<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">n6fJd9PfNydkshJh7LjYQdK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000600018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800618</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012000600018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A inclus&#227;o do escore de risco na tomada de decis&#227;o em cardiopatia valvar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casalino</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e102</fpage>
      <lpage>e104</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Fatos cl&#237;nicos e dados num&#233;ricos sustentam interpreta&#231;&#245;es sobre qualidade de vida e sobrevida no portador de cardiopatia valvar. Tais dados s&#227;o &#250;teis na tomada de decis&#227;o sobre interrup&#231;&#227;o da hist&#243;ria natural e substitui&#231;&#227;o por uma hist&#243;ria p&#243;s-corre&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Compet&#234;ncia e expertise interdisciplinar s&#227;o exigidas para maximizar o resultado necess&#225;rio e poss&#237;vel. Contudo, o ideal das recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a obten&#231;&#227;o do mais alto grau de satisfa&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica pelo portador de cardiopatia valvar sofre a influ&#234;ncia de um conjunto de vari&#225;veis, parte ligadas a especifica&#231;&#245;es do paciente, parte decorrentes de limita&#231;&#245;es dos m&#233;todos. O racional do escore de risco validado para marcadores m&#250;ltiplos &#233; o acr&#233;scimo de acur&#225;cia quantitativa &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica progn&#243;stica baseada na heterogeneidade da experi&#234;ncia individual e na intui&#231;&#227;o. Nesse contexto, o uso dos escores de riscos com fun&#231;&#227;o de predizer mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria s&#227;o ferramentas &#250;teis, de f&#225;cil aplicabilidade e que nos oferece dados objetivos sobre a situa&#231;&#227;o do paciente. Das ferramentas dispon&#237;veis (EuroSCORE, STS score e Ambler Score) e utilizadas de forma assistencial, nenhuma apresenta valida&#231;&#227;o em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Escore</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as das valvas card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>pontua&#231;&#227;o de propens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>probabilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A inclus&#227;o do escore de risco na tomada de decis&#227;o em cardiopatia valvar</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ricardo Casalino; Max Grinberg</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - InCor - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fatos cl&#237;nicos e dados num&#233;ricos sustentam interpreta&#231;&#245;es sobre qualidade de vida e sobrevida no portador de cardiopatia valvar. Tais dados s&#227;o &#250;teis na tomada de decis&#227;o sobre interrup&#231;&#227;o da hist&#243;ria natural e substitui&#231;&#227;o por uma hist&#243;ria p&#243;s-corre&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Compet&#234;ncia e expertise interdisciplinar s&#227;o exigidas para maximizar o resultado necess&#225;rio e poss&#237;vel. Contudo, o ideal das recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a obten&#231;&#227;o do mais alto grau de satisfa&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica pelo portador de cardiopatia valvar sofre a influ&#234;ncia de um conjunto de vari&#225;veis, parte ligadas a especifica&#231;&#245;es do paciente, parte decorrentes de limita&#231;&#245;es dos m&#233;todos. </p>
    <p> O racional do escore de risco validado para marcadores m&#250;ltiplos &#233; o acr&#233;scimo de acur&#225;cia quantitativa &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica progn&#243;stica baseada na heterogeneidade da experi&#234;ncia individual e na intui&#231;&#227;o. Nesse contexto, o uso dos escores de riscos com fun&#231;&#227;o de predizer mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria s&#227;o ferramentas &#250;teis, de f&#225;cil aplicabilidade e que nos oferece dados objetivos sobre a situa&#231;&#227;o do paciente. Das ferramentas dispon&#237;veis (<italic>EuroSCORE</italic>, <italic>STS score</italic> e <italic>Ambler Score</italic>) e utilizadas de forma assistencial, nenhuma apresenta valida&#231;&#227;o em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Escore; doen&#231;as das valvas card&#237;acas; pontua&#231;&#227;o de propens&#227;o; probabilidade; risco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fatos cl&#237;nicos e dados num&#233;ricos sustentam interpreta&#231;&#245;es sobre qualidade de vida e sobrevida no portador de cardiopatia valvar. Estes dados s&#227;o &#250;teis na tomada de decis&#227;o sobre interrup&#231;&#227;o da hist&#243;ria natural e substitui&#231;&#227;o por uma hist&#243;ria p&#243;s-corre&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea.</p>
