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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4HgvTQfStmTZBrnhdQGnC4h</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001000012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900100012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000055</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do levosimendan sobre TNF-alfa, PNB e MMP-1 em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com anemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>B&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;</surname>
            <given-names>Mutlu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>K&#252;r&#252;m</surname>
            <given-names>Akif Turhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tatl&#253;</surname>
            <given-names>Ersan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Set</surname>
            <given-names>Turan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Erzincan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Estadual de Erzincan</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Erzurum</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Ataturk</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Familiar</institution>
        <country country="">Turquia</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sakarya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Private Ada Medical Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Estanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Tem</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>659</fpage>
      <lpage>664</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O levosimendan &#233; conhecido pelo seu efeito bilateral de fortalecimento contra&#231;&#227;o das miofibrilas sem aumentar a demanda de oxig&#234;nio no mioc&#225;rdio. A anemia &#233; uma deteriora&#231;&#227;o que causa aumento da dosagem de f&#225;rmacos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. OBJETIVO: No presente estudo comparamos a efic&#225;cia do tratamento com levosimendan em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada com ou sem anemia. M&#201;TODOS: Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 23 pacientes an&#234;micos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe 3 ou 4, segundo a New York Heart Association (NYHA) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 35%. Outros 23 pacientes com o mesmo diagn&#243;stico card&#237;aco, mas sem anemia, serviu como grupo controle. Ao tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tradicional desses pacientes foi acrescido um tratamento de 24 horas de levosimendan. Amostras foram tomadas para dosar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos do fator de necrose tumoral alfa s&#233;rico (TNF-alfa), pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral aminoterminal (NT-proPNB) e metaloproteinase da matriz 1 (MMP-1), antes e ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TNF-alfa e MMP-1, antes e depois do tratamento (p &gt; 0,05). Embora o n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP tenha diminu&#237;do em ambos os grupos ap&#243;s o tratamento, n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo (p = 0,531 e p = 0,913 para os grupos de anemia e de controle, respectivamente). Uma restaura&#231;&#227;o significativa da capacidade funcional foi observada em ambos os grupos avaliados, de acordo com a NYHA (p &lt; 0,001 e p = 0,001 para os grupos de anemia e controle, respectivamente). CONCLUS&#195;O: O tratamento com levosimendan apresenta efeitos semelhantes em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com anemia e sem anemia. No entanto, o efeito precoce desse tratamento sobre os n&#237;veis de TNF-alfa, NT-proPNB e MMP-1 n&#227;o &#233; evidente. Ele oferece uma melhora significativa na capacidade funcional, sem a influ&#234;ncia da anemia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>anemia</kwd>
        <kwd>fator de necrose</kwd>
        <kwd>tumoral alfa</kwd>
        <kwd>pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico encef&#225;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>metaloproteinase 1 da matriz</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos do levosimendan sobre TNF-alfa, PNB e MMP-1 em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com anemia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mutlu B&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;<sup>I</sup>; Akif Turhan K&#252;r&#252;m<sup>II</sup>; Ersan Tatl&#253;<sup>III</sup>; Turan Set<sup>IV</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Estadual de Erzincan, Erzincan </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Tem, Estanbul </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Departamento de Cardiologia, Private Ada Medical Hospital, Sakarya </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Departamento de Medicina Familiar da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Ataturk, Erzurum, Turquia</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="add">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O levosimendan &#233; conhecido pelo seu efeito bilateral de fortalecimento contra&#231;&#227;o das miofibrilas sem aumentar a demanda de oxig&#234;nio no mioc&#225;rdio. A anemia &#233; uma deteriora&#231;&#227;o que causa aumento da dosagem de f&#225;rmacos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> No presente estudo comparamos a efic&#225;cia do tratamento com levosimendan em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada com ou sem anemia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 23 pacientes an&#234;micos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe 3 ou 4, segundo a New York Heart Association (NYHA) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 35%. Outros 23 pacientes com o mesmo diagn&#243;stico card&#237;aco, mas sem anemia, serviu como grupo controle. Ao tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tradicional desses