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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dhpBWmPRRpTNyMZtmSShGCn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000600017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800617</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012000600017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implante de eletrodo em veia &#225;zigos: uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o elevado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camanho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Montenegro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Botelho da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio In&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Benchimol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Ava&#237; Itaperuna</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botafogo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e98</fpage>
      <lpage>e101</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (DFT) durante o implante do cardioversor-desfibrilador (CDI) &#233; uma etapa relevante do procedimento, uma vez que, em at&#233; 16% dos pacientes, podemos encontrar elevados DFT. Relatamos o caso de um paciente portador de cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMPD) idiop&#225;tica submetido a implante de CDI biventricular. Durante o procedimento, apresentou elevado DFT e se mostrou resistente &#224;s modalidades terap&#234;uticas usuais. Optamos pelo implante de eletrodo de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o em veia &#225;zigos, com resolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Desfibriladores implantaveis</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>veia &#225;zigos</kwd>
        <kwd>eletrodos implantados</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Implante de eletrodo em veia &#225;zigos: uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o elevado</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Eduardo Montenegro Camanho<sup>I, II</sup>; Antonio Carlos Botelho da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Marco Antonio Teixeira<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Antonio In&#225;cio Oliveira Junior<sup>I, II</sup>; Eduardo Benchimol Saad<sup>II</sup>; Marcelo da Costa Maia<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Ava&#237; Itaperuna, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Botafogo, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (DFT) durante o implante do cardioversor-desfibrilador (CDI) &#233; uma etapa relevante do procedimento, uma vez que, em at&#233; 16% dos pacientes, podemos encontrar elevados DFT. Relatamos o caso de um paciente portador de cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMPD) idiop&#225;tica submetido a implante de CDI biventricular. Durante o procedimento, apresentou elevado DFT e se mostrou resistente &#224;s modalidades terap&#234;uticas usuais. Optamos pelo implante de eletrodo de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o em veia &#225;zigos, com resolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Desfibriladores implantaveis; cardiomiopatia dilatada; veia &#225;zigos; eletrodos implantados</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O implante de CDI &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica estabelecida para preven&#231;&#227;o de MS card&#237;aca em pacientes de risco<sup>1</sup>. Dados recentes sugerem que, durante o implante, 6% a 16% dos pacientes apresentam elevado DFT<sup>2</sup>. Tal condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; definida quando o valor do DFT &#233; menor que 10 joules em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; carga m&#225;xima do gerador. Diante dessa situa&#231;&#227;o, as estrat&#233;gias dispon&#237;veis seriam o reposicionamento do eletrodo do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), mudan&#231;a do vetor do choque ou o implante de eletrodo adicional de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o. O implante de eletrodo de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o em veia &#225;zigos &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, havendo um pequeno n&#250;mero de casos relatados na literatura<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente de 37 anos, masculino, com hist&#243;ria de CMPD idiop&#225;tica e classe funcional III (NYHA), a despeito da terapia farmacol&#243;gica otimizada. Apresentava hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope sem pr&#243;dromo. Ao ecocardiograma (ECG) basal, observava-se ritmo sinusal com BRE completo (QRS: 180 ms) e intervalo PR de 190 ms. O ECG evidenciava disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do VE com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau III, AE: 45 mm, FEVE: 17% (Simpson), DDFVE: 90 mm, DSFVE: 83 mm, IM moderada, com sinais de dissincronia intraventricular ao Doppler tecidual e retardo na contra&#231;&#227;o da parede posterolateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). O holter de 24 horas demonstrava epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada. Desta forma, foi encaminhado para implante de cardioversor-desfibrilador ressincronizador (Concerto - Medtronic).</p>
    <p>O procedimento foi iniciado com uma incis&#227;o na regi&#227;o peitoral esquerda e confec&#231;&#227;o de uma bolsa subcut&#226;nea. Logo ap&#243;s, foram realizadas tr&#234;s pun&#231;&#245;es de veia axilar esquerda. O eletrodo de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o foi posicionado na regi&#227;o septal m&#233;dia do VD. O seio coron&#225;rio foi canulado e foi realizada uma angiografia, demonstrando a presen&#231;a de um ramo p&#243;stero-lateral onde foi posicionado o eletrodo ventricular esquerdo. O eletrodo atrial foi ent&#227;o posicionado na parede anterior do AD. Foi realizado teste de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de indu&#231;&#227;o (choque sobre T) de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) com choque de 15, 25 e 35 J, sem sucesso, sendo necess&#225;rio desfibrila&#231;&#227;o externa (DE) com 200 J bif&#225;sico.</p>