    <p>Enquanto a hist&#243;ria natural da valvopatia - especialmente no modelo reum&#225;tico predominante no Brasil - tende a uma express&#227;o de monotonia evolutiva, a hist&#243;ria p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o apresenta diversidade de impacto sobre a qualidade de vida e a sobrevida. Na hist&#243;ria natural da valvopatia, a presen&#231;a de sintomas se correlaciona com a perda da capacidade adaptativa mioc&#225;rdica e consequentemente com a menor sobrevida dos pacientes<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Compet&#234;ncia e expertise interdisciplinar s&#227;o exigidas para maximizar o resultado necess&#225;rio e poss&#237;vel. Contudo, o ideal das recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a obten&#231;&#227;o do mais alto grau de satisfa&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica pelo portador de cardiopatia valvar sofre a influ&#234;ncia de um conjunto de vari&#225;veis, parte ligadas a especifica&#231;&#245;es do paciente, parte decorrentes de limita&#231;&#245;es dos m&#233;todos.</p>
    <p>O benef&#237;cio conceitual, entretanto, admite grada&#231;&#245;es de sucesso face &#224; morbidade tripartite do paciente: valvar, card&#237;aca n&#227;o valvar e extracard&#237;aca. Enquanto a primeira &#233; a causa prim&#225;ria que objetiva a corre&#231;&#227;o, as outras se combinam de acordo com especifica&#231;&#245;es de cada paciente. &#201; &#250;til quantific&#225;-las.</p>
    <p>Assim a an&#225;lise organizada de fatores reconhecidos card&#237;acos n&#227;o valvares e extracard&#237;acos forma uma dimens&#227;o da seguran&#231;a &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o de condutas invasivas recomend&#225;veis. A atribui&#231;&#227;o de valores matem&#225;ticos &#224;s peculiaridades de cada portador de valvopatia constr&#243;i uma gama de risco &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Escores de risco e a tomada de decis&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O conceito de escore de risco traz dinamismo &#224; beira do leito e est&#237;mulo &#224; pesquisa "bumerangue", aquela que parte como uma quest&#227;o da beira do leito e retorna como um avan&#231;o das fronteiras do conhecimento tecnocient&#237;fico. Novas proposi&#231;&#245;es de benef&#237;cio valvar e eleva&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a frente a certas morbidades n&#227;o valvares e extracard&#237;aca t&#234;m transformado barreiras cl&#237;nicas - como o risco proibitivo - em pontes de bom &#234;xito terap&#234;utico. Biologia, tecnologia e matem&#225;tica de m&#227;os dadas no cen&#225;rio da ci&#234;ncia &#224; beira do leito do portador de valvopatia.</p>
    <p>O racional do escore de risco validado para marcadores m&#250;ltiplos &#233; o acr&#233;scimo de acur&#225;cia quantitativa &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica progn&#243;stica baseada na heterogeneidade da experi&#234;ncia individual e na intui&#231;&#227;o. Nesse contexto, o uso dos escores de riscos com fun&#231;&#227;o de predizer mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til, de f&#225;cil aplicabilidade e que nos oferece dados objetivos sobre a situa&#231;&#227;o do paciente. Das ferramentas dispon&#237;veis (<italic>EuroSCORE, STS score e Ambler Score</italic>)<sup>2-4</sup> e utilizadas de forma assistencial, nenhuma apresenta valida&#231;&#227;o em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os escores servem para fundamentar esclarecimentos na comunica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente no &#226;mbito do bin&#244;mio esperan&#231;a de bom resultado/medo de mau resultado.</p>
    <p>O rigor t&#233;cnico na aplica&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o pela equipe de sa&#250;de independe do valor do escore de risco do paciente, mas este &#233; pe&#231;a essencial na an&#225;lise de eventuais alega&#231;&#245;es de neglig&#234;ncia ou de imprud&#234;ncia por parte de paciente/familiar.</p>
    <p>Assim, o escore de risco constr&#243;i escalas de probabilidade de insucesso e, se por um lado n&#227;o invalida a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, por outro, permite proje&#231;&#245;es objetivas da individualidade sobre base coletiva.</p>
    <p>As diretrizes vigentes das sociedades americana<sup>5</sup> e europeia<sup>6</sup> de valvopatia trazem in&#250;meras recomenda&#231;&#245;es, entretanto, apenas uma delas com grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o I (dimens&#227;o do efeito) e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A (probabilidade de certeza). Essa observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante, visto que a experi&#234;ncia na doen&#231;a valvar (n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C) se torna a principal fonte de evid&#234;ncia para normatiza&#231;&#227;o de condutas em escala mundial.</p>
    <p>Com essas considera&#231;&#245;es realizadas, nossa proposta de abordagem do paciente valvopata deve seguir o roteiro RESOLVA<sup>7</sup>. O primeiro est&#225;gio do roteiro seria o benef&#237;cio do procedimento: conhecendo a literatura, devemos estar cientes da efic&#225;cia e utilidade de tal procedimento; a dimens&#227;o do efeito (grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o) e a probabilidade de certeza (n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia) da indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para o paciente. Nesse est&#225;gio n&#227;o h&#225; aplicabilidade para uso dos escores.</p>