pacientes foi acrescido um tratamento de 24 horas de levosimendan. Amostras foram tomadas para dosar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos do fator de necrose tumoral alfa s&#233;rico (TNF-alfa), pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral aminoterminal (NT-proPNB) e metaloproteinase da matriz 1 (MMP-1), antes e ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TNF-alfa e MMP-1, antes e depois do tratamento (p &gt; 0,05). Embora o n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP tenha diminu&#237;do em ambos os grupos ap&#243;s o tratamento, n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo (p = 0,531 e p = 0,913 para os grupos de anemia e de controle, respectivamente). Uma restaura&#231;&#227;o significativa da capacidade funcional foi observada em ambos os grupos avaliados, de acordo com a NYHA (p &lt; 0,001 e p = 0,001 para os grupos de anemia e controle, respectivamente). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O tratamento com levosimendan apresenta efeitos semelhantes em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com anemia e sem anemia. No entanto, o efeito precoce desse tratamento sobre os n&#237;veis de TNF-alfa, NT-proPNB e MMP-1 n&#227;o &#233; evidente. Ele oferece uma melhora significativa na capacidade funcional, sem a influ&#234;ncia da anemia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca / quimioterapia; anemia; fator de necrose; tumoral alfa; pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico encef&#225;lico; metaloproteinase 1 da matriz</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome avan&#231;ada, progressiva, definida pelo comprometimento das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e aumento da atividade neuro-hormonal. O n&#237;vel de circula&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias como o fator alfa de necrose tumoral (TNF-alfa) aumenta em pacientes com IC. Essas citocinas tamb&#233;m conduzem &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e afetam o sistema cardiovascular por causar um defeito na contra&#231;&#227;o<sup>1</sup>. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (PNB) aumentam em pacientes com altera&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. As altera&#231;&#245;es na dosagem plasm&#225;tica do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral aminoterminal (NT-proPNB) refletem a resposta ao tratamento da IC<sup>2</sup>. A fam&#237;lia de metaloproteinases da matriz (MMP) &#233; um amplo grupo de enzimas largo que tem um papel na regula&#231;&#227;o da estrutura extracelular. Nos estudos anteriores, elas provaram ser marcadores fortes de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e progress&#227;o da IC<sup>3,4</sup>. Um dos &#243;rg&#227;os em que a circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea se deteriora devido ao baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco &#233; o sistema hematopoi&#233;tico. A anemia, em raz&#227;o do sistema hematopoi&#233;tico alterado, provoca resist&#234;ncia ao tratamento e agravamento dos sintomas<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; prejudicada em 15%-20% dos pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica, o que leva posteriormente a uma IC aguda. O tratamento avan&#231;ado da IC aguda baseia-se na infus&#227;o de medicamentos chamados agentes inotr&#243;picos positivos. O levosimendan &#233; um novo medicamento intravenoso usado para a instabilidade aguda da IC cr&#244;nica e d&#225; suporte ao cora&#231;&#227;o por meio de dois mecanismos, como sensibilizar as miofibrilas ao c&#225;lcio e abrir canais de pot&#225;ssio vasculares sens&#237;veis &#224; adenosina trifosfato (ATP)<sup>6</sup>. Tem sido demonstrado que esse f&#225;rmaco afetava TNF-alfa, PNB e MMP e diminu&#237;a seus n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos<sup>7-10</sup>. No entanto, a efic&#225;cia do levosimendan n&#227;o foi investigada em subgrupos an&#234;micos e n&#227;o an&#234;micos.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; investigar o efeito do levosimendan intravenoso administrado junto com o tratamento tradicional na capacidade funcional, e nos n&#237;veis de TNF-alfa, NT-proPNB e metaloproteinase da matriz (MMP-1), em grupos de an&#234;micos e de controle, com IC descompensada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Material e M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo os pacientes ingressados no Departamento de Cardiologia da Universidade de Trakya, com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo abaixo de 35% no exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, com resist&#234;ncia ao tratamento tradicional da IC, e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe 3 e 4 de acordo com a NYHA. Vinte e tr&#234;s desses pacientes tiveram adicionalmente anemia (hemoglobina no sangue &lt;13 g/dL em homens e &lt;12 g/dL em mulheres). Outros 23 pacientes sem anemia serviram como grupo de controle. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: Pacientes com: 1) angina inst&#225;vel ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio nas &#250;ltimas duas semanas; 2) cardiomiopatia obstrutiva ou doen&#231;a obstrutiva valvular n&#227;o restaurada; 3) doen&#231;a pulmonar sintom&#225;tica prim&#225;ria; 4) press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt;80 mmHg ou &gt;200 mmHg; 5) frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &gt;115/min; 6) creatinina s&#233;rica &gt;2,5 mg/dL; 7) n&#237;veis aumentados de aspartato aminotransferase e alanina aminotransferase em mais do dobro do valor normal; 8) n&#237;vel de pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico &lt;3,5 ou &gt;5,5 mmol/dL; 9) doen&#231;as infecciosas agudas ou cr&#244;nicas; e 10) pacientes em uso de f&#225;rmacos imunossupressores. Ao tratamento tradicional composto de bloqueador, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina, furosemida e espironolactona foi acrescido o levosimendan intravenoso de 24 horas, como infus&#227;o com uma dosagem de 0,1 mcg/kg/min.