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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GDH8bvgYRzMXsqCXDdy4Y5d</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012001000004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09900100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000052</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio minimamente invasiva videoassistida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Mussi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brofman</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Maximiliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meister Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baggio</surname>
            <given-names>Thales</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domingues</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sanches</surname>
            <given-names>Aline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital VITA Curitiba</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>99</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>596</fpage>
      <lpage>604</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: De um modo geral, as opera&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o cada vez menos invasivas e a cirurgia card&#237;aca come&#231;a a seguir por este caminho. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o de cem pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio minimamente invasiva. M&#201;TODOS: O acesso ao cora&#231;&#227;o deu-se atrav&#233;s de pequena toracotomia lateral no 4&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo, com 6 cm, iniciando-se ao n&#237;vel do mamilo. Pelo mesmo espa&#231;o intercostal, 3 cm ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da incis&#227;o principal, foi inserida &#243;tica de 6,5 mm com 30&#186;. Nos casos em que a veia safena foi utilizada, o peric&#225;rdio foi aberto em cima da aorta e, com uma press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de 80 mmhg, foi pin&#231;ada parcialmente, sendo a anastomose proximal feita de maneira convencional. As anastomoses distais foram feitas de modo convencional. O procedimento foi realizado sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorporal (CEC) com aux&#237;lio de ventila&#231;&#227;o monopulmonar. RESULTADOS: A idade m&#233;dia foi de 63,9 &#177; 10,66 anos. Sessenta e oito (68%) eram do sexo masculino. Cinquenta e tr&#234;s (53%) encontravam-se em classe funcional III ou IV. A fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era normal em cinquenta e tr&#234;s (53%) pacientes. Quarenta e dois (42%) haviam sido submetidos &#224; angioplastia pr&#233;via. Foram realizadas 153 anastomoses distais, variando de 1 a 3. O tempo m&#233;dio de ventila&#231;&#227;o foi de 4,06 &#177; 4,08 horas. Dezessete (17%) pacientes apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e oito (8%) pneumonias. Houve dois &#243;bitos nesta s&#233;rie. CONCLUS&#195;O: A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se segura, com baixa mortalidade e morbidade. Com novos dispositivos, essa opera&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; ter uma aplicabilidade maior.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>ponte de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia video-assistida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio minimamente invasiva videoassistida</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Mussi Milani<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Paulo Brofman<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Maximiliano Guimar&#227;es<sup>II,III</sup>; M&#225;rcia Olandoski<sup>I</sup>; Hugo Meister Filho<sup>II,III</sup>; Thales Baggio<sup>II,III</sup>; Maria Fernanda Domingues<sup>II,III</sup>; Rodrigo Jardim<sup>II,III</sup>; Aline Sanches<sup>I</sup>; Francisco Maia<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital VITA Curitiba, Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold> FUNDAMENTO: </bold>De um modo geral, as opera&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o cada vez menos invasivas e a cirurgia card&#237;aca come&#231;a a seguir por este caminho. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o de cem pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio minimamente invasiva. </p>
    <p><bold> M&#201;TODOS:</bold> O acesso ao cora&#231;&#227;o deu-se atrav&#233;s de pequena toracotomia lateral no 4&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo, com 6 cm, iniciando-se ao n&#237;vel do mamilo. Pelo mesmo espa&#231;o intercostal, 3 cm ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da incis&#227;o principal, foi inserida &#243;tica de 6,5 mm com 30&#186;. Nos casos em que a veia safena foi utilizada, o peric&#225;rdio foi aberto em cima da aorta e, com uma press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de 80 mmhg, foi pin&#231;ada parcialmente, sendo a anastomose proximal feita de maneira convencional. As anastomoses distais foram feitas de modo convencional. O procedimento foi realizado sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorporal (CEC) com aux&#237;lio de ventila&#231;&#227;o monopulmonar. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A idade m&#233;dia foi de 63,9 &#177; 10,66 anos. Sessenta e oito (68%) eram do sexo masculino. Cinquenta e tr&#234;s (53%) encontravam-se em classe funcional III ou IV. A fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era normal em cinquenta e tr&#234;s (53%) pacientes. Quarenta e dois (42%) haviam sido submetidos &#224; angioplastia pr&#233;via. Foram realizadas 153 anastomoses distais, variando de 1 a 3. O tempo m&#233;dio de ventila&#231;&#227;o foi de 4,06 &#177; 4,08 horas. Dezessete (17%) pacientes apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e oito (8%) pneumonias. Houve dois &#243;bitos nesta s&#233;rie. </p>
    <p><bold> CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se segura, com baixa mortalidade e morbidade. Com novos dispositivos, essa opera&#231;&#227;o poder&#225; ter uma aplicabilidade maior. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; ponte de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; cirurgia video-assistida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os primeiros relatos de opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio menos invasiva v&#234;m de trabalhos iniciais de cirurgias sem CEC por meio de uma esternotomia convencional<sup>1-4</sup>. Ap&#243;s bem estabelecida e dominada a t&#233;cnica dessa opera&#231;&#227;o com o cora&#231;&#227;o batendo, foram feitos relatos de cirurgias coron&#225;rias realizadas atrav&#233;s de pequena toracotomia anterolateral esquerda<sup>5-8</sup>, o que despertou grande interesse entre os cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares. Entretanto, a posi&#231;&#227;o em que a incis&#227;o era feita dificultava a retirada da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda, apresentava pouca mobilidade do espa&#231;o intercostal, o que ocasionava fratura de costela, em alguns casos com dor intensa no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e, principalmente, limitava este tipo de procedimento &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria interventricular anterior. Devido a isto, esse tipo de procedimento praticamente foi abandonado no final da d&#233;cada de 90, e o interesse pelas opera&#231;&#245;es menos invasivas voltou a crescer apenas recentemente devido ao aumento da utiliza&#231;&#227;o das interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas no tratamento da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria. Pacientes e cardiologistas querem encontrar alternativas menos agressivas do que a opera&#231;&#227;o convencional nos casos de doen&#231;a menos extensa.</p>