    <p>Optamos por reposicionar o eletrodo na parede inferior do VD. Realizado novo teste de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, sem sucesso, sendo necess&#225;rio DE com 200 J. Realizou-se novo teste de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o com vetor de choque invertido, novamente, sem sucesso. Diante da impossibilidade de revers&#227;o com carga m&#225;xima ap&#243;s in&#250;meras tentativas, optamos pelo implante de eletrodo em veia &#225;zigos. Foi realizada pun&#231;&#227;o de veia axilar e, com um cateter JL, identificado o &#243;stio da veia &#225;zigos, sendo esta facilmente canulada com uma bainha longa 10 F e com aumento discreto do tempo de procedimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Um eletrodo de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o duplo - "coil" (Sprint Quatro - Medtronic) - foi introduzido nessa veia e posicionado posteriormente ao cora&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Foi programado para um novo teste o "coil" da ponta do eletrodo do VD, o "coil" distal da veia &#225;zigos e o gerador. Atrav&#233;s da indu&#231;&#227;o de FV, houve revers&#227;o apenas com 35 J. O paciente evoluiu est&#225;vel e recebeu alta hospitalar ap&#243;s 36 horas. Ap&#243;s 3 meses do implante, o paciente apresentou terapia apropriada (choque) por taquicardia ventricular r&#225;pida (zona de FV).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0e98-00017-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0e98-00017-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar de representar uma terapia eficaz, a experi&#234;ncia com o uso de CDI revelou casos de MS devido &#224; desfibrila&#231;&#227;o ineficaz<sup>1</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do DFT tornou-se procedimento usual durante o implante de CDI, sendo o DFT definido como a menor quantidade de energia fornecida pelo CDI para finalizar com &#234;xito dois epis&#243;dios de FV induzidas. Pode ser mensurado atrav&#233;s de diversas t&#233;cnicas, sendo o ideal, uma margem de seguran&#231;a de 10 J para desfibrila&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. Ainda s&#227;o escassos os dados na literatura que sustentem a real necessidade de obter-se um adequado DFT, apesar de ser desej&#225;vel alcan&#231;armos uma margem satisfat&#243;ria de seguran&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Birnie e cols.<sup>6</sup> publicaram uma s&#233;rie de 19.067 pacientes submetidos a implante de CDI, revelando que 35 destes pacientes sofreram parada card&#237;aca prolongada ou acidente vascular cerebral, dos quais 9 foram a &#243;bito ou apresentaram sequelas neurol&#243;gicas, representando uma taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o de 0,18%. Esses dados levantam o questionamento da necessidade rotineira de testes de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o. A discuss&#227;o centraliza-se em pacientes submetidos a implante de CDI para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de MS relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE (pacientes com crit&#233;rios MADIT-II ou SCD-HeFT)<sup>7</sup>. Neste perfil de pacientes, &#233; particularmente dif&#237;cil justificar complica&#231;&#245;es potencialmente letais, apesar de raras.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios fatores associam-se a um DFT elevado, incluindo grande superf&#237;cie corporal, cardiopatia dilatada n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, classe funcional III/ IV (NYHA), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, terap&#234;utica pr&#233;via com amiodarona, implante do lado direito, isquemia e hip&#243;xia<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 2004, Cesario e cols.<sup>3</sup> descreveram o primeiro caso de um implante de um eletrodo de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o na veia &#225;zigos. A melhoria da efic&#225;cia de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o provavelmente ocorreria devido a um deslocamento posterior do vetor de choque, abrangendo uma maior massa mioc&#225;rdica. Cooper e cols.<sup>4</sup>, por sua vez, publicaram uma s&#233;rie de 9 casos de implante de CDI com posicionamento de "coil" de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o em veia &#225;zigos, obtendo sucesso em 90% dos implantes.</p>
    <p>Acreditamos que a op&#231;&#227;o de implante de eletrodo de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o em veia &#225;zigos dever&#225; sempre ser considerada para os casos de DFT elevado, por se tratar de procedimento tecnicamente fact&#237;vel e seguro, com uma elevada probabilidade de reduzir o DFT.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Luiz Eduardo Montenegro Camanho </p>
        <p> Rua Soares Cabral, 47/402, Laranjeiras </p>
        <p> CEP 22240-070, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="luizemc@cardiol.br">luizemc@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lecamanho@globo.com">lecamanho@globo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 07/06/11 </p>
    <p> Revisado em 04/07/11 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 02/12/11</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Azygos vein lead implantation: a therapeutic option for elevated defibrillation threshold</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The evaluation of the defibrillation threshold (DFT) during the implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is an important stage of the procedure, as a high DFT can be found in up to 16% of patients. We report a patient with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) submitted to a biventricular ICD implantation. During the procedure, the patient showed a high DFT and showed to be resistant to usual therapeutic modalities. We opted for the azygos vein defibrillation lead implantation, with good resolution.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Defibrillators implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomyopathy dilated</kwd>
        <kwd>azygos vein</kwd>
        <kwd>electrodes implanted</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Azygos vein lead implantation: a therapeutic option for elevated defibrillation threshold</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Eduardo Montenegro Camanho<sup>I, II</sup>; Antonio Carlos Botelho da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Marco Antonio Teixeira<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Antonio In&#225;cio Oliveira Junior<sup>I, II</sup>; Eduardo Benchimol Saad<sup>II</sup>; Marcelo da Costa Maia<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Ava&#237; Itaperuna, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Botafogo, RJ - Brasil</p>
