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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mQyJNRMNdShGwbtfQ4ZFHSH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001000009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900100009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000054</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ades&#227;o ao tratamento e controle da press&#227;o arterial em idosos com hipertens&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastos-Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Rachel G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferriolli</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moriguti</surname>
            <given-names>Julio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Charlys B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ueta</surname>
            <given-names>Julieta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Nereida K. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>636</fpage>
      <lpage>641</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A n&#227;o ades&#227;o ao tratamento tem sido identificada como a causa principal da Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) n&#227;o controlada, e pode representar um risco maior em idosos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a taxa de ades&#227;o ao tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial por diferentes m&#233;todos, para estimar a taxa de controle da PA, e observar se h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre controle da press&#227;o arterial e ades&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: A ades&#227;o ao tratamento foi avaliada em pacientes idosos com hipertens&#227;o, acompanhados pelo servi&#231;o p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, por meio de quatro m&#233;todos, incluindo o teste de Morisky-Green (refer&#234;ncia), o question&#225;rio sobre atitudes referentes &#224; ingest&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o (AMI), uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o por parte do enfermeiro em consult&#243;rio (AEC), e avalia&#231;&#227;o domiciliar da ades&#227;o (ADA). A ingest&#227;o de sal foi estimada pela excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de s&#243;dio de 24 horas. O controle da press&#227;o arterial foi avaliado pelo monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial na vig&#237;lia. RESULTADOS: A concord&#226;ncia entre o teste de Morisky-Green e o AMI (Kappa = 0,27) ou a AEC (Kappa = 0,05) foi pobre. Houve uma concord&#226;ncia moderada entre o teste de Morisky-Green e a ADA. Oitenta por cento tinham a PA controlada, incluindo 42% com efeito do jaleco branco. O grupo com menor excre&#231;&#227;o de sal relatou evitar o consumo de sal mais vezes (p &lt; 0,001) e tamb&#233;m teve maior ades&#227;o ao medicamento (p &lt; 0,001) do que o grupo com maior de excre&#231;&#227;o de sal. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os testes avaliados n&#227;o apresentaram boa concord&#226;ncia com o teste de Morisky-Green. A ades&#227;o ao tratamento da hipertens&#227;o foi baixa; no entanto, houve uma elevada taxa de controle da press&#227;o arterial, quando os sujeitos com o efeito do jaleco branco foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>controle press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>idoso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Ades&#227;o ao tratamento e controle da press&#227;o arterial em idosos com hipertens&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rachel G. Bastos-Barbosa<sup>I</sup>; Eduardo Ferriolli<sup>I</sup>; Julio C. Moriguti<sup>I</sup>; Charlys B. Nogueira<sup>I</sup>; Fernando Nobre<sup>I</sup>; Julieta Ueta<sup>II</sup>; Nereida K. C. Lima<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Medicina Interna, Ribeir&#227;o Preto Escola de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto - SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold> FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A n&#227;o ades&#227;o ao tratamento tem sido identificada como a causa principal da Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) n&#227;o controlada, e pode representar um risco maior em idosos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a taxa de ades&#227;o ao tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial por diferentes m&#233;todos, para estimar a taxa de controle da PA, e observar se h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre controle da press&#227;o arterial e ades&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> A ades&#227;o ao tratamento foi avaliada em pacientes idosos com hipertens&#227;o, acompanhados pelo servi&#231;o p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, por meio de quatro m&#233;todos, incluindo o teste de Morisky-Green (refer&#234;ncia), o question&#225;rio sobre atitudes referentes &#224; ingest&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o (AMI), uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o por parte do enfermeiro em consult&#243;rio (AEC), e avalia&#231;&#227;o domiciliar da ades&#227;o (ADA). A ingest&#227;o de sal foi estimada pela excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de s&#243;dio de 24 horas. O controle da press&#227;o arterial foi avaliado pelo monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial na vig&#237;lia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A concord&#226;ncia entre o teste de Morisky-Green e o AMI (Kappa = 0,27) ou a AEC (Kappa = 0,05) foi pobre. Houve uma concord&#226;ncia moderada entre o teste de Morisky-Green e a ADA. Oitenta por cento tinham a PA controlada, incluindo 42% com efeito do jaleco branco. O grupo com menor excre&#231;&#227;o de sal relatou evitar o consumo de sal mais vezes (p &lt; 0,001) e tamb&#233;m teve maior ades&#227;o ao medicamento (p &lt; 0,001) do que o grupo com maior de excre&#231;&#227;o de sal. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os testes avaliados n&#227;o apresentaram boa concord&#226;ncia com o teste de Morisky-Green. A ades&#227;o ao tratamento da hipertens&#227;o foi baixa; no entanto, houve uma elevada taxa de controle da press&#227;o arterial, quando os sujeitos com o efeito do jaleco branco foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> hipertens&#227;o / preve&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle; ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o; controle press&#227;o arterial; idoso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em idosos &#233; superior a 60%, e o diagn&#243;stico correto e a persist&#234;ncia dos pacientes no acompanhamento s&#227;o fatores-chave muito importantes para atingir a meta ideal de tratamento e reduzir a morbimortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>A ades&#227;o ao tratamento, definida como a correta execu&#231;&#227;o da prescri&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico<sup>1</sup>, incluindo altera&#231;&#245;es em medicamentos e/ou no estilo de vida, &#233; um fator significativo no sucesso do tratamento. A n&#227;o ades&#227;o &#233; identificada como a causa principal da Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) n&#227;o controlada<sup>2</sup>, representando assim um risco significativo de eventos cardiovasculares. A ingest&#227;o correta de pelo menos 80% dos medicamentos receitados &#233; uma forma geral de considerar a adequada ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o<sup>2</sup>. A ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o &#233; estimada em torno de 50%<sup>3</sup>, e essa taxa diminui ainda mais com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; padronizada, tornando-se dif&#237;cil qualquer compara&#231;&#227;o. Os m&#233;todos diretos como ensaios biol&#243;gicos, ou de terapia de observa&#231;&#227;o direta (DOT) s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de aplicar, caros, e n&#227;o isentos de erros<sup>5</sup>. Entre os m&#233;todos indiretos, o teste de Morisky-Green &#233; um instrumento simples validado para estimar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento<sup>6</sup>. &#201; composto de quatro quest&#245;es a serem respondidas com "sim" ou "n&#227;o" e, embora n&#227;o seja um m&#233;todo ideal, tem sido o mais utilizado em estudos anteriores sobre ades&#227;o ao tratamento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e pode ser aceito como teste de refer&#234;ncia. O estudo original mostrou que 75% dos pacientes hipertensos com alto escore na escala de quatro itens, depois de dois anos de acompanhamento, tiveram sua press&#227;o arterial sob controle adequado no quinto ano, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 47% sob controle no quinto ano para aqueles pacientes com escores inferiores (P inferior a 0,01)<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar as taxas de ades&#227;o ao tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial de pacientes idosos, na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de, usando o teste de Morisky-Green e tr&#234;s m&#233;todos indiretos n&#227;o validades; para estimar a taxa de controle da PA, e observar se h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre controle da press&#227;o arterial e ades&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sessenta pacientes idosos (60 anos ou mais), acompanhados pelo servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico, que preencheram todos os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, foram convidados a participar: de um a oito anos de educa&#231;&#227;o formal, hipertens&#227;o arterial em tratamento regular, sem evid&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria, em uso de mais de quatro medicamentos por dia, sem uso de medicamentos que pudessem interferir no controle da PA, sem d&#233;ficits cognitivos (Mini-Exame do Estado Mental com escore superior a 24 pontos)<sup>7</sup> e independentes (&#205;ndice Barther com escore de 20 pontos)<sup>8</sup>. Este estudo foi realizado em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki (1989) e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa em Humanos. O consentimento informado foi obtido de cada volunt&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>Um question&#225;rio oral foi aplicado por uma enfermeira treinada para coletar informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, n&#250;mero de medicamentos em uso, o conhecimento sobre os riscos de hipertens&#227;o, dificuldades para obter os medicamentos, problemas para tom&#225;-los de forma regular, incluindo efeitos colaterais e a compreens&#227;o da prescri&#231;&#227;o. Consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo, ingest&#227;o de sal e atividade f&#237;sica tamb&#233;m foram avaliados.</p>
    <p>A PA foi medida tr&#234;s vezes no consult&#243;rio por uma enfermeira treinada, em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada<sup>9</sup>. Ap&#243;s uma semana, esse procedimento foi repetido. Os volunt&#225;rios tamb&#233;m foram submetidos a uma monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA, Spacelabs 90207, Redmond, Washington, EUA) e foram consideradas controladas quando a PA m&#233;dia, durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, foi menor que 135/85 mmHg<sup>10</sup>. Se durante a vig&#237;lia a MAPA mostrava PA controlada, e a PA em consult&#243;rio era maior ou igual 140 x 90 mmHg, o paciente era classificado como tendo o efeito do jaleco branco. Se a PA em consult&#243;rio era controlada, e durante a vig&#237;lia a MAPA mostrava PA maior ou igual que 135/85 mmHg, o paciente era classificado como tendo falso controle. </p>
    <p>Uma amostra de sangue com jejum de 12 horas foi tirada para dosar: glicose plasm&#225;tica, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, triglicer&#237;deos, creatinina e pot&#225;ssio. </p>
    <p>Trinta e tr&#234;s pacientes foram aleatoriamente designados para executar os testes de ades&#227;o: </p>