    <p>Seguindo o roteiro, chegamos &#224; seguinte conclus&#227;o: &#201; indiscut&#237;vel que o procedimento proposto para o valvopata &#233; ben&#233;fico, baseado na excel&#234;ncia (experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica e evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica), mas esta indica&#231;&#227;o &#233; segura? A partir da&#237;, chegamos ao segundo est&#225;gio: a seguran&#231;a. Nesse est&#225;gio, cabe ao cl&#237;nico do paciente conhecer alguns dados gerais de morbidade como fatores associados &#224; doen&#231;a de base do paciente, por exemplo: estenose a&#243;rtica sintom&#225;tica apresenta risco anual de morte s&#250;bita &gt; 1 % independente de outros fatores. Assim, a doen&#231;a de base apresenta dados objetivos de morbimortalidade (doen&#231;a de base dependente) que n&#227;o est&#227;o associados especificamente aquele doente.</p>
    <p>Saindo da vis&#227;o da doen&#231;a, o cl&#237;nico agora entra na especificidade do paciente e deve ter em mente dados n&#227;o relacionados especificamente com a doen&#231;a em quest&#227;o, mas com aquele indiv&#237;duo. Exemplificando: Portador de estenose a&#243;rtica sintom&#225;tica apresenta insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e anemia importante. Nesse caso, apesar de estarmos tomando uma decis&#227;o sobre um caso de estenose a&#243;rtica sintom&#225;tica, esses novos dados (doen&#231;a de base independente) demonstram a import&#226;ncia da individualiza&#231;&#227;o de conduta. Ainda no item seguran&#231;a, dados demogr&#225;ficos locais s&#227;o fundamentais na tomada de decis&#227;o. Por exemplo: A mortalidade global da estenose a&#243;rtica sintom&#225;tica em hospitais americanos est&#225; entre 1,2 e 5 %, mas essa &#233; uma experi&#234;ncia regional, com aquela equipe espec&#237;fica de cirurgi&#245;es, materiais dispon&#237;veis, unidade de terapia intensiva e equipe de cuidados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. O cl&#237;nico deve ter em mente dados locais de sua institui&#231;&#227;o, conhecer os n&#250;meros de determinados cirurgi&#245;es e respectivas equipes de cuidados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A partir da&#237; a seguran&#231;a do procedimento para aquele doente pode ser estimada.</p>
    <p>Os escores de riscos podem ter sua aplicabilidade nesse est&#225;gio, visto que, como ferramentas preditoras, estimam risco de morte e outras complica&#231;&#245;es. A principal cr&#237;tica &#233; a transforma&#231;&#227;o de um risco biol&#243;gico em um c&#225;lculo matem&#225;tico. Pois, o que um <italic>EuroSCORE</italic> de 12 pontos representa? O paciente n&#227;o pode ser operado pelo risco elevado? Ou este risco em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o apresenta uma mortalidade n&#227;o proibitiva? O valor do escore deve ser avaliado em um contexto geral e serve como um dado objetivo diante de in&#250;meras possibilidades de insucessos e incertezas.</p>
    <p>O terceiro est&#225;gio do roteiro &#233; a autonomia. Esse ponto considera tr&#234;s avalia&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, a palavra da institui&#231;&#227;o na qual o paciente est&#225; internado e ser&#225; submetido ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Nessa parte, o gerenciamento de risco ocorre em fun&#231;&#227;o de fatores econ&#244;micos e administrativos. Em segundo lugar, a palavra da equipe com aquele caso, diante do n&#250;mero do escore de risco "qual a experi&#234;ncia da equipe", "qual a melhor proposta diante do problema". Neste momento, existir&#225; por parte da equipe m&#233;dica uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o do valor obtido no escore de risco. Exemplificando: Paciente com estenose a&#243;rtica sintom&#225;tica e <italic>EuroSCORE</italic> 28 n&#227;o deve ser operado, pois, em nossa experi&#234;ncia, 100% dos casos evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. Nesse caso, baseado na sua experi&#234;ncia, a equipe tem autonomia para indicar ou contraindicar um procedimento, ou seja, para diferenciar casos proibitivos dos casos poss&#237;veis e graves; o escore auxilia nesse momento. E por &#250;ltimo, a palavra do paciente que, ap&#243;s ter avaliado todas as informa&#231;&#245;es as quais teve acesso, dever&#225; decidir sobre o procedimento. Em caso de impossibilidade por parte do paciente, essa ficaria a cargo de seu respons&#225;vel legal.</p>
    <p>O quarto est&#225;gio de nosso roteiro seria a &#233;tica, na qual devemos discutir dois princ&#237;pios, a neglig&#234;ncia e a imprud&#234;ncia. Esse ponto &#233; interessante, pois discutiremos o aspecto filos&#243;fico da indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Devemos ter em mente que a medicina e seus conhecimentos s&#227;o extremamente din&#226;micos e para tal precisamos estar atualizados. Na doen&#231;a valvar, essa discuss&#227;o deve ser mais aprofundada, pois podemos estar diante dos extremos na vida pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. Um paciente com les&#227;o valvar grave ainda sem sintomas, com estratifica&#231;&#227;o baixa pelos escores de risco, pode ser acompanhado clinicamente ou essa conduta pode ser considerada uma neglig&#234;ncia m&#233;dica? Da mesma forma, operar um valvopata com alt&#237;ssimo risco cir&#250;rgico pode ser considerado uma imprud&#234;ncia? Essa pergunta &#233; f&#225;cil de ser respondida conhecendo bem os casos que estariam em pauta de discuss&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No caso de baixo risco, deve ser deixado de forma clara que n&#227;o existe risco cir&#250;rgico zero e que o paciente apresenta