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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7mtF3PTBtMQJbFSmWcD6Q5L</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000600016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800616</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012000600016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria em choque cardiog&#234;nico p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto F. G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Breno A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jamil C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Velloso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Guilherme C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Sandoli de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Camilo Pomp&#233;ia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e96</fpage>
      <lpage>e98</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda e choque cardiog&#234;nico, a mortalidade &#233; alta. O dispositivo mais utilizado para suporte hemodin&#226;mico &#233; o bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico que, no entanto, pode ser insuficiente em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio. Relato de caso com dois dias de dor precordial opressiva e intensa, irradiada para membro superior esquerdo. ECG com supradesnivelamento anterior. Realizado angioplastia e implante de stent na art&#233;ria descendente anterior. Evolu&#231;&#227;o com choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio ao uso de drogas vasoativas e bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. Foram realizadas medidas hemodin&#226;micas e decidiu-se pela coloca&#231;&#227;o do Impella&#174; 2,5 por via percut&#226;nea para assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>choque cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria em choque cardiog&#234;nico p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Humberto F. G. Freitas; Breno A. A. Falc&#227;o; Rafael C. Silva; Jamil C. Ribeiro; Luiz Guilherme C. Velloso; Fabio Sandoli de Brito Junior</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital S&#227;o Camilo Pomp&#233;ia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda e choque cardiog&#234;nico, a mortalidade &#233; alta. O dispositivo mais utilizado para suporte hemodin&#226;mico &#233; o bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico que, no entanto, pode ser insuficiente em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio. Relato de caso com dois dias de dor precordial opressiva e intensa, irradiada para membro superior esquerdo. ECG com supradesnivelamento anterior. Realizado angioplastia e implante de <italic>stent</italic> na art&#233;ria descendente anterior. Evolu&#231;&#227;o com choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio ao uso de drogas vasoativas e bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. Foram realizadas medidas hemodin&#226;micas e decidiu-se pela coloca&#231;&#227;o do Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> 2,5 por via percut&#226;nea para assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; choque cardiog&#234;nico; infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda e choque cardiog&#234;nico, a mortalidade &#233; de 55% a 73%, mesmo com reperfus&#227;o coronariana e uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico<sup>1,2</sup>. A revers&#227;o imediata da hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual &#233; essencial para a preserva&#231;&#227;o dos outros &#243;rg&#227;os, durante o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o coronariana. O dispositivo mais utilizado para suporte hemodin&#226;mico &#233; o Bal&#227;o Intra-A&#243;rtico (BIA); que, no entanto, pode ser insuficiente em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio. V&#225;rios outros suportes mec&#226;nicos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria surgiram para permitir a melhora hemodin&#226;mica do paciente durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo ap&#243;s a agress&#227;o isqu&#234;mica aguda. O Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> 2.5 (Abiomed) &#233; um cateter bomba com fluxo axial m&#225;ximo de 2,5 L/min, implantado no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e na aorta ascendente por via transcut&#226;nea femoral<sup>3,4</sup>. Diversos estudos mostram a efic&#225;cia do Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, e fazem a compara&#231;&#227;o desse dispositivo com o BIA, no tratamento desse dist&#250;rbio hemodin&#226;mico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 68 anos, natural de S&#227;o Paulo, com quadro iniciado h&#225; dois dias de dor precordial recorrente, opressiva, intensa, irradiada para membro superior esquerdo, eventualmente associada a n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos e sudorese fria. Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial com eletrocardiograma e coleta de enzimas card&#237;acas, foi internada em Unidade Coronariana com diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento de ST, com press&#227;o arterial de 120/80 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 100 bpm, ritmo card&#237;aco regular em dois tempos e ausculta pulmonar com estertores nas bases. Nas primeiras horas ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o, apresentou recorr&#234;ncia da dor precordial, e novo eletrocardiograma mostrou supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em parede anterior. Desenvolveu dispneia intensa, sudorese fria e palidez, com press&#227;o arterial de 90/60 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 110 bpm e hipoxemia, necessitando intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal. Foi encaminhada para cineangiocoronariografia de urg&#234;ncia, que evidenciou oclus&#227;o proximal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior. Foi realizada angioplastia com implante de <italic>stent</italic> convencional, sob infus&#227;o de abxicimab, com recupera&#231;&#227;o de fluxo coronariano (TIMI III). No entanto, a paciente permaneceu com sinais cl&#237;nicos de choque cardiog&#234;nico, sendo iniciada infus&#227;o de dobutamina e noradrenalina, e a seguir foi instalado BIA.</p>