    <p>Um m&#233;todo &#243;timo para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ainda n&#227;o foi encontrado. Embora os tratamentos percut&#226;neos tenham se mostrado bastante efetivos em situa&#231;&#245;es agudas e em doen&#231;a coronariana localizada, os resultados tardios n&#227;o s&#227;o equivalentes aos das opera&#231;&#245;es de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>9-12</sup>. Esse tipo de cirurgia foi pouco modificado desde suas publica&#231;&#245;es iniciais h&#225; 40 anos e est&#225; associado com um &#237;ndice de morbidade em torno de 15%, incluindo infec&#231;&#227;o, acidente vascular cerebral, hemorragia, s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito, complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>13-16</sup>. No segmento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, h&#225; relatos de diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade f&#237;sica ap&#243;s a esternotomia<sup>17,18</sup> e alguns pacientes apresentam dor tor&#225;cica por per&#237;odos de at&#233; um ano ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o<sup>19,20</sup>. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio minimamente invasiva &#233; uma opera&#231;&#227;o realizada atrav&#233;s de pequena incis&#227;o lateral esquerda, de onde se tem acesso confort&#225;vel &#224; aorta, &#224; art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda e aos ramos coronarianos anteriores, laterais e at&#233; mesmo posteriores do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, permitindo que se fa&#231;a uma opera&#231;&#227;o completa sem a necessidade de abertura do esterno<sup>21</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos primeiros cem pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio minimamente invasiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2010, cem pacientes foram submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio minimamente invasiva. As contraindica&#231;&#245;es para esse tipo de procedimento s&#227;o opera&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, obesidade m&#243;rbida, reopera&#231;&#245;es coronarianas, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica grave, onde o paciente n&#227;o consiga tolerar a ventila&#231;&#227;o monopulmonar, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica com comprometimento importante do sistema il&#237;aco-femoral, o que impediria, em situa&#231;&#245;es de emerg&#234;ncia transoperat&#243;ria, a entrada em circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, e o comprometimento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e do ramo circunflexo sem a presen&#231;a de um ramo marginal alto.</p>
    <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o inicial e o procedimento anest&#233;sico seguiram padr&#227;o normal como previamente descrito<sup>22</sup>. A intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal foi realizada com tubo de duplo l&#250;men para permitir o bloqueio do pulm&#227;o esquerdo durante o procedimento. Os pacientes foram posicionados em dec&#250;bito lateral direito de 15 a 30&#186;. A incis&#227;o de pele foi realizada na linha hemiclavicular esquerda, iniciando-se na altura do mamilo e indo em dire&#231;&#227;o lateral, com tamanho de aproximadamente 6 a 8 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04912fig01m">Fig. 1</xref>). A cavidade pleural &#233; penetrada atrav&#233;s do 4&#186; ou 5&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal e a gordura localizada ao redor do peric&#225;rdio &#233; amplamente removida da parte superior at&#233; cerca de 2 cm do nervo fr&#234;nico. A &#243;ptica utilizada, 6,5 mm com 30&#186;, &#233; introduzida no mesmo espa&#231;o intercostal, a aproximadamente 4 cm abaixo do t&#233;rmino da incis&#227;o. Com o aux&#237;lio do videotoracosc&#243;pio, a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda &#233; dissecada de modo esqueletizado at&#233; sua origem, sendo que, para isto, foram utilizados instrumentais longos. Antes de se seccionar a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica, a heparina &#233; administrada em dose de 2 mg/Kg. Nos pacientes que necessitam de anastomose de veia safena com a aorta, essa administra&#231;&#227;o deve ser feita primeiro. Para isto, o peric&#225;rdio &#233; aberto apenas em cima da aorta ascendente e firmemente tracionado com pontos separados de fio de algod&#227;o, seguido de ampla dissec&#231;&#227;o entre a aorta e a art&#233;ria pulmonar. Com uma press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de 80 mmhg, a aorta &#233; tracionada em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; incis&#227;o e o pin&#231;amento parcial &#233; aplicado. A anastomose da veia safena com a aorta &#233; realizada de maneira convencional, usando-se instrumentos mais longos somente nos pacientes maiores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04912fig02m">Fig. 2</xref>). Ao t&#233;rmino das anastomoses proximais, o peric&#225;rdio &#233; amplamente aberto em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; ponta do cora&#231;&#227;o e suas bordas recebem v&#225;rios pontos de tra&#231;&#227;o. A realiza&#231;&#227;o das anastomoses distais &#233; feita com aux&#237;lio de estabilizador de tecidos por press&#227;o. Nos casos de enxertos a serem colocados na parede lateral, o estabilizador &#233; introduzido na cavidade por pequena incis&#227;o subxif&#243;ide (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04912fig03m">Fig. 3</xref>) e nas anastomoses anteriores &#233; posicionado pela pr&#243;pria incis&#227;o principal. A anastomose &#233; feita de modo habitual, com sutura continua de fio 7-0 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04912fig04m">Fig. 4</xref>). Na maioria dos casos, utiliza-se o <italic>shunt</italic> intracoron&#225;rio. Terminadas as anastomoses, a heparina &#233; totalmente neutralizada, realizada a revis&#227;o de hemostasia e introdu&#231;&#227;o do dreno tor&#225;cico, &#233; realizado o bloqueio intercostal com anest&#233;sico local e fecha-se a incis&#227;o por plano (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04912fig05m">Fig. 5</xref>). Na maioria dos casos, tentou-se proceder a extuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal na sala de opera&#231;&#245;es. Nos casos em que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel, o tubo de duplo l&#250;men foi substitu&#237;do por um tubo convencional.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04912fig01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04912fig02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04912fig03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04912fig04m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04912fig05m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis quantitativas, foi considerado o teste t de Student para amostras independentes ou o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann Whitney, quando apropriado. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi avaliada pelo teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. A condi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilks. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cem pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 63,9 &#177; 10,66 anos, variando de 44 a 87 anos, foram avaliados. Sessenta e oito pacientes (68%) eram do sexo masculino e 32 (32%) femininos. Quando se avaliaram os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coronariana, a hipertens&#227;o estava presente em 84 (84%) dos pacientes, diabetes em 37 (37%), hist&#243;ria de tabagismo em quarenta (40%) e n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol em 31 (31%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe de angina encontrada, cinco (5%) pacientes encontravam-se em classe I, 42 (42%) em classe II, 32 (32%) em classe III, e 21 (21%) em classe IV. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era normal em 53 (53%) dos pacientes, moderadamente comprometida em 34 (34%) e com comprometimento importante em 13 (13%) pacientes. O euroscore variou de 0 a 13 pontos, com m&#233;dia de 3,83 &#177; 3,32. Quarenta e dois (42%) pacientes tinham antecedente de angioplastia coronariana, e a cineangiocoronariografia demonstrou uma m&#233;dia de 1,72 &#177; 0,68 vasos com les&#245;es por paciente, variando de uma a tr&#234;s.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de anastomoses distais por pacientes foi de 1,53 &#177; 0,57, variando de uma a tr&#234;s pontes por pacientes. A art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna foi utilizada em 89 (89%) casos. O ramo interventricular anterior foi revascularizado em todos (100%) os pacientes, seguido pelo ramo marginal da art&#233;ria circunflexa em 27 (27%) e pelo ramo diagonal em 26 (26%). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre o n&#250;mero de les&#245;es detectadas na cineangiocoronariografia e o n&#250;mero de anastomoses feitas por paciente (0,109). O tempo de cirurgia variou de 70 a 180 minutos, com m&#233;dia de 108,9 &#177; 25,66 minutos. A perman&#234;ncia em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio variou de 0 a 18 horas com m&#233;dia de 4,06 &#177; 4,08 horas. O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de estada no centro de terapia intensiva foi de 1,98 &#177; 0,60 noite e a perman&#234;ncia hospitalar m&#233;dia foi de 5,99 &#177; 1,27 dias, variando de quatro a nove dias. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04912tab01m">Tabela 1</xref> mostra algumas vari&#225;veis pr&#233; e transoperat&#243;rias.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04912tab01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o a complica&#231;&#245;es apresentadas, tr&#234;s (3%) pacientes necessitaram de reintuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, oito (8%) pacientes apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, onze (11%) apresentaram enfisema subcut&#226;neo, treze (13%) apresentaram s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito necessitando de drogas vasoativas, sendo em dois (2%) necess&#225;rio o uso do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, e dezessete (17%) pacientes desenvolveram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Dois (2%) pacientes foram reoperados por sangramento, sendo um devido &#224; soltura de clipe de ramo da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna e um devido &#224; deisc&#234;ncia total da anastomose distal. Em dois (2%) pacientes, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar a intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal com tubo de duplo l&#250;men, sendo estes ent&#227;o operados com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea para poder ser realizada a parada do pulm&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04912tab02m">Tabela 2</xref> demonstra a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es:</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04912tab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os fatores poss&#237;veis para o aparecimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foram analisados individualmente. Quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de FA, tiveram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica a idade acima de 72 anos, o sexo feminino, o euroscore m&#233;dio acima de 6, o tempo de cirurgia acima de 130 minutos e o tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica acima de 8,3 horas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao aparecimento de infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, a idade acima de 77 anos, euroscore m&#233;dio acima de 7,6, o tempo de cirurgia acima de 130 minutos e o tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica superior a 9,6 horas foram estatisticamente significativos.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes que apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial tiveram uma perman&#234;ncia em CTI e hospitalar estatisticamente significante. Os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar ficaram em m&#233;dia 1,9 noite na CTI contra 3,1 dos que apresentaram (&lt; 0,001) e permaneceram no hospital em m&#233;dia 5,9 dias contra 6,8 dias para os pacientes que apresentaram pneumonia (0,035). No caso da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, os pacientes que n&#227;o tiveram FA ficaram 1,8 noite na CTI contra 2,4 noites dos pacientes com FA (0,001) e ficaram 5,8 dias no hospital contra 6,6 dos pacientes com FA (0,001).</p>
    <p>Dois (2%) pacientes faleceram nessa s&#233;rie. O primeiro &#243;bito ocorreu no 6&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio devido a acidente vascular cerebral ocorrido um dia ap&#243;s a alta da CTI. O segundo aconteceu na 7&#186; hora de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio devido a sangramento intenso, ocasionado por deisc&#234;ncia da anastomose distal ap&#243;s uma opera&#231;&#227;o inicial sem intercorr&#234;ncias, tendo o paciente inclusive sa&#237;do extubado da sala de opera&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos com nenhuma vari&#225;vel individual.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cirurgia para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, proposta no final da d&#233;cada de 60, &#233; um dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos mais realizados em todo o mundo desde sua introdu&#231;&#227;o e continua sendo a terapia padr&#227;o ouro em casos selecionados. Entretanto, desde sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; mais de 40 anos, poucas inova&#231;&#245;es foram acrescentadas a essa terapia. A realiza&#231;&#227;o das opera&#231;&#245;es para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foram propostas com o objetivo de se minimizar os efeitos delet&#233;rios da CEC, como hemodilui&#231;&#227;o, contato do sangue com superf&#237;cies estranhas e com o ar e, com isto, diminuir a resposta inflamat&#243;ria, ocasionando menos dist&#250;rbios da coagula&#231;&#227;o e menor disfun&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;rg&#227;os-alvos envolvidos<sup>23-26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na metade da d&#233;cada de 80, duas grandes s&#233;ries com mais de quinhentos pacientes foram publicadas<sup>1,4</sup> demonstrando excelentes resultados na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Ao final dos anos 90, a ind&#250;stria biom&#233;dica disponibilizou um grande n&#250;mero de instrumentais cir&#250;rgicos que permitiram a abordagem completa do sistema coronariano com manipula&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima do cora&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o da estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, o que tornou poss&#237;vel a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio sem o aux&#237;lio da CEC. Tal fato levou a um importante aumento do n&#250;mero de casos realizados sem o aux&#237;lio da m&#225;quina cora&#231;&#227;o - pulm&#227;o, atingindo 30% do total de pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria nos Estados Unidos<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>No momento, temos dispon&#237;veis duas grandes metan&#225;lises com mais de 1.200 pacientes cada uma comparando revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio versus angioplastia coronariana em pacientes com les&#227;o &#250;nica proximal de ramo interventricular anterior<sup>28,29</sup>. Ambas as s&#233;ries n&#227;o relatam diferen&#231;as entre os dois m&#233;todos quando avaliados mortalidade, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou acidente vascular cerebral. Entretanto, em um per&#237;odo de cinco anos de seguimento, apresentam uma incid&#234;ncia tr&#234;s vezes maior no retorno da angina e cinco vezes maior na necessidade de fazer novo procedimento no grupo da angioplastia.</p>
    <p>Com a publica&#231;&#227;o em dezembro de 2010 das diretrizes para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>30</sup> pela Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia em conjunto com a Associa&#231;&#227;o Europeia de Cardiologia Intervencionista e Associa&#231;&#227;o Europeia de Cirurgia Cardiotor&#225;cica, onde as evid&#234;ncias sugerem que pacientes com les&#227;o de um ou dois vasos e comprometimento proximal de ramo interventricular anterior s&#227;o classe IA para cirurgia contra IIB para angioplastia<sup>28,29,31,32</sup>, as opera&#231;&#245;es de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio t&#234;m uma tend&#234;ncia a tornarem-se menos invasiva nos casos de menor complexidade. Pacientes com les&#227;o &#250;nica de ramo interventricular anterior ou associada a outros ramos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda t&#234;m que ter uma alternativa menos agressiva que a esternotomia, alternativa esta que propicie um menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar bem como um breve retorno &#224;s suas atividades cotidianas.</p>
