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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KjHkB7rXrSfNZdQqTrJhRCS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001000008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900100008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000051</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o resistente em adultos n&#227;o idosos: estudo prospectivo em contexto ambulatorial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Massierer</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Claudia Tonelly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Steinhorst</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ascoli</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Sandro Cadaval</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Leila Beltrami</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Danni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>630</fpage>
      <lpage>635</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Em face de defini&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis e crit&#233;rios de amostragem, a real preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o resistente em ambiente cl&#237;nico &#233; desconhecida. OBJETIVO: Investigar a preval&#234;ncia de real hipertens&#227;o resistente em uma cl&#237;nica de hipertens&#227;o arterial. M&#201;TODOS: Hipertens&#227;o resistente verdadeira foi diagnosticada quando fen&#244;meno do jaleco branco, insuficiente ades&#227;o ao tratamento e hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria foram exclu&#237;dos em pacientes com Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) &#8805; 140/90 mmHg em duas visitas consecutivas, usando tr&#234;s de f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos, incluindo um diur&#233;tico. RESULTADOS: No total, 606 pacientes, com 35 a 65 anos de idade, a maioria mulheres, com PA de 156,8 &#177; 23,8 mmHg por 91,9 &#177; 15,6 mmHg e IMC de 29,7 &#177; 5,9 Kg/m&#178; foram sequencialmente avaliados. Cento e seis pacientes em uso de tr&#234;s agentes anti-hipertensivos estavam com press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada (17,5% da amostra total) na primeira visita. Oitenta e seis pacientes (81% dos pacientes com PA n&#227;o controlada na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o) retornaram para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de confirma&#231;&#227;o: 25 estavam com PA controlada; 21 tinham evid&#234;ncia de baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento; 13 tinham fen&#244;meno do jaleco branco; e 9 tinham hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria, restando 18 pacientes (20,9% dos n&#227;o controlados na consulta de confirma&#231;&#227;o e 3% da amostra total) com verdadeira hipertens&#227;o resistente. Considerando pacientes com hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria como casos de hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o resistente aumentou para 4,5%. CONCLUS&#195;O: A frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o resistente verdadeira em pacientes n&#227;o idosos &#233; baixa em um ambiente cl&#237;nico, e n&#227;o &#233; substancialmente aumentada com a inclus&#227;o de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o do Jaleco Branco</kwd>
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o resistente em adultos n&#227;o idosos: estudo prospectivo em contexto ambulatorial</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Daniela Massierer; Ana Claudia Tonelly Oliveira; Ana Maria Steinhorst; Miguel Gus; Aline Maria Ascoli; Sandro Cadaval Gon&#231;alves; Leila Beltrami Moreira; Vicente Correa Jr.; Gerson Nunes; Sandra Costa Fuchs; Fl&#225;vio Danni Fuchs</bold>
    </p>
    <p>  Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nota">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Em face de defini&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis e crit&#233;rios de amostragem, a real preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o resistente em ambiente cl&#237;nico &#233; desconhecida. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Investigar a preval&#234;ncia de real hipertens&#227;o resistente em uma cl&#237;nica de hipertens&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>: Hipertens&#227;o resistente verdadeira foi diagnosticada quando fen&#244;meno do jaleco branco, insuficiente ades&#227;o ao tratamento e hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria foram exclu&#237;dos em pacientes com Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) &#8805; 140/90 mmHg em duas visitas consecutivas, usando tr&#234;s de f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos, incluindo um diur&#233;tico. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No total, 606 pacientes, com 35 a 65 anos de idade, a maioria mulheres, com PA de 156,8 &#177; 23,8 mmHg por 91,9 &#177; 15,6 mmHg e IMC de 29,7 &#177; 5,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> foram sequencialmente avaliados. Cento e seis pacientes em uso de tr&#234;s agentes anti-hipertensivos estavam com press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada (17,5% da amostra total) na primeira visita. Oitenta e seis pacientes (81% dos pacientes com PA n&#227;o controlada na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o) retornaram para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de confirma&#231;&#227;o: 25 estavam com PA controlada; 21 tinham evid&#234;ncia de baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento; 13 tinham fen&#244;meno do jaleco branco; e 9 tinham hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria, restando 18 pacientes (20,9% dos n&#227;o controlados na consulta de confirma&#231;&#227;o e 3% da amostra total) com verdadeira hipertens&#227;o resistente. Considerando pacientes com hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria como casos de hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o resistente aumentou para 4,5%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o resistente verdadeira em pacientes n&#227;o idosos &#233; baixa em um ambiente cl&#237;nico, e n&#227;o &#233; substancialmente aumentada com a inclus&#227;o de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, Preval&#234;ncia, Hipertens&#227;o do Jaleco Branco, Ades&#227;o &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o est&#225; entre as doen&#231;as com um grande n&#250;mero de terapias eficazes, farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas. No entanto, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o controlada variou de 5,4% para 58% no mundo<sup>1-4</sup>. Uma grande parte desses pacientes tem hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada, porque n&#227;o est&#227;o conscientes da sua doen&#231;a ou porque n&#227;o aderem &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, mas uma propor&#231;&#227;o desconhecida deles est&#225; sendo tratada e n&#227;o tem a press&#227;o arterial controlada. Pacientes com press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada recebendo doses apropriadas de tr&#234;s agentes anti-hipertensivos, incluindo um diur&#233;tico, t&#234;m hipertens&#227;o resistente<sup>5</sup>. A propor&#231;&#227;o exata de tais indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o foi claramente estabelecida at&#233; a presente data, mas foi assumida como relativamente comum por in&#250;meras revis&#245;es sobre o assunto, publicadas nos &#250;ltimos anos. Com base em an&#225;lises secund&#225;rias de ensaios cl&#237;nicos, estimou-se que talvez 20% a 30% dos participantes no estudo tenham hipertens&#227;o resistente<sup>5</sup>. Achados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos podem n&#227;o ser representativos dos hipertensos n&#227;o selecionados, e em muitos estudos os pacientes n&#227;o foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada de ades&#227;o e a pesquisa do fen&#244;meno do jaleco branco. Fora os ensaios cl&#237;nicos, a descri&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente tem sido fragmentada e baseada especialmente em dados secund&#225;rios. Al&#233;m disso, a fonte de pacientes inclu&#237;dos nas pesquisas (denominador para os c&#225;lculos de preval&#234;ncia) s&#227;o bastante vari&#225;veis. Uma an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria de registros eletr&#244;nicos de pacientes tratados por hipertens&#227;o em ambulat&#243;rio identificou uma preval&#234;ncia de 12,4%<sup>6</sup>. A ades&#227;o ao tratamento e a investiga&#231;&#227;o de causas secund&#225;rias n&#227;o foram relatados nesta pesquisa, e a preval&#234;ncia real pode ser um pouco menor. O monitoramento da Press&#227;o Arterial Ambulatorial (PAA) mostrou tamb&#233;m que uma propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o resistente tem fen&#244;meno do jaleco branco<sup>7</sup>, condi&#231;&#227;o associada com melhor progn&#243;stico<sup>8</sup>. Uma an&#225;lise recentemente publicada de um grande banco de dados espanhol identificou 8.295 (12,2%) de 68.045 pacientes tratados com hipertens&#227;o resistente de consult&#243;rio<sup>9</sup>. Cerca de um ter&#231;o desses pacientes apresentava PAA normal, levando a uma estimativa de verdadeira hipertens&#227;o resistente de 5.182 pacientes, correspondendo a 7,6% da amostra total. Mas, novamente, a ades&#227;o ao tratamento e causas secund&#225;rias de hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o foram relatadas, sugerindo que os pacientes resistentes reais s&#227;o ainda em n&#250;mero menor. As Diretrizes reconhecem que a falta de ades&#227;o e a hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria podem influenciar a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que t&#234;m hipertens&#227;o resistente<sup>5</sup>, mas n&#227;o est&#225; claro se os pacientes com essas condi&#231;&#245;es devem ser considerados como tendo ou n&#227;o a hipertens&#227;o resistente verdadeira.</p>