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi realizado para todos os pacientes (Vivid 3 Pro, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee Wisconsin). O examinador foi cego a respeito dos detalhes do estudo. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e os tamanhos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram avaliados pelos m&#233;todos de Modo M e Simpson modificado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise laboratorial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Amostras de sangue foram colhidas de cada paciente antes da administra&#231;&#227;o do levosimendan e imediatamente ap&#243;s 24 horas da infus&#227;o. As amostras de sangue foram centrifugadas a 2500 rpm durante 10 minutos e mantidas a -80 graus Celsius. As amostras mantidas no congelador foram processadas utilizando ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico com Leitora MPRA41, dispositivo para dosar os n&#237;veis de TNF-alfa (TNF-alfa humano ELISA, Daiclone, Besan&#231;on, Fran&#231;a), NT-proPNB (BNP FRAGMENT EIA, Biomedica, Viena) e MMP-1 (Human pro-MMP-1, R&amp;D systems, Minneapolis).</p>
    <p>Nenhum dos pacientes precisou interromper a infus&#227;o ou diminuir a dose durante a infus&#227;o do levosimendan, e todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos completaram o estudo.</p>
    <p>Foram registrados: sexo, idade, coronariopatia, hist&#243;rico de diabete melito, medicamentos, classe de IC de acordo com a NYHA, press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e informa&#231;&#245;es do eletrocardiograma.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi determinada pelo teste para uma amostra de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os testes de Mann Whitney U e Wilcoxon foram usados para vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas. Os testes de qui-quadrado e de homogeneidade marginal foram aplicados para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica aceito foi p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local do Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Trakya. O consentimento por escrito foi obtido de todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um total de 46 pacientes foi inclu&#237;do no estudo. O n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de hemoglobina foi de 11,1 &#177; 1 g/dL no grupo an&#234;mico e 13,5 &#177; 1 g/dL no grupo de controle. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e os valores laboratoriais de ambos os grupos antes do estudo s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop05312tb1">tabela 1</xref>. Os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos e as capacidades funcionais de ambos os grupos antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop05312tb2">tabela 2</xref>. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo m&#233;dia foi de 26,8% &#177; 5,4 no grupo an&#234;mico e 24,4% &#177; 5,9 no grupo de controle (p = 0,175, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop05312tb1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop05312tb1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0659-00055-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop05312tb2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0659-00055-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de n&#237;veis de NT-proPNB, TNF-alfa e MMP-1 antes do tratamento foram de 11,8 &#177; 8,4 pmol/LT, 0,004 &#177; 0,02 ng/mL, e 3,7 &#177; 2,3 ng/mL, respectivamente, no grupo an&#234;mico e 9,6 &#177; 5,1 pmol/mL, 4,1 &#177; 20 ng/mL, e 3,5 &#177; 2,8 ng/mL, respectivamente, no grupo de controle (p &gt; 0,05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop05312tb1">tab. 1</xref>). Nenhum dos grupos desenvolveu hipotens&#227;o durante a infus&#227;o de levosimendan. A taquicardia ventricular foi desenvolvida em dois pacientes com anemia (8%) e em um do grupo de controle (4%) durante a infus&#227;o (p = 0,255). A m&#233;dia de n&#237;veis de NT-proPNB, TNF-alfa e MMP-1 ap&#243;s o tratamento foram de 9,0 &#177; 6,0, 20,7 &#177; 46,3 ng/mL, e 3,8 &#177; 2,7 ng/mL, respectivamente, no grupo an&#234;mico e 9,3 &#177; 7,4 pmol/mL, 14 &#177; 25,7 ng/mL, e 3,2 &#177; 2,8 ng/mL, respectivamente, no grupo de controle (p &gt; 0,05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop05312tb3">tab. 3</xref>). Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada em ambos os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores pr&#233;-tratamento. Contudo, os n&#237;veis de NT-proPNB diminu&#237;ram em ambos os grupos (p &gt; 0,05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop05312tb2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop05312tb3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0659-00055-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Enquanto 10 (43%) de 23 pacientes de controle tinham IC classe 3 e 13 (57%) tinham classe 4 no in&#237;cio do tratamento; no final do tratamento, 5 (22%) tinham classe 2, 11 (48%) tinham classe 3 e 7 (30%) tinham classe 4 (p = 0,001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop05312tb2">tab. 2</xref>). Enquanto 9 (39%) de 23 pacientes an&#234;micos tinham IC classe 3 e 14 (61%) tinham classe 4 no in&#237;cio do tratamento; no final do tratamento, 6 (27%) tinham classe 2, 13 (56%) tinham classe 3 e 4 (17%) tinham classe 4 (p &lt; 0,001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop05312tb2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, observamos que o tratamento com levosimendan n&#227;o teve nenhum efeito sobre o TNF-alfa e MMP-1 no per&#237;odo inicial, e teve um efeito estatisticamente insignificante na diminui&#231;&#227;o do NT-proPNB em pacientes com anemia e grupo controle. Em raz&#227;o da presen&#231;a de efeitos semelhantes em pacientes com anemia e grupo de controle, conclu&#237;mos que a efic&#225;cia do tratamento com levosimendan n&#227;o diminuiu em anemia. Embora n&#227;o tenha sido observado nenhum efeito significativo desse tratamento sobre os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos em ambos os grupos, observou-se seu efeito cl&#237;nico de melhora da capacidade funcional.</p>