    <p>A opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio apresentada neste relato &#233; diferente daquela proposta na metade da d&#233;cada de 90. Naquela ocasi&#227;o, o acesso &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento era atrav&#233;s de uma toracotomia anterolateral, pequena, onde a retirada da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda era dif&#237;cil, n&#227;o sendo, por vezes, poss&#237;vel obter-se o comprimento inteiro do enxerto. Com isso, em certos casos, alguns ramos da art&#233;ria foram mantidos conectados com a parede tor&#225;cica podendo ocasionar roubo de fluxo. A regi&#227;o do espa&#231;o intercostal onde a cavidade pleural era penetrada era muito pr&#243;xima do esterno, dando menos mobilidade aos arcos costais, o que, por vezes, levava a desarticula&#231;&#245;es, fraturas de costelas e, por fim, a exposi&#231;&#227;o dos vasos ap&#243;s abertura do peric&#225;rdio permitia apenas a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do ramo interventricular anterior. Tal fato fez que, apesar de algumas s&#233;ries<sup>33-37</sup> com bons resultados terem sido apresentadas, o procedimento tenha ca&#237;do em desuso. </p>
    <p>Os resultados apresentados na s&#233;rie deste relato s&#227;o provenientes de opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, sem CEC, realizada atrav&#233;s de uma toracotomia lateral esquerda, entre 6 a 8 cm, iniciando-se ao n&#237;vel do mamilo. Esse tipo de acesso tem uma s&#233;rie de vantagens sobre a cirurgia proposta anteriormente. Primeiro, permite um revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do lado esquerdo, n&#227;o estando limitada apenas ao ramo interventricular anterior. Segundo, como a incis&#227;o &#233; mais lateral, permite uma maior mobilidade das costelas, o que proporciona uma maior exposi&#231;&#227;o sem a ocorr&#234;ncia de fraturas ou desarticula&#231;&#227;o. Terceiro, a exposi&#231;&#227;o permite uma vis&#227;o completa das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias j&#225; que o peric&#225;rdio &#233; amplamente aberto. Quarto, a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda pode ser totalmente dissecada, desde a sua origem at&#233; sua bifurca&#231;&#227;o. Quinto, esse tipo de incis&#227;o permite que, nos casos em que for necess&#225;rio fazer uma anastomose proximal, esta seja feita de modo convencional na aorta ascendente, tendo-se o cuidado de primeiro realizar a anastomose proximal, antes da abertura ampla do peric&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Os principais benef&#237;cios desse tipo de opera&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o a possibilidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa (em nossa s&#233;rie, h&#225; pacientes que receberam tr&#234;s enxertos), correndo, teoricamente, um menor risco devido ao procedimento ser feito em menos tempo e de forma menos agressiva, com menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, retorno mais r&#225;pido &#224;s atividade habituais, n&#227;o sendo necess&#225;rio aguardar os 45 dias para voltar a dirigir, como ocorre ap&#243;s a esternotomia convencional, por exemplo. Esteticamente, resulta uma cicatriz melhor, e, por &#250;ltimo, um menor n&#250;mero de restri&#231;&#245;es e menos dor no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, essa opera&#231;&#227;o foi relatada em 2009 por McGinn e cols.<sup>38</sup>, que apresentaram os resultados de dois centros em 450 pacientes. Nessa s&#233;rie, os autores mostraram uma taxa de sucesso sem convers&#227;o de 96,2%, com uma mortalidade total de 1,6%. O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de enxertos por paciente foi de 2,1 &#177; 0,7 e, em 79,8% dos pacientes, foram feitas duas ou mais anastomoses distais. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio foi obtida em 94,9% dos pacientes. A incid&#234;ncia de retorno para sala de opera&#231;&#245;es, transfus&#227;o, acidente vascular cerebral e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi baixa. Os autores relatam ainda uma excelente evolu&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria, com apenas um paciente apresentando infec&#231;&#227;o superficial. Com uma m&#233;dia de vinte meses de seguimento obtido em trezentos pacientes, foi observada a necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de nova interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana em dez pacientes (3%), sendo encontrados problemas nas anastomoses em T entre a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna e a veia safena em oito pacientes. Em dois pacientes, problemas na anastomose proximal entre a aorta e a veia safena foram encontrados. Em suas conclus&#245;es, os autores escrevem dizendo que a aplicabilidade, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa, a morbidade e a seguran&#231;a s&#227;o excelentes mesmo em uma fase inicial de ado&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, e que esta nova maneira de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio menos invasiva existe e pode ter aplica&#231;&#227;o ampla, com resultados similares aos dos procedimentos convencionais.</p>
    <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie, avaliamos a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar de cem pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, minimamente invasiva. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 63,9 &#177; 10,66 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo masculinos. Mais da metade dos pacientes (53%) encontravam-se em classe de angina III ou IV e 13% apresentavam um ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. O euroscore mostra que esse grupo de pacientes &#233; formado em sua maioria por pacientes de baixo e m&#233;dio risco operat&#243;rio, e a cineangiocoronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria mostrou que a maioria dos pacientes tinha les&#245;es em menos de dois vasos. Al&#233;m disso, mostrou tamb&#233;m que quase a metade do grupo j&#225; havia sido submetida &#224; angioplastia coronariana pr&#233;via. Esse grupo de pacientes avaliados aqui n&#227;o corresponde ao tipo de paciente que os servi&#231;os de cirurgia cardiovascular normalmente recebem. Trata-se de um grupo de pacientes selecionados, que corresponde a menos de 10% dos pacientes coronarianos operados no servi&#231;o durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Apesar do n&#250;mero relativamente baixo de anastomoses distais por paciente, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre o n&#250;mero de vasos com les&#227;o cr&#237;tica avaliados no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e o n&#250;mero de pontes realizadas. Como essa &#233; uma s&#233;rie inicial, o n&#250;mero de anastomoses pode ser explicado pela rigorosa sele&#231;&#227;o dos casos, a princ&#237;pio casos uniarteriais e, mais recentemente, casos multiarteriais. Com a experi&#234;ncia adquirida, na atualidade, podemos abordar por essa t&#233;cnica as paredes anterior e lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p>O uso da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda foi de 89%, n&#250;mero inferior ao esperado para esse tipo de pacientes. No in&#237;cio da s&#233;rie, tivemos les&#245;es em tr&#234;s art&#233;rias, sendo duas ocorridas durante a toracotomia, com rotura total da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna enxertada (ATIE) ap&#243;s a abertura do afastador de t&#243;rax, e uma devido &#224; lacera&#231;&#227;o de um ramo proximal onde n&#227;o se conseguiu colocar um clip de modo satisfat&#243;rio. Al&#233;m disso, em nossa fase inicial, optamos por utilizar apenas a veia safena nos pacientes mais idosos. Nos &#250;ltimos cinquenta pacientes, apenas em dois a ATIE n&#227;o foi usada.</p>