    <p>Neste levantamento prospectivamente planejado, investigamos a preval&#234;ncia de verdadeira hipertens&#227;o resistente em uma cl&#237;nica de hipertens&#227;o, com a confirma&#231;&#227;o pelo monitoramento da PAA e avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o ao tratamento e de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; um estudo transversal anal&#237;tico de pacientes atendidos no programa ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, ao passo que v&#225;rios estudos observacionais e ensaios cl&#237;nicos foram realizados nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos. A descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada dessa coorte pode ser achada na literatura<sup>10-12</sup>. O ambulat&#243;rio &#233; refer&#234;ncia para pacientes com hipertens&#227;o em nosso hospital e para a Rede P&#250;blica de Sa&#250;de (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de &#8211; SUS) na Regi&#227;o Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, e est&#225; operando desde 1988. Mais de quatro mil pacientes foram avaliados desde ent&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, a maioria dos pacientes era acompanhada no Ambulat&#243;rio, mas cerca de um ter&#231;o deles n&#227;o retornou ap&#243;s um ano. Os dados da extensa avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e das visitas de acompanhamento foram coletados em um banco de dados eletr&#244;nico projetado especificamente para a cl&#237;nica. Atualmente, a cl&#237;nica &#233; refer&#234;ncia especialmente para pacientes com hipertens&#227;o complicada. Para essa investiga&#231;&#227;o, todos os pacientes consecutivos com idade entre 30-65 anos que tiveram uma consulta na cl&#237;nica em 2008, independentemente se na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o ou em visitas de acompanhamento, foram submetidos a um protocolo adicional. N&#227;o houve crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o. Pacientes com PA &#8805; 140/90 mmHg, utilizando tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos nas dosagens corretas, incluindo um diur&#233;tico, foram selecionados como tendo hipertens&#227;o potencialmente resistente<sup>13</sup>. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida e para o uso correto dos f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos foram refor&#231;adas, sem nenhuma modifica&#231;&#227;o nas dosagens e nos agentes, e os pacientes foram convidados a retornar para uma consulta de confirma&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes que persistiram com press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada na segunda consulta foram submetidos ao Monitoramento da Press&#227;o Arterial Ambulatorial (MAPA) (Spacelabs 90207, Spacelabs, Redmond, WA). Para a an&#225;lise, a press&#227;o arterial normal por monitoramento da PAA foi a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas, abaixo de 130/80 mmHg. A investiga&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria j&#225; havia sido feito na maioria dos pacientes cadastrados na cl&#237;nica e foi conclu&#237;da em aqueles que ainda n&#227;o foram investigados. Os procedimentos de rotina empregados para pesquisar a hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria inclu&#237;ram suspeita cl&#237;nica elevada, especialmente resist&#234;ncia ao tratamento, altera&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise de urina, creatinina ou pot&#225;ssio, seguidos de dosagem de aldosterona/renina e Doppler da art&#233;ria renal, quando indicado. A apneia obstrutiva do sono foi investigada em alguns pacientes, como parte de um protocolo de um estudo de caso-controle<sup>14</sup>, mas eles n&#227;o foram classificados como tendo hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria, uma vez que essa s&#237;ndrome ainda &#233; reconhecida como um fator de risco para hipertens&#227;o resistente e n&#227;o uma causa definitiva. A ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso foi avaliada pelo teste de Morisky-Green<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo de coorte que serviu de base para a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes foi aprovado pelo Conselho de Revis&#227;o Institucional, credenciado pela Reparti&#231;&#227;o de Prote&#231;&#227;o de Pesquisas em Seres Humanos como Conselho de Revis&#227;o Institucional. Uma vez que n&#227;o houve nenhum desvio dos procedimentos recomendados para avalia&#231;&#227;o e tratamento dos pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, o consentimento informado n&#227;o foi necess&#225;rio. A estat&#237;stica descritiva apresentou a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada ap&#243;s cada etapa de passos confirmat&#243;rios. Nenhum teste estat&#237;stico de hip&#243;tese foi necess&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No total, 606 pacientes foram triados. Desses, 106 (17,5%) tinham press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica igual ou superior a 140 mmHg, ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica igual ou superior a 90 mmHg, apesar de ter prescri&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos, incluindo um diur&#233;tico. Desses pacientes, 20 eram pacientes novos e os restantes estavam sendo acompanhados na cl&#237;nica por dois a 14 anos (m&#233;dia de 5,2 &#177; 4,4 anos). As caracter&#237;sticas desses pacientes, os agentes e as dosagens que estavam usando s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04712_port_t1">tabela 1</xref>. Como pode ser visto na tabela, os pacientes estudados foram especialmente mulheres com um IMC m&#233;dio pr&#243;ximo da obesidade. Os agentes que estavam sendo usados inclu&#237;am diur&#233;ticos, betabloqueadores, inibidores da ECA e vasodilatadores.