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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Cr5M5D8YyxYFDmDMFrcH6ML</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000600013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800613</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012000600013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal auton&#244;mica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Antonio Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>569</fpage>
      <lpage>570</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CARTA AO EDITOR </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal auton&#244;mica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcos Antonio Almeida Santos<sup>I,II</sup>; Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Aracaju, SE </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; avalia&#231;&#227;o; sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.</p>
    <p>O tema da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) merece continuado aprofundamento da parte da comunidade cient&#237;fica e &#233; uma de nossas linhas de pesquisa. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao artigo publicado no volume 97 (6), "Compara&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o vagal<sup>1</sup>", gostar&#237;amos de pontuar: A) As amostras foram muito distintas: coronariopatas betabloqueados e de maior idade <italic>versus</italic> jovens saud&#225;veis sem betabloqueio. Embora a inten&#231;&#227;o tenha sido comparar coronariopatas com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, a elevada diferen&#231;a de idade entre os grupos (cerca de 40 anos) n&#227;o funcionaria como vari&#225;vel de confus&#227;o nos valores de VFC<sup>2</sup>? B) Verificou-se uso de betabloqueadores em 100% do grupo de coronarianos (algo esperado, haja vista as diretrizes atuais) e 0% do grupo saud&#225;vel. A modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica depende de complexo mecanismo regulat&#243;rio envolvendo intera&#231;&#227;o entre vias simp&#225;ticas e parassimp&#225;ticas<sup>3,4</sup>. Por&#233;m, ap&#243;s o betabloqueio, o comportamento "modulat&#243;rio" do vago deixa de ser o espont&#226;neo. Portanto, evitando-se o betabloqueador n&#227;o ter&#237;amos resultados com melhor acur&#225;cia? C) As vari&#225;veis do dom&#237;nio de tempo tendem a ser mais precisas em registro de longa dura&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. D) Das vari&#225;veis selecionadas com o intuito de mensurar a "a&#231;&#227;o vagal", o DPNN (desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais) n&#227;o se destinaria melhor ao estudo do simp&#225;tico? Finalizando, felicitamos os autores e agradecemos a oportunidade de trazer &#224; lume essas quest&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Paiva VC, Santana KR, Silva BM, Ramos PS, Lovisi JC, Ara&#250;jo CG, et al. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(6):493-501.</p>
    <p>2. Zulfiqar U, Jurivich DA, Gao W, Singer DH. Relation of high heart rate variability to healthy longevity. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105(8):1181-5.</p>
    <p>3. Thayer JF, Yamamoto SS, Brosschot JF. The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int J Cardiol. 2010;141(2):122-31.</p>
    <p>4. M&#228;kikallio TH, Tapanainen JM, Tulppo MP, Huikuri HV. Clinical applicability of heart rate variability analysis by methods based on nonlinear dynamics. Card Electrophysiol Rev. 2002;6(3):250-5.</p>
    <p>5. Heitmann A, Huebner T, Schroeder R, Perz S, Voss A. Multivariate short-term heart rate variability: a pre-diagnostic tool for screening heart disease. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2011;49 (1):41-50.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carta-resposta</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Prezado Editor,</p>
    <p>Foi com satisfa&#231;&#227;o que observamos o interesse despertado pelo nosso artigo rec&#233;m-publicado<sup>1</sup> e agradecemos pela oportunidade de responder &#224;s coloca&#231;&#245;es enviadas ao editor. Gostar&#237;amos de ressaltar que essa tem&#225;tica &#233; alvo de investiga&#231;&#227;o pelo nosso grupo de pesquisa h&#225; mais de duas d&#233;cadas<sup>2</sup> e, particularmente, com publica&#231;&#245;es nos Arq Bras Cardiol, al&#233;m de n&#227;o possuir um consenso perante a comunidade cient&#237;fica (mais de 10 mil evid&#234;ncias no MedLine). Primeiro, &#233; importante enfatizar que a sele&#231;&#227;o de grupos com diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e faixas et&#225;rias foi proposital, objetivando selecionar indiv&#237;duos com distinta fun&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca. Tal sele&#231;&#227;o foi acertada, visto que as diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos refletiram maior modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca (MVC) no grupo saud&#225;vel em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo com coronariopatia, nos tr&#234;s m&#233;todos estudados [Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (VFC), Arritmia Sinusal Respirat&#243;ria (ASR) e Teste de Exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos (T4s)].</p>
    <p>Entretanto, verificamos pela an&#225;lise do tamanho do efeito e de curvas ROC que os m&#233;todos ASR e T4s foram mais precisos para discriminar a MVC entre indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e pacientes com coronariopatia quando comparado &#224; VFC. Nesse contexto, &#233; improv&#225;vel que o uso de betabloqueadores tenha influenciado apenas os resultados obtidos pela VFC. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias consistentes que betabloqueadores aumentam a MVC, tanto por efeito direto no sistema nervoso central<sup>3</sup>, como por efeito perif&#233;rico, devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que aumenta a probabilidade da acetilcolina agir sobre a despolariza&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica lenta das c&#233;lulas do nodo sinoatrial<sup>4</sup>, e devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da inibi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-sin&#225;ptica da libera&#231;&#227;o de acetilcolina mediada pela atividade simp&#225;tica<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sendo assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o aumento da MVC mediado por betabloqueadores influenciou os tr&#234;s m&#233;todos investigados no estudo e n&#227;o apenas a VFC, diminuindo a diferen&#231;a na fun&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca entre os grupos. Cabe ainda destacar que a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes sob o uso de medicamentos aumentou a validade externa dos resultados, assim como a aplicabilidade do estudo, visto que esta &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o similar &#224; encontrada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Por fim, os intervalos RR foram registrados durante 10 minutos em um ambiente calmo, com os indiv&#237;duos na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e com frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria controlada, considerando que nessas condi&#231;&#245;es os resultados da VFC s&#227;o mais dependentes da MVC, incluindo a vari&#225;vel DPNN (desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais), e n&#227;o de vari&#225;veis intervenientes<sup>6</sup>, gerando, dessa forma, resultados mais reprodut&#237;veis<sup>6</sup>. Diferentemente, em registros de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, existe uma influ&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis n&#227;o auton&#244;micas sobre os resultados da VFC (ex.: varia&#231;&#245;es de temperatura, varia&#231;&#245;es hormonais), dificultando a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da contribui&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.</p>
    <p>Atenciosamente,</p>
    <p>Vagner Clayton de Paiva </p>
    <p> Kelen Rabelo Santana </p>
    <p> Bruno Moreira Silva </p>
    <p> Pl&#237;nio Santos Ramos </p>
    <p> J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Moraes Lovisi </p>
    <p> Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo </p>
    <p> Djalma Rabelo Ricardo</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Paiva VC, Santana KR, Silva BM, Ramos PS, Lovisi JC, Ara&#250;jo CG, et al. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(6):493-501.</p>
    <p>2. de Castro CL, da N&#243;brega AC, de Araujo CG. Autonomic cardiovascular tests: a critical review. II. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1992; 59(2):151-8.</p>
    <p>3. Vaile JC, Fletcher J, Al-Ani M, Ross HF, Littler WA, Coote JH, et al. Use of opposing reflex stimuli and heart rate variability to examine the effects of lipophilic and hydrophilic beta-blockers on human cardiac vagal control. Clin Sci (Lond). 1999;97(5):585-93.</p>
    <p>4. Martin PJ, Levy JR, Wexberg S, Levy MN. Phasic effects of repetitive vagal stimulation on atrial contraction. Circ Res. 1983;52(6):657-63.</p>
    <p>5. Potter EK. Prolonged non-adrenergic inhibition of cardiac vagal action following sympathetic stimulation: neuromodulation by neuropeptide Y? Neurosci Lett. 1985;54(2-3):117-21.</p>
    <p>6. Sandercock GR, Bromley PD, Brodie DA. The reliability of short-term measurements of heart rate variability. Int J Cardiol. 2005;103(3):238-47.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcos Antonio Almeida Santos </p>
        <p> Rua Dep. Cl&#243;vis Rollemberg, 598, Atalaia </p>
        <p> CEP 49037-120, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="maasantos@cardiol.br">maasantos@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="marcosa2003@infonet.com.br">marcosa2003@infonet.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 02/03/12 </p>
    <p> Revisado em 02/03/12 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 27/03/12</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of assessment methods of cardiac vagal modulation</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>LETTER TO THE EDITOR </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparison of assessment methods of cardiac vagal modulation</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcos Antonio Almeida Santos<sup>I,II</sup>; Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Aracaju, SE</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart rate; assessment; autonomic nervous system.</p>
      <p>The theme "heart rate variability" (HRV) deserves to be continually studied by the scientific community, being one of our research lines. Regarding the article published in volume 97 (6), "Comparison of assessment methods of cardiac vagal modulation<sup>1</sup>", the following is worth noting: A) the samples were very different: older patients with coronary heart disease on beta-blockers <italic>versus</italic> healthy youngsters not treated with beta-blockade. Although the aim was to compare patients with coronary heart disease and healthy individuals, would the considerable age difference between groups (approximately 40 years) not act as a confounding variable in the HRV values<sup>2</sup>?; B) the use of beta-blockers was observed in 100% of the patients with coronary heart disease, as expected, considering the current guidelines, and in 0% of the healthy group. Autonomic modulation depends on a complex regulatory mechanism involving interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways<sup>3,4</sup>. However, after beta-blockade, the "modulatory" behavior of the vagus nerve is no longer spontaneous. Thus, would avoiding beta-blockers not provide more accurate results? C) time domain variables tend to be more precise in long-lasting registries<sup>5</sup>. D) Of the variables selected to measure "vagal action", would SDNN (standard deviation of normal RR intervals) not be better for studying the sympathetic nervous system? Finally, we congratulate the authors and thank the opportunity to shed some light into those questions. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Paiva VC, Santana KR, Silva BM, Ramos PS, Lovisi JC, Ara&#250;jo CG, et al. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(6):493-501. </p>