    <p>Em estudos anteriores, a efic&#225;cia do tratamento com levosimendan foi demonstrada mediante a avalia&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, cl&#237;nicas e neuro-humorais<sup>11,12</sup>. No entanto, nesses estudos, os pacientes com anemia n&#227;o foram comparados com pacientes n&#227;o an&#234;micos.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do tratamento da IC descompensada &#233; fazer que o paciente esteja clinicamente est&#225;vel para fornecer sangue aos &#243;rg&#227;os, proporcionar um n&#237;vel suficiente de press&#227;o de enchimento e garantir que o paciente volte ao tratamento tradicional assim que poss&#237;vel. O levosimendan suporta a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e perfus&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os prejudicada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, por meio de efeitos bilaterais<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A anemia &#233; um fator de risco independente para mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>15</sup>. Em um estudo realizado em pacientes an&#234;micos com IC, observou-se que a necessidade de medica&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento da IC diminuiu conjuntamente com a recupera&#231;&#227;o da anemia<sup>16</sup>. Isso significa que a anemia provoca um aumento da dose de f&#225;rmaco necess&#225;rio para o tratamento da IC e desenvolvimento de resist&#234;ncia aos f&#225;rmacos. O tratamento da IC em pacientes an&#234;micos permanece incerto<sup>17</sup>. Portanto, conhecer a efic&#225;cia dos medicamentos administrados em pacientes an&#234;micos, em situa&#231;&#245;es como a IC descompensada que necessitam de tratamento urgente, poderia ser pr&#225;tico para os cl&#237;nicos na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Em 1990, foi relatado que o n&#237;vel de circula&#231;&#227;o de TNF-alfa, uma citocina pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria, aumentava em pacientes com IC<sup>18</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o, muitos estudos foram realizados indicando que as citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias como TNF-alfa podem desempenhar um papel muito importante na regula&#231;&#227;o da estrutura do mioc&#225;rdio e fun&#231;&#245;es em fases avan&#231;adas da IC. Verificou-se que as citocinas contribu&#237;am para a modifica&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares por meio de mecanismos como a remodela&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e diminui&#231;&#227;o dos receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>19</sup>. Foi demonstrado que o tratamento com levosimendan diminuiu os n&#237;veis de TNF alfa<sup>8,20,21</sup>. Esse efeito anti-inflamat&#243;rio do tratamento com levosimendan foi explicada por v&#225;rios mecanismos. O mais importante &#233; a diminui&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o da citocina extracard&#237;aca mediante restaura&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o do tecido perif&#233;rico pelo efeito sobre o metabolismo do c&#225;lcio card&#237;aco<sup>8</sup>. Nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o significativa foi observada nos n&#237;veis de TNF-alfa de ambos os grupos, antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento, mas houve uma mudan&#231;a significativa nos n&#237;veis de NT-proPNB.</p>
    <p>Em outro estudo realizado por Follath e cols.<sup>11</sup>, o tratamento com levosimendan foi comparado com dobutamina e placebo. Nesse estudo n&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as significativas entre os n&#237;veis de TNF-alfa dos grupos de levosimendan e dobutamina, antes e depois do tratamento. No entanto, a signific&#226;ncia foi maior no grupo de placebo.</p>
    <p>Similar aos resultados de Parissis e cols.<sup>8</sup>, em nosso estudo, n&#227;o observamos nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa nos n&#237;veis de TNF-alfa em ambos os grupos, antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se aumento nos n&#237;veis de TNF-alfa n&#237;veis de ambos os grupos ap&#243;s o tratamento.</p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis de NT-proPNB e NP cerebral est&#227;o associados &#224; gravidade da IC<sup>22,23</sup>. H&#225; um n&#250;mero de provas que confirmam que os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PNB e/ou NT-proPNB s&#227;o preditores independentes de mortalidade total, mortalidade cardiovascular e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es devidas a IC tanto aguda quanto cr&#244;nica<sup>24,25</sup>. Encontrou-se que o tratamento orientado por PNB e NT-proPNB &#233; superior ao tratamento orientado por decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica<sup>2</sup>. Foi demonstrado em estudos anteriores que o tratamento com levosimendan diminuiu os n&#237;veis de PNB e NT-proPNB<sup>7,9,20,21</sup>. O efeito do tratamento com levosimendan de diminui&#231;&#227;o de PNB e NT-proPNB se achou associado ao seu efeito de redu&#231;&#227;o a tens&#227;o da parede card&#237;aca no final da di&#225;stole<sup>7</sup>. Em um estudo realizado por Adamopoulos e cols.<sup>20</sup>, foi observado o efeito do tratamento com levosimendan e dobutamina no NT-proPNB. No presente estudo, que inclu&#237;a tamb&#233;m um grupo de placebo, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis de NT-proPNB, nos grupos de dobutamina e placebo, enquanto houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa no grupo de levosimendan. Em nosso estudo, encontramos uma diminui&#231;&#227;o insignificante nos n&#237;veis de NT-proPNB em ambos os grupos, antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento.</p>