    <p>A dor intensa no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o foi um fator relatado pelos pacientes, ao contr&#225;rio do que ocorria nas s&#233;ries de toracotomia anterior, onde a fratura de costela n&#227;o era incomum e com ela uma dor limitante no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Lichtenberg e cols.<sup>39</sup> realizaram estudo comparando a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e a dor p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o minimamente invasiva por toracotomia anterolateral com pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o convencional. Na conclus&#227;o, os autores escrevem que os pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o minimamente invasiva tiveram uma fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar preservada maior, entretanto apresentaram maior dor p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p>No que diz respeito &#224; dor, outro relato comparando opera&#231;&#245;es menos invasivas com a opera&#231;&#227;o convencional foi publicado por Walther e cols.<sup>40</sup>. Os autores dizem em seu trabalho que o n&#237;vel de dor nos pacientes de cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; relativamente baixo, e que, ap&#243;s o s&#233;timo dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, praticamente n&#227;o h&#225; relato de dor. Os pacientes submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o menos invasiva mobilizam-se antes, e, com isto, o relato de dor desaparece ap&#243;s o terceiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es, os fatores que foram estatisticamente significativos para uma incid&#234;ncia maior de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e pneumonia foram: idade avan&#231;ada, euroscore alto, tempo de cirurgia e tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongados. Os pacientes que apresentaram essas duas complica&#231;&#245;es permaneceram mais tempo na CTI e no hospital. Quando avaliamos os &#243;bitos ocorridos, n&#227;o conseguimos identificar nenhum fator individual relacionados a eles. A elevada incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar nessa s&#233;rie pode ser explicada pelo per&#237;odo prolongado de ventila&#231;&#227;o monopulmonar devido a um maior tempo de cirurgia nos casos iniciais do estudo. Acreditamos que, &#224; medida que uma maior experi&#234;ncia venha sendo adquirida, o tempo total de cirurgia possa ser bastante reduzido e, com isto, a incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar tamb&#233;m diminua.</p>
    <p>Avaliando os resultados obtidos, acreditamos que esse tipo de opera&#231;&#227;o &#233; bastante interessante para os casos menos complexos, como por exemplo, as reestenoses intra-stent. &#201; uma cirurgia relativamente simples de ser realizada. O profissional habituado a realizar opera&#231;&#245;es sem CEC n&#227;o encontra maiores dificuldades para fazer a anastomose, r&#225;pida, reprodut&#237;vel, apresentando apenas um pouco mais de dificuldade para dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna e para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da anastomose proximal na aorta. A evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria &#233; bastante satisfat&#243;ria, com curto per&#237;odo de ventila&#231;&#227;o, CTI e interna&#231;&#227;o. A maioria dos pacientes ao retornar para consulta com trinta dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio mostra-se satisfeita com o resultado est&#233;tico da cirurgia e realizando praticamente todas as suas atividades cotidianas. A diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de cirurgia deve reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio minimamente invasiva &#233; segura e eficaz, sendo uma alternativa bastante interessante para os pacientes menos complexos. Com a experi&#234;ncia adquirida e com a chegada ao nosso mercado de novos afastadores, posicionadores e estabilizadores card&#237;acos, o procedimento pode ter sua indica&#231;&#227;o ampliada para pacientes multiarteriais com o mesmo grau de seguran&#231;a da opera&#231;&#227;o convencional, com os mesmos resultados a longo prazo e com uma recupera&#231;&#227;o e retorno &#224;s atividades habituais num tempo bem menor.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rodrigo Mussi Milani </p>
        <p> Rua Cezar Correia de Souza Pinto Jr, 54, Santa Felicidade </p>
        <p> CEP 82015-220, Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="grmilani@cardiol.br">grmilani@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rodrigo.milani@sbccv.org.br">rodrigo.milani@sbccv.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 14/06/11; revisado em 24/06/11; aceito em 31/01/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Minimally-invasive video-assisted coronary-artery bypass grafting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: In general, surgeries currently tend to be less invasive and cardiac surgery has started to follow this trend. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the evolution of one hundred patients undergoing minimally-invasive coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Access to the heart was attained through a small; 6-cm thoracotomy, located in the 4th left intercostal space, starting at the nipple. Through the same intercostal space, 3 cm after the primary incision, a 6.5-mm optical device was inserted at 30&#186;. Where the saphenous vein was used, the pericardium was opened above the aorta and the latter was partially clamped with a systolic pressure of 80 mmHg, with the proximal anastomosis being carried out in the conventional manner. The distal anastomoses were carried out in the conventional manner. The procedure was performed off-pump using single lung ventilation. RESULTS: The mean age was 63.9 &#177; 10.66 years. Sixty-eight (68%) patients were males. Fifty-three (53%) were in functional class III or IV. Left ventricular function was normal in fifty-three (53%) patients. Forty-two (42%) had undergone previous angioplasty. A total of 153 anastomoses were performed, ranging from 1 to 3. The average ventilation time was 4.06 &#177; 4.08 hours. Seventeen (17%) patients had atrial fibrillation and eight (8%) had pneumonia. There were two deaths in this series. CONCLUSION: Revascularization was safe with low mortality and morbidity. With the advent of new devices, this surgery may have a greater applicability.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery bypass, off pump</kwd>
        <kwd>video-assisted surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Minimally-invasive video-assisted coronary-artery bypass grafting</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Rodrigo Mussi Milani<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Paulo Brofman<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Maximiliano Guimar&#227;es<sup>II,III</sup>; M&#225;rcia Olandoski<sup>I</sup>; Hugo Meister Filho<sup>II,III</sup>; Thales Baggio<sup>II,III</sup>; Maria Fernanda Domingues<sup>II,III</sup>; Rodrigo Jardim<sup>II,III</sup>; Aline Sanches<sup>I</sup>; Francisco Maia<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital VITA Curitiba, Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>In general, surgeries currently tend to be less invasive and cardiac surgery has started to follow this trend. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold>To evaluate the evolution of one hundred patients undergoing minimally-invasive coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Access to the heart was attained through a small; 6-cm thoracotomy, located in the 4th left intercostal space, starting at the nipple. Through the same intercostal space, 3 cm after the primary incision, a 6.5-mm optical device was inserted at 30&#186;. Where the saphenous vein was used, the pericardium was opened above the aorta and the latter was partially clamped with a systolic pressure of 80 mmHg, with the proximal anastomosis being carried out in the conventional manner. The distal anastomoses were carried out in the conventional manner. The procedure was performed off-pump using single lung ventilation. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The mean age was 63.9 &#177; 10.66 years. Sixty-eight (68%) patients were males. Fifty-three (53%) were in functional class III or IV. Left ventricular function was normal in fifty-three (53%) patients. Forty-two (42%) had undergone previous angioplasty. A total of 153 anastomoses were performed, ranging from 1 to 3. The average ventilation time was 4.06 &#177; 4.08 hours. Seventeen (17%) patients had atrial fibrillation and eight (8%) had pneumonia. There were two deaths in this series.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Revascularization was safe with low mortality and morbidity. With the advent of new devices, this surgery may have a greater applicability. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> myocardial revascularization, coronary artery bypass, off pump, video-assisted surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The first reports of less invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery come from early studies of off-pump surgeries through conventional sternotomy<sup>1-4</sup>. After this operation technique had been well-established and mastered with a beating heart, reports were made of coronary bypass surgery performed through a small left anterolateral thoracotomy<sup>5-8</sup>, which aroused great interest among cardiovascular surgeons. However, the location where the incision was performed made it difficult to remove the left internal thoracic artery, presented low mobility of the intercostal space, which led to rib fracture, in some cases with severe pain in the postoperative period, and mainly limited this type of revascularization procedure to the anterior interventricular artery.</p>