      <p>Correspondence to</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The evaluation of the defibrillation threshold (DFT) during the implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is an important stage of the procedure, as a high DFT can be found in up to 16% of patients. We report a patient with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) submitted to a biventricular ICD implantation. During the procedure, the patient showed a high DFT and showed to be resistant to usual therapeutic modalities. We opted for the azygos vein defibrillation lead implantation, with good resolution.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Defibrillators implantable; cardiomyopathy dilated; azygos vein; electrodes implanted</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ICD implantation is a well-established therapeutic option to prevent cardiac SD in patients at risk<sup>1</sup>. Recent data suggest that, during implantation, 6% to 16% of patients show high DFT<sup>2</sup>. Such a condition is defined when the DFT value is &lt; 10 joules in relation to the maximum generator load. Given this situation, the available strategies would be the repositioning of the electrode in the right ventricle (RV), changing the shock vector or the implantation of an additional defibrillation electrode. The defibrillation lead implantation in the azygos vein is a therapeutic option, with a small number of cases having been reported in the literature <sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was a 37-year-old male with a history of idiopathic DCM and NYHA functional class III (NYHA) despite optimized drug therapy. He had a history of syncope without prodrome. The basal echocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus rhythm with complete LBBB (QRS: 180 ms) and a PR interval of 190 ms. The ECG showed severe LV systolic dysfunction with grade III diastolic dysfunction, LA: 45 mm, LVEF 17% (Simpson), LVEDD: 90 mm, LVESD: 83 mm, moderate MI, with signs of intraventricular dyssynchrony by tissue Doppler and delay in the contraction of the posterolateral wall of the left ventricle (LV). The 24-hour Holter monitoring showed episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Thus, he was referred for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator resynchronization (Concerto - Medtronic).</p>
      <p>The procedure was started with an incision in the left chest region and by making a subcutaneous pocket. Soon after that, three left axillary vein punctures were performed. The defibrillation lead was positioned in the mid RV septal region. The coronary sinus was cannulated and an angiogram was performed, demonstrating the presence of a posterolateral branch, where the left ventricular electrode was positioned. The atrial lead was then positioned in the anterior wall of the RA. A defibrillation test was carried out through induction (shock on T) of ventricular fibrillation (VF) with a shock of 15, 25 and 35 J, without success, requiring external defibrillation (ED) with biphasic 200 J shock.</p>
      <p>We chose to reposition the electrode in the inferior wall of the RV. A new defibrillation test was performed, without success, being necessary to use ED with 200 J. A new defibrillation test was performed with a reversed shock vector, once again without success. Given the impossibility of reversion with maximum load after several attempts, we decided to implant the electrode in the azygos vein. The axillary vein puncture was performed with a JL catheter, identified the azygos vein ostium, which is easily cannulated with a long 10 F sheath and a slight increase in the time of procedure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0e98-00017-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A double defibrillation electrode - "coil" (Sprint Four - Medtronic) - was introduced into that vein and positioned posteriorly to the heart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The "coil" at the tip of the electrode of the RV, the distal "coil" of the azygos vein and the generator were programmed to perform a new test. Through VF induction, reversal was achieved only with 35 J. The patient showed stable improvement and was discharged after 36 hours. After 3 months of implantation, the patient has appropriate therapy (shock) by rapid ventricular tachycardia (VF zone).</p>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0e98-00017-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although it represents an effective therapy, the experience with ICD use has shown cases of SD due to ineffective defibrillation<sup>1</sup>. The evaluation of the DFT has become a usual procedure during ICD implantation, with the DFT being defined as the lowest amount of energy delivered by the ICD to successfully resolve two episodes of induced VF. This can be measured by several techniques, and, ideally, there must be a safety margin of 10 J for defibrillation<sup>5</sup>. There are few published data that support the real need to obtain an adequate DFT, although it is desirable to achieve a satisfactory margin of safety.</p>
      <p>Birnie et al.<sup>6</sup> published a series of 19,067 patients submitted to ICD implantation, showing that 35 of these patients had prolonged cardiac arrest or cerebrovascular accident, of which 9 died or had neurological sequelae, representing a rate of complications of 0.18%. These data raise the concern of the need for routine defibrillation testing. The discussion focus on patients undergoing ICD implantation for primary prevention of SD related to LV dysfunction (patients with MADIT-II or SCD-HeFT criteria)<sup>7</sup>. For this profile of patients, it is particularly difficult to justify potentially lethal complications, although they are rare.</p>
      <p>Several factors are associated with a high DFT, including large body surface area, nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, functional class III / IV (NYHA), reduced ejection fraction, previous therapy with amiodarone, implant on the right side, ischemia and hypoxia <sup>8,9</sup> .</p>
      <p>In 2004, Cesario et al.<sup>3</sup> described the first case of implantation of an azygos vein defibrillation lead. The improvement in defibrillation efficacy is likely to occur due to a posterior displacement of the shock vector, encompassing a larger myocardial mass. Cooper et al.<sup>4</sup>, in turn, published a series of nine cases of ICD implant positioning the defibrillation "coil" in azygos vein, being successful in 90% of implants.</p>
      <p>We believe that the choice of implanting a defibrillation lead in the azygos vein should always be considered for cases with high DFT, as it is a technically feasible and safe procedure with a high probability of reducing DFT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