    <p>1. Teste de Morisky-Green<sup>6</sup>: &#233; composto de quatro quest&#245;es a serem respondidas com "sim" ou "n&#227;o": (1) Alguma vez voc&#234; esqueceu-se de tomar o rem&#233;dio? (2) &#192;s vezes voc&#234; n&#227;o &#233; cuidadoso tomando o medicamento? (3) Quando voc&#234; se sente melhor, &#224;s vezes para de tomar o rem&#233;dio? (4) &#192;s vezes, se voc&#234; se sente pior quando toma seus rem&#233;dios, voc&#234; para de tom&#225;-los? A pessoa foi considerada como n&#227;o tendo ades&#227;o se respondia afirmativamente pelo menos uma quest&#227;o. </p>
    <p>2. Question&#225;rio sobre atitudes referentes &#224; ingest&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o (AMI). </p>
    <p>3. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o por parte de enfermeiro (AEC): avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o por parte de enfermeiro no consult&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>4. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Domiciliar da Ades&#227;o (ADA): a ades&#227;o ao tratamento foi estimada pela verifica&#231;&#227;o da disponibilidade de medicamentos para hipertens&#227;o e pela informa&#231;&#227;o dada pelo paciente na simula&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o deles. A PA foi medida tr&#234;s vezes pelo enfermeiro (PA domiciliar). O paciente foi considerado com ades&#227;o pelos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s testes se demonstrava ingest&#227;o correta de 80% ou mais do total dos medicamentos para hipertens&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Duas amostras de urina de 24 horas foram coletadas para dosagem de s&#243;dio na excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria (UNaV), e a m&#233;dia excretada foi considerada uma estimativa da quantidade de ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio. </p>
    <p>As m&#233;dias das PA obtidas foram comparadas por meio de uma abordagem unificada para modelos lineares mistos<sup>11</sup>. O teste exato de Fisher foi usado para comparar os dados qualitativos entre os grupos. O &#205;ndice Kappa foi aplicado para avaliar o grau de concord&#226;ncia<sup>12</sup>. A categoriza&#231;&#227;o adotada foi a seguinte: Menos que zero: <italic>pobre</italic>; 0,00-0,20: <italic>leve</italic>; 0,21-0,40: <italic>justa</italic>; 0,41-0,60: <italic>moderada</italic>; 0,61-0,80: <italic>importante</italic> e 0,81-1,00: <italic>quase perfeita.</italic> An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: realizada empregando o software SAS/STAT<sup>&#174;</sup>, vers&#227;o 9, Cary, NC, EUA: SAS Institute Inc., 2002-2003. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi p &lt; 0,05. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi financiado pela Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (Faepa), da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 71 &#177; 6 anos, com 3,7 &#177; 1,8 anos de educa&#231;&#227;o formal, 63% do sexo feminino, 60% brancos, 63% casados, 68% aposentados, 65% vivem com um parceiro, 60% com renda familiar entre US$ 175,00 e U$S 524,00, com 1,8 &#177; 1,2 dependentes. Trinta e tr&#234;s por cento tinham diabetes; 42%, hiperlipidemia; e 10%, ambos. Todos os volunt&#225;rios apresentavam valores normais de creatinina e pot&#225;ssio plasm&#225;ticos. A m&#233;dia do IMC foi de 26,4 &#177; 3,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 17% com obesidade grau I. </p>
    <p>Oitenta e oito por cento estavam cientes do diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o e 72% informaram conhecer a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a (m&#233;dia de 11,6 &#177; 8,2 anos). Vinte por cento n&#227;o sabiam que a hipertens&#227;o aumenta o risco de morbimortalidade cardiovascular, e 42% acreditavam na cura da hipertens&#227;o essencial.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes relataram uma ingest&#227;o de 4,5 &#177; 2,3 medicamentos por dia. Contudo, foram prescritos de 6,1 &#177; 2,0 medicamentos (p &lt; 0,001). Considerando apenas os f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos, os valores foram 1,2 &#177; 0,8 e 1,9 &#177; 0,4, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001). Cinquenta e oito por cento dos indiv&#237;duos mencionaram interrup&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o devido aos efeitos adversos, e 40% apresentava efeitos adversos associados aos medicamentos naquele momento. Quarenta e oito por cento informaram que frequentemente esqueciam-se de tomar uma das medica&#231;&#245;es prescritas. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes com PA controlada sabiam que o tempo de diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o mais frequentemente do que os de PA n&#227;o controlada (75% <italic>vs</italic>. 42%, p = 0,04). </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o, 78% dos volunt&#225;rios relataram n&#227;o entender a letra do m&#233;dico. Problemas para obter os medicamentos foram raramente descritos. Dois indiv&#237;duos eram fumantes, e 11% consumiam &#225;lcool (750 mL de cerveja por semana). A atividade f&#237;sica regular foi relatada por 43%, especialmente caminhadas e gin&#225;stica, embora 90% tenham mencionado o conselho m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio sobre a import&#226;ncia dos exerc&#237;cios. Cinquenta por cento comentaram que evitavam o sal, e 42%, os alimentos gordurosos. </p>
    <p>Os resultados de todas as medidas de PA s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop05112tab01m">tabela 1</xref>, com a PA obtida pela MAPA no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia sendo inferior &#224; medida pelo enfermeiro (p &lt; 0,05). Quarenta e dois por cento dos pacientes apresentaram o efeito do jaleco branco; 7% apresentavam controle falso; 13% tinham hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada; e 38% tinham hipertens&#227;o controlada. Considerando o &#250;ltimo grupo e os pacientes com efeito do jaleco branco em conjunto, a taxa de controle da PA foi de 80%.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop05112tab01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0636-00054-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as no controle da PA entre pacientes com ades&#227;o e sem ades&#227;o, considerando os resultados obtidos pela MAPA no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e pelo teste de Morisky-Green (p = 0,61).</p>