      <p>Because of these facts, this procedure was almost abandoned in the late 90s, and interest in less invasive operations grew again only recently, due to increased use of percutaneous interventions in the treatment of coronary heart disease. Patients and cardiologists want to find a less aggressive alternative than conventional surgery for cases of less extensive disease.</p>
      <p>An optimal method for CABG has not been found. Although percutaneous treatments have proven to be quite effective in acute and localized coronary disease, late results are not equivalent to those of CABG surgeries<sup>9-12</sup>. This type of surgery has been slightly modified since its initial publications 40 years ago and is associated with a morbidity rate of around 15%, including infection, cerebrovascular accident, bleeding, low-output syndrome, pulmonary complications and atrial fibrillation<sup>13-16</sup>. Regarding the postoperative follow-up, there have been reports of decreased physical capacity after sternotomy<sup>17,18</sup> and some patients have chest pain for up to one year after the surgery <sup>19,20</sup>. Minimally-invasive coronary artery bypass grafting is a surgery performed through a small incision on the left side, from where the surgeon has comfortable access to the aorta, the left internal thoracic artery and the anterior, lateral and even posterior coronary branches of the left ventricle, thus allowing the full operation without the need for opening the sternum<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objective</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To assess the outcome of the first one hundred patients undergoing minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>between January 2009 and December 2010, one hundred patients underwent minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. The contraindications for this procedure are emergency operations with hemodynamic instability, obesity, coronary reoperation, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, where the patient cannot tolerate single lung ventilation, peripheral vascular disease with important impairment of the iliac-femoral system, which, in emergency transoperative situations, would prevent the use of extracorporeal circulation, and would cause the impairment of the right coronary artery and circumflex branch, without the presence of a high marginal branch. </p>
      <p>Initial monitoring and anesthetic procedure followed the usual pattern as previously described <sup>22</sup>. Orotracheal intubation was performed using a dual lumen tube to allow the blocking of the left lung during the procedure. Patients were positioned in right lateral decubitus at 15-30&#186;. The skin incision was made in the left midclavicular line, starting at the nipple line and moving laterally, with a length of approximately 6-8 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop04912fig01m-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The pleural cavity is penetrated by the 4<sup>th</sup> or 5<sup>th</sup> intercostal space and the fat located around the pericardium is widely removed from the top to about 2 cm of the phrenic nerve.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop04912fig01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The 6.5-mm 30&#186; optical device is introduced into the same intercostal space at approximately 4 cm below the end of the incision. With the help of videothoracoscopy, the left internal thoracic artery is dissected in skeletonized manner to its origin, and, for that purpose, long instruments were used. Prior to sectioning the thoracic artery, heparin is administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg. In patients requiring anastomosis of the saphenous vein to the aorta, the dose should be administered first. For that, the pericardium is opened up only in the ascending aorta and pulled tight with separate cotton yarn, followed by extensive dissection of the aorta and pulmonary artery. With a systolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg, the aorta is pulled toward the incision and partial clamping is applied. Anastomosis of the saphenous vein with the aorta is carried out in conventional manner, using instruments longer only in older patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop04912fig02m-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop04912fig02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>For that purpose, the pericardium is opened only in the ascending aorta and pulled tight with separate stitches, followed by extensive dissection of the aorta and pulmonary artery. With a systolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg, the aorta is pulled toward the incision and partial clamping is applied. Anastomosis of the saphenous vein with the aorta is carried out in the conventional manner, using longer instruments only in older patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop04912fig02m-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>At the end of the proximal anastomosis, the pericardium is opened widely toward the apex of the heart and its edges are given several points of tension. The distal anastomosis is performed with the aid of a tissue stabilizer using pressure. When grafts are placed on the lateral wall, the stabilizer is introduced into the cavity via a small subxiphoid incision (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop04912fig03m-body2">Figure 3</xref>) and the anastomosis is positioned above the primary incision itself.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop04912fig03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The anastomosis is performed in the usual way, with a continuous suture using 7-0 suture thread (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop04912fig04m-body2">Figure 4</xref>). In most cases, the intracoronary shunt is used. Once the anastomoses are finished, heparin is completely neutralized, a review of hemostasis is performed and a chest tube is introduced, the intercostal block is performed with local anesthetic and the incision is closed per layer (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop04912fig05m-body2">Figure 5</xref>). In most cases, we tried to carry out tracheal extubation in the operating room. When it was not possible, the double lumen catheter was replaced by a conventional tube. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop04912fig04m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop04912fig05m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Student's t test for independent samples or the nonparametric Mann Whitney test was used to compare the groups regarding quantitative variables, when appropriate. The association between quantitative variables was evaluated by Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. The condition of normality of variables was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilks. P values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred patients with a mean age of 63.9 &#177; 10.66 years, ranging from 44 to 87 years were evaluated. Sixty-eight patients (68%) were male and 32 (32%) females. When we evaluated the risk factors for coronary disease, hypertension was present in 84 (84%) patients, diabetes in 37 (37%), smoking history in forty (40%) and high cholesterol levels in 31 (31%). Regarding the class of angina, five (5%) patients were in class I, 42 (42%) in class II, 32 (32%) in class III, and 21 (21%) in class IV. The left ventricular ejection fraction was normal in 53 (53%) patients, moderately impaired in 34 (34%) and showed major impairment in 13 (13%) patients. The EuroSCORE ranged from 0 to 13 points, with a mean of 3.83 &#177; 3.32. Forty-two (42%) patients had prior coronary angioplasty, and coronary angiography showed an average of 1.72 &#177; 0.68 vessels with lesions per patient, ranging from one to three.</p>