uma les&#227;o valvar grave com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia do ponto de vista t&#233;cnico. Entretanto, como ainda n&#227;o apresenta sintomas, se o paciente preferir esperar, deve estar ciente do risco e da seguran&#231;a de deixar sua valvopatia evoluir em prol de um risco cir&#250;rgico baixo. No caso de alto risco cir&#250;rgico, a justificativa do procedimento se deve a importante queda na qualidade de vida do paciente, que, apesar dos riscos, entendeu que seria imprescind&#237;vel arriscar. Por isso, quando decidimos por procedimento cir&#250;rgico, devemos pensar no objetivo do procedimento, uma vez que a rela&#231;&#227;o neglig&#234;ncia/imprud&#234;ncia (rela&#231;&#227;o N/I) tem diferentes pesos. Em um paciente sem sintomas com altera&#231;&#245;es apenas morfol&#243;gicas valvares, essa rela&#231;&#227;o N/I tem um valor. Por outro lado, em pacientes extremamente sintom&#225;ticos com queda significativa em sua qualidade de vida, essa rela&#231;&#227;o N/I teria um outro valor.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria &#233; fundamental na cirurgia valvar e o cl&#237;nico deve seguir os passos do protocolo RESOLVA, oferecendo a melhor medicina dispon&#237;vel e aplic&#225;vel em cada caso. Os escores de risco auxiliam na tomada de decis&#227;o e influenciam diretamente nos itens seguran&#231;a e autonomia da equipe.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Ricardo Casalino Sanches de Moraes pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - InCor - FMUSP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Ricardo Casalino </p>
        <p> Rua Capote Valente, 442, Pinheiros </p>
        <p> CEP 05409-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="ricardocasalino@cardiol.br">ricardocasalino@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ricardocasalino@gmail.com">ricardocasalino@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 27/11/11 </p>
    <p> Revisado em 28/11/11 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 10/04/12</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Grinberg M.    Sintomas e insatisfa&#231;&#227;o: o contexto na qualidade de vida do portador    de diferen&#231;a valvar. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(1):e13-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sintomas e insatisfa&#231;&#227;o: o contexto na qualidade de vida do portador de diferen&#231;a valvar</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>e13</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grinberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Nashef SA, Roques    F, Michel P, Gauducheau E, Lemeshow S, Salamon R. European system for cardiac    operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;16(1):9-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE)</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nashef</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roques</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michel</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gauducheau</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemeshow</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salamon</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. O'Brien SM,    Shahian DM, Filardo G, Ferraris VA, Haan CK, Rich JB, et al.The Society of Thoracic    Surgeons 2008 cardiac surgery risk models: part 2 - isolated valve surgery.    Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88(1 Suppl):S23-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2008 cardiac surgery risk models: part 2 - isolated valve surgery</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S23</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Brien</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shahian</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filardo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferraris</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haan</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rich</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Ambler G, Omar    RZ, Royston P, Kinsman R, Keogh BE, Taylor KM. Generic, simple risk stratification    model for heart valve surgery. Circulation. 2005;112(2):224-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Generic, simple risk stratification model for heart valve surgery</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>224</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ambler</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omar</surname>
              <given-names>RZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Royston</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kinsman</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keogh</surname>