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04712_port_t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0630-00051-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Oitenta e seis pacientes participaram da consulta confirmat&#243;ria (81%). Vinte e cinco apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio dentro dos limites normais; 21 tiveram baixa ades&#227;o; 13 apresentaram o fen&#244;meno do avental branco; e 9 tinham hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria, levando a apenas 18 dos pacientes triados (3% dos originalmente avaliados) com press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04712_port_f1">fig. 1</xref>). Se a preval&#234;ncia entre os pacientes que n&#227;o compareceram &#224; consulta confirmat&#243;ria fosse o dobro da preval&#234;ncia entre aqueles que compareceram, outros 8 pacientes teriam verdadeira hipertens&#227;o resistente. Como resultado, a preval&#234;ncia da verdadeira hipertens&#227;o resistente na amostra inicial seria de 4,3%. Considerando os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria como tendo hipertens&#227;o resistente (n = 9), a preval&#234;ncia aumentaria para 4,5%. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04712_port_f2">figura 2</xref> mostra o fluxograma dos pacientes investigados.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04712_port_f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0630-00051-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04712_port_f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0630-00051-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo transversal planejado em forma prospectiva, conduzido em uma cl&#237;nica de hipertens&#227;o ambulatorial, forneceu duas estimativas de hipertens&#227;o resistente. Em um sentido amplo, 17,5% dos nossos pacientes n&#227;o idosos estavam usando tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos (incluindo um diur&#233;tico) e tinham hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada. Ap&#243;s a consulta confirmat&#243;ria, e a exclus&#227;o daqueles que n&#227;o aderiam ao tratamento, ou apresentavam hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria ou fen&#244;meno do jaleco branco, a preval&#234;ncia caiu para apenas 3% da amostra original. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o resistente relatado por ensaios cl&#237;nicos e outras coortes &#233; pr&#243;xima da nossa primeira estimativa<sup>5</sup>. Nossa estimativa final n&#227;o foi muito longe dos 7,6% relatados por De la Sierra e cols.<sup>9</sup>, e a diferen&#231;a pode ser explicada pela verifica&#231;&#227;o de ades&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria em nosso estudo. Um relat&#243;rio recente com base em dados do National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, de 2003 a 2008, estimou uma preval&#234;ncia de 12,8 (&#177; 0,9)%<sup>16</sup>. Mas, novamente, os pacientes n&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o de ades&#227;o ao tratamento e da ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno do avental branco. Tem sido recomendado que pacientes com press&#227;o arterial controlada tomando quatro medicamentos sejam diagnosticados como tendo hipertens&#227;o resistente, independentemente das doses dos f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos<sup>5</sup>. Essa op&#231;&#227;o poderia aumentar artificialmente o n&#250;mero de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o resistente, uma vez que, pelo menos uma parte delas pode estar usando um ou mais dos quatro f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos em doses mais baixas.</p>
    <p>O conceito de hipertens&#227;o resistente em consult&#243;rio e pelo monitoramento PAA j&#225; foi proposto, incluindo a defini&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o resistente verdadeira quando a press&#227;o arterial, em consult&#243;rio e pelo monitoramento PAA, n&#227;o &#233; controlada<sup>9,17</sup>. Propomos que o conceito de verdadeira hipertens&#227;o resistente exija a exclus&#227;o de falta de ades&#227;o ao tratamento e hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Uma descri&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada da preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente em diferentes contextos poderia empregar essa defini&#231;&#227;o, que parece descrever melhor a real dificuldade para tratar pacientes atendidos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Esses pacientes devem ser investigados para identificar os mecanismos de resist&#234;ncia e terapias mais eficazes no controle da press&#227;o arterial. Uma condi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o contemplada pelos crit&#233;rios atuais para definir hipertens&#227;o resistente &#233; a press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada em casa (MAPA ou medida residencial da press&#227;o arterial) e controlada em consult&#243;rio (hipertens&#227;o mascarada). Essa condi&#231;&#227;o seria dif&#237;cil de identificar, j&#225; que o tratamento deve ser orientado pela medida da press&#227;o arterial fora do consult&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de amostragem adotados, n&#227;o conseguimos descrever a preval&#234;ncia da verdadeira hipertens&#227;o resistente em pacientes com mais de 65 anos de idade. Uma vez que a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica aumenta com a idade, condi&#231;&#227;o mais dif&#237;cil de tratar, a preval&#234;ncia da verdadeira hipertens&#227;o