    <p>A metaloproteinase da matriz &#233; um grupo de enzimas que toma parte em processos como a reconstitui&#231;&#227;o de tecido, com capacidade de desintegrar componentes da membrana basal. Observou-se que atividade das MMP aumenta ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, e que a dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo diminui com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade das MMP<sup>26,27</sup>. No estudo de Tziakas e cols.<sup>9</sup> foi observada uma regress&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis de MMP em sangue com o tratamento com levosimendan. No presente estudo o efeito nas MMP foi associada com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o na parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e o efeito de restaura&#231;&#227;o da vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica do tratamento com a levosimendan. A produ&#231;&#227;o de MMP diminui tamb&#233;m pelo seu efeito nas citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias. Observamos uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel de MMP-1 no grupo controle ap&#243;s o tratamento. No entanto, n&#227;o chegou a um n&#237;vel significativo.</p>
    <p>Observamos uma melhora significativa da capacidade funcional especificada de acordo com a NYHA. No entanto, essa melhora n&#227;o foi em paralelo com os par&#226;metros sangu&#237;neos. Uma raz&#227;o disso pode ser a falta de aplica&#231;&#227;o de dose de ataque durante a administra&#231;&#227;o do levosimendan. Porque a dose de ataque foi aplicada independentemente das caracter&#237;sticas de pacientes em estudos anteriores. Uma dose de ataque de 24 mcg/kg/min foi aplicada no estudo LIDO estudo; uma dose de ataque de 6 mcg/kg/min foi aplicada durante 10 minutos em estudos que observaram os n&#237;veis de TNF alfa e MMP<sup>7-11,20</sup>. Dose de ataque no tratamento com levosimendan &#233; recomendada em pacientes com necessidade do efeito agudo, em situa&#231;&#245;es como p&#243;s-IAM ou ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca. Uma vez que todos os pacientes do nosso estudo tinham IC cr&#244;nica descompensada, n&#227;o foi administrada a dose de ataque.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a significativa quando comparados os n&#237;veis de p&#243;s-tratamento de ambos os grupos. Isso indicou que o tratamento com levosimendan n&#227;o mostra efeitos diferentes em pacientes an&#234;micos e grupo de controle.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que o tratamento com levosimendan aplicado tanto em pacientes an&#234;micos e em grupo controle, com IC classe 3 ou 4 de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA e resistente ao tratamento tradicional de IC, proporcionou uma melhora na capacidade funcional, e que a efic&#225;cia n&#227;o foi diferente entre os dois grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="add" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Mutlu B&#252;y&#252;kl&#252; </p>
        <p> Erzincan E&#240;itim Ara&#254;t&#253;rma Hastanesi </p>
        <p> Erzincan - 24000 - Turkey, Jhk </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mutlubuyuklu@gmail.com">mutlubuyuklu@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 02/10/11 </p>
    <p> Revisado em 17/10/11 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 31/01/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
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          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
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        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of levosimendan on TNF-alpha, BNP and MMP-1 in patients with heart failure with anemia</article-title>
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        <p>BACKGROUND: Levosimendan is known with its two-sided effects of strengthening myofibril contraction without increasing myocardial oxygen demand. Anemia is a deteriorating situation that causes increase of drug dosing in patients with heart failure. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we compared the effectiveness of levosimendan treatment in decompensated heart failure patients with or without anemia. METHODS: Twenty-three anemic patients having class 3 or 4 heart failure according to New York Heart Association (NYHA) and an ejection fraction of below 35% were included to the study. Another 23 patients with the same cardiac diagnosis but without anemia served as control group. Twenty-four hours levosimendan treatment was added to the traditional heart failure treatment of these patients. Samples were taken to measure serum tumor necrotizing factor alpha (TNF-alpha), aminoterminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) levels before and after the administration. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between serum TNF-alpha and MMP-1 levels before and after the treatment (p&gt;0.05). Although NT-proBNP level decreased in both groups after the treatment this was not statistically significant (p=0.531 and p=0.913 for anemia and control groups respectively). Significant restoration of functional capacity was seen in both groups assessed according to NYHA (p&lt;0.001 and p=0.001 for anemia and control groups respectively). CONCLUSION: Levosimendan treatment shows similar effects in heart failure patients with anemia to that of patients without anemia. However, the early effect of this treatment on TNF-alpha, NT-proBNP and MMP-1 levels is not evident. It provides significant improvement in functional capacity without influence from anemia.</p>
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      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>anemia</kwd>
        <kwd>tumor necrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>factor-alpha</kwd>
        <kwd>natriuretic peptide</kwd>
        <kwd>brain</kwd>
        <kwd>matrix metalloproteinase 1</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Effects of levosimendan on TNF-alpha, BNP and MMP-1 in patients with heart failure with anemia</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Mutlu B&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;<sup>I</sup>; Akif Turhan K&#252;r&#252;m<sup>II</sup>; Ersan Tatl&#253;<sup>III</sup>; Turan Set<sup>IV</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Department of Cardiology, Erzincan State Hospital, Erzincan</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Department of Cardiology, Tem Hospital, &#221;stanbul</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Department of Cardiology, Private Ada Medical Hospital, Sakarya</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Atat&#252;rk University, Erzurum, Turkey</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Levosimendan is known with its two-sided effects of strengthening myofibril contraction without increasing myocardial oxygen demand. Anemia is a deteriorating situation that causes increase of drug dosing in patients with heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> In this study, we compared the effectiveness of levosimendan treatment in decompensated heart failure patients with or without anemia.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty-three anemic patients having class 3 or 4 heart failure according to New York Heart Association (NYHA) and an ejection fraction of below 35% were included to the study. Another 23 patients with the same cardiac diagnosis but without anemia served as control group. Twenty-four hours levosimendan treatment was added to the traditional heart failure treatment of these patients. Samples were taken to measure serum tumor necrotizing factor alpha (TNF-alpha), aminoterminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) levels before and after the administration.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> There was no significant difference between serum TNF-alpha and MMP-1 levels before and after the treatment (p&gt;0.05). Although NT-proBNP level decreased in both groups after the treatment this was not statistically significant (p=0.531 and p=0.913 for anemia and control groups respectively). Significant restoration of functional capacity was seen in both groups assessed according to NYHA (p&lt;0.001 and p=0.001 for anemia and control groups respectively).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Levosimendan treatment shows similar effects in heart failure patients with anemia to that of patients without anemia. However, the early effect of this treatment on TNF-alpha, NT-proBNP and MMP-1 levels is not evident. It provides significant improvement in functional capacity without influence from anemia.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart failure / drug therapy; anemia; tumor necrosis; factor-alpha; natriuretic peptide; brain; matrix metalloproteinase 1</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is an ongoing, progressive syndrome defined by impairment of cardiac functions and increase in neurohormonal activity. The level of circulating proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increases in patients with HF. These cytokines also lead to remodeling of left ventricle and affect cardiovascular system by causing a contraction defect<sup>1</sup>. Plasma brain natriuetic peptide (BNP) levels increase in patients with left ventricle disorder. Plasma aminoterminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) intensity changes reflect the response to HF treatment<sup>2</sup>. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family is a wide enzyme group that has a role in regulating extra cellular structure. In the previous studies, they were proved to be strong markers of cardiac remodeling and HF progression<sup>3,4</sup> One of the organs in which blood circulation deteriorates due to low cardiac output is the hemopoetic system. Anemia due to affected hemopoetic system causes resistance to treatment and aggravation of symptoms<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac contraction is impaired in 15-20% of the patients with chronic HF, which leads eventually to acute HF. Advanced treatment of acute HF is based on the infusion of medications called positive inotropic drugs. Levosimendan is a new intravenous drug used for acute instability of chronic HF and supports the heart through two mechanisms like sensitizing myofibrils to calcium and opening vascular potassium channels susceptible to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)<sup>6</sup>. It was shown that this drug affected TNF-alpha, BNP and MMPs and decreased their serum levels<sup>7-10</sup>. However, the effectiveness of levosimendan was not investigated in anemic and non-anemic subgroups.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of intravenous levosimendan administered in addition to traditional treatment on functional capacity and TNF-alpha, NT-proBNP and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1) levels in anemic and control groups having decompensated HF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Material and methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients who were admitted to Trakya University Cardiology Department with left ventricle ejection fraction (EF) under 35% in echocardiography examination, resistant to traditional HF treatment, and having class 3 and 4 heart failure according to NYHA were enrolled to this study. Twenty-three of these patients had additionally anemia (blood hemoglobin value &lt;13 g/dl in men and &lt;12 g/dl in women). Another 23 patients without anemia served as the control group. Exclusion criteria were as follows: Patients with; 1) unstable angina or myocardial infarct in the last two weeks, 2) obstructive cardiomyopathy or non-restored obstructive valve disease, 3) symptomatic primary lung disease, 4) systolic blood pressure &lt;80 mmHg or &gt;200 mm Hg, 5) resting heart rate &gt;115/min, 6) serum creatinine &gt;2.5 mg/dl, 7) increased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels more than twice of normal, 8) serum potassium level &lt;3.5 or &gt;5.5 mmol/dl, and 9) acute and chronic infectious diseases, and 10) patients taking immunosuppressive drugs. Twenty-four hour intravenous levosimendan treatment was added to the traditional treatment composed of beta-blocker, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, furosemide, and spiranolactone as infusion with 0.1 mcg/kg/min dose.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Transthoracic echocardiography was performed to all patients (Vivid 3 Pro, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee Wisconsin). The examiner was blinded regarding the study details. Left ventricle ejection fraction and left ventricle sizes were assessed by M-mode and regulated Simpson methods.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Laboratory analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood samples were taken from each patient before levosimendan administration and right after 24-hour infusion. Blood samples were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes and kept at -80 degrees Celsius. Samples kept in the freezer were processed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with Microplate Reader MPRA41 device to check TNF-alpha (Human TNF alpha ELISA, Daiclone, Besancon France), NT-pro BNP (BNP FRAGMENT EIA, Biomedica Wien), and MMP-1 (Human pro-MMP-1, R&amp;D systems, Minneapolis) levels.</p>
      <p>None of the patients required discontinuation of infusion or dose decrease during levosimendan infusion and all included patients completed the study.</p>
      <p>Age, sex, coronary artery disease, history of diabetes mellitus, medications, HF class according to NYHA, blood pressure, heart rate, and information on electrocardiography were recorded.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the statistical analysis, normal distribution was assessed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov one sample test. Mann Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests were used for numeric variables. Chi Square and Marginal homogeneity tests were applied for categorical variables. Statistically significant was accepted as p&lt;0.05.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by local ethics committee of Trakya University Hospital. Written consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 46 patients were enrolled in the study. Average hemoglobin level was 11.1&#177;1 g/dl in anemic group and 13.5&#177;1 g/dl in control group. Demographic features and laboratory values of both groups before the study are shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05312tb1-body2">Table 1</xref>. Blood levels and functional capacities of both groups before and after treatment are shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05312tb2-body2">Table 2</xref>. Average left ventricle ejection fraction was 26.8% &#177; 5.4 in anemic group and 24.4% &#177; 5.9 in control group (p=0.175, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05312tb1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop05312tb1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0659-00055-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop05312tb2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0659-00055-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Average NT-proBNP, TNF-alpha, MMP-1 levels before treatment were 11.8&#177;8.4 pmol/lt, 0.004&#177;0.02 ng/ml, and 3.7 &#177; 2.3 ng/ml respectively in anemic group and 9.6&#177;5.1 pmol/ml, 4.1&#177;20 bg/ml, and 3.5&#177;2.8 ng/ml respectively in control group (p&gt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05312tb1-body2">Table 1</xref>). Hypotension did not develop in both groups during levosimendan infusion. Ventricular tachycardia developed in 2 anemic patients (8%) and in 1 control (4%) patient during infusion (p=0.255). Average NT-proBNP, TNF-alpha, MMP-1 levels after treatment were 9.0&#177;6.0 pmol/ml, 20.7&#177;46.3 ng7ml, and 3.8&#177;2.7 ng/ml respectively in anemic group and 9.3&#177;7.4 pmol/ml, 14&#177;25.7 ng/ml, and 3.2&#177;2.8 ng/ml respectively in control group (p&gt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05312tb3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop05312tb3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0659-00055-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No significant difference was seen in both groups compared to pre-treatment values. However NT-proBNP levels decreased in both groups (p&gt;0.05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05312tb2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>While 10 (43%) of 23 control patients had class 3 and 13 (57%) had class 4 HF at the beginning of treatment, 5(22%) had class 2, 11(48%) had class 3 and 7(30%) had class 4 HF at the end of treatment (p=0.001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05312tb2-body2">Table 2</xref>). While 9 (39%) of 23 anemic patients had class 3 and 14 (61%) had class 4 HF at the beginning of treatment, 6 (27%) had class 2, 13 (56%) had class 3 and 4 (17%) had class 4 HF at the end of treatment (p&lt;0.001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05312tb2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, we observed that levosimendan treatment did not have any effect on TNF-alpha and MMP-1 early period and had a statistically insignificant decreasing effect on NT-proBNP in patients with anemia and control group. Due to the presence of similar effects in anemic patients and control group, we concluded that effectiveness of levosimendan treatment did not decrease in anemia. Although no significant effect of this treatment on blood levels was seen in both groups, we observed its clinically improving effect on functional capacity.</p>
      <p>In previous studies, efficacy of levosimendan treatment was shown by assessing hemodynamic, clinical and neurohumoral variables<sup>11,12</sup>. However, in these studies, anemic patients were not compared to non-anemic patients.</p>