              <given-names>BE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Bonow RO, Carabello    BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC Jr, Faxon DP, Freed MD, et al; American College    of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines    (Writing Committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients    with valvular heart disease); Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. ACC/AHA    2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease:    a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task    Force on Practice Guidelines (writing Committee to Revise the 1998 guidelines    for the management of patients with valvular heart disease) developed in collaboration    with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists endorsed by the Society    for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic    Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(3):1-148.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing Committee to Revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease) developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>148</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carabello</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chatterjee</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Leon</surname>
              <given-names>AC Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faxon</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freed</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Vahanian A,    Baumgartner H, Bax J, Butchart E, Dion R, Filippatos G, et al; Task Force on    the Management of Valvular Hearth Disease of the European Society of Cardiology;    ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. Guidelines on the management of valvular    heart disease: The Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of    the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(2):230-68.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease: The Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>230</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vahanian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumgartner</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butchart</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dion</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filippatos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Grinberg M,    Tarasoutchi F, Sampaio RO. Roteiro para resolu&#231;&#227;o de valvopatia    (Resolva). Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(4):e86-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Roteiro para resolu&#231;&#227;o de valvopatia (Resolva)</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>e86</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grinberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sampaio</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Inclusion of the risk score in decision making of valvular heart disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Clinical facts and numerical data support interpretations of quality of life and survival in patients with valvular heart disease. Such data are useful in decision making regarding the interruption of natural history and replacement by a hemodynamic post-correction history. Interdisciplinary competence and expertise are required to maximize the necessary and possible results. However, the ideal of recommendations to achieve the highest degree of therapeutic satisfaction by patients with valvular heart disease is influenced by a set of variables, related in part to the specifications of the patient, and part to the limitations of methods. The rationale of the risk score validated for multiple markers is the addition of quantitative accuracy to the clinical assessment based on the heterogeneity of individual experience and intuition. In this context, the use of risk scores to predict postoperative mortality are useful tools, easy to apply and that gives us objective data on the patient's situation. None of the available tools (EuroSCORE, STS score and Ambler Score) used in healthcare has been validated has in our population.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart valve diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>propensity score</kwd>
        <kwd>probability</kwd>
        <kwd>risk</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>POINT OF VIEW</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Inclusion of the risk score in decision making of valvular heart disease</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ricardo Casalino; Max Grinberg</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - InCor - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Correspondence to</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical facts and numerical data support interpretations of quality of life and survival in patients with valvular heart disease. Such data are useful in decision making regarding the interruption of natural history and replacement by a hemodynamic post-correction history. Interdisciplinary competence and expertise are required to maximize the necessary and possible results. However, the ideal of recommendations to achieve the highest degree of therapeutic satisfaction by patients with valvular heart disease is influenced by a set of variables, related in part to the specifications of the patient, and part to the limitations of methods.</p>
      <p> The rationale of the risk score validated for multiple markers is the addition of quantitative accuracy to the clinical assessment based on the heterogeneity of individual experience and intuition. In this context, the use of risk scores to predict postoperative mortality are useful tools, easy to apply and that gives us objective data on the patient's situation. None of the available tools (EuroSCORE, STS score and Ambler Score) used in healthcare has been validated has in our population.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart valve diseases; propensity score; probability; risk.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical facts and numerical data support interpretations of quality of life and survival in patients with valvular heart disease. These data are useful in decision making regarding the interruption of natural history and replacement by a hemodynamic post-correction history, either surgical or percutaneous.</p>