      <p>The mean number of distal anastomoses per patient was 1.53 &#177; 0.57, ranging from one to three grafts per patients. The internal thoracic artery was used in 89 (89%) cases. The anterior interventricular branch was revascularized in all (100%) patients, followed by marginal branch of the circumflex artery in 27 (27%) and the diagonal branch in 26 (26%). There was no statistical difference between the number of lesions detected on coronary angiography and the number of anastomoses performed per patient (0.109). Surgical time ranged from 70 to 180 minutes, with a mean of 108.9 &#177; 25.66 minutes. The mechanical ventilation duration in the postoperative period ranged from 0 to 18 hours with a mean of 4.06 &#177; 4.08 hours. The mean length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit was 1.98 &#177; 0.60 nights and mean hospital stay was 5.99 &#177; 1.27 days, ranging from four to nine days. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop04912tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref> shows some pre-and intraoperative variables. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop04912tab01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the complications, three (3%) patients required orotracheal reintubation, eight (8%) patients had pulmonary infection, eleven (11%) had subcutaneous emphysema, 13 (13%) had low output syndrome requiring vasoactive drugs, and two (2%) required the use of intra-aortic balloon, and seventeen (17%) patients developed atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period.</p>
      <p>Two (2%) patients underwent reoperation due to bleeding, one due to the internal thoracic artery branch clip release and one due to dehiscence of the distal anastomosis. In two (2%) patients it was not possible to perform tracheal intubation with double lumen catheter, who were then operated with cardiopulmonary bypass, so that the lung could be stopped. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop04912tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the incidence of complications:</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop04912tab02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-99-01-0596-00052-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The possible factors for the onset of atrial fibrillation and pulmonary infection were analyzed separately. Regarding the presence of AF, the following were statistically significant: age &gt; 72 years, female gender, mean EuroSCORE &gt; 6, time of surgery &gt; 130 minutes and duration of mechanical ventilation &gt; 8.3 hours. Regarding the onset of lung infection, age &gt; 77 years, mean EuroSCORE &gt; 7.6, time of surgery &gt; 130 minutes and mechanical ventilation &gt; 9.6 hours were statistically significant. </p>
      <p>Patients who had atrial fibrillation or pulmonary infection had a statistically significant stay in the ICU and hospital. The patients without pulmonary infection stayed a mean of 1.9 night in the ICU compared to 3.1 of those with pulmonary infection (&lt;0.001) and remained in hospital a mean of 5.9 days <bold><italic>versus</italic></bold> 6.8 days for patients with pneumonia (0.035). In the case of atrial fibrillation, patients who did not have AF were 1.8 night in the ICU vs. 2.4 nights for patients with AF (0.001) and stayed 5.8 days in the hospital compared with 6.6 for patients with AF (0.001). </p>
      <p>Two (2%) patients died in this series. The first death occurred on the 6th day postoperatively due to a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) that occurred one day after discharge from the ICU. The second happened seven hours postoperatively due to bleeding, caused by dehiscence of the distal anastomosis after an initially uneventful surgery, during which the patient was extubated before he left the operating room. There was no correlation of the deaths with any individual variable. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The coronary artery bypass grafting surgery, proposed in the late 60s, is one of the most common surgical procedures worldwide since its introduction and remains the gold standard therapy in selected cases. However, since its presentation, over 40 years ago, few innovations have been added to this therapy. Off-pump myocardial revascularization surgeries have been proposed in order to minimize the deleterious effects of ECC such as hemodilution, blood contact with foreign surfaces and the air and, thus, decrease the inflammatory response, resulting in fewer coagulation disorders and minor dysfunction of the involved target organs <sup>23-26</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the mid-1980s, two large series with more than five hundred patients were published <sup>1,4</sup>, showing excellent results with off-pump myocardial revascularization. At the end of the 1990s, the biomedical industry provided a large number of surgical instruments that allowed the entire approach of the coronary system with minimum manipulation of the heart and hemodynamic stability maintenance, which made it possible to perform a complete off-pump myocardial revascularization. This fact led to a significant increase in the number of cases performed without the aid of the heart-lung machine, comprehending 30% of patients undergoing coronary artery in the United States <sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are currently available two large meta-analyses with more than 1,200 patients each, comparing coronary artery bypass grafting <italic>versus</italic> coronary angioplasty in patients with a single proximal anterior interventricular branch lesion <sup>28,29</sup>. Neither series reported any differences between the two methods when evaluating death, myocardial infarction or CVA. However, in a period of five years of follow-up, there was a three-fold higher incidence in the recurrence of angina and a five-fold higher incidence regarding the need to have a new procedure in the angioplasty group. </p>
      <p>With the publication in December 2010 of the guidelines for coronary artery bypass grafting<sup>30 </sup>by the European Society of Cardiology together with the European Association of Interventional Cardiology and European Association of Cardiothoracic Surgery, where evidence suggests that patients with lesions in one or two vessels and proximal impairment of the anterior interventricular branch are class IA for surgery <italic>versus</italic> IIB for angioplasty <sup>28,29,31,32</sup>, CABG surgeries have shown a tendency to become less invasive in cases of lesser complexity. Patients with single lesion of the anterior interventricular branch or associated with other branches of the left coronary artery must have a less aggressive alternative than the sternotomy, an alternative that provides a shorter hospital stay and an early return to daily activities. </p>
      <p>The CABG operation shown in this report is different from that proposed in the mid 1990s. At that time, access to the procedure was made through a small anterolateral thoracotomy, where the removal of the left internal thoracic artery was difficult, and sometimes it was not possible to obtain the entire length of the graft. Thus, in certain cases, some branches of the artery were kept connected with the chest wall, which may cause theft of flow. The region of the intercostal space where the pleural cavity was penetrated was too close to the sternum, giving less mobility to costal arches, which sometimes led to dislocations, rib fractures, and lastly, the exposure of vessels after opening of the pericardium allowed only the revascularization of the anterior interventricular branch. These facts made the procedure to fall into disuse, in spite of some series<sup>33-37</sup> with good results.</p>
