. Stress perfusion suspected of an inferior defect (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_16f01-body2">Figure 1, C</xref>) and a coronary angiography was attempted, negative for major vessel disease.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_16f01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-e108-00016-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In attempting to achieve diagnosis, a complete transthoracic echocardiogram was performed. It showed an asymmetric mild left ventricle (LV) hypertrophy: LV mass index 110g/m<sup>2</sup> by cubed formula, with a ratio of septal/posterior wall thickness of 1.2. Nevertheless, in parasternal short axis view, a 19mm maximum wall thickness was measured at end-diastole in the inferior interventricular septum at the level of the papillary muscles and LV mass by area length was determined at 123g/m<sup>2</sup>. Both papillary muscles were mildly anteriorly displaced and there was a trace of systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral valve leaflet with a mild protosystolic mitral regurgitation. There was no intraventricular or outflow tract obstruction, even after Valsalva maneuver and in standing position. Global LV systolic ejection fraction was preserved with normal filling pressures albeit reduced mitral annular velocities at tissue Doppler examination. Right ventricle did not seem to be involved. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_16f01-body2">Figure 1, D-I</xref>, Clip 1, 2, 3).</p>
      <p>Deformation analysis under speckle tracking algorithm (60 and 82fps) was performed to evaluate both two-dimensional longitudinal and radial strain (at apical and parasternal views, respectively). LV torsion and twisting velocity was also assessed (peak torsion, peak torsion rate and time of onset untwisting velocity). Average global longitudinal strain was assessed as normal (-19.9%) but there were some asymmetry in its distribution. In fact, the basal lateral wall had a positive pre-systolic longitudinal strain and both mid septal and mid lateral wall had reduced systolic longitudinal deformation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_16f01-body2">Figure 1, J</xref>, Clip 4). At mid-LV short axis level, radial deformation (thickening) was equally reduced at inferior septal and inferior wall mid-segments, matching hypertrophic areas (Clip 5). Peak torsion was determined at 18.05&#186; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_16f01-body2">Figure 1, K</xref>).</p>
      <p>The patient also underwent an exercise stress echocardiography to assess the development of dynamic intraventricular gradient, which could possibly explain the symptoms. A significant (&gt;30mmHg) peak intraventricular gradient at the 3<sup>rd</sup> stage of Bruce protocol was detected, apparently not involving the LV outflow tract, with no worsening of mitral regurgitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_16f01-body2">Figure 1, L</xref>). These findings were simultaneous to chest pain development. The patient was placed under beta-blockers, with complete resolution of complains. The 24-hour ECG Holter was negative for ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>In order to confirm the diagnosis and to assess the presence of fibrosis, a Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) was performed. Steady state free precession (SSFP) cine images revealed asymmetric LV hypertrophy, mainly involving the interventricular septum and inferior wall (Indexed LV mass: 175g/m<sup>2</sup>; maximum LV wall thickness: 17mm at mid inferior septum). The right ventricle was not hypertrophic and biventricular ejection fraction was normal (Clip 6, 7). From tagging, qualitative analysis showed abnormal deformation at the inferior septum and inferior wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_16f02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). There was no delayed enhancement after gadodiamide injection.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_16f02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-e108-00016-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We presented the case of an obstructive form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which the diagnosis could only be brought along after a careful and detailed echocardiographic study: 1. LV mass was increased on two-dimensional evaluation, as confirmed by CMR. 2. Regional LV thicknesses were high above normal on two-dimensional echo and CMR measurements<sup>1</sup>. 3. LV papillary muscles were abnormally displaced. 4. Tissue Doppler-derived velocities were abnormally low in the inferior septum. Besides this, two-dimensional strain evaluation by speckle tracking allowed us to identify regional systolic dysfunction, as already described, mainly involving hypertrophic segments2. Furthermore, as recently reported, both hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease patients have enhanced peak torsion and this could be suggested in this case<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In spite of this, we needed multiple imaging modalities for diagnostic confirmation and symptomatic correlation. Actually, we had to exclude coronary artery disease and we performed CMR to confirm the diagnosis and obtain prognostic information<sup>4</sup>. Nevertheless, we should emphasize that echocardiography should be fully explored in its different modalities (regional function, flow and myocardial velocities, deformation) when this diagnosis is in suspicion, as this technique may provide key structural and functional features. Indeed, we should perform exercise echocardiography when in doubt for symptomatic correlation in the absence of significant outflow tract and intracavitary gradient at rest, even after load changing maneuvers.</p>
      <p>At last, we also found this case peculiar for the data provided by different imaging techniques.</p>
      <p>These findings were not only important for supporting and confirming the diagnosis but they also matched correctly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_16f02-body2">Figure 2</xref>), particularly concerning morphological two-dimensional echo and CMR data. Furthermore and in spite of its lower spatial resolution, stress perfusion by SPECT seemed to be impaired in the segments subsequently identified as hypertrophic. This could even support the concept of abnormal perfusion and impaired coronary flow reserve in HCM<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