    <p>De acordo com o teste de Morisky-Green, 36% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentavam ades&#227;o. No entanto, 64% tiveram atitudes positivas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ingest&#227;o de medicamentos. Na ADA, 52% utilizava 80% ou mais dos f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos prescritos, de forma semelhante ao 55% encontrado na AEC. </p>
    <p>A concord&#226;ncia entre o teste de Morisky-Green e AMI ou AEC foi pobre. Houve uma concord&#226;ncia moderada entre o teste de Morisky-Green e ADA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop05112tab02m">tab. 2</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop05112tab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0636-00054-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de UNaV de 24 horas foi de 170 &#177; 60 mmol/dia. Quando os pacientes que apresentavam UNaV de 24 horas igual ou inferior a 150 mmol/dia, e aqueles com UNaV superior a 150 mmol/dia foram comparados, observou-se que os primeiros mencionaram mais vezes evitar a ingest&#227;o de sal (p &lt; 0,001) e tinham uma melhor ades&#227;o, conforme avaliada pelo teste de Morisky-Green (p &lt; 0,001) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop05112tab03m">tab. 3</xref>. A excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de pot&#225;ssio foi de 46 &#177; 17 mmol/dia. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop05112tab03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0636-00054-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, 42% dos idosos estudados n&#227;o tinham ci&#234;ncia do car&#225;ter cr&#244;nico da hipertens&#227;o. Outro estudo, avaliando adultos nos servi&#231;os de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de, encontrou um percentual de 19% em rela&#231;&#227;o a essa mesma quest&#227;o<sup>13</sup>. O presente estudo tamb&#233;m descobriu que pacientes com hipertens&#227;o controlada conheciam melhor a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a do que os n&#227;o controlados. </p>
    <p>Quase a metade dos indiv&#237;duos relatou esquecer a ingest&#227;o de medicamentos e ter efeitos adversos. Houve n&#250;meros divergentes nos medicamentos pelos pacientes e os prescritos, considerando todos os f&#225;rmacos e somente os anti-hipertensivos. Quanto maior o n&#250;mero de medicamentos prescritos, maior o risco de potenciais intera&#231;&#245;es perigosas e efeitos adversos, resultando em baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento<sup>14</sup>. Pacientes idosos tomam em m&#233;dia de 4-6 medicamentos<sup>15</sup>. Esse estudo selecionou pacientes com mais de quatro medicamentos, porque essa &#233; a condi&#231;&#227;o normalmente observada. Uma das mais importantes estrat&#233;gias para melhorar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento da hipertens&#227;o &#233; simplificar o tratamento. No entanto, os pacientes idosos t&#234;m condi&#231;&#245;es mais cr&#244;nicas, e muitas vezes n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel reduzir o n&#250;mero de medicamentos.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes n&#227;o era capaz de ler a prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica por causa da caligrafia ileg&#237;vel. Um estudo prospectivo brasileiro com 1.227 pacientes mostrou que todas as prescri&#231;&#245;es eram escritas &#224; m&#227;o e que apenas 24% tinham nomes leg&#237;veis dos medicamentos, o que poderia conduzir a s&#233;rios erros na ingest&#227;o<sup>16</sup>. Uma escassa compreens&#227;o da prescri&#231;&#227;o foi achada em pacientes idosos e pessoas com menores condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas. Em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, pacientes idosos tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de problemas relacionados com a forma das prescri&#231;&#245;es<sup>17</sup>. Prescri&#231;&#245;es eletr&#244;nicas podem minimizar os riscos. No Brasil, o Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), provedor oficial de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, fornece medicamentos b&#225;sicos para hipertens&#227;o sem custo para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o. Neste estudo, os volunt&#225;rios n&#227;o informaram nenhuma dificuldade em obter os medicamentos prescritos.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve boa concord&#226;ncia entre o teste de Morisky-Green e os outros testes aplicados. Discord&#226;ncia semelhante foi referida por Solera e cols.<sup>18</sup>, que encontraram uma taxa de ades&#227;o de 38% por meio de entrevista cl&#237;nica, e 91,1% com o teste Morisky-Green em pacientes hipertensos com m&#233;dia de idade de 66 &#177; 12. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o domiciliar, onde a enfermeira foi capaz de verificar os medicamentos por ela mesma, houve melhor concord&#226;ncia com o teste de Morisky-Green que o AMI e a AEC, que s&#227;o baseados apenas em informa&#231;&#245;es do paciente. Talvez fosse esse o teste mais confi&#225;vel aplicado neste estudo.</p>
    <p>A baixa ades&#227;o obtida neste estudo pode ser explicada pela sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que utilizavam mais do que quatro medicamentos, tinham baixos rendimentos e efeitos adversos. Estudos observacionais mostraram menores taxas de ades&#227;o entre idosos hipertensos que entre os mais jovens<sup>19</sup>. Estudos pr&#233;vios com pacientes idosos encontraram 51%<sup>20</sup> e 23%<sup>21</sup> de ades&#227;o utilizando o teste de Morisky-Green. Por sua vez, o teste de Morisky-Green pode superestimar uma baixa ades&#227;o<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foi inesperado que os idosos, embora com baixa ades&#227;o, tivessem bom controle da PA quando avaliados pela MAPA. Os idosos t&#234;m uma alta preval&#234;ncia de efeito do jaleco branco, que s&#243; pode ser detectada por m&#233;todos sem contato com profissional da sa&#250;de<sup>23</sup>. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o controle da PA e a boa ades&#227;o. Pode-se supor que os indiv&#237;duos tinham bom controle da PA com a ingest&#227;o de menos medicamentos que os prescritos, talvez porque os m&#233;dicos estavam subestimando o controle da PA. </p>
    <p>Mais da metade dos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o tinha ades&#227;o &#224; atividade f&#237;sica, mesmo tendo a maioria recebido aconselhamento adequado sobre sua import&#226;ncia. A atividade f&#237;sica ajuda a controlar os fatores de risco cardiovasculares e reduz a press&#227;o arterial independentemente do efeito na diminui&#231;&#227;o do peso<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio estimada foi maior que a recomendada<sup>9</sup>. Indiv&#237;duos com ingest&#227;o de 150 mmol por dia ou menos, que pode ser considerada uma dieta de s&#243;dio normal, relataram mais vezes evitar o sal e tinham uma maior taxa de controle da PA, se comparados com os que apresentavam maior ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio. A restri&#231;&#227;o de sal &#233; muito importante para alcan&#231;ar o controle da PA. Houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o extra da PA sist&#243;lica de 7,1 mmHg em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e de 11,5 mmHg nos hipertensos<sup>25</sup>, quando se associou a dieta DASH<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>O consumo estimado de pot&#225;ssio era adequado em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Estudo Intersalt<sup>27</sup>. Um estudo duplo-cego randomizado com 100 hipertensos e idosos concluiu que uma dieta com baixo teor de sal e mais pot&#225;ssio e magn&#233;sio promovia uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PA<sup>28</sup>. Whelton e cols.<sup>29</sup> avaliaram 975 idosos hipertensos e mostraram que a redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de sal e do peso corporal foram interven&#231;&#245;es eficazes e seguras.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo mostrou que os tr&#234;s testes de ades&#227;o avaliados n&#227;o t&#234;m boa concord&#226;ncia com o teste validado de Morisky-Green. A ades&#227;o ao tratamento da hipertens&#227;o foi reduzida nesse grupo de idosos acompanhados no atendimento prim&#225;rio; no entanto, houve uma boa taxa de controle da PA quando os indiv&#237;duos com o efeito do jaleco branco foram detectados pela MAPA. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem ao CEMEQ - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, pela ajuda com a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAEPA - FMRP - USP. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Rachel Gabriel Bastos-Barbosa, pela Faculdade de Medicina e Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Nereida K. C. Lima, M.D. Ph.D </p>
        <p> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Escola de Medicina </p>
        <p> Av. Bandeirantes, 3.900 </p>
        <p> CEP 14048-900 - Ribeir&#227;o Preto- SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="nereida@fmrp.usp.br">nereida@fmrp.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/01/12; revisado em 16/01/12; aceito em 24/02/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Treatment adherence and blood pressure control in older individuals with hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Non-adherence to treatment has been identified as the main cause of uncontrolled blood pressure (BP), and may represent a greater risk in older individuals. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the rate of adherence to hypertension treatment using different methods, to estimate the BP control rate, and to observe if there is an association between BP control and adherence. METHODS: Treatment adherence was evaluated in older patients with hypertension, followed by the public primary health care, through four methods, including the Morisky-Green test (reference), the Attitude regarding the Medication Intake questionnaire (AMI), an evaluation of adherence by the nurse in the office (Nurse Adherence Evaluation - NAE), and at home (Home Adherence Evaluation - HAE). Salt intake was estimated by 24-hour sodium urinary excretion. BP control was assessed by the awake ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. RESULTS: Concordance between the Morisky-Green test and AMI (Kappa=0.27) or NAE (Kappa=0.05) was poor. There was a moderate concordance between the Morisky-Green test and HAE. Eighty percent had controlled BP, including 42% with white-coat effect. The group with lower salt excretion informed to avoid salt intake more times (p&lt;0.001) and had better medication adherence (p&lt;0.001) than the higher salt excretion group. CONCLUSION: The evaluated tests did not show a good concordance to the Morisky-Green test. Adherence to hypertension treatment was low; however, there was a high rate of BP control when subjects with the white-coat effect were included in the analysis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>medication adherence</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>aged</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Treatment adherence and blood pressure control in older individuals with hypertension</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Rachel G. Bastos-Barbosa<sup>I</sup>; Eduardo Ferriolli<sup>I</sup>; Julio C. Moriguti<sup>I</sup>; Charlys B. Nogueira<sup>I</sup>; Fernando Nobre<sup>I</sup>; Julieta Ueta<sup>II</sup>; Nereida K. C. Lima<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Medicina Interna, Ribeir&#227;o Preto Escola de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto - SP, Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Non-adherence to treatment has been identified as the main cause of uncontrolled blood pressure (BP), and may represent a greater risk in older individuals. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the rate of adherence to hypertension treatment using different methods, to estimate the BP control rate, and to observe if there is an association between BP control and adherence. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Treatment adherence was evaluated in older patients with hypertension, followed by the public primary health care, through four methods, including the Morisky-Green test (reference), the Attitude regarding the Medication Intake questionnaire (AMI), an evaluation of adherence by the nurse in the office (Nurse Adherence Evaluation - NAE), and at home (Home Adherence Evaluation - HAE). Salt intake was estimated by 24-hour sodium urinary excretion. BP control was assessed by the awake ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Concordance between the Morisky-Green test and AMI (Kappa=0.27) or NAE (Kappa=0.05) was poor. There was a moderate concordance between the Morisky-Green test and HAE. Eighty percent had controlled BP, including 42% with white-coat effect. The group with lower salt excretion informed to avoid salt intake more times (p&lt;0.001) and had better medication adherence (p&lt;0.001) than the higher salt excretion group. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The evaluated tests did not show a good concordance to the Morisky-Green test. Adherence to hypertension treatment was low; however, there was a high rate of BP control when subjects with the white-coat effect were included in the analysis. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> hypertension / prevention &amp; control; medication adherence; blood pressure; aged.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalence of hypertension in older subjects is higher than 60% and the correct diagnosis and unremitting patients' follow-up are very important keys to achieve the ideal goal of treatment and reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p>Adherence to treatment, defined as the correct following of the physician's prescription,<sup>1</sup> including medications and/or changes in life style, is a significant factor of the treatment success. Non-adherence has been identified as the main cause of uncontrolled blood pressure (BP)<sup>2</sup>, thus representing a meaningful risk to cardiovascular events. The correct intake of at least 80% of prescribed medications it is a general way to consider adequate drug adherence<sup>2</sup>. The estimated adherence to medications is around 50%<sup>3</sup>, and this rate decreases even further regarding life style changes<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>Evaluation of adherence is not standardized, turning into a hard task any comparisons. Direct methods as biological assays, or directly observed therapy (DOT) are difficult to apply, expensive, and not exempted of errors<sup>5</sup>. Among indirect methods, the Morisky-Green test is a simple validated instrument to estimate adherence to the treatment<sup>6</sup>. It comprises four questions to be answered with 'yes' or 'no' and, although it is not an ideal method, it has been the most used one in previous studies about adherence to the treatment of chronic diseases and can be accepted as a reference test. The original study showed that seventy-five percent of the hypertensive patients who scored high on the four-item scale after two years of follow up had their blood pressure under adequate control at year 5, compared with 47% under control at year 5 for those patients scoring low (P less than 0.01)<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare adherence rates to the treatment of hypertension of older patients in primary health care using the Morisky-Green test and three non-validated indirect methods; to estimate the rate of BP control; and to observe if there is an association between BP control and adherence.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sixty older patients (60 years-old or more) followed by the public primary health care, who filled all inclusion criteria, were invited to participate: one to eight years of formal education, hypertension in regular treatment, no evidence of secondary hypertension, in use of more than four medications per day, no use of medications that could interfere on BP control, no cognitive deficits (Mini-Mental State Examination with score higher than 24 points)<sup>7</sup> and independents (Barthel Index with score of 20 points)<sup>8</sup>. This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1989) and approved by the local Human Research Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from each volunteer. </p>
      <p>An oral questionnaire was applied by a trained nurse to collect information about the duration of disease, number of medications in use, knowledge about hypertension risks, difficulties to obtain the medications, problems to take them in a regular way, including side effects and the prescription perception. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, salt intake, and physical activity were also evaluated.</p>
      <p>BP was measured three times in the office by a trained nurse, in the seated position<sup>9</sup>. After one week, this procedure was repeated. Volunteers were also submitted to one ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM, Spacelabs 90207, Redmond, Washington, USA) and were considered controlled when the mean BP, during the period of awake, was lower than 135/85 mmHg<sup>10</sup>. When awake ABPM was controlled and Office BP was equal or higher 140x90 mmHg, the patient was classified as having the white coat effect. When the Office BP was lower than 140x90 mmHg and awake ABPM was equal or higher 135/85 mmH, the patient was classified as having false control. </p>
      <p>A 12-hour fasting blood sample was drawn for the determination of plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, and potassium concentrations. </p>
      <p>Thirty-three patients were randomly assigned to perform the adherence tests: </p>