      <p>The results shown in this report series are from off-pump myocardial revascularizations performed through left thoracotomy, 6-8 cm in length, starting at the nipple area. This type of access has several advantages when compared to the previously proposed surgery. First, it allows a complete revascularization of the left side, not limited solely to the anterior interventricular branch. Second, as the incision is more lateral, it allows greater mobility of the ribs, providing a larger exposure without the occurrence of fracture or dislocation. Third, the approach provides a complete view of the coronary arteries, as the pericardium is widely opened. Fourth, the left internal thoracic artery can be completely dissected from its origin to its bifurcation. Fifth, this type of incision allows, in cases when it is necessary to perform a proximal anastomosis, to do it in a conventional manner in the ascending aorta, carefully carrying out the proximal anastomosis first, before the large opening of the pericardium. </p>
      <p>The main benefits of this type of operation are the possibility of complete revascularization (in our series, there are patients who received three grafts), showing, in theory, a lower risk due to the fact that the procedure was performed in less time and less aggressively, with less time hospital stay, faster return to normal activity, as it was not necessary to wait 45 days to be able to drive, as it occurs after conventional sternotomy, for instance. Esthetically, it results in a better scar, and ultimately, fewer restrictions and less pain in the postoperative period. </p>
      <p>Initially, this surgery was reported in 2009 by McGinn et al.<sup>38</sup>, who presented the results of 450 patients from two centers. In this series, the authors showed a success rate without conversion of 96.2%, with a total mortality of 1.6%. The mean number of grafts per patient was 2.1 &#177; 0.7, and 79.8% of patients had two or more distal anastomoses. Complete myocardial revascularization was achieved in 94.9% of patients. The incidence of return to the operating room, transfusion, CVA, and atrial fibrillation was low. The authors also report a successful outcome of the surgical wound, with only one patient developing a superficial infection. </p>
      <p>With a mean of twenty months of follow-up obtained in three hundred patients, need for a new coronary intervention was observed in ten patients (3%), and problems in the T anastomoses between the internal thoracic artery and saphenous vein were found in eight patients. In two patients, problems in the proximal anastomosis between the aorta and saphenous vein were observed. In their conclusions, the authors say that the applicability, complete revascularization, morbidity and safety are excellent, even in the initial phase of the procedure, and that this new, less invasive CABG exists and that it may have broad application, with results that are similar to the conventional procedures.</p>
      <p>In our series, we evaluated the in-hospital evolution of one hundred patients undergoing minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. The mean age of patients was 63.9 &#177; 10.66 years, and most of them were males. More than half of patients (53%) had angina class III or IV and 13% had a low left ventricular ejection fraction. The EuroSCORE shows that this group of patients consisted mostly of patients with low and medium operative risk, and preoperative coronary angiography showed that most patients had lesions in fewer than two vessels. Moreover, it also showed that almost half the group had undergone prior coronary angioplasty. </p>
      <p>This group of patients evaluated here does not match the type of patient typically treated at cardiovascular surgery services. It is a group of selected patients, which is less than 10% of coronary patients operated on during study duration. Despite the relatively low number of distal anastomoses per patient, there was no statistical difference between the number of vessels with critical injuries assessed preoperatively and number of grafts performed. As this is an initial series, the number of anastomoses can be explained by the strict case selection, in the beginning single-vessel disease cases, and more recently, cases with multivessel disease. With more experience, we can currently approach the anterior and lateral walls of the left ventricle using this technique. </p>
      <p>The use of the left internal thoracic artery was 89%, lower than what was expected for such patients. At the beginning of the series, there were lesions in three vessels, with two occurring during thoracotomy, with total rupture of the internal thoracic artery graft (ITAG) after opening the chest retractor, and one due to laceration of a proximal branch where a clip could not be suitably placed. Moreover, in the initial phase, we chose to use only the saphenous vein in older patients. In the last fifty patients, the LITA was not used only in two of them. </p>
      <p>Severe pain in the postoperative period was not a factor reported by patients, differently from what occurred in the thoracotomy series, where the rib fracture was not uncommon, causing limiting pain in the postoperative period. Lichtenberg et al. <sup>39</sup> performed a study comparing lung function and postoperative pain in patients undergoing minimally invasive anterolateral thoracotomy in patients undergoing conventional surgery. In conclusion, the authors write that patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery had a higher preserved lung function; however, they had higher levels of postoperative pain. </p>
      <p>With respect to pain, another report comparing less invasive surgeries with conventional procedures was published by Walther et al.<sup>40</sup>. The authors state that the level of pain in patients following heart surgery is relatively low, and that after the seventh day after surgery, there are virtually no reports of pain. Patients who undergo the less invasive surgery show earlier ambulation, and along with that, the report of pain disappears after the third day after surgery. </p>
      <p>Regarding complications, the factors that were statistically significant for higher incidence of atrial fibrillation and pneumonia were: advanced age, higher EuroSCORE, time of surgery and prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation. The patients with these two complications stayed longer in the ICU and hospital. When evaluating the deaths that occurred, we could not identify any individual factor related to them. The high incidence of pulmonary infection in this series can be explained by the prolonged period of single lung ventilation due to a longer duration of surgery in the initial cases of the study. We believe that, as greater experience is gained, the total time of surgery can be greatly reduced and, thus, the incidence of pulmonary infection will also decrease. </p>
      <p>When evaluating the results, we conclude that this type of surgery is quite interesting in less complex cases, such as in-stent restenosis. It is a relatively simple surgery to be performed. The professional used to carry out off-pump surgeries finds no major difficulties to perform rapid, reproducible anastomoses, with only a little more difficulty to dissect the internal thoracic artery and to perform the proximal anastomosis in the aorta. The postoperative outcome is quite satisfactory, with a short period of mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital stay. Most patients returning for consultation within thirty days after surgery are satisfied with the cosmetic result of the surgery and virtually perform all their daily activities. The decrease in the time of surgery should reduce the incidence of pulmonary infection.</p>
      <p>The minimally invasive myocardial revascularization is safe, effective and a good alternative for less complex patients. With the acquired experience and the arrival at our market of new retractors, heart stabilizers and positioners, the procedure may be more indicated for patients with multivessel disease with the same degree of safety of the conventional operation, with the same long-term results and a faster recovery and return to normal activities.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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