    <p>A paciente passou a apresentar epis&#243;dios de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria por taquicardia ventricular r&#225;pida e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, revertida com cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. Foi realizada passagem de cateter de Swan Ganz e, como a paciente n&#227;o apresentava melhora cl&#237;nica ou hemodin&#226;mica mediante o suporte com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico e Drogas Vasoativas (DVA), decidiu-se pela coloca&#231;&#227;o do Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> 2,5 por via percut&#226;nea para assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria. Foi realizada a passagem do dispositivo pela art&#233;ria femoral esquerda e o posicionamento do cateter no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com radioscopia. Foram realizadas medidas hemodin&#226;micas com o cateter de Swan-Ganz em quatro situa&#231;&#245;es: com DVA, com DVA e BIA, com o DVA e Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> 2,5 e com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de DVA, BIA e Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> 2,5 litros (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0e96-00016-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0e96-00016-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, a paciente foi encaminhada para unidade de tratamento intensivo e mantida com Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> 2,5 L instalado pela art&#233;ria femoral esquerda, e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica pela veia femoral direita. Foi mantida com dobutamina, noradrenalina e na pot&#234;ncia m&#225;xima de fluxo pelo Impella<sup>&#174;</sup>, permanecendo anticoagulada com heparina n&#227;o fracionada cont&#237;nua ajustada para tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o de 260 segundos.</p>
    <p>Ecocardiograma bidimensional mostrou acinesia de parede anterior e apical, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estimada em 25% pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz.</p>
    <p>A paciente evoluiu com gradual melhora cl&#237;nica, permitindo extuba&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 12 horas, estabilizando-se com press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia de 70 a 80 mmHg e press&#227;o capilar pulmonar de 15 mmHg. Exames laboratoriais mostraram valores m&#225;ximos de lactato de 48 mEq, CKMB massa de 180 e Troponina de 8.</p>
    <p>Manteve a melhora progressiva no primeiro dia p&#243;s-infarto, permitindo a retirada das drogas vasoativas. No segundo dia p&#243;s-infarto, manteve-se apenas suporte com o Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> com fluxo m&#225;ximo, sendo iniciado uso de inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina. Decidiu-se pela diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva do fluxo do Impella<sup>&#174;</sup>, com vistas &#224; retirada do dispositivo. Ap&#243;s 45h de uso do suporte circulat&#243;rio, a paciente j&#225; se mantinha com medidas hemodin&#226;micas est&#225;veis com o dispositivo desligado, e o mesmo foi retirado sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>A paciente permaneceu est&#225;vel e tolerou adequadamente uso de inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o e betabloqueador oral. Apresentou normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de lactato e prote&#237;na C reativa. Ocorreu uma importante diminui&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina s&#233;rica para 6,8 mg/dL e do hemat&#243;crito para 28%.</p>
    <p>A paciente recebeu alta hospitalar ap&#243;s 10 dias da admiss&#227;o, em classe funcional II da NYHA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mortalidade em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio permanece muito alta, com metade dos pacientes evoluindo para &#243;bito em 48h<sup>5,6</sup>. Esse grupo de pacientes necessita de uma resposta terap&#234;utica r&#225;pida e sist&#234;mica, visando &#224; melhora do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e manuten&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o dos outros &#243;rg&#227;os, com o uso de drogas vasoativas. Persistindo o quadro de choque cardiog&#234;nico, o uso do BIA &#233; mandat&#243;rio, pois melhora a circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana e perif&#233;rica, pela melhora no desempenho ventricular esquerdo e diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica. Contudo, em alguns pacientes com choque avan&#231;ado e disfun&#231;&#227;o grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o BIA pode n&#227;o melhorar suficientemente o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Nesses casos, passa a ser indicado o uso de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria perif&#233;rica por via percut&#226;nea, que permite interromper o ciclo de isquemia, hipoperfus&#227;o e depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, permitindo a manuten&#231;&#227;o de um estado circulat&#243;rio adequado at&#233; a melhora espont&#226;nea da disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til ou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio, h&#225; diversos relatos de bons resultados com o uso de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria, como o Tandem Heart<sup>&#174;</sup> e o Impella<sup>&#174;7,8</sup>. O Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> atua como uma bomba de fluxo centr&#237;fuga com uma bomba de fluxo axial miniaturizada inserida dentro do cateter para descomprimir o sangue do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e derivar para a aorta ascendente. Podem ser implantados com rapidez, t&#234;m f&#225;cil manuten&#231;&#227;o e poucos efeitos colaterais, e promovem rapidamente uma melhora significativa da condi&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