      <p>The aim of decompensated HF treatment is to make the patient clinically stable, to provide blood supply to organs, to provide a sufficient level of filling pressure and to make sure that patient returns to traditional treatment as soon as possible. Levosimendan supports cardiovascular function and impaired organ perfusion in decompensated heart failure patients with two-sided effects<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Anemia is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with left ventricle insufficiency<sup>15</sup>. In a study conducted in anemic patients with HF, it was observed that medication need for the treatment of HF decreased along with the recovery of anemia<sup>16</sup>. This means that anemia causes increase in the required drug dose for HF and development of drug resistance. HF treatment in anemic patients remains uncertain<sup>17</sup>. Therefore knowing the efficacy of administered drugs in anemic patients in situations like decompensated HF that require urgent treatment could be practical for clinicians in daily practice.</p>
      <p>In 1990, it was reported that level of circulating TNF-alpha, a proinflammatory cytokine, increased in patients with HF<sup>18</sup>. Since then, many studies were conducted stating that proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha can play a very important role in regulating myocardial structure and functions in advanced phases of HF. It was found that cytokines contributed to changing cardiovascular functions via mechanisms like leading to a re-shaping of myocardium and decreasing myocardial beta adrenergic receptors<sup>19</sup>. It was shown that levosimendan treatment decreased TNF alpha levels<sup>8,20,21</sup>. This anti-inflammatory effect of levosimendan treatment was explained by various mechanisms. The most important of these are decrease of extra-cardiac cytokine production through restoration of peripheral tissue perfusion upon the effect on cardiac calcium metabolism<sup>8</sup>. No significant changes were seen between TNF-alpha levels of both groups before and after the treatment but a significant change was observed in NT-proBNP levels.</p>
      <p>In another study conducted by Follath et al<sup>11</sup>, levosimendan treatment was compared with dobutamin treatment and placebo. In this study, no significant changes were seen between TNF-alpha levels of levosimendan and dobutamin groups before and after the treatment. However, the significance was higher in the placebo group.</p>
      <p>Similar to the results of Parissis et al<sup>8</sup>, in our study, we did not observe any significant difference in TNF-alpha levels of both groups before and after treatment. In addition, we observed increase in TNF-alpha levels in both groups after the treatment.</p>
      <p>Brain NP and NT-proBNP levels are associated with the severity of HF<sup>22,23</sup>. There is a number of evidence confirming that plasma BNP and/or NT-proBNP levels are independent predictors of total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations due to both in acute and chronic HF<sup>24,25</sup>. BNP and NT-proBNP oriented treatment is found to be superior than clinical decision oriented treatment<sup>2</sup>. It was shown in previous studies that levosimendan treatment caused decrease in BNP and NT-proBNP levels<sup>7,9,20,21</sup>. The decreasing effect of levosimendan treatment on BNP and NT-proBNP was found to be associated with its decreasing effect on end-diastolic cardiac wall tension<sup>7</sup>. In a study conducted by Adamopoulos et al<sup>20</sup>, effect of dobutamin and levosimendan treatment on NT-proBNP was observed. In this study, which included also a placebo group, no significant change was seen in NT-proBNP levels in dobutamin and placebo groups while significant decrease was seen in levosimendan group. In our study, we found insignificant decrease in NT-proBNP levels in both groups before and after the treatment.</p>
      <p>Matrix metalloproteinase is an enzyme group which takes part in processes like tissue re-constitution with the ability to disintegrate basal membrane components. MMP activity was found to increase after myocardial infarct and decrease in left ventricle dilatation was seen with the decrease of MMP activity<sup>26,27</sup> .In the study by Tziakas et al<sup>9</sup>, significant regression observed in blood MMP levels with levosimendan treatment. In this study, effect on MMP was associated with left ventricle wall tension decreasing and peripheral vasoconstriction restoring effect of levosimendan treatment. MMP production decreases also due to its effect on proinflammatory cytokines. We observed decrease in MMP-1 level in control group after the treatment. However, it did not reach a significant level.</p>
      <p>We observed significant improvement of functional capacity specified according to NYHA. However, this improvement was not parallel with blood parameters. One reason of this might be the lack of loading dose application during levosimendan administration. Because loading dose was applied regardless of patient characteristics in previous studies. 24 mcg/kg/min loading dose was applied in LIDO study, 6 mcg/kg/min loading dose was applied for 10 minutes in studies which observed TNF alpha and MMP levels<sup>7-11,20</sup>. Loading dose in levosimendan treatment is recommended in patients with the need of acute effect in situations like post-MI or after cardiac surgery. Since all the patients in our study were decompensated in chronic HF basis, we did not administrate loading dose.</p>
      <p>We did not observe any significant difference when comparing the post-treatment levels of both groups. This indicated that levosimendan treatment does not show different effects in anemic patients and control group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We concluded that levosimendan treatment applied both in anemic patients and control group with class 3 or 4 HF according to NYHA's classification and resistant to traditional HF treatment provided improvement in functional capacity and that efficacy was not different</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