      <p>1. Morisky-Green test:<sup>6</sup> it comprises four yes/no questions: (1) Have you ever forgotten to take your medicine? (2) At times, are you not careful about taking your medicine? (3) When you feel better, do you sometimes stop taking your medicine? (4) At times, if you feel worse when you take your medicine, do you stop taking them? A person was considered to be non-adherent whether he/she responded affirmatively to at least one question. 2. Attitude regarding the Medication Intake questionnaire (AMI). 3. Nurse Adherence Evaluation (NAE): evaluation of adherence by the nurse in the office. 4. Home Adherence Evaluation (HAE): adherence to the treatment was estimated by the availability of medications for hypertension and by the information given by the patient simulating the intake of them. BP was measured three times by the nurse (Home BP). The patient was considered adherent by the last three tests if had a correct intake of 80% or more of the total hypertension medications. </p>
      <p>Two 24-hour urine specimens were collected for urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) determination, and the mean excretion was considered an estimate of the amount of sodium intake.</p>
      <p>BP means obtained were compared through a unified approach to mixed linear models<sup>11</sup>. The Fisher's exact test was used to compare qualitative data between groups. The Kappa Index was applied to evaluate the degree of concordance<sup>12</sup>. The following categorization was adopted: less than zero: <italic>poor</italic>; 0.00-0.20: <italic>slight</italic>; 0.21-0.40: <italic>fair</italic>; 0.41-0.60: <italic>moderate</italic>; 0.61-0.80: <italic>substantial</italic>; and 0.81-1.00: <italic>almost perfect</italic>. Statistical analysis: performed by the employment of the SAS/STAT<sup>&#174;</sup> software, Version 9, Cary, NC, USA: SAS Institute Inc., 2002-2003. The adopted level of significance was p&lt;0.05. Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
      <p>This study was supported by FAEPA - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean age was 71&#177;6 years, with 3.7&#177;1.8 years of formal education, 63% female, 60% white, 63% married, 68% retired, 65% living with a partner, 60% with familiar income from US$ 175.00 to US$ 524.00, with 1.8&#177;1.2 dependents. Thirty-three percent had diabetes, 42% hyperlipidemia, and 10% both. All volunteers had normal values of plasma creatinine and potassium. The mean BMI was 26.4&#177;3.9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 17% with degree I obesity. </p>
      <p>Eighty-eight percent were conscious of the hypertension diagnosis, and 72% informed to know the duration of their disease (mean of 11.6&#177;8.2 years). Twenty percent did not know that hypertension increases the risk to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and 42% believed in the cure of essential hypertension.</p>
      <p>The patients reported an intake of 4.5&#177;2.3 medications/day. However, there were 6.1&#177;2.0 prescribed drugs (p&lt;0.001). Considering only anti-hypertensive medications, the numbers were 1.2&#177;0.8 and 1.9&#177;0.4, respectively (p&lt;0.001). Fifty-eight percent of the subjects mentioned medication interruption because of adverse effects and 40% had adverse effects associated to the medications at that moment. Forty-eight percent informed that frequently forgot one of the prescribed medications. </p>
      <p>Patients with controlled BP knew the time of hypertension diagnosis more frequently than uncontrolled ones (75% vs. 42%, p=0.04). </p>
      <p>Regarding the prescription, 78% of the volunteers reported they did not understand the physician handwriting. Problems to obtain the medications were rarely described. Two subjects were in use of tobacco, and 11% in alcohol intake (750 ml of beer per week). Regular physical activity was reported by 43%, mainly walking and gym, although 90% mentioned previous physician advice about the importance of exercises. Fifty percent commented that they avoided salt and 42%, fat food. </p>
      <p>The results of all BP measuring are showed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05112tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>, with lower BP obtained by awake ABPM than by the nurse (p&lt;0.05). Forty-two percent of the patients had the white-coat effect, 7% had a false control, 13% were not controlled, and 38% had controlled hypertension. Considering the last group and patients with the white coat effect together, the rate of BP control was 80%.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop05112tab01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0636-00054-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>There were no differences in BP control between adherent and non-adherent patients, considering the results obtained by ABPM during the period of awake and the Morisky-Green test (p=0.61).</p>
      <p>According to the Morisky-Green test, 36% of the subjects were adherent. However, 64% had positive attitudes regarding medications intake. In the HAE, 52% of them were in use of 80% or more of the anti-hypertensive drugs prescribed, similarly to the 55% found in the NAE. </p>
      <p>The concordance between the Morisky-Green test and the AMI or the NAE was poor. There was a moderate concordance between the Morisky-Green test and the HAE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05112tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop05112tab02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0636-00054-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The mean 24-hour UNaV was 170&#177;60 mmol/day. When patients that had a 24-hour UNaV equal or lower than 150 mmol/day and those with UNaV higher than 150 mmol/day were compared, the first group mentioned more times to avoid salt intake (p&lt;0.001) and had better medication adherence evaluated by the Morisky-Green test (p&lt;0.001) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop05112tab03m-body2">Table 3</xref>. The urinary potassium excretion was 46&#177;17 mmol/day. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop05112tab03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0636-00054-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, 42% of the studied older individuals were not conscious of the chronic characteristic of hypertension. Other study, evaluating adults in primary health services, found the percentage of 19% regarding this same issue<sup>13</sup>. This also found that patients with controlled hypertension better knew the disease duration than uncontrolled ones. </p>