    <p>Existe relato na literatura que mostra a a&#231;&#227;o sin&#233;rgica da associa&#231;&#227;o do uso do BIA e do Impella<sup>&#174;</sup>, com melhora na extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio e na perfus&#227;o e oxigena&#231;&#227;o coronariana e tamb&#233;m das art&#233;rias perif&#233;ricas; melhora no desempenho ventricular e diminui&#231;&#227;o na sobrecarga ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; melhora tamb&#233;m observada com o uso do Impella<sup>&#174;</sup>; e tamb&#233;m melhora na perfus&#227;o das art&#233;rias sist&#234;micas carot&#237;deas e coronarianas<sup>9</sup>. Interessante ressaltar que na nossa observa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao caso relatado ocorreu piora cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica com o uso simult&#226;neo do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico e do Impella<sup>&#174;</sup>. Observamos piora nas medidas hemodin&#226;micas da press&#227;o de capilar pulmonar e no &#237;ndice card&#237;aco (ver tabela). Isso pode ser explicado pelo fluxo cont&#237;nuo do dispositivo Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> e a a&#231;&#227;o de funcionamento diast&#243;lico do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, provocando certo grau de competi&#231;&#227;o do fluxo do Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> com o do BIA. Cabe ressaltar a possibilidade de diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de perman&#234;ncia intra-hospitalar observada nos pacientes com uso dos dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria de curta perman&#234;ncia<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Felicio Gon&#231;alves de Freitas </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Pinheiros </p>
        <p> CEP 05403000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dclfreitas@incor.usp.br">dclfreitas@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 01/06/11 </p>
    <p> Revisado em 23/09/11 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 17/11/11</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Circulatory support in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Mortality is high in patients with acute coronary failure and cardiogenic shock. The most commonly used device for hemodynamic support is the intra-aortic balloon, which, however, may be insufficient in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. This is a case report of a patient complaining of two days of intense and oppressive chest pain, radiating to the left arm. The ECG showed ST elevation. The patient was submitted to angioplasty and stent implant in the anterior descending artery and developed cardiogenic shock refractory to vasoactive drugs and intra-aortic balloon. Hemodynamic measures were carried out and we chose to use an Impella 2.5 device, by percutaneous route, for circulatory support.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>shock, cardiogenic</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial reperfusion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Circulatory support in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Humberto F. G. Freitas; Breno A. A. Falc&#227;o; Rafael C. Silva; Jamil C. Ribeiro; Luiz Guilherme C. Velloso; Fabio Sandoli de Brito Junior</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital S&#227;o Camilo Pomp&#233;ia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Correspondence to</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mortality is high in patients with acute coronary failure and cardiogenic shock. The most commonly used device for hemodynamic support is the intra-aortic balloon, which, however, may be insufficient in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. This is a case report of a patient complaining of two days of intense and oppressive chest pain, radiating to the left arm. The ECG showed ST elevation. The patient was submitted to angioplasty and stent implant in the anterior descending artery and developed cardiogenic shock refractory to vasoactive drugs and intra-aortic balloon. Hemodynamic measures were carried out and we chose to use an Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> 2.5 device, by percutaneous route, for circulatory support.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Coronary artery disease; shock, cardiogenic; myocardial infarction; myocardial reperfusion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In patients with acute coronary failure and cardiogenic shock, mortality is 55% to 73%, even with use of coronary reperfusion and intra-aortic balloon<sup>1,2</sup>. Immediate reversal of tissue hypoperfusion is essential for the preservation of other organs during the period required for myocardial functional recovery after coronary reperfusion. The most frequently used device for hemodynamic support is the intra-aortic balloon (IAB), which, however, may be insufficient in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. Several other mechanical circulatory support devices have appeared to allow patient hemodynamic improvement during ventricular recovery after acute ischemic injury.</p>
      <p>The Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> 2.5 device (Abiomed) is a catheter pump with maximum axial flow of 2.5 L/min, implanted in the left ventricle and ascending aorta by transcutaneous femoral route<sup>3,4</sup>. Several studies have shown Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> 2.5 effectiveness in patients with cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction, and compare this device with the IAB in the treatment of this hemodynamic disorder.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was a 68-year old woman from S&#227;o Paulo, with a two-day picture of recurring, intense and oppressive chest pain, radiating to left arm, eventually associated with nausea, vomiting and cold sweats. After the initial evaluation was carried out by electrocardiography (ECG) and cardiac enzyme assessment, she was admitted to the coronary unit with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation, blood pressure (BP) of 120/80 mmHg, heart rate of 100 bpm, regular heart rhythm with normal heart sounds and pulmonary rales at auscultation.</p>
      <p>In the first hours after admission, she had recurrence of chest pain, and a new ECG showed ST-segment elevation in the anterior wall. She developed severe dyspnea, cold sweats and pallor, with a BP of 90/60 mmHg, heart rate 110 bpm and hypoxemia, requiring orotracheal intubation. She was referred to emergency coronary angiography, which showed a proximal occlusion in the anterior descending artery. Angioplasty was performed with stent implantation and abciximab infusion, with TIMI III coronary flow recovery. However, the patient persisted with clinical signs of cardiogenic shock; an infusion of dobutamine and norepinephrine was started, and then an IAB was implanted.</p>