      <p>2. Zulfiqar U, Jurivich DA, Gao W, Singer DH. Relation of high heart rate variability to healthy longevity. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105(8):1181-5.</p>
      <p>3. Thayer JF, Yamamoto SS, Brosschot JF. The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int J Cardiol. 2010;141(2):122-31.</p>
      <p>4. M&#228;kikallio TH, Tapanainen JM, Tulppo MP, Huikuri HV. Clinical applicability of heart rate variability analysis by methods based on nonlinear dynamics. Card Electrophysiol Rev. 2002;6(3):250-5.</p>
      <p>5. Heitmann A, Huebner T, Schroeder R, Perz S, Voss A. Multivariate short-term heart rate variability: a pre-diagnostic tool for screening heart disease. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2011;49 (1):41-50.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Response letter</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Dear Editor,</p>
      <p>The interest in our recently published article<sup>1</sup> brought us great satisfaction. We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the editor&#226;&#128;&#153;s considerations. It is worth emphasizing that our research group has been investigating that theme for over two decades<sup>2</sup>, with publications on the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, and that the scientific community has not reached a consensus yet (over 10 thousand publications on MedLine). First, it is worth noting that the selection of groups with different clinical conditions and age brackets was intentional, aiming at selecting individuals with distinct cardiac vagal function. That selection was correct, because the differences in the characteristics of the groups reflect a greater cardiac vagal modulation (CVM) in the healthy group as compared with that in the group of patients with coronary heart disease with the three methods studied [Heart Rate Variability (HRV), Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) and Four-second Exercise Test (4sET)]. </p>
      <p>However, by analyzing the effect size and ROC curves, we observed that the RSA and 4sET methods, as compared with the HRV, were more precise to discriminate CVM among healthy individuals and patients with coronary heart disease. In that context, it is unlikely that the use of beta-blockers has influenced only the results obtained with the HRV. There is consistent evidence that beta-blockers increase CVM through both a direct effect on the central nervous system<sup>3</sup> and a peripheral effect, due to a reduction in heart rate, which increases the probability that acetylcholine acts on the slow diastolic depolarization of sinoatrial node cells<sup>4</sup>, and due to a reduction in the pre-synaptic inhibition of the release of acetylcholine mediated by sympathetic activity<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, the beta-blocker-mediated increase in CVM is likely to have influenced the three methods assessed in the study and not only HRV, reducing the difference in the cardiac vagal function between the groups. It is worth noting that the assessment of patients on medications has increased not only the external validity of the results but the study applicability as well, since it is a similar situation to that found in clinical practice. Finally, the RR intervals were registered for ten minutes in a calm environment, with the individuals in the supine position and with controlled respiratory frequency. In such conditions, the HRV results are more dependent on CVM, including the SDNN variable (standard deviation of normal RR intervals), and not on intervening variables<sup>6</sup>, thus generating more reproducible results<sup>6</sup>. Differently, on long-lasting registries, there is an influence of non-autonomic variables on the HRV results (ex.: temperature variations, hormonal variations), hindering the interpretation of the autonomic contribution.</p>
      <p>Sincerely,</p>
      <p>Vagner Clayton de Paiva</p>
      <p> Kelen Rabelo Santana</p>
      <p> Bruno Moreira Silva</p>
      <p> Pl&#237;nio Santos Ramos</p>
      <p> J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Moraes Lovisi</p>
      <p> Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</p>
      <p> Djalma Rabelo Ricardo</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Paiva VC, Santana KR, Silva BM, Ramos PS, Lovsi JC, Ara&#250;jo CG, et al. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(6):493-501.</p>
      <p>2. de Castro CL, da N&#243;brega AC, de Araujo CG. Autonomic cardiovascular tests: a critical review. II. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1992; 59(2):151-8.</p>
      <p>3. Vaile JC, Fletcher J, Al-Ani M, Ross HF, Littler WA, Coote JH, et al. Use of opposing reflex stimuli and heart rate variability to examine the effects of lipophilic and hydrophilic beta-blockers on human cardiac vagal control. Clin Sci (Lond). 1999;97(5):585-93.</p>
      <p>4. Martin PJ, Levy JR, Wexberg S, Levy MN. Phasic effects of repetitive vagal stimulation on atrial contraction. Circ Res. 1983;52(6):657-63.</p>
      <p>5. Potter EK. Prolonged non-adrenergic inhibition of cardiac vagal action following sympathetic stimulation: neuromodulation by neuropeptide Y? Neurosci Lett. 1985;54(2-3):117-21.</p>
      <p>6. Sandercock GR, Bromley PD, Brodie DA. The reliability of short-term measurements of heart rate variability. Int J Cardiol. 2005;103(3):238-47.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marcos Antonio Almeida Santos</p>
          <p> Rua Dep. Cl&#243;vis Rollemberg, 598, Atalaia</p>
          <p> Postal Code 49037-120, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="maasantos@cardiol.br">maasantos@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="marcosa2003@infonet.com.br">marcosa2003@infonet.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received March 2, 2012</p>
      <p> Manuscript revised March 2, 2012</p>
      <p> Accepted March 12, 2012</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