resistente em uma gama mais ampla de idade &#233; provavelmente mais elevada. Por sua vez, a nossa cl&#237;nica &#233; um servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia para pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, e uma fra&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel dos pacientes tem sido encaminhada por causa da dificuldade para tratar a hipertens&#227;o. A preval&#234;ncia da verdadeira hipertens&#227;o resistente pode, portanto, ser ainda menor em adultos n&#227;o idosos em outros contextos, como em servi&#231;os de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e em outras especialidades cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>Outras limita&#231;&#245;es da nossa pesquisa merecem ser mencionadas. Pacientes que n&#227;o compareceram para a segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o podem ter mais frequentemente verdadeira hipertens&#227;o resistente e, portanto, a preval&#234;ncia real pode ser um pouco maior. Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade considerando que a preval&#234;ncia entre esses pacientes seria o dobro da preval&#234;ncia daqueles que retornaram para a visita confirmat&#243;ria, mas mesmo com essa premissa a preval&#234;ncia &#233; inferior a 5%. A restri&#231;&#227;o da investiga&#231;&#227;o a um &#250;nico centro reduz a validade externa dos achados, especialmente pela maior propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres, o que resultou da demanda espont&#226;nea irregular de consultas por homens e mulheres. Entre os pontos fortes do nosso estudo est&#225; o projeto prospectivo, a confirma&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia por meio da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial, avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o ao tratamento, e a investiga&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica das causas secund&#225;rias de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a verdadeira hipertens&#227;o resistente n&#227;o &#233; frequente em n&#227;o idosos portadores de hipertens&#227;o, e n&#227;o &#233; substancialmente maior com a inclus&#227;o de portadores de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Crit&#233;rios homog&#234;neos para diagnosticar essa condi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o garantidos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi financiado em parte pelo Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de (IATS) - CNPq/Brasil e o Fundo de Incentivo a Pesquisa (FIPE-HCPA), Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nota" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p>: </p>
        <p> Fl&#225;vio Danni Fuchs </p>
        <p> R: Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 - Sala 2060 &#8211; Rio Branco - 90035-903 &#8211; Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="fuchs@cardiol.br">fuchs@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ffuchs@hcpa.ufrgs.br">ffuchs@hcpa.ufrgs.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 12/12/11 </p>
    <p> Revisado recebido em 19/12/11 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 24/02/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of resistant hypertension in non-elderly adults: prospective study in a clinical setting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: In face of variable definitions and sampling criteria, the real prevalence of resistant hypertension in a clinical setting is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the prevalence of true resistant hypertension in an outpatient hypertension clinic. METHODS: True resistant hypertension was diagnosed when white coat phenomenon, lack of compliance and secondary hypertension were excluded in patients with blood pressure &#8805; 140/90 mmHg in two consecutive visits, despite to be using three blood pressure-lowering agents, including a diuretic. RESULTS: In the total, 606 patients, with 35 to 65 years of age, mostly women, with BP of 156.8 &#177; 23.8 mmHg by 91.9 &#177; 15.6 mmHg and a BMI of 29.7 &#177; 5.9 Kg/m&#178; were sequentially evaluated. One hundred and six patients using three BP drugs had uncontrolled blood pressure (17.5% of the whole sample) in the first visit. Eighty-six patients (81% of the patients with uncontrolled BP in the first evaluation) returned for the confirmatory evaluation. Twenty-five had controlled BP, 21 had evidence of low adherence to treatment, 13 had white coat phenomenon and 9 had secondary hypertension, leaving only 18 patients (20.9% of those uncontrolled in the confirmatory visit and 3% of the whole sample) with true resistant hypertension. Considering patients with secondary hypertension as cases of resistant hypertension, the prevalence of resistant hypertension increased to 4.5%. CONCLUSION: The frequency of patients with true resistant hypertension in non-elderly patients is low in a clinical setting, and is not substantially increased with the inclusion of patients with secondary hypertension. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>white coat hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>medication adherence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="topo-body2"/>Prevalence of resistant hypertension in non-elderly adults: prospective study in a clinical setting</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Daniela Massierer; Ana Claudia Tonelly Oliveira; Ana Maria Steinhorst; Miguel Gus; Aline Maria Ascoli; Sandro Cadaval Gon&#231;alves; Leila Beltrami Moreira; Vicente Correa Jr.; Gerson Nunes; Sandra Costa Fuchs; Fl&#225;vio Danni Fuchs</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> In face of variable definitions and sampling criteria, the real prevalence of resistant hypertension in a clinical setting is unknown. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE</bold>: We investigated the prevalence of true resistant hypertension in an outpatient hypertension clinic. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS</bold>: True resistant hypertension was diagnosed when white coat phenomenon, lack of compliance and secondary hypertension were excluded in patients with blood pressure &#8805; 140/90 mmHg in two consecutive visits, despite to be using three blood pressure-lowering agents, including a diuretic. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: In the total, 606 patients, with 35 to 65 years of age, mostly women, with BP of 156.8 &#177; 23.8 mmHg by 91.9 &#177; 15.6 mmHg and a BMI of 29.7 &#177; 5.9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> were sequentially evaluated. One hundred and six patients using three BP drugs had uncontrolled blood pressure (17.5% of the whole sample) in the first visit. Eighty-six patients (81% of the patients with uncontrolled BP in the first evaluation) returned for the confirmatory evaluation. Twenty-five had controlled BP, 21 had evidence of low adherence to treatment, 13 had white coat phenomenon and 9 had secondary hypertension, leaving only 18 patients (20.9% of those uncontrolled in the confirmatory visit and 3% of the whole sample) with true resistant hypertension. Considering patients with secondary hypertension as cases of resistant hypertension, the prevalence of resistant hypertension increased to 4.5%. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: The frequency of patients with true resistant hypertension in non-elderly patients is low in a clinical setting, and is not substantially increased with the inclusion of patients with secondary hypertension. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keyword</bold>s: Hypertension; prevalence; white coat hypertension; medication adherence.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hypertension is among diseases with a large number of efficacious non-drug and drug therapies. Nonetheless, the proportion of patients with controlled hypertension has varied from 5.4% to 58% worldwide<sup>1-4</sup>. A large part of these patients have uncontrolled hypertension because they are not aware of their disease or do not adhere to the medical recommendations, but an unknown proportion of them are being treated and do not have controlled blood pressure. Patients with uncontrolled blood pressure taking appropriate doses of three blood pressure lowering drugs, including a diuretic, have resistant hypertension5. The exact proportion of such subjects was not clearly established to date, but has been assumed to be relatively common by countless reviews about the subject published in recent years. Based on secondary analyses of clinical trials, it has been estimated that perhaps 20% to 30% of study participants have resistant hypertension<sup>5</sup>. Findings from clinical trials may be not representative of unselected hypertensive patients, and in many studies, patients were not submitted to detailed evaluation of adherence and to the search of white coat phenomenon. Outside clinical trials, the description of the prevalence of resistant hypertension has been fragmentary and mostly based on secondary data. Moreover, the source of patients included in the surveys (the denominator for prevalence calculations) are quite variable. A secondary analysis of electronic records of patients treated for hypertension in an outpatient setting identified a prevalence of 12.4%<sup>6</sup>. Adherence to treatment and investigation of secondary causes was not reported in this survey, and the real prevalence can be somewhat lower. Ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring has shown also that a proportion of patients with resistant hypertension has white coat phenomenon<sup>7</sup>, a condition that is associated with better prognosis<sup>8</sup>. A recently reported analysis of a large Spanish database identified 8,295 (12.2%) out of 68,045 treated patients with office resistant hypertension<sup>9</sup>. About a third of these patients had normal ABP, leading to an estimate of true resistant hypertension of 5,182 patients, corresponding to 7.6% of the whole sample. Again, adherence to treatment and secondary hypertension causes were not reported, suggesting that the real resistant patients are still fewer. Guidelines recognize that lack of adherence and secondary hypertension may influence the proportion of patients that have resistant hypertension<sup>5</sup>, but it is unclear if patients with those conditions should be considered as having or not true resistant hypertension.</p>