      <p>While the natural history of valvular heart disease - especially in the rheumatic model, predominant in Brazil - tends to have a monotonous evolution, the post-intervention history features a variety of impacts on the quality of life and survival. In the natural history of valvular heart disease, the presence of symptoms correlates with the loss of myocardial adaptive capacity and thus, with a lower survival of patients<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Interdisciplinary competence and expertise are required to maximize the necessary and possible results. However, the ideal of recommendations to achieve the highest degree of therapeutic satisfaction by patients with valvular heart disease is influenced by a set of variables, related in part to the specifications of the patient, and part to the limitations of methods.</p>
      <p>The conceptual benefit, however, allows gradations of success in the presence of the patient's tripartite morbidity: valvular, non-valvular cardiac and extracardiac. While the former is the primary cause that aims at correction, the others combine according to the specifications of each patient. It is useful to quantify them.</p>
      <p>Thus, the organized analysis of recognized non-valvular cardiac and extracardiac factors adds a safety aspect to the implementation of recommended invasive conducts. The attribution of numerical values to the characteristics of each patient with valvular heart disease constructs a range of risk for the intervention.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Risk score and decision-making</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The concept of risk score brings dynamism to the bedside and stimulates "boomerang" research, the one that leaves as a bedside question and returns as an advancement of the technological-scientific knowledge frontiers. New proposals of valvular benefit and increased safety against certain non-valvular and extracardiac morbidities have transformed clinical barriers - such as the prohibitive risk - into bridges of therapeutic success. Biology, technology and mathematics have gone hand-in-hand in the setting of bedside science concerning patients with valvular heart disease.</p>
      <p>The rationale of the risk score validated for multiple markers is the addition of quantitative accuracy to the clinical assessment based on the heterogeneity of individual experience and intuition. In this context, the use of risk scores to predict postoperative mortality are useful tools, easy to apply and that gives us objective data on the patient's situation. None of the available tools (EuroSCORE, STS score and Ambler Score)<sup>2-4</sup> used in healthcare has been validated has in our population.</p>
      <p>The scores are used to support the explanations in doctor-patient communication in the context of the hope of success/fear of bad results binomial.</p>
      <p>The technical stringency in applying the intervention by the health team does not depend on the patient's risk score, but it is an essential part in the discussion of possible allegations of negligence or imprudence on the part of patient/family.</p>
      <p>Thus, the risk score constructs scales of probability and failure, and if, on the one hand, it does not invalidate the recommendation of the procedure, on the other hand it also allows objective projections of individuality on a collective basis.</p>
      <p>The current guidelines of the American<sup>5</sup> and European<sup>6</sup> Societies of Valvular Disease have several recommendations; however, only one of them has degree of recommendation I (effect size) and level of evidence A (probability of certainty). This observation is important, as experience in valvular disease (level of evidence C) becomes the main source of evidence for norms of conduct on a global scale.</p>
      <p>With these considerations in mind, our proposed approach to the patient with valvular disease must follow the RESOLVA<sup>7</sup> protocol. The first stage of the protocol would be the benefit of the procedure: knowing the literature, we should be aware of the effectiveness and usefulness of this procedure and the effect size (degree of recommendation) and probability of certainty (level of evidence) of the surgical indication for patients. At this stage there is no applicability for the use of scores.</p>
      <p>Following the protocol, we reach the following conclusion: It is undeniable that the proposed procedure is beneficial for valvular disease patients based on excellence (clinical experience and scientific evidence), but is this indication safe? From there, we reach the second stage: safety. At this stage, it is the clinician's responsibility to know some general morbidity data, such as factors associated with the patient's underlying disease, e.g., symptomatic aortic stenosis has an annual risk of sudden death &gt; 1%, regardless of other factors. Thus, the underlying disease has objective data of morbidity and mortality (dependent underlying disease) that are not specifically associated with that patient.</p>