      <p>The patient began to experience episodes of cardiac arrest due to rapid ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, which were reversed by electrical cardioversion. A Swan-Ganz catheter was used, and as the patient showed no clinical or hemodynamic improvement with the intra-aortic balloon and vasoactive drugs (VAD) support, we decided to implant the Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> 2.5 device by percutaneous route for circulatory support. The device was implanted through the left femoral artery and catheter placement in the left ventricle was carried out with radioscopy. Hemodynamic measurements were performed with a Swan-Ganz catheter in four situations: with VAD, VAD and IAB, with the VAD and Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> 2.5 and with the simultaneous use of VAD, IAB and Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> 2.5 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0e96-00016-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>After clinical stabilization, the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit and maintained with Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> 2.5 implanted in the left femoral artery, with hemodynamic monitoring being carried out through the right femoral vein. The patient was maintained with dobutamine, norepinephrine, and maximum Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> flow, remaining anticoagulated with continuous unfractionated heparin adjusted for clotting time of 260 seconds.</p>
      <p>Two-dimensional echocardiography showed akinesia of the anterior and apical wall, and left ventricular ejection fraction estimated was at 25% by the Teichholz method.</p>
      <p>The patient presented with gradual clinical improvement, and was extubated after 12 hours, remaining stable with a mean BP of 70 to 80 mmHg and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 15 mmHg. Laboratory tests showed maximum lactate levels of 48 mEq, CKMB mass of 180 and Troponin of 8.</p>
      <p>She showed progressive improvement in the first days post-infarction, and the vasoactive drugs were withdrawn. On the second day post-infarction, she remained only with maximum-flow Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> support, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) were prescribed. We decided to progressively decrease the Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> flow, aiming at the removal of the device. After 45 hours of circulatory support, the patient showed stable hemodynamic measurements and the device was turned off and then removed without complications.</p>
      <p>The patient remained stable and adequately tolerated ACEI and beta-blockers orally. She showed normalization of lactate and C-reactive protein levels. There was a significant decrease in serum hemoglobin to 6.8 mg/dL and hematocrit to 28%.</p>
      <p>The patient was discharged after 10 days of admission, at NYHA functional class II.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction remains very high, with 50% of the patients dying within 48 hours<sup>5,6</sup>. This group of patients require a rapid therapeutic and systemic response to improve cardiac output and maintain perfusion of other organs, with the use of vasoactive drugs. When the cardiogenic shock persists, the use of an IAB is mandatory, as it improves coronary and peripheral circulation, by improving left ventricular performance and decreasing peripheral vascular resistance.</p>
      <p>However, in some patients with advanced shock and severe left ventricular dysfunction, the IAB may not be enough to improve cardiac output. In such cases, the use of percutaneous peripheral circulatory assistance is indicated, allowing the interruption of the cycle of ischemia, hypoperfusion and myocardial depression, enabling the maintenance of an adequate circulatory status until the spontaneous improvement of contractile dysfunction occurs or coronary artery bypass graft surgery is performed.</p>
      <p>In patients with refractory cardiogenic shock, there have been several reports of good results with the use of circulatory support devices such as the Tandem Heart<sup>&#174;</sup> and the Impella<sup>&#174;7,8</sup>. The Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> works as a centrifugal flow pump with a miniature axial flow pump inserted into the catheter to decompress blood from the left ventricle and deviate it into the ascending aorta. The device can be implanted quickly, it has easy maintenance and have few side effects, and promote a fast and significant improvement in hemodynamic conditions.</p>
      <p>There have been reports in the literature showing the synergistic action of the association of IAB and Impella<sup>&#174;</sup>, with improvement in oxygen extraction and coronary perfusion and oxygenation, as well as of the peripheral arteries; improvement in ventricular performance and decrease in left ventricular overload; also, improvement observed with the use of Impella<sup>&#174;</sup>, as well as improvement in the perfusion of the systemic carotid and coronary arteries<sup>9</sup>. It is noteworthy, regarding the reported case, that clinical and hemodynamic deterioration occurred with the simultaneous use of an intra-aortic balloon and Impella<sup>&#174;</sup>. We observed worsening in hemodynamic measurements of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac index (see table). This can be explained by the continuous flow of the Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> device and the action of diastolic function of the intra-aortic balloon, causing some degree of competition between the Impella<sup>&#174;</sup> flow and the IAB. It is worth mentioning the possibility of decreased length of in-hospital stay observed in patients using short-term circulatory support devices<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0e96-00016-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