      <p>In this prospectively planned survey we investigated the prevalence of true resistant hypertension in an outpatient hypertension clinic, with confirmation by ABP monitoring and evaluation of adherence to treatment and of secondary hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is an analytical cross-sectional study of patients attending to the outpatient hypertension program of our institution, whereas several observational studies and clinical trials have been carried out in the last 20 years. Detailed description of this cohort can be seen elsewhere<sup>10-12</sup>. The outpatient clinic is reference for patients with hypertension in our hospital and for the Public Health Network (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, SUS) in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, and is operating since 1988. More than 4.000 patients were evaluated since then. After the initial evaluation, most patients were followed-up in the Clinic, but around a third of them did not return after one year. Data from the extensive baseline evaluation and from the follow-up visits were collected in an electronic database specifically designed for the clinic. Currently, the clinic is mostly reference for patients with complicated hypertension. For this investigation, all consecutive patients aged 30-65 years that had medical appointments in the clinic in 2008, regardless of whether at the first evaluation or in follow-up visits, were submitted to an additional protocol. There were no criteria for exclusion. Patients with BP &#8805; 140/ 90 mmHg, using three drugs in right doses, including a diuretic, were selected as having potentially resistant hypertension<sup>13</sup>. Recommendations for life style change and for the right use of the blood pressure agents were reinforced, without any modification of doses and agents, and the patients were asked to return for a confirmatory consultation. Patients who persisted with uncontrolled blood pressure in the second consultation were submitted to Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP) monitoring (Spacelabs 90207, Spacelabs, Redmond, WA). For analysis, normal blood pressure by ABP monitoring was mean 24 hours blood pressure below 130/80 mmHg. The investigation of secondary hypertension had been already done in most patients registered at the clinic and was completed in those that were still not investigated. The routine procedures employed to search for secondary hypertension included high clinic suspicion, mostly resistance to treatment, abnormality in urinalysis, creatinine or potassium, followed by the determination of aldosterone/renin ratio and renal artery Doppler when indicated. Obstructive sleep apnea was investigated in some patients as a part of a protocol of a case-control study<sup>14</sup>, but they were not classified as having secondary hypertension, since this syndrome is still recognized as a risk factor for resistant hypertension and not a definite cause. Adherence to drug treatment was evaluated by the Morisky-Green test<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The cohort study that was the basis for patient selection was approved by the Institution Review Board, which is accredited by the Office of Human Research Protections as an Institutional Review Board. Since no departure from the recommended procedures for the evaluation and management of patients with hypertension, no inform consent was required. Descriptive statistics presented the proportion of patients with blood pressure uncontrolled after each step of confirmatory steps. No statistical testing of hypothesis was required.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the total, 606 patients were screened. Of these, 106 (17.5%) had blood systolic blood pressure equal of over 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure equal of over 90 mmHg despite of having a prescription of three blood pressure agents, including a diuretic. From these patients, 20 were newer patients and the remaining were being followed in the clinic for two to 14 years (mean 5.2 &#177; 4.4 years). The characteristics of these patients and the drugs and mean doses that they were using are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04712_ing_t1-body2">table 1</xref>. As can be seen in the table, the patients studied were mostly women with an average BMI close to obesity. The drugs that were being used included diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors and vasodilators.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop04712_ing_t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0630-00051-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Eighty-six patients attended the confirmatory consultation (81%). Twenty five had office blood pressure within normal limits, 21 had low adherence, 13 had the white coat phenomenon, and 9 had secondary hypertension, leading to only 18 patients of the patients screened (3% of those originally evaluated) with uncontrolled blood pressure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04712_ing_f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). If the prevalence among patients who did not attend the confirmatory consultation was twice the prevalence among those who did attend, another 8 patients would have truly resistant hypertension. As a result, the prevalence of true resistant hypertension in the initial sample would be 4.3%. Considering the patients with secondary hypertension as having resistant hypertension (n = 9) the prevalence would increase to 4.5%. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04712_ing_f2-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows flow-chart of the patients investigated.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop04712_ing_f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0630-00051-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop04712_ing_f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0630-00051-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our prospectively planned cross-sectional study conducted in an outpatient hypertension clinic provided two estimates of resistant hypertension. In a broad sense, 17.5% of our non-elderly patients were using three blood pressure agents (including a diuretic) and had uncontrolled hypertension. After the confirmatory consultation, and the exclusion of those who were non-adherent to treatment, or had secondary hypertension or white coat phenomenon, the prevalence dropped to only 3% of the original sampling. </p>
      <p>The prevalence of resistant hypertension reported by clinical trials and other cohorts has been close to our first estimate<sup>5</sup>. Our final estimate was not quite far from the 7.6% reported by de la Sierra et al<sup>9</sup>, and the difference may be explained by the checking of adherence and secondary hypertension in our study. A recent report based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003 through 2008 estimated a prevalence of 12.8 (&#177; 0.9) %<sup>16</sup>. Again, the patients were not submitted to the investigation of adherence to treatment and of the occurrence of a white coat phenomenon. It has been recommended that patients with controlled blood pressure taking four drugs should be diagnosed as having resistant hypertension, independently of the doses of the blood pressure agents<sup>5</sup>. This option could artificially increase the number of resistant patients, since at least a proportion of them could be using one or more of the four antihypertensive patients in lower doses.</p>
      <p>The concept of resistant hypertension at office and by ABP monitoring has been already proposed, including the definition of true resistant hypertension when blood pressure is uncontrolled at office and by ABP monitoring<sup>9, 17</sup>. We propose that the concept of true resistant hypertension should require the exclusion of lack of adherence to treatment and secondary hypertension. Further description of prevalence of resistant hypertension in different settings could employ this definition, which seems to better describe the really difficult to treat patients seen in clinical practice. These patients should be further investigated to identify mechanisms of resistance and more efficacious therapies to control blood pressure. A condition that is not covered by the present criteria to define resistant hypertension is uncontrolled blood pressure at home (ABPM or home blood pressure measurement) and controlled at office (masked hypertension). This condition would be hard to identify, since the treatment should be oriented by blood pressure measured out of office.</p>
      <p>Because of our sampling criteria, we were not able to describe the prevalence of true resistant hypertension in patients older than 65 years of age. Since the occurrence of systolic hypertension increases with age, a condition that has been more difficult to treat, the prevalence of true resistant hypertension in a broader age range is probably higher. On the other side, our clinic is a referral service for patients with hypertension, and a variable proportion of our patients has been referred because of difficult to treat hypertension. The prevalence of true resistant hypertension can therefore be still lower in non-elderly adults in other settings, such as in primary care services and in other clinical specialties.</p>
      <p>Other limitations of our survey deserve mention. Patients who did not attend to the second evaluation could have more frequently true resistant hypertension and therefore the real prevalence could be somewhat higher. We performed a sensitivity analysis assuming that the prevalence among these patients would be twice the prevalence of those who returned for the confirmatory visit, but even with this assumption, the prevalence would be below 5%. The restriction of investigation to only one center reduces the external validity of our findings, particularly because the higher proportion of women, which resulted from the uneven spontaneous demand of consultations by men and women. Among the strengths of our study are its prospective design, the confirmation of resistance by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, the evaluation of adherence to treatment, and the systematic investigation of secondary causes of hypertension.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, true resistant hypertension is infrequent in non-elderly patients with hypertension, and it is not substantially higher with the inclusion of patients with secondary hypertension. Homogeneous criteria to diagnose this condition are warranted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was supported in part by the National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment (IATS) - CNPq/Brazil and Fundo de Incentivo a Pesquisa (FIPE-HCPA), Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