      <p>Almost half of the subjects reported to forget the medications intake and had adverse effects. There were divergent numbers of medications mentioned by the patients and prescribed, considering all drugs and anti-hypertensive ones only. The higher the number of medications prescribed, the higher the risk of potential dangerous interactions and adverse effects, resulting in low adherence to the treatment<sup>14</sup>. Older patients have a mean number of around four to six medications in use<sup>15</sup>. This study selected patients with more than four medications, because this is the usually observed condition. One of the most important strategies to improve adherence in hypertension treatment is to simplify the treatment. Nevertheless, older patients have more chronic conditions, and many times, it is not possible to reduce the number of medications.</p>
      <p>The majority of the patients were not able to read the physician prescription because of unclear handwriting. A prospective Brazilian study with 1,227 patients showed that all prescriptions were handwritten and that only 24% had legible names of medications, what could lead to serious intake mistakes<sup>16</sup>. Lower understanding of prescriptions was found among older patients and people with lower socioeconomic state. In developed countries older patients also had a greater prevalence of problems related to the form of prescriptions<sup>17</sup>. Electronic prescriptions can minimize risks.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, the SUS (Unified Health System), the official public health provider, delivers basic hypertension drugs under no costs to the whole population. In this study the volunteers informed no difficulties in obtaining the prescribed medications.</p>
      <p>There was not good concordance between the Morisky-Green test and the other ones applied. Similar discordance was referred by Solera et al, who found an adherence rate of 38% using a clinic interview and 91.1% with the Morisk-Greeen test in hypertensive patients with mean age of 66&#177;12<sup>18</sup>. The evaluation of adherence at home, where the nurse was able to check medications by herself, had better concordance with the Morisky-Green test than the AMI and the NAE, which are based only in patient information. Maybe it was the most reliable test applied in this study.</p>
      <p>The low adherence obtained in this study can be explained by the selection of patients that were in use of more than four medications, had low income and adverse effects. Observational studies showed lower rates of adherence among older hypertensive patients than among younger ones<sup>19</sup>. Previous studies with older patients found 51%<sup>20</sup> and 23%<sup>21</sup> of adherence using the Morisky-Green test. On the other hand, the Morisky-Green test can overestimate poor adherence<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>It was unexpected that, although the older individuals had a low adherence, they had a good BP control when evaluated by the ABPM. Older subjects had a high prevalence of the white coat effect, which can only be detected by methods with no health professional contact<sup>23</sup>. No association between the BP control and good adherence was found. It can be supposed that the subjects were in good control of BP with the intake of fewer medications than prescribed, maybe because the physicians were underestimating the BP control. </p>
      <p>More than half of the subjects had no adherence to physical activity, even though the majority had received adequate advice about its importance. Physical activity helps to control cardiovascular risk factors and reduces BP independently of the weight loose effect<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>The estimated sodium intake was higher than recommended<sup>9</sup>. Individuals with an intake of 150 mmol per day or less, that can be considered as on a normal sodium diet, referred more times they avoided salt and had a higher rate of BP control than who had higher sodium intake. Salt restriction is very important to achieve BP control. There was an extra systolic BP decrease of 7.1 mmHg in normotensive people and 11.5 mmHg in hypertensive ones,<sup>25</sup> when it was associated to the DASH diet<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>The estimated intake of potassium was adequate comparing to the INTERSALT Study<sup>27</sup>. One randomized double-blind study with 100 hypertensive older individuals concluded that a diet with lower salt and higher potassium and magnesium content promoted BP reduce<sup>28</sup>. Whelton et al<sup>29</sup> evaluated 975 older hypertensive patients and showed that the reduction of salt intake and body weight were effective and safety interventions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study showed that the three adherence tests evaluated have no good concordance to the validated Morisky-Green test. Adherence to the hypertension treatment was low in this old group followed in primary care; however, there was a good rate of BP control when subjects with the white-coat effect were detected by the ABPM. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors are indebted to CEMEQ - Ribeirao Preto Medical School, for assistance with the statistical analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by FAEPA - FMRP - USP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rachel Gabriel Bastos-Barbosa, from Faculdade de Medicina e Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