      <p>Leaving the point of view of the disease, the physician now enters the specificity of the patient and should keep in mind data that are not specifically related to the disease in question, but with that individual. For example: Patient with symptomatic aortic stenosis has chronic renal failure and severe anemia. In this case, although we are making a decision about a case of symptomatic aortic stenosis, these new data (independent underlying disease) demonstrate the importance of individualization of conduct.</p>
      <p>Also regarding the safety item, local demographic data are critical in decision making. For example: The overall mortality of symptomatic aortic stenosis in U.S. hospitals is between 1.2 and 5%, but this is a regional experience with that specific team of surgeons, available materials, ICU and postoperative care teams. Clinicians should bear in mind local data of their institutions; know the statistics of certain surgeons and their post-operative care teams. The safety of the procedure for that patient can then be estimated from there.</p>
      <p>The risk scores may be applicable at this stage, since, as predictive tools, they estimate risk of death and other complications. The main criticism is the transformation of a biological risk into a mathematical calculation. For what does a EuroSCORE of 12 points represent? The patient cannot be operated due to high risk? Or does this risk in our institution have a nonprohibitive mortality? The value of the score should be assessed in a general context and works as an objective piece of information against many possibilities of failure and uncertainty.</p>
      <p>The third stage of the protocol is autonomy. This section considers three assessments. First, there is the word of the institution where the patient is hospitalized and where he or she will be submitted to the surgical procedure. In this part, the risk management occurs as a function of economic and administrative factors. Second, the word of the healthcare team working with that case, considering the risk score "what the team experience is," "what the best proposal is on the issue." At that moment, the medical staff will interpret the value obtained from the risk score.</p>
      <p>For example: Patient with symptomatic aortic stenosis and EuroSCORE 28 should not be operated, as in our experience, 100% of the cases died in the immediate postoperative period. In this case, based on their experience, the team has the autonomy to indicate or contraindicate the procedure, i.e., to differentiate prohibitive from possible and severe cases; the score helps at this moment. And finally, the word of the patient who, after evaluating all the information which he or she had access to, should decide on the procedure. When the patient cannot make this decision, this would be the responsibility of his/her legal guardian.</p>
      <p>The fourth stage of our process would be ethics, in which we discuss two principles, negligence and imprudence. This is an interesting point, as we discuss the philosophical aspects of surgical indication. We must bear in mind that Medicine and its knowledge is extremely dynamic and so, one needs to be up-to-date. Regarding valvular disease, this discussion should be more detailed, as we may face the extremes in daily practice. Can a patient with severe valvular lesions, even without symptoms, considered low-risk at the risk scores, be followed clinically or could this conduct be considered medical malpractice? Similarly, can performing surgery in a patient with valvular disease and very high surgical risk be considered imprudence? This question is easily answered when one knows well the cases that would be in the discussion agenda.</p>
      <p>In the case of low risk, it should be made clear that there is no zero surgical risk and that the patient has a severe valvular lesion with surgical indication from the technical point of view. However, as there are yet no symptoms, if the patient prefers to wait, he/she should be aware of the risk and safety to let the valvular disease progress towards a low surgical risk. In the case of high surgical risk, the justification of the procedure is due to a significant decrease in quality of life of the patient who, in spite of the risks, understood it was essential to risk undergoing the procedure. So when we decide to perform surgery, one should think about the aim of the procedure, as the negligence/imprudence ratio (N/I ratio) have different weights. In an asymptomatic patient with valvular morphological alterations only, the N/I ratio has a value. On the other hand, in highly symptomatic patients with significant decrease in quality of life, the N/I ratio would have another value.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Preoperative risk stratification is crucial in valvular surgery and the clinician should follow the steps of the RESOLVA protocol, offering the best available and applicable medical care to each case. The risk scores help in decision making and directly influence the safety and autonomy of the team.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Ricardo Casalino Sanches de Moraes, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - InCor - FMUSP